SoC101 Short Question All Lesson Topic wise For Mid

Term Compiled By: A.N Khuram

1. What is sociology?
 Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human behavior,
social groups, and society. It analyzes structural and institutional
forces shaping our lives and behaviors.
2. How did the scientific method influence the development of sociology?
 The scientific method emphasized empirical evidence and systematic
observation, challenging traditional beliefs and leading to sociology's
emergence as a scientific study of social phenomena.
3. Who coined the term "sociology"?
 Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" to
capture the belief in a social physics that could discover laws
explaining society.
4. What was Comte's view on objectivity in sociology?
 Comte believed sociology should approach its subject matter with
objectivity, impartiality, and systematic attention similar to physical
sciences like biology.
5. What is positivism in sociology?
 Positivism, proposed by Comte, applies the scientific method to the
study of society, aiming to uncover underlying social laws and apply
them to social reform.
6. How did Herbert Spencer contribute to sociology?
 Spencer's concept of social Darwinism linked societal evolution to
natural selection, where societies evolve from lower to higher forms
through the survival of the fittest.
7. How did Karl Marx view capitalism?
 Marx saw capitalism as a system of structured inequality, with the
means of production owned by a minority (bourgeoisie) and exploited
by wage-workers (proletariat).
 8. What did Emile Durkheim contribute to sociology?
 Durkheim emphasized the study of social facts and the role of social
structures in maintaining social order, pioneering scientific
methodology in sociology.
9. How did Durkheim explain suicide as a social phenomenon?
 Durkheim classified suicide types (altruistic, egoistic, anomic) based
on social integration, showing how societal factors influence
individual behavior.
10.What are mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity?
 Mechanical solidarity is based on similarities and shared beliefs in
traditional societies, while organic solidarity arises from
interdependence in complex societies with specialized labor.

Lesson No.2

1. What is the sociological perspective?

 The sociological perspective, or imagination, emphasizes the
importance of social contexts in shaping individuals' lives and
behaviors. It examines how groups and societies influence people.
2. Why do sociologists study social problems?
 Sociologists study social problems because these issues extend
beyond individual experiences and affect many people. They often
involve conflicts with societal values.
3. What is the sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills?
 C. Wright Mills described the sociological imagination as
understanding the connection between history (society's values and
beliefs) and biography (individual life experiences). It places
individual behavior within a broader social context.
4. How does sociology challenge common sense?
  Sociology challenges common sense by revealing surprising and
counterintuitive social patterns, debunking myths, and providing
systematic explanations based on research and evidence.
5. What are some key questions in sociology?
 Key questions in sociology include examining social structures and
institutions, understanding the influence of norms and values on
behavior, analyzing power and inequality, exploring causes and
consequences of social problems, and studying social change and
movements.
6. What are the conditions needed to establish causality in sociology?
 To establish causality, three conditions are essential: temporal order
(cause precedes effect), empirical association (two phenomena occur
together), and elimination of plausible alternatives (showing the effect
is due to the cause, not something else).

Lesson No.3

1. What role do theories play in sociology?

 Theories in sociology provide a conceptual framework to interpret
observations and understand how different social elements are related
to each other.
2. Name three major sociological theories and explain their perspectives.
 The three major sociological theories are symbolic interactionism,
functional analysis, and conflict theory. Symbolic interactionism
focuses on how symbols shape our understanding and communication.
Functional analysis views society as a system of interrelated parts
working together. Conflict theory emphasizes competition and
inequality among different groups.
3. What is the difference between micro, macro, and meso level analysis in
sociology?
  Micro level analysis focuses on individual actions and behaviors,
macro level analysis examines large-scale social structures and
institutions, and meso level analysis studies groups and organizations.
4. Explain the concept of functionalism in sociology.
 Functionalism views society as a whole unit with interrelated parts
that work together to maintain stability. It emphasizes the functions
(beneficial consequences) and dysfunctions (harmful consequences)
of social actions.
5. Describe conflict theory and its origin.
 Conflict theory, developed by Karl Marx, emphasizes competition and
conflict between social groups over scarce resources. It highlights the
power struggles between different classes in society.
6. What is symbolic interactionism?
 Symbolic interactionism focuses on how symbols shape our
understanding of the world and how individuals communicate with
each other through shared meanings attached to symbols.
7. Why is it important to use multiple theoretical perspectives in
sociology?
 Using multiple theoretical perspectives allows for a more
comprehensive understanding of social life by highlighting different
aspects and interpretations of human behavior and society.

Lesson No.4
1. What distinguishes scientific observation from ordinary observation?
 Scientific observation is accurate, precise, systematic, and objective. It
ensures that observations are exact, detailed, organized, and free from
personal bias or influence.
2. What are the three goals of science?
 The goals of science are to explain why something happens,
generalize findings beyond individual cases, and predict future
outcomes based on current knowledge.
 3. Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning in
scientific research.
 Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to general
theories or conclusions, while deductive reasoning moves from
general theories to specific hypotheses for testing.
4. What are concepts in scientific theory?
 Concepts are theoretical ideas expressed symbolically or in words that
represent specific phenomena or relationships in scientific research.
5. How does sociology use scientific methods to study social phenomena?
 Sociology uses empirical observation, data analysis, and theory
building to understand and explain social phenomena. It aims to
develop testable explanations and relies on peer review and
replication to validate findings.
6. Define correlation and causation in sociological research.
 Correlation refers to a relationship between variables where a change
in one is associated with a change in the other. Causation occurs when
a change in one variable directly causes a change in another variable.
7. Is sociology considered a science? Explain.
 Sociology can be considered a science when it adheres to scientific
methods such as empirical observation, theory development, and
testable hypothesis formulation. It aims to understand and explain
social phenomena through systematic research and analysis.

Lesson No.5
1. Why do we need sociological research? Why can’t we rely solely on
common sense?
 Sociological research moves beyond guesswork and common sense to
provide accurate, systematic, and evidence-based insights into social
phenomena. It helps us understand what is really happening by
conducting rigorous investigations and examining various aspects of
social life.
2. What are the eight basic steps of scientific research in sociology?
 The eight basic steps include:
1. Selecting a topic
2. Defining the research problem
3. Reviewing the literature
4. Formulating a hypothesis
5. Choosing a research method
6. Collecting data
7. Analyzing the results
8. Disseminating the findings
3. Describe the process of selecting a research topic.
 Sociologists choose research topics based on curiosity, funding
availability, or social problems in the news. They select topics that
interest them and align with their research goals.
4. What is the importance of reviewing the literature in sociological
research?
 Reviewing the literature helps narrow down the research problem,
identify gaps in existing knowledge, and avoid duplicating previous
studies. It provides a foundation for formulating hypotheses and
research questions.
5. What is a hypothesis in sociological research?
 A hypothesis is a statement predicting the relationship between
variables based on a theory. It specifies what the researcher expects to
find and requires operational definitions for precise measurement.
6. Explain the importance of selecting a representative sample in survey
research.
 A representative sample ensures that research findings can be
generalized to the larger population. Random sampling gives every
 individual an equal chance of inclusion, reducing bias and improving
the validity of results.
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires in
sociological research?
 Questionnaires allow data collection from a large number of
respondents at a lower cost but can lead to biased responses due to
lack of researcher control. Interviews provide more detailed data but
are time-consuming and subject to interviewer bias.
8. Describe the purpose of case studies in sociological research.
 Case studies focus on understanding specific events, situations, or
individuals in depth to gain insights into complex social dynamics.
However, generalizability of findings from case studies can be
limited.
9. What are the ethical considerations in sociological research?
 Ethical guidelines require honesty, openness, and protection of
research subjects from harm. Researchers must maintain
confidentiality and avoid misrepresentation or plagiarism.

Lesson No.6
1. What is social interaction?
 Social interaction refers to the process by which people act and react
in relation to others, encompassing various behaviors and
engagements when individuals come together.
2. What is the focus of micro sociology?
 Micro sociology focuses on analyzing social interaction, including
men's codes for getting along, survival strategies, resource division,
relationships with others, and everyday activities.
3. How do sociologists using a micro sociology approach analyze social
interaction?
  They analyze how individuals interact, divide resources, maintain
relationships, and navigate societal norms and expectations in various
contexts.
4. What is non-verbal communication?
 Non-verbal communication involves conveying meaning and
emotions through gestures, facial expressions, and body language.
5. How can non-verbal communication impact social interaction?
 Non-verbal communication can significantly influence social
interaction and relationships, often varying across cultures and
sometimes leading to misunderstandings.
6. What is an example of non-verbal communication in Pakistani culture?
 Studying the use of non-verbal cues like gestures and facial
expressions in Pakistani society and their role in social interactions.
7. What are exchange and cooperation in social interaction?
 Exchange involves voluntary or coerced interactions to maximize
rewards and minimize costs, guided by the norm of reciprocity.
Cooperation is working together to achieve shared goals.
8. How do social exchange theorists view interactions with others?
 They view interactions as driven by seeking the best cost-benefit
ratios, where relationships are maintained based on mutual benefits.
9. What is role conflict?
 Role conflict occurs when individuals experience conflict among the
roles connected to different statuses they hold.
10.How does assimilation differ from accommodation?
 Assimilation is when minority groups conform to dominant cultural
patterns, whereas accommodation is the adjustment to coexist with
cultural differences.

Lesson No.7
1. What defines a social group according to sociology?
  A social group consists of two or more people who identify with and
interact with one another, sharing common experiences, loyalties, and
interests. They think of themselves as a special "we" while
maintaining their individuality.
2. What distinguishes a group from a category?
 A group involves individuals who interact and identify with each
other, forming shared experiences and relationships. In contrast, a
category consists of people who share a common status (e.g., women,
homeowners) but are mostly strangers to one another.
3. Describe primary and secondary groups in sociology.
 Primary groups are characterized by close, enduring relationships
where individuals interact informally. Relationships in primary groups
are valued for themselves and have deep emotional significance.
Examples include families and close friends.
 Secondary groups involve formal, impersonal interactions aimed at
achieving specific objectives. Relationships are instrumental, limited,
and often brief. Examples include classmates during a semester or
colleagues at work.
4. What are examples of primary groups?
 Examples of primary groups include families, close friends, and peer
groups where members interact regularly and have enduring
relationships.
5. Provide examples of secondary groups.
 Examples of secondary groups include classmates, colleagues, or
participants in organized activities like clubs or associations, where
interactions are formal and focused on specific objectives.
6. How do primary groups contribute to emotional well-being according to
Charles Horton Cooley?
 Primary groups fulfill the basic human need for face-to-face
interaction, providing a sense of belonging, appreciation, and
emotional support. Cooley emphasized that primary groups shape
individuals' social nature and ideas.
 7. Explain the difference between in-groups and out-groups.
 An in-group is a social group toward which a person feels respect and
loyalty. Conversely, an out-group is a group toward which a person
feels a sense of competition or opposition. In-groups often hold overly
positive views of themselves and negative views of out-groups, which
can lead to conflict and boundary reinforcement.

Lesson No.8
1. Why were formal organizations rare in traditional societies?
 Formal organizations were rare in traditional societies because life
was organized around personal relationships rather than explicit
objectives or structures.
2. What were the three exceptions to formal organizations in traditional
societies?
 The three exceptions were guilds in twelfth-century Europe, the army,
and the Roman Catholic Church, each with hierarchical structures and
specific objectives.
3. What are some key characteristics of bureaucracies according to Weber?
 Weber identified clear levels with downward assignments and upward
accountability, division of labor, emphasis on written rules and
communications, and impersonality and replaceability of individuals.
4. What are some dysfunctions associated with bureaucracies?
 Dysfunctions include inefficient decision-making, red tape and delays,
lack of responsiveness, bureaucratic alienation, incompetence, and
lack of communication between units.
5. What did sociologists like Warren Bennis predict about the future of large
bureaucratic organizations?
 They predicted that future technological changes would lead to
smaller, more flexible organizations replacing giant bureaucratic
structures.
Lesson No.9
Question: What is culture?
Answer: Culture refers to the learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material
goods shared by group members. It encompasses everything individuals learn in
groups from infancy to old age, shaping their understanding of reality, behavior,
and social interactions.
Question: What is the difference between material culture and nonmaterial
culture?
Answer: Material culture includes tangible artifacts like technology, art, and
architecture, whereas nonmaterial culture encompasses mental blueprints such as
beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes that guide group behavior.
Question: What is the distinction between high culture and popular culture?
Answer: High culture refers to cultural patterns distinguishing a society's elite,
while popular culture denotes widespread cultural patterns among a society's
general population. Sociologists caution against judgments of superiority based on
these distinctions.
Question: How do symbols contribute to culture?
Answer: Symbols are anything carrying a particular meaning recognized by
people sharing a culture. They are essential for communication and cultural
transmission, allowing societies to convey complex meanings and values.
Question: What is the role of language in culture?
Answer: Language is a system of symbols enabling communication and cultural
transmission. It represents accumulated wisdom across generations and shapes
societal norms, beliefs, and values.
Question: What are values in the context of culture?
Answer: Values are culturally defined standards guiding people's choices about
what is desirable, good, and beautiful. They vary across cultures and influence
societal priorities and behaviors.

Lesson No.10
Question: What is cultural shock?
Answer: Cultural shock is a process of psychological disorientation experienced
when individuals encounter a culture that is different from their own, resulting in
feelings of confusion and disorientation.

Question: Do visitors to the United States often experience cultural shock?

Provide an example.
Answer: Yes, visitors to the United States can experience cultural shock. For
instance, a rural Chinese visitor was shocked by the abundance of goods and
affluent lifestyles in American malls and suburban communities, which Americans
view as ordinary.

Question: What are some factors that cause culture shock?

Answer: Factors contributing to culture shock include language barriers, different
norms and values, food and lifestyle differences, and communication styles.

Question: What are examples of culture shock in a Pakistani context?

Answer: Examples of culture shock in Pakistan could be students studying abroad,
tourists visiting Pakistan, or expatriates living in Pakistan.

Question: What are some effects of culture shock?

Answer: The effects of culture shock can include feelings of anxiety,
homesickness, disorientation, and depression.

Question: What strategies can individuals use to overcome culture shock?

Answer: Strategies to overcome culture shock include building a support system,
staying open-minded, maintaining a positive attitude, and learning about the new
culture.

Question: Define cultural relativism.

Answer: Cultural relativism is the idea that cultural beliefs, values, and practices
should be understood within their own cultural context and not judged by the
standards of another culture.

Question: Why is practicing cultural relativism important when encountering

unfamiliar cultures?
Answer: Practicing cultural relativism is important to avoid judging other cultures
based on one's own cultural standards, allowing for a deeper understanding and
appreciation of diverse ways of life.

Question: What is cultural diversity?

Answer: Cultural diversity refers to the existence of different cultural beliefs,
values, and practices within a society.

Question: Provide examples of cultural diversity in Pakistan.

Answer: Examples of cultural diversity in Pakistan include Punjabi, Sindhi,
Pashtun, Balochi, and various other ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups.

Question: Describe the difference between subculture and counterculture.

Answer: A subculture refers to cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a
society's population, such as occupational groups. In contrast, counterculture refers
to groups that challenge or oppose the dominant culture's values and norms.

Question: What is the difference between ideal culture and real culture?
Answer: Ideal culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers
worth aiming for, whereas real culture refers to the actual cultural norms, values,
and practices that are practiced within a society.
Question: How can understanding the distinction between ideal culture and real
culture help individuals navigate cultural differences?
Answer: Understanding the distinction between ideal culture and real culture can
help individuals recognize discrepancies between cultural expectations and actual
practices, leading to better adaptation and interaction in diverse cultural settings.

Lesson No.11
Question: What are cultural universals?
Answer: Cultural universals are values, norms, or other cultural traits that are
found in every culture around the world, although the specific customs may vary
from one group to another.

Question: Give examples of cultural universals identified by George Murdock.

Answer: Examples of cultural universals include the use of language, the concept
of family, funeral rites, and the sharing of jokes to release social tensions.

Question: What is cultural lag?

Answer: Cultural lag refers to the time it takes for cultural changes to catch up
with technological advances or other societal shifts, where some elements of
culture change faster than others.

Question: Provide examples of cultural lag in Pakistan.

Answer: Cultural lag in Pakistan can be observed in the slow adoption of modern
technology in rural areas, persistence of traditional gender roles despite societal
changes, resistance to evolving social norms like the caste system, and prevalence
of practices like child marriage and female genital mutilation.

Question: Describe the concept of high culture.

Answer: High culture includes tastes and creations supported by the upper classes
and intelligentsia, demanding elaborate training, technical proficiency, and
 considerable resources, such as classical music, opera, ballet, and works by
esteemed artists and authors.

Question: What is folk culture?

Answer: Folk culture encompasses the art, dance, music, and creations of
working-class and minority group members in their home environments,
characterized by spontaneity, practicality, and being produced for and by ordinary
people.

Question: Define popular culture.

Answer: Popular culture comprises tastes and creations designed for mass
consumption and entertainment, appealing to the masses with a wide range of
products and activities like prime-time television, live concerts, sports events, and
holiday traditions.

Lesson No.12
1. What is socialization, according to sociologists?

 Socialization refers to the lifelong process through which people develop their human
potential and learn culture.

2. How do humans differ from other species in terms of behavior development?

 Unlike other species, human behavior is largely shaped by social experiences rather than
solely by biology.

3. What is personality, and how is it formed?

 Personality refers to a person's consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling, which
are developed through internalizing social surroundings.

4. What are feral children, and what insights do they provide about socialization?

 Feral children are those raised in isolation without human contact, demonstrating the
critical role of socialization in language, emotions, and social skills development.

5. What is the nature-nurture debate, and how do sociologists study it?

  The nature-nurture debate examines the extent to which genetics (nature) versus social
environment (nurture) influences human characteristics. This is studied through methods
like twin studies.

6. How did Charles Darwin's ideas impact views on human behavior?

 Darwin's evolutionary theories led some to believe human behavior was solely instinctive
(nature), but this view was later challenged by behaviorism, emphasizing learned
behavior (nurture).

7. What is primary socialization, and how does it differ from secondary socialization?

 Primary socialization occurs in childhood within the family, while secondary

socialization occurs later outside the family, influenced increasingly by technology and
global media.

Lesson No.13
1. What is socialization according to sociologists?

 Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which
people develop their human potential and learn culture. It involves the process of learning
cultural norms, values, and beliefs necessary for survival and personality development.

2. How do feral children contribute to our understanding of socialization?

 Feral children, raised without human contact or socialization, demonstrate the importance
of social experience in language development, emotions, and social skills. They highlight
the impact of environmental factors on human development.

3. According to functionalists, what role does socialization play in society?

 From a functionalist perspective, socialization reinforces the social structure, perpetuates

society, and transmits culture from one generation to the next. It teaches individuals the
values, norms, and roles necessary for social order and stability.

4. What is the conflict perspective's view on socialization?

 The conflict perspective sees socialization as a tool used by those in power to maintain
the status quo and reinforce social inequalities. It perpetuates existing social order by
transmitting values that justify power differentials and suppress dissent.

5. How does symbolic interactionism explain socialization?

  Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the micro-level analysis of social interaction,
highlighting the importance of primary groups and meaningful symbols in the
development of self-identity through socialization.

6. According to Charles Horton Cooley, what is the "looking-glass self"?

 The looking-glass self is a concept by Charles Horton Cooley where our sense of self
develops from interactions with others. It involves imagining how we appear to others,
interpreting their reactions, and developing our self-concept based on these
interpretations.

7. Describe the stages of role taking according to George Herbert Mead.

 George Herbert Mead proposed three stages of role taking in socialization: imitation
(under age 3), play (ages 3-6), and team games (school age). Role taking allows
individuals to understand and anticipate the behavior of others, shaping their sense of
self.

8. What are the components of personality according to Sigmund Freud?

 Sigmund Freud's theory of personality includes three components: the id (inborn drives
for self-gratification), the ego (balancing force between id and social constraints), and the
superego (internalized cultural norms and values).

9. How do Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan differ in their views on morality?

 Lawrence Kohlberg proposed stages of moral development focusing on abstract

principles, while Carol Gilligan emphasized gender differences, suggesting women
prioritize personal relationships in moral reasoning.

10. What does Paul Ekman's research on emotions reveal about socialization?

 Paul Ekman's research shows that while basic emotions are universal and biologically
wired, expressions of emotions are also culturally influenced and shaped by social norms,
including gender and cultural expectations.

Lesson No.14
What are agents of socialization?
Agents of socialization are individuals and groups that influence our self-concept,
emotions, attitudes, and behavior.
How does social class impact parenting styles according to sociologist Melvin
Kohn?
Social class influences parenting styles, with working-class parents often
emphasizing obedience and discipline through physical punishment, while middle-
class parents focus on curiosity, self-expression, and reasoning with their children.

Why are schools considered important agents of socialization?

Schools provide structured opportunities for learning and interacting with peers
and adults outside the family context. They teach cognitive and social skills,
shaping students' social identities and attitudes.

What role do peer groups play in socialization?

Peer groups provide opportunities for identity development, experimentation with
social roles, and validation. They influence attitudes, behaviors, and preferences,
often reducing the influence of parents as children grow older.

How does mass media contribute to socialization?

Mass media, including television, movies, and social media, shape attitudes,
beliefs, and values by providing messages and images that influence individuals'
perceptions of beauty, gender roles, and cultural identity.

Lesson No.15
What is the life course according to sociology?
The life course refers to the stages individuals go through from birth to death,
which shape behavior, orientations, and experiences influenced by social factors
like social class, race-ethnicity, and gender.

How did industrialization impact childhood?

Industrialization transformed perceptions of childhood by creating conditions
where children were no longer needed for labor, leading to the emergence of
childhood as a distinct stage focused on education and protection.

What is adolescence, and how is it viewed in different societies?

Adolescence is a social invention, emerging in industrialized societies,
characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and social changes. Tribal
societies mark the passage to adulthood with initiation rites, while industrialized
societies emphasize self-identity and exploration.

What is transitional adulthood (adultescence), and why has it emerged?

Transitional adulthood is a period after high school where young adults postpone
adult responsibilities to explore careers and identity. This stage emerged due to
increased education and economic changes in post-industrial societies.

How do the middle years of adulthood (30-65) differ for individuals?

The middle years involve stability, personal growth, and responsibility, but
individuals may face challenges like divorce, job loss, or caring for elderly parents.
Socialization during this stage is influenced by family, work, and community roles.

What are the sociological implications of the older years (65+)?

Older years are marked by changes in health, social roles, and contemplation of
mortality. Social integration and relationships remain important for mental and
physical well-being during this stage.

Lesson No.16
How is normal behavior defined and what influences this definition?
Normal behavior is culturally defined and varies across societies and time periods.
Factors like religion, tradition, and social norms influence moral judgments that
distinguish between normal and deviant behavior.
In what ways does sociologist Howard S. Becker describe deviance?
According to Howard S. Becker, it's not the act itself but reactions to the act that
make something deviant. This highlights the role of societal response in defining
deviance.

How does the relativity of deviance apply across cultures?

Deviance varies across cultures because different groups have different norms.
What is considered deviant in one culture may be acceptable in another, illustrating
the relativity of deviance.

What are the functions of deviance according to Emile Durkheim?

Emile Durkheim argued that deviance serves three main functions for society:
clarifying moral boundaries, promoting social unity through reaffirmation of
norms, and promoting social change by challenging existing boundaries.

What is stigma and how does it affect individuals?

Stigma refers to characteristics that discredit individuals, leading to social
exclusion or defining them as deviant. This can affect their social interactions and
self-identity.

How do internal means of social control function?

Internal means of control refer to an individual's own sense of right and wrong,
shaped by personal beliefs, values, and morals. These can guide behavior and
promote social cohesion voluntarily.

How is deterrence used in social control?

Deterrence involves using punishment or the threat of punishment to discourage
deviant behavior. It aims to promote conformity to social norms but may have
limitations in preventing deviance.

What are examples of formal and informal social control?

Formal social control involves laws and institutions enforced by the legal system,
while informal social control includes mechanisms like gossip, ridicule, or
ostracism within communities to discourage deviant behavior.

Lesson no.17

What does symbolic interactionism focus on in sociology?

Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals interpret and respond to social
interactions and symbols, highlighting the importance of subjective meanings in
shaping behavior.

How does differential association theory explain deviant behavior?

Differential association theory suggests that individuals learn deviant behavior
through their interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior, emphasizing
the role of group experiences in shaping attitudes towards conformity and
deviance.

According to control theory, how are individuals motivated to conform to social

norms?
Control theory proposes that individuals are naturally inclined towards deviance
but are controlled by social bonds and relationships. Inner controls (like conscience
and religious principles) and outer controls (such as family and friends) influence
individuals to conform.
What is the focus of labeling theory in sociology?
Labeling theory suggests that individuals may engage in deviance because of being
labeled as deviant by society. This theory emphasizes the significance of
reputations in shaping behavior and self-identity.

How does strain theory explain deviance in relation to mainstream values?

Strain theory proposes that deviance arises when individuals experience frustration
between cultural goals (like success) and institutionalized means (legitimate ways
to achieve goals), leading to various responses including conformity, innovation,
retreatism, and rebellion.

What does the conflict perspective argue about the criminal justice system?
The conflict perspective views the criminal justice system as a tool of oppression
used by the powerful elite to maintain their privilege and control. It suggests that
the law operates to protect the interests of the capitalist class and suppresses
dissent from lower social classes.
What do biological theories of crime propose?
Biological theories suggest that criminal behavior is rooted in an individual's
physical or genetic makeup, proposing that some individuals are predisposed to
criminal behavior due to their biological traits.
According to psychological theories of crime, how does criminal behavior
develop?
Psychological theories propose that criminal behavior is the result of mental,
emotional, or personality disorders, with factors like poverty and social inequality
potentially increasing the risk of psychological disorders and criminal behavior.

Lesson No.18

What is juvenile crime?

Juvenile crime refers to offenses committed by young individuals, typically under
the age of 18. Common types include theft, drug abuse, and vandalism.
What are risk factors for juvenile crime in Pakistan?
Risk factors for juvenile crime in Pakistan include poverty, lack of education, and
poor family relationships.

What are examples of violent crimes?

Examples of violent crimes include homicide (taking a person's life), aggravated
assault (intent to inflict severe bodily harm), forcible rape (sexual intercourse
against the victim's will), and robbery (stealing by force or threat).

What factors contribute to violent crime in Pakistan?

Factors contributing to violent crime in Pakistan include poverty, political
instability, and widespread availability of weapons.

What are property crimes?

Property crimes are nonviolent offenses that involve the theft or destruction of
property. Examples include burglary, larceny-theft, auto theft, and arson.

What are risk factors for property crime in Pakistan?

Risk factors for property crime in Pakistan include poverty, lack of security
measures, and corruption within law enforcement.

What is white-collar crime?

White-collar crime refers to nonviolent crimes committed by individuals in
positions of authority or power, such as fraud, embezzlement, and insider trading.

Can you give an example of white-collar crime in Pakistan?

The Panama Papers scandal in 2017, which implicated high-ranking politicians and
businesspeople, is an example of white-collar crime in Pakistan involving
corruption.

The End