MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Marks
1. (A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a) List different types of operating systems. Explain advantages of multiprocessor system (any
two)
(List any four types – ½ Mark each, any two relevant Advantages - 1 Mark each)

Ans:
Different types of operating systems:
• Mainframe systems
• Multiprocessor systems
• Clustered systems
• Distributed systems
• Real time systems
Advantages of multiprocessor system:
• Less time duration required for the large process.
• Increase throughput.
• Economy of scale.
• Increased reliability.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Define multiprogramming system with diagram.

(Explanation - 2 Marks, any suitable Diagram - 2 Marks)

Ans:
In multiprogramming, more than one program lies in the memory i.e. in terms of Operating
system, the scheduler selects the jobs to be placed in ready queue from a number of programs.
The ready queue is placed in memory and the existence of more than one program in main
memory is known as multiprogramming.
Since there is only once processor, there can be no simultaneous execution of different programs.
Instead the operating system executes part of one program, then the part of another and so on.
Multiprogramming is the simple form of parallel processing in which several programs run at the
same time on a processor.

OR

Example of multiprogramming, we open word, excel, access and other applications together but
while we type in word other applications such as excel and access are just present in main
memory but they are not performing any task or work. Or we can say that are not being

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Draw and explain monolithic structure of operating system.

(Explanation - 2 Marks, Any suitable Diagram - 2 Marks)

Ans:
Monolithic Systems:
The structure is that there is no structure. The operating system is written as a collection of
procedures, each of which can call any of the other ones whenever it needs to. When this
technique is used, each procedure in the system has a well-defined interface in terms of
parameters and results, and each one is free to call any other one, if the latter provides some
useful computation that the former needs.
For constructing the actual object program of the operating system when this approach is used,
one compiles all the individual procedures, or files containing the procedures, and then binds
them all together into a single object file with the linker. In terms of information hiding, there is
essentially none- every procedure is visible to every other one i.e. opposed to a structure
containing modules or packages, in which much of the information is local to module, and only
officially designated entry points can be called from outside the module.
However, even in Monolithic systems, it is possible to have at least a little structure. The services
like system calls provide by the operating system are requested by putting the parameters in well-
defined places, such as in registers or on the stack, and then executing a special trap instruction
known as a kernel call or supervisor call.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) Explain two level directory structure with the help of diagram.

(Explanation - 2 Marks, any suitable Diagram - 2 Marks)
Ans:
The standard solution to limitations of single-level directory is to create a separate directory for
each user.
In the two-level directory structure, each user has his own user file directory (UFD). The UFDs
have similar structures, but each lists only the files of a single user.
When a user job starts or a user logs in, the system's master file directory (MFD) is searched.
The MFD is indexed by user name or account number, and each entry points to the UFD for that
user.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(B) Attempt any ONE of the following: 6

(a) Explain any six services provided operating system. Draw diagram showing services.
(Explanation of six services – 3 Marks, any relevant Diagram - 3 Marks)
Ans:
1. User interface
2. Program execution
3. I/O operations
4. File-system manipulation
5. Communications
6. Error detection
7. Accounting
8. Resource allocation
9. protection and security

1. User interface: Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).The interface can take
several forms. One is a DTrace command-line interface(CLI),which uses text commands and
a method for entering them (say, a program to allow entering and editing of
commands).Another is a batch interface , in which commands and directives to control those
commands are entered into files, and those files are executed . Most commonly, a graphical
user interface (GUI) is used.
2. Program execution: The operating system loads the contents (or sections) of a file into
memory and begins its execution. A user-level program could not be trusted to properly
allocate CPU time.
3. I/O operations: Disks, tapes, serial lines, and other devices must be communicated with at a
very low level. The user need only specify the device and the operation to perform on it, while
the system converts that request into device- or controller-specific commands. User-level
programs cannot be trusted to access only devices they should have access to and to access
them only when they are otherwise unused.
4. File-system manipulation: There are many details in file creation, deletion, allocation, and
naming that users should not have to per-form. Blocks of disk space are used by files and
must be tracked. Deleting a file requires removing the name file information and freeing the
allocated blocks. Protections must also be checked to assure proper file access. User programs
could neither ensure adherence to protection methods nor be trusted to allocate only free
blocks and deallocate blocks on file deletion.
5. Communications: Message passing between systems requires messages to be turned into
packets of information, sent to the net-work controller, transmitted across a communications
medium, and reassembled by the destination system. Packet ordering and data correction must

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
take place. Again, user programs might not coordinate access to the network device, or they
might receive packets destined for other processes.
6. Error detection: Error detection occurs at both the hardware and software levels. At the
hardware level, all data transfers must be inspected to ensure that data have not been corrupted
in transit. All data on media must be checked to be sure they have not changed since they
were written to the media. At the software level, media must be checked for data consistency;
for instance, whether the number of allocated and unallocated blocks of storage match the
total number on the device. There, errors are frequently process-independent (for instance, the
corruption of data on a disk), so there must be a global program (the operating system) that
handles all types of errors. Also, by having errors processed by the operating system,
processes need not contain code to catch and correct all the errors possible on a system.
7. Accounting: We may want to keep track at which users use how much and what kind of
computer resources. What was the login time for a particular user; is he working on the
system right now, what is the process -1 D for the user, all such in formations we can manage
using accounting service provided by many multiuser systems. This record keeping may be
for the purpose of paying for the system & its operation, or simply for accounting usage
statistics.
8. Resource allocation: When there are multiple users or multiple jobs running at the same
time. Resources must be allocated to each of them. Many different types of resources are
managed by the operating system. Some (Such as CPU cycles, main memory, and file storage)
may have special allocation code, whereas others (such as I/O devices) may have much more
general request and release code.
9. Protection and security: The owners of information stored in multiuser or networked
computer system may want to control use of the information .When several separate processes
execute concurrently, it should not be possible for one process to interfere with the others or
with the operating system itself, and Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled. Security of the system from outsiders is also important. Such security
starts with requiring each user to authenticate himself or herself to the system, usually by
means of a password, to gain access to system resources. It extends to defending external I/O
devices, including modems and network adapters, from invalid access attempts and to
recording all such connections for detection of break-ins .If a system is to be protected and
secure , precautions must be instituted throughout it.A chain is only as strong as its weakest
link.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Diagram for services:

(b) Draw and explain contiguous method for access.

(Explanation - 4 Marks, diagram - 2 Marks)

Ans:
The contiguous allocation method requires each file to occupy a set of contiguous address on the
disk. Disk addresses define a linear ordering on the disk. Notice that, with this ordering, accessing
block b+1 after block b normally requires no head movement. When head movement is needed
(from the last sector of one cylinder to the first sector of the next cylinder), it is only one track.
Thus, the number of disk seeks required for accessing contiguous allocated files in minimal, as is
seek time when a seek is finally needed. Contiguous allocation of a file is defined by the disk
address and the length of the first block. If the file is n blocks long, and starts at location b, then it
occupies blocks b, b+1, b+2, …, b+n-1. The directory entry for each file indicates the address of
the starting block and the length of the area allocated for this file.
The difficulty with contiguous allocation is finding space for a new file. If the file to be created is
n blocks long, then the OS must search for n free contiguous blocks. First-fit, best-fit, and worst-
fit strategies (as discussed in Chapter 4 on multiple partition allocation) are the most common
strategies used to select a free hole from the set of available holes. Simulations have shown that
both first-fit and best-fit are better than worst-fit in terms of both time storage utilization.
Neither first-fit nor best-fit is clearly best in terms of storage utilization, but first-fit is generally
faster.
These algorithms also suffer from external fragmentation. As files are allocated and deleted, the
free disk space is broken into little pieces. External fragmentation exists when enough total disk

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
space exists to satisfy a request, but this space not contiguous; storage is fragmented into a large
number of small holes.
Another problem with contiguous allocation is determining how much disk space is needed for a
file. When the file is created, the total amount of space it will need must be known and allocated.
How does the creator (program or person) know the size of the file to be created. In some cases,
this determination may be fairly simple (e.g. copying an existing file), but in general the size of an
output file may be difficult to estimate.

Contiguous Allocation Method

2. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

(a) What is clustered system? Explain it.

(Definition - 2 Marks, Explanation - 2 Marks)

Ans:
Clustered System: Cluster is a group of interconnected, whole computers working together as a
unified computing source that can create the illusion of being one machine. Each computer in a
cluster is typically referred to as a node. Clustering (means gather together) allows two or more
system to share storage closely linked via a local area network. Asymmetric Cluster (at least two
servers: One is on a standby mode while the other is monitoring the other one. If one stops other

will work).Symmetric Cluster (all work at the same level: They work together and monitor each
other).

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cluster – is collection of computer in which any member of the cluster is capable of supporting
the processing function of any other member. A cluster has n+k configuration where n processing
nodes are actively processing the application & k processing nodes are in a standby state, serving
as a spares. In the event of a failure of an active node, the application that was running on the
failed node is moved to one of the standby nodes.
Other common cluster configuration include Simplex (one active node, no spare), n+1 active node
(n active nodes, 1 spare)

Clustered system can be implemented using LAN.This system is a subsystem of a

telecommunication switching system, running certain centralized application function. A LAN is
interconnecting hub that provides connectivity with each other in the switching system.

(b) Draw and explain process state diagram

(Process state diagram – 2 Marks, explanation - 2 Marks)
Ans:
Process is a program in execution. A process does not mean only program but it could contain
some part called as text section. It may contain the current activity represented by the value of the
program counter & the contents of CPU register.

Process States :A process is typically in one of the three states

1. Running: has the CPU
2. Blocked: waiting for I/O or another thread

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Ready to run: on the ready list, waiting for the CPU
during the lifespan of a process, its execution status may be in one of four states: (associated with
each state is usually a queue on which the process resides)

New: The process being created is available in the new state. It is the new state because the
system is not permitted it to enter the ready state due to limited memory available in the ready
queue. If some memory becomes available, then the process from the new state will go to ready
state.
Ready State: The process which is not waiting for any external event such as I/O operation and
which is not running is said to be in ready state. It is not in the running state because some other
process is already running. It is waiting for its turn to go to the running state.

Running State: The process which is currently running and has control of the CPU is known as
the process in running state. In single user system, there is only one process which is in the
running state. In multiuser system, there are multiple processes which are in the running state.
Blocked State: The process is currently waiting on external event such as an I/O operation is said
to be in blocked state. After the completion of I/O operation, the process from blocked state enters
in the ready state and from the ready state when the process turn will come it will again go to
running state.
Terminated / Halted State: The process whose operation is completed, it will go the terminated
state from the running state. In halted state, the memory occupied by the process is released.

(c) Define preemptive and non-preemtive scheduling with suitable example.

(Definition of preemptive and non-preemptive – 1 Mark each, example – 1 Mark each)
Ans:
Preemptive Scheduling
1. Even if CPU is allocated to one process, CPU can be preempted to other process if other
process is having higher priority or some other fulfilling criteria.
2. Throughput is less.
3. It is suitable for RTS.
4. Only the processes having higher priority are scheduled.
5. It doesn’t treat all processes as equal.
6. Algorithm design is complex.
7. Circumstances for preemptive
process switch from running to ready state
process switch from waiting to ready State

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
Round Robin, Priority algorithms, SJF (Preemptive)

Non Preemptive Scheduling

1. Once the CPU has been allocated to a process the process keeps the CPU until releases CPU
either by terminating or by switching to waiting state
2. Throughput is high.
3. It is not suitable for RTS.
4. Processes having any priority can get scheduled.
5. It treats all process as equal.
6. Algorithm design is simple.
7. Circumstances for Non preemptive
Process switches from running to waiting state
Process terminates

Example:
FCFS algorithm
SJF (Non preemptive)

(d) What is virtual memory? Explain paging and page fault

(Description of virtual memory - 2 Marks, Paging - 1 Mark, Page fault - 1 Mark)
Ans:
Virtual memory is the separation of user logical memory from physical memory. This separation
allows an extremely large virtual memory to be provided for programmers when only a smaller
physical memory is available. Virtual memory makes the task of programming much easier,
because the programmer no longer needs to worry about the amount of physical memory
available, or about what code can be placed in overlays, but can concentrate instead on the
problem to be programmed. On systems which support virtual memory, overlays have virtually
disappeared.
For example, a 16M program can run on a 4M machine by carefully choosing which 4M to keep
in memory at each instant, with pieces of the program being swapped between disk and memory
as needed.

Paging:
Paging refers to the transfer of memory pages from physical memory to disk and vice versa.
Virtual memory uses a technique called demand paging for its implementation.
Logical address space of a process can be noncontiguous; process is allocated physical memory
whenever the latter is available

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Divide physical memory into fixed-sized blocks called frames (size is power of 2, between 512
bytes and 8192 bytes)
Divide logical memory into blocks of same size called pages.
• Address generated by CPU divided into:
– Page number (p) - index to page table
+ page table contains base address of each page in physical memory (frame)
– Page offset (d) - offset into page/frame

Page fault:
When the process executes and accessed the pages that are present into memory, execution
proceeds normally. But if the process tries to access a page which is marked invalid, then it causes
a page fault trap. This trap occurs because operating system has failed to bring the desired page
into memory. The main functions of paging are performed when a program tries to access pages
that do not currently reside in the RAM. This situation is known as page fault. The OS must take
control and handle the page fault.

(e) Explain the structure of UNIX.

(Explanation - 3 Marks, Diagram - 1 Mark)
Ans:
STRUCTURE OF UNIX

Hardware of the system

The kernel, which schedules tasks and manages storage;

The shell, which connects and interprets users' commands, calls programs from Memory, and
executes them.

The tools and applications that offer additional functionality to the OS

The kernel is the heart of the system, a collection of programs written in C that directly
communicate with the hardware. There is only one kernel for any system. It's that part of UNIX
system that is loaded into memory when the system is booted. It manages the System resources,
allocates time between user and processes, decides process priorities, and performs all other tasks.
The kernel, in traditional parlance, is often called the Operating system. The shell, on the other
hand, is the "sleeping beauty" of UNIX. It is actually the interface between the user and the
kernel. The shell is the agency which takes care of the features of redirection and has a
programming capability of its own.The Tools and Applications consist of Application Software,
Compilers, Database Package, Internet tools, UNIX commands, etc.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(f) Compare UNIX and LINUX w.r.t. following points: User interface, number of shells,
providers, processing speed.
(Comparison - 1 Mark to each point)
Ans:

CRITERIA LINUX UNIX

User interface Linux typically Initially Unix was a
provides two GUIs, command based OS, but later
KDE and Gnome. a GUI was created called
But there are millions Common Desktop
of alternatives such Environment. Most
as LXDE, Xfce, distributions now ship with
Unity, Mate, twm, Gnome.
ect.
Number of Sh, bash, csh and tsh, B, C, K, Bash, tcsh, zsh
shells ksh
Redhat,Ubantu,Fedor Osx, Solaris,All LINUX
Provider
a
Low: As it is GUI High: As it is command
based processing time based direct interpretation of
Processing
is more as compare to commands is done so it takes
speed
UNIX. less time as compare to
LINUX.

3. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

(a) Describe any four activities of process management and memory management.
(Any four activities of Process Management – ½ Mark each, any four activities of Memory
Management – ½ Mark each)
Ans:
The operating system manages many kinds of activities ranging from user programs to system
programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server etc. Each of these activities is
encapsulated in a process. A process includes the complete execution context (code, data, PC,
registers, OS resources in use etc.).

The five major activities of an operating system in regard to process management are:

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Creation and deletion of user and system processes.
Suspension and resumption of processes.
A mechanism for process synchronization.
A mechanism for process communication.
A mechanism for deadlock handling.

Memory Management:
Main-Memory is a large array of words or bytes. Each word or byte has its own address. Main-
memory provides storage that can be access directly by the CPU. That is to say for a program to
be executed, it must in the main memory.
The major activities of an operating in regard to memory-management are:
Keep track of which part of memory are currently being used and by whom.
Decide which processes are loaded into memory when memory space becomes available.
Allocate memory space as needed
Deallocate memory space as needed

(b) Explain interprocess communication.

(Any relevant Explanation - 4 Marks)
[**Note: Explanation of interprocess communication with models or without models shall
be considered.]

Ans:
Inter-process communication: Cooperating processes require an Inter- process communication
(IPC) mechanism that will allow them to exchange data and information.

There are two models of IPC

1. Shared memory

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
In this a region of the memory residing in an address space of a process creating a shared memory
segment can be accessed by all processes who want to communicate with other processes. All the
processes using the shared memory segment should attach to the address space of the shared
memory. All the processes can exchange information by reading and/or writing data in shared
memory segment. The form of data and location are determined by these processes who want to
communicate with each other. These processes are not under the control of the operating system.
The processes are also responsible for ensuring that they are not writing to the same location
simultaneously. After establishing shared memory segment, all accesses to the shared memory
segment are treated as routine memory access and without assistance of kernel.

2. Message Passing

In this model, communication takes place by exchanging messages between cooperating

processes. It allows processes to communicate and synchronize their action without sharing the
same address space. It is particularly useful in a distributed environment when communication
process may reside on a different computer connected by a network. Communication requires
sending and receiving messages through the kernel. The processes that want to communicate with
each other must have a communication link between them. Between each pair of processes
exactly one communication link.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Write steps for Banker’s algorithm to avoid deadlock.

(Correct steps for algorithm - 4 Marks)

Ans:

Banker’s Algorithm
This algorithm calculates resources allocated, required and available before allocating resources
to any process to avoid deadlock. It contains two matrices on a dynamic basis. Matrix A contains
resources allocated to different processes at a given time. Matrix B maintains the resources which
are still required by different processes at the same time.
Algorithm F: Free resources
Step 1: When a process requests for a resource, the OS allocates it on a trial basis.
Step 2: After trial allocation, the OS updates all the matrices and vectors. This updation can be
done by the OS in a separate work area in the memory.
Step 3: It compares F vector with each row of matrix B on a vector to vector basis.
Step 4: If F is smaller than each of the row in Matrix B i.e. even if all free resources are allocated
o any process in Matrix B and not a single process can completes its task then OS concludes that
the system is in unstable state.
Step 5: If F is greater than any row for a process in Matrix B the OS allocates all required
resources for that process on a trial basis. It assumes that after completion of process, it will
release all the recourses allocated to it. These resources can be added to the free vector.
Step 6: After execution of a process, it removes the row indicating executed process from both
matrices.
Step 7: This algorithm will repeat the procedure step 3 for each process from the matrices and
finds that all processes can complete execution without entering unsafe state. For each request for
any resource by a process OS goes through all these trials of imaginary allocation and updation.
After this if the system remains in the safe state, and then changes can be made in actual matrices.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(d) State necessary condition for Deadlock.
(Four conditions - 1 Mark each)
Ans:
1. Mutual Exclusion: The resources involved are non-shareable.
At least one resource (thread) must be held in a non-shareable mode, that is, only one process at a
time claims exclusive control of the resource. If another process requests that resource, the
requesting process must be delayed until the resource has been released.
2. Hold and Wait: Requesting process hold already, resources while waiting for requested
resources.
There must exist a process that is holding a resource already allocated to it while waiting for
additional resource that are currently being held by other processes.
3. No-Preemptive: Resources already allocated to a process cannot be preempted.
Resources cannot be removed from the processes are used to completion or released voluntarily
by the process holding it.
4. Circular Wait: The processes in the system form a circular list or chain where each process in
the list is waiting for a resource held by the next process in the list.

(e) List different types of files. Explain basic operations on file.

(Any 4 types – ½ Mark each, any 4 operations – ½ Mark each)
Ans:
Different types of files

file type usual function

extension
executable exe,com,bin ready-to-run machine-language
Or none program
object Obj,o compiled, machine language,
not linked
source code c,cc,java,pas Source code in various
,asm,a languages
batch bat, sh commands to the command
interpreter
text txt ,doc textual data, documents

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
word processor wp, tex, rtf, various word-processor Formats
doc
library lib, a, so, dll libraries of routines for
programmers
print or view ps, pdf,jpg ASCII or binary file in a format
for printing or viewing
archive arc, zip, tar related files grouped into one
file, sometimes compressed, for
archiving or storage
multimedia mpeg,mov,r binary file containing audio or
m,mp3,avi A\V information

Common file types

File Operations
Basic file operations are
1. Creating a file. Two steps are necessary to create a file.
1. Space in the file system must be found for the file.
2. An entry for the new file must be made in the directory.

2. Writing a file. To write a file, we make a system call specifying both the name of the file and
the information to be written to the file. The system must keep a write pointer to the location in
the file where the next write is to take place. The write pointer must be updated whenever a write
occurs.

3. Reading a file. To read from a file, we use a system call that specifies the name of the file and
where (in memory) the next block of the file should be put. The system needs to keep a read
pointer to the location in the file where the next read is to take place. Because a process is usually
either reading from or writing to a file, the current operation location can be kept as a per-process
current-file-position pointer. Both the read and write operations use this same pointer, saving
space and reducing system complexity.

4. Repositioning within a file. The directory is searched for the appropriate entry, and the
current-file-position pointer is repositioned to a given value. Repositioning within a file need not
involve any actual I/O. This file operation is also known as a file seek.

5. Deleting a file. To delete a file, we search the directory for the named file. Having found the
associated directory entry, we release all file space, so that it can be reused by other files, and
erase the directory entry.
The five operations described comprise only the minimal set of required file operations. More
commonly, we shall also want to edit the file and modify its contents. A special case of editing a
file is appending new information at the end of the file. Copies of the file can also be created, and

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Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
since files are named object, renaming an existing file may also be needed. If the file is a binary
object format, we may also want to execute it. Also of use are facilities to lock sections of an open
file for multiprocess access, to share sections, and even to map sections into memory or virtual-
memory systems.
This last function allows a part of the virtual address to be logically associated with section of a
file. Reads and writes to that memory region are then treated as reads and writes to the file. To
that memory region are then treated as reads and writes to the file, greatly simplifying file use.

6. Truncating a file. The user may want to erase the contents of a file but keep its attributes.
Rather than forcing the user to delete the file and then recreate it, this function allows all attributes
to remain unchanged (except for file length) but lets the file be reset to length zero and its file
space released.

4. (A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

(a) List any four system calls for device management and communication.
(Any four System calls Related to Device Management – ½ Mark each, any four System calls
Related to Communication – ½ Mark each)
Ans:
System calls Related to Device Management:
Request a device
Release a device
Read, Write, Reposition
Get device attribute
Set device attribute
System calls Related to Communication:
create ,delete communication connection
send, receive messages
transfer status information
attach or detach remote devices

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Describe any four secondary storage management activities.

(Any relevant four activities -1 Mark each)
Ans:
Secondary-Storage Management
Systems have several levels of storage, including primary storage, secondary storage and cache
storage. Instructions and data must be placed in primary storage or cache to be referenced by a
running program. Because main memory is too small to accommodate all data and programs, and
its data are lost when power is lost, the computer system must provide secondary storage to back
up main memory.
Secondary storage consists of tapes, disks, and other media designed to hold information that will
eventually be accessed in primary storage (primary, secondary, cache) is ordinarily divided into
bytes or words consisting of a fixed number of bytes.
The four major activities of an operating system in regard to secondary storage management are:

1. Managing the free space available on the secondary-storage device.

2. Allocation of storage space when new files have to be written.
3. Scheduling the requests for memory access.
4. Deallocation of storage space when required.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) What is thread? Explain users and Kernal threads.

(Description of thread - 2 Marks, Explanation of user thread - 1 Mark, Explanation of Kernel
thread - 1 Mark)
Ans:
A thread, sometimes called a lightweight process, is a basic unit of CPU utilization. A traditional
(or heavyweight) process has a single thread of control. If a process has multiple threads of
control, it can do more than one task at a time. This is because there are situations in which it is
desirable to have multiple threads of control in the same address space, running as though they
were separate processes.

User-Level Threads: -
A user-level thread is a thread within a process which the OS does not know about.
In a user-level thread approach the cost of a context switch between threads less since the
operating system itself does not need to be involved–no extra system calls are required.
A user-level thread is represented by a program counter; registers, stack, and small thread
control block (TCB).
Programmers typically use a thread library to simplify management of threads within a
process.
Creating a new thread, switching between threads, and synchronizing threads are done via
function calls into the library. This provides an interface for creating and stopping threads, as
well as control over how they are scheduled.

Kernel Threads: -
In systems that use kernel-level threads, the operating system itself is aware of each individual
thread.
Kernel threads are supported and managed directly by the operating system.

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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
A context switch between kernel threads belonging to the same process requires only the
registers, program counter, and stack to be changed; the overall memory management
information does not need to be switched since both of the threads share the same address
space. Thus context switching between two kernel threads is slightly faster than switching
between two processes.
Kernel threads can be expensive because system calls are required to switch between threads.
Also, since the operating system is responsible for scheduling the threads, the application does
not have any control over how its threads are managed.

(d) State and describe types of schedules. Describe how each of them schedule the job
(State types of scheduler - 1 Mark, Description of three types - 1 Mark each)
[**Note: - Any relevant description about schedules shall be considered]
Ans:
Schedulers are of three types:-
Long Term Scheduler
Short Term Scheduler
Medium Term Scheduler

Long Term Scheduler

It is also called job scheduler. Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to
the system for processing. Job scheduler selects processes from the queue and loads them into
memory for execution. Process loads into the memory for CPU scheduling. The primary objective
of the job scheduler is to provide a balanced mix of jobs, such as I/O bound and processor bound.
It also controls the degree of multiprogramming. If the degree of multiprogramming is stable,
then the average rate of process creation must be equal to the average departure rate of processes
leaving the system. On some systems, the long term scheduler may not be available or minimal.
Time-sharing operating systems have no long term scheduler. When process changes the state
from new to ready, then there is use of long term scheduler.

Short Term Scheduler

It is also called CPU scheduler. Main objective is increasing system performance in accordance
with the chosen set of criteria. It is the change of ready state to running state of the process. CPU
scheduler selects process among the processes that are ready to execute and allocates CPU to one
of them.Short term scheduler also known as dispatcher, execute most frequently and makes the
fine grained decision of which process to execute next. Short term scheduler is faster than long
term scheduler.

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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Medium Term Scheduler

Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping. It removes the processes from the memory. It
reduces the degree of multiprogramming. The medium term scheduler is in-charge of handling the
swapped out-processes. Running process may become suspended if it makes an I/O request.
Suspended processes cannot make any progress towards completion. In this condition, to remove
the process from memory and make space for other process, the suspended process is moved to
the secondary storage. This process is called swapping, and the process is said to be swapped out
or rolled out. Swapping may be necessary to improve the process mix.

(B) Attempt any ONE of the following: 06

(a) What is the process? Explain the different process states with diagram.
(Definition of process - 2 Marks, Explanation of process state - 2 Marks, Diagram of process
state - 2 Marks)
Ans:
Process is a program in execution. A process does not mean only program but it could contain
some part called as text section. It may contain the current activity represented by the value of the
program counter & the contents of CPU register.

Process States: A process is typically in one of the three states

1. Running: has the CPU
2. Blocked: waiting for I/O or another thread
3. Ready to run: on the ready list, waiting for the CPU

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Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

During the lifespan of a process, its execution status may be in one of four states: (associated with
each state is usually a queue on which the process resides)
New: The process being created is available in the new state. It is the new state because the
system is not permitted it to enter the ready state due to limited memory available in the ready
queue. If some memory becomes available, then the process from the new state will go to ready
state.
Ready State: The process which is not waiting for any external event such as I/O operation and
which is not running is said to be in ready state. It is not in the running state because some other
process is already running. It is waiting for its turn to go to the running state.

Running State: The process which is currently running and has control of the CPU is known as
the process in running state. In single user system, there is only one process which is in the
running state. In multiuser system, there are multiple processes which are in the running state.
Blocked State: The process is currently waiting on external event such as an I/O operation is said
to be in blocked state. After the completion of I/O operation, the process from blocked state enters
in the ready state and from the ready state when the process turn will come it will again go to
running state.
Terminated / Halted State: The process whose operation is completed, it will go the terminated
state from the running state. In halted state, the memory occupied by the process is released.

(b) With suitable diagram, explain how linked allocation is performed.

(Diagram - 2 Marks, Explanation – 4 Marks)
Ans:

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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
The problems in contiguous allocation can be traced directly to the requirement that the spaces be
allocated contiguously and that the files that need these spaces are of different sizes. These
requirements can be avoided by using linked allocation.
In linked allocation, each file is a linked list of disk blocks. The directory contains a pointer to the
first and (optionally the last) block of the file. For example, a file of 5 blocks which starts at block
4, might continue at block 7, then block 16, block 10, and finally block 27. Each block contains a
pointer to the next block and the last block contains a NIL pointer. The value -1 may be used for
NIL to differentiate it from block 0.
With linked allocation, each directory entry has a pointer to the first disk block of the file. This
pointer is initialized to nil (the end-of-list pointer value) to signify an empty file. A write to a file
removes the first free block and writes to that block. This new block is then linked to the end of
the file. To read a file, the pointers are just followed from block to block.
There is no external fragmentation with linked allocation. Any free block can be used to satisfy a
request. Notice also that there is no need to declare the size of a file when that file is created. A
file can continue to grow as long as there are free blocks.
Linked allocation, does have disadvantages, however. The major problem is that it is inefficient to
support direct-access; it is effective only for sequential-access files. To find the ith block of a file,
it must start at the beginning of that file and follow the pointers until the ith block is reached.
Note that each access to a pointer requires a disk read.
Another severe problem is reliability. A bug in OS or disk hardware failure might result in
pointers being lost and damaged. The effect of which could be picking up a wrong pointer and
linking it to a free block or into another file.

OR

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 16

(a) Describe many to one and one to many multithreading model with diagram. Explain
advantages of each (any two).
(Two model: Description of each model with diagram – 2 Marks, any two advantages of each
model– 1 Mark each)
[**Note- for one to many multithreading model, one to one model, many to many model or any
other relevant multithreading description shall be considered]

Ans:
1. Many to One model:

This model maps many user level threads to one kernel level thread. Thread management is done
by thread library in user space.

Advantages:-
1. It is an efficient model as threads are managed by thread library in user space.
2. Portable: Because user level threads packages are implemented entirely with standard
Unix and POSIX library calls, they are often quite portable

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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. One to One model:

It maps each user thread to a kernel thread. Even a thread makes a blocking call;
Other thread can run with the kernel thread.

Advantages:-
1. It allows multiple threads to run in parallel on multiprocessors.
2. Multithreaded OS interface: when one user thread and its kernel thread block, the
other user threads can continue to execute since their kernel threads are unaffected

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Many to Many model :

Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads.

Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads
E. g Solaris 2 and Windows NT/2000 with the Thread Fiber package

Advantages:-
1. Threads can run in parallel or multiprocessor
2. When a thread performs blocking system call, the kernel can schedule anther tread for
execution.
3. Developer can create as many user threads as required

OR

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Calculate average waiting time for FCFS and SJF for following table:
Process Arrival time Burst time
P1 0 8
P2 1 4
P3 2 9
P4 3 5
(For each scheduling – Gantt chart – 1 Mark, waiting time calculation - 2 Marks, average
waiting time – 1 Mark)
Ans:
FCFS

Gantt chart

P1 P2 P3 P4

0 8 12 21 26

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Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Waiting time

P1=0

P2=(8-1)=7

P3=(12-2)=10

P4= (21-3)=18

Average waiting time=waiting time of all processes/number of processes

=waiting time of (p1+p2+p3+p4)/4

=0+7+10+18/4

=8.75 milli seconds (ms)

SJF

P1 P2 P4 P1 P3

0 1 5 10 17 26

Waiting time

P1=0+(10-1)=9

P2=0

P3=(17-2)=15

P4= (5-3)=2

Average waiting time=waiting time of all processes/number of processes

=waiting time of (p1+p2+p3+p4)/4

=9+0+15+2/4

=6.5 milli seconds (ms)

(c) Explain how UNIX is differ from LINUX w.r.t. architecture, applications, case of operation
and system requirement.
(Difference - 2 Marks to each point)
[**Note Any relevant explanation shall be consider]

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans:

UNIX LINUX
Small scale (is available on PA- Highconfiguration(Originally
RISC and Itanium machines. developed for Intel’s x86
Architecture Solaris also available for hardware, ports available for
x86/x64 based systems.) over two dozen CPU types
including ARM)
Command base (The UNIX GUI based(Linux can be
operating system is used in installed on a wide variety of
internet servers, workstations & computer hardware, ranging
PCs. Backbone of the majority from mobile phones, tablet
of finance 32 infrastructure and computers and video game
many 24x365 high availability consoles, to mainframes and
solutions. GUI: Initially Unix supercomputers. GUI: Linux
Applications was a command based OS, but typically provides two GUIs,
later a GUI was created called KDE and Gnome. But Linux
Common Desktop GUI is optional.)
Environment. Most
distributions now ship with
Gnome.)

Case Of It requires Less no. of Kernal It requires Multiple kernel

Operation for operation. for operation
operating system- Red Hat
Hardware on UNIX your Enterprise Linux 4 or 5
computer must have the with the latest patches and
following minimum upgrades
configuration to successfully CPU Types –Pentium4 or
install WebLogic integration – higher; to GHz or higher
Business Connect on a unix Memory/RAM – 1GB
System platform. minimum, up to the system
Requirement Random Access limit
(any version Memory(RAM) Hard Disk – 4GB minimum
shall be 256MB recommended Other - to read the
consider) 128MB minimum Directory Server using port
250MB available hard drive number lass then 1024,
space (see note) such as the default you can
CD-ROM drive port 389, you can set up
TCP/IP network interface and start the directory
A persistent Internet server as root, but it is not
connection necessary to run the
Directory Server root.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

(a) What is real time system? Explain its types.

(Description of real time system – 2 Marks, Explanation of two types – 1 Mark each)
Ans:

Real time systems are used in environment where a large number of events, mostly external to
the computer system, must be accepted and processes in a short time or within certain deadlines.
Such applications include real-time simulations, flight control, industrial control, military
applications etc.

A primary objective of real-time systems is to provide quick event response time and thus meet
the scheduling deadlines. User convenience and resource utilization are of secondary concern to
real-time system designers.

In Real time systems, processor is allocated to the highest priority process among those that are
ready to execute. Higher priority processes preempt execution of the lower priority processes.
This form is called as ‘priority –based preemptive scheduling’.

The primary functions of the real time operating system are to:
1. Manage the processor and other system resources to meet the requirements of an application.
2. Synchronize with and respond to the system events.
3. Move the data efficiently among processes and to perform coordination among these processes.

Types of real time system:

1. Hard real time:-

Hard real time means strict about adherence to each task deadline. When an event occurs, it
should be serviced within the predictable time at all times in a given hard real time system.

Example: - video transmission, each picture frame and audio must be transferred at fixed rate.

2. Soft real time:-

Soft real time means that only the precedence and sequence for the task operations are defined,
interrupt latencies and context switching latencies are small. There can be few deviations between
expected latencies of the tasks and observed time constraints and a few deadline misses are
accepted.

Example:-Mobile phone, digital cameras and orchestra playing robots.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) What is system call? Explain open ( ) system call and close ( ) system call.
(Description of system call – 2 Marks, open ( ) system call -1 Mark, close ( ) system call -1
Mark)
Ans:
System Calls: System calls are programming interface to the services provided by the operating
system
1. Each system call associated with a particular number.
2. System call interface maintains a table indexed according to these numbers.
3. The system call interface invokes intended system call in operating system kernel and returns
status of the system call and any return values.
4. The caller needs to know nothing about how the system call is implemented. Just needs to
obey API and understand what OS will do as a result call.
5. Most details of operating system interface hidden from programmers by API. It is managed by
run-time support library.

Open ( ) system call

For most file systems, a program initializes access to a file in a file system using the open system
call. This allocates resources associated to the file (the file descriptor), and returns a handle that
the process will use to refer to that file.

Close ( ) system call

For most file systems, a program terminates access to a file in a file system using the close system
call. This flushes buffers, updates file metadata (which may include and end of file indicator in
the data), de-allocates resources associated with the file (including the file descriptor) and updates
the system wide table of files in use.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Explain the concept of context switching.

(Description - 3 Marks, Diagram – 1 Mark)
Ans:
Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of current process and loading the
saved state for new process. This process is known as a context switch. The context switch is
represented in PCB. Saves context of old process in its PCB and loads context of new process into
the memory which is schedule to run next.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

(d) Differentiate between paging and segmentation.

(Any four points - 1 Mark each)
[**Note: any other valid point shall be considered]
Ans:

(e) Explain booting system of UNIX.

(Explanation – 2 Marks, Diagram – 2 Marks)
Ans:
The loading of the operating system is achieved by a special program called BOOT. Generally
this program is stored in one (or two) sectors on the disk with a pre-determined address. This
portion is normally called “BOOT Block‟ as shown in fig. The ROM normally contains a
minimum program. When one turns the computer „ON‟ , the control is transferred to this
program automatically by the hardware itself. This program in ROM loads the BOOT program in
pre-determined memory locations. The beauty is to keep BOOT program as small as possible, so
that the hardware can manage to load it easily and in a very few instructions. This BOOT program
in turn contains to read the rest of the Operating System into the memory. This is depicted in
figures. The mechanism gives an impression of pulling oneself up. Therefore, the nomenclature
bootstrapping or its short form booting.

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WINTER – 15 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 17512 Model Answer Subject Name: Operating System

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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