Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

MATH1131 Assignment – Pure Mathematics

Question 1
Show that the equation
−6 x
e + 4 cos ( 49 x )=0

has a unique solution for x ϵ 0 , [ ] π

49
.

The Intermediate Value Theorem states that if the function ‘ f ’ is continuous in the closed interval
[ a , b ]and if ‘ z ’ lies between f ( a )and f ( b ) then there is at least one real number ‘c ’ in [ a , b ]such that
f ( x )=z .
Consider the function ‘ f ’ given by:
−6 x
f ( x )=e +4 cos ( 49 x ) .
Now, let x=0 :
0
f ( 0 )=e +4 cos ⁡(0)¿ 1+4=5 .

π
Then, let x= :
49

( )
π
π −6( ) π π
f =e 49 + 4 cos ⁡(49 × )¿ e−6 ( 49 )+ 4 cos ⁡(π )≈−3.32.
49 49
To ensure that there is a unique solution, the function must be strictly monotonic.
This can be proven by deriving f ( x ) :
−6 x
f ( x )=e +4 cos ( 49 x ) ,
d −6 x d
f ' ( x )= ( e ) + ( 4 cos ( 49 x ) ) ,
dx dx
d −6 x
( e ) =−6 e−6 x ,
dx
d
( 4 cos ( 49 x ) ) =4 × 49 ×−sin ( 49 x ) ,¿−196 sin ( 49 x ) ,
dx

Therefore , f ( x )=−6 e −196 sin ( 49 x ) ,¿−( 6 e +196 sin ( 49 x ) ) .

' −6 x −6 x

Therefore, as f ' ( x ) <0 , it is strictly decreasing.

π
Since ‘ f ’ is continuous and strictly monotonic, in the closed interval 0 ,
49 [ ]
and 0 lies between f ( 0 )

and f ( )
π
49
, the Intermediate Value Theorem implies that there is a real number ‘c ’ in 0 ,
π
49
.
[ ]
That is,
−6 c
e =−4 cos ( 49 c ) .

[ ]
For some ‘c ’ in 0 ,
π
49
.
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

Hence, the equation has a unique solution for x ϵ 0 , [ ] π

49
.

Question 2
If you don't have a calculator, you may want to approximate
6 6
7 7
(128.047) by (128)
Use the Mean Value Theorem to estimate the error in making this approximation.
The Mean Value Theorem states that if the function ‘ f ’ is continuous on [a , b] and differentiable on
(a ,b). Then there is at least one real number ‘c ’ in (a ,b) such that:
f ( b )−f (a) '
=f ( c ) .
b−a
The precise error in the approximation is given by:
6 6
7
(128.047) 7 −( 128 ) .
6
The Mean Value Theorem is applied to the function ‘ f ’, given by f (x)=(x )7 , on the interval
[128 ,128.047 ].
This gives :
6 6
(128.047) 7 −(128) 7 '
=f ( x ) ,
128.047−128
−1
6
f ' ( x )= (x) 7 ,
7
Sub c into f ’ (x ):
6 6
(128.047) 7 −(128) 7 6 −1
= (c) 7 .
128.047−128 7
For some ‘c ’ in (128 , 128.047).

Rearranging this gives us:

6 6 −1 6 6 −1
7 6 7 7 141
(128.047) 7 −( 128 ) =( 128.047−128 ) × ( c ) ,(128.047) 7 −( 128 ) = (c ) 7 .
7 3500

Where 128< c<128.047 .

Hence, error:
−1
6 141
6
7
¿(128.047) −( 128 ) ¿ 3500 (c) .
7 7

Since c >128 :
−1
141
¿ (128) 7 .
3500
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

141
Therefore , Error< .
7000

Question 3

a) Find vectors ⃗ n2 that are normals to ∏ and ∏ respectively and explain how you can tell
n1and⃗
1 2

without performing any extra calculations that ∏ and ∏ must intersect in a line.
1 2

To find a vector perpendicular to both vectors, you cross product the two vectors. Hence, the cross
product of any two vectors parallel to the surface of a plane will give a normal vector.

() ()
2 4
Using the parametric form in ∏ , the vectors −1 and 0 are parallel.
1
−2 −3

Therefore, the normal would be:

( ) ( )( )( )
2 4 3−0 3
n1= −1 × 0 ¿ −8+6 ¿ −2 .
⃗
−2 −3 0+4 4

() ()
2 4
Using the parametric form in ∏ , the vectors −2 and −1 are parallel.
2
1 0

Therefore, the normal would be:

( ) ( )( )( )
2 4 0+1 1
n2 = −2 × −1 ¿ 4−0 ¿ 4 .
⃗
1 0 −2+8 6

If ∏ , and ∏ , were parallel, then the normal vectors of the equations would also be parallel,
1 2
where
n1 = λ⃗
⃗ n2 . However, ⃗ n2 . Therefore∏ and ∏ must intersect in a line.
n1 is not a scalar product of ⃗
1 2
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

b) Find Cartesian equations for the planes ∏ ,and ∏ .

1 2

The cartesian form of the equations can be represented in the form:

a x 1 +b x 2+ c x 3=d .

For ∏ , a , b , andc can be given by the vector ⃗

n1 .
1

Cartesian form of ∏ :
1

3 x 1−2 x 2 + 4 x 3=d .

To find d , we substitute one point into the equation.

( )
4
Substitute −2 :
−4

3 ( 4 )−2 (−2 ) + 4 (−4 )=d ,

Therefore , d=0.

Therefore, the cartesian form of ∏ :

1

3 x 1−2 x 2 + 4 x 3=0 .

For ∏ , a , b , andc can be given by the vector ⃗

n2 .
2

Cartesian form of ∏ :
2

x 1+ 4 x 2 +6 x 3=d .

To find d , we substitute one point into the equation.

()
4
Substitute −3 :
−1

4 + 4 (−3 ) +6 (−1 )=d ,

Therefore , d=−14 .

Therefore, the cartesian form of ∏ :

2

x 1+ 4 x 2 +6 x 3=−14 .
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

c) For your first method, assign one of x 1 , x 2 ,∨x 3to be the parameter ω and then use your two
Cartesian equations for ∏ ,and ∏ to express the other two variables in terms of ω and hence
1 2
write down a parametric vector form of the line of intersection L.

The cartesian equations of ∏ ,and ∏ :

1 2

∏
1
¿ 3 x 1−2 x 2+ 4 x 3=0 ,

∏
2
¿ x1 + 4 x 2+ 6 x 3=−14 .

Let x 3=ω , and substitute this into both ∏ ,∧∏ :

1 2

∏
1
¿ 3 x 1−2 x 2+ 4 ω=0 ,

∏
2
¿ x1 + 4 x 2+ 6 ω=−14 .

−1
By subtracting × ∏ , from∏ , and rearranging that equation, we can make x 1 the subject:
2 2 1

−1 x1
× ∏ ¿− −2−3 ω=7 ,
2 2 2

( −12 × ∏ ) ,
∏
1
−
2

¿ 3 x −2 x + 4 ω−( −2 x −3 ω )=0−7 ,
−x 1
1 2 2
2
x1
3 x 1+ +7 ω=−7 ,
2
7 x1
+7 ω=−7 ,
2
7 x1
=−7 ω−7 ,
2
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

Therfore , x 1=−2 ω−2 .

Substitute back into ∏ :

2

3 (−2 ω−2 )−2 x 2+ 4 ω=0 ,

−6 ω−6−2 x2 + 4 ω=0 ,

−2 ω−6=2 x 2 ,

Therfore , x 2=−w−3.

Therefore, the parametric vector form of line L is:

()( ) ( )
x 1 −2 −2
L1= x 2 = −3 +ω −1 .
x3 0 1

Where, ω ϵ R .

d) For your second method, substitute expressions for x 1 , x 2 ,∧x 3from the parametric form of ∏
2

into your Cartesian equation for ∏ and hence find a parametric vector form of the line of
1
intersection L.

The line of intersection can be found by:

Rearranging the parametric form of ∏ for x 1 , x 2 ,and x 3:

2

x 1=4 +2 μ 1+ 4 μ2 ,x 2=−3−2 μ1 −μ 2 ,x 3=−1+ μ1 .

Can solve for µ2 by substituting x 1 , x 2 ,and x 3 into the cartesian equation of ∏ :

1

3 ( 4 +2 μ1+ 4 μ2 ) +2 (−3−2 μ 1−μ2 ) + 4(−1+ μ1 )

¿ 12+6 μ1 +12 μ 2+6 +4 μ 1+2 μ2−4+ 4 μ1

¿ 14+ 14 μ1+ 14 μ2 ,

14 μ2=−14 μ1−14 ,

μ2=−μ 1−1.

The equation of L can be found by substituting µ2 into the parametric form of ∏ :

2

()( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
x1 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
L2= x 2 = −3 + μ1 −2 + (−μ1 −1 ) −1 ¿ −3 + μ 1 −2 + −μ1 −1 − −1 .
x 3 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 0
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

()( ) ( )
x1 0 −2
Therefore , L2= x2 = −2 + μ1 −1 .
x3 −1 1

This is the parametric vector form of the line of intersection L for µ1 ϵ R .

e) If your parametric forms in parts (c) and (d) are different, check that they represent the same
line. If your parametric forms in parts (c) and (d) are the same, explain how they could have been
different while still describing the same line.

The parametric form of the line of intersection ‘ L’ in part c) was:

()( ) ( )
x 1 −2 −2
L1= x 2 = −3 +ω −1 .
x3 0 1

And in part d) it was:

()( ) ( )
x1 0 −2
L2= x 2 = −2 + μ1 −1 .
x 3 −1 1

For both these equations to represent the same line, they must be parallel as well as have the same
position vector.

() ()
−2 −2
The direction vectors −1 and −1 must be parallel to the line, and they clearly are as they both
1 1
equal each other.

To check if they have the same position vector. We can substitute ω = -1 into L1:
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

( ) ( )( )
−2 −2 0
L1= −3 −1 −1 ¿ −2 .
0 1 −1

And substitute µ1=1 into L2:

( ) ( )( )
0 −2 −2
L2= −2 + 1 −1 ¿ −3 .
−1 1 0

When substituting these values, the equations equal the position vector of the other equation,
concluding that it goes through the same points. Therefore, L1 and L2 define the same line of L.

f) Find m=n1 × n2 and show that m is parallel to the line you found in parts (c) and (d)

m=n1 × n2

( ) ( )( )( )
3 1 −12−16 −28
¿ −2 × 4 ¿ 4−18 ¿ −14 .
4 6 12+2 14

‘m ’ is parallel to the line ‘ L’ if it is a scalar multiple of the direction vectors in L1 and L2.

()
−2
L L
The direction vector found in 1 and 2 was −1 .
1

( ) ()
−28 −2
−14 =14 −1 .
14 1

Therefore , m=λ b .
Where, b = the direction vector.

Therefore, as ‘m ’ is a scalar product of the direction vector, it is parallel to the lines found in part c)
and part d).
 Disha Balumuri (z5481387)

g) Give a geometric explanation of the result in part (f)

L represents the intersection of the two planes ∏ and ∏ , this means L has to be parallel to ∏
1 2 1

and ∏ . As the vectors ⃗ n2were both found by finding the cross product of ∏ and ∏ , ⃗
n1 and⃗ n1and
2 1 2

n2 must always be perpendicular to ∏ and ∏ ,respectively. The cross product of ⃗

⃗ n1 and⃗
n2is ‘m’,
1 2
which means ‘m’ must be perpendicular to these vectors. Therefore, we know ‘m’ has to be parallel
to both ∏ and ∏ .
1 2