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12th Bio Ch15 Biodiversity

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3K views52 pages

12th Bio Ch15 Biodiversity

Uploaded by

Riya Saxena
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BEST HANDWRITTEN NOTES AND

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NEW INDIAN ERA


Biology
Class 12th Maharashtra Board New Syllabus
Chapter -15
Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues
Part-1

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DIVERSITY:
o Diversity is variety.
o This variety of life is called biodiversity.
o Biodiversity includes a vast array of species of
microorganisms-
✓ viruses, algae,
✓ fungi, plants
✓ and animals occurring on Earth,
o either in terrestrial or aquatic habitat and the
ecological complexes of which they are part.
The diversity is with respect to size (microscopic to
macroscopic),
✓ shape, colour, form,
✓ mode of nutrition,
✓ type of habitat,
✓ reproduction, motility, duration of life cycle
span, etc.
o This is actually due to the attempt of living beings

to accomodate with different environmental

conditions (like climatic, edaphic, topographic,

geographic, etc.) or situations, solely for their

survival and perpetuation.


Levels of Biodiversity:

o Diversity of living world can be observed at various

levels, ranging from molecular to ecosystem level.

o Major hierarchial and interrelated levels are genetic

diversity, species diversity (community), and

ecosystem diversity (ecological).


a. Genetic diversity:

oIt is the intraspecific diversity.


o It is the diversity in the number and types of genes as well
as chromosomes present in different species and also the
variation in the genes and their alleles in the same species.
o It includes variation within a population and diversity
between populations that are associated with adaptation to
local conditions.
o You know about 1000 varieties of mangoes and 50,000
varieties of rice or wheat in India.
o Another case of genetic diversity is : a medicinal plant
Rauwolfia vomitoria which secretes active component
reserpine, is found in different Himalayan ranges.
o This plant shows variations in terms of potency and
concentration of active chemical, from location to
location.
c. Ecological (Ecosystem) diversity:

o It is related to the different types of ecosystems/

habitats within a given geographical area.

o There are a large variety of ecosystems on Earth having

their own complement of distinctive interlinked species,

based on the differences in the habitat.


o It can be described for a specific geographical region. Generally,
there may be one or many different types of ecosystems in a
region.
o Thus, ecosystem diversity is very high in India while it is quite
low in Norway.
o In India, we can find a great variety of ecosystems - deserts, rain
forests, deciduous forests, estuaries, wetlands, grasslands, etc.
o The Western ghats show great ecosystem diversity

while regions like Ladakh and Rann of Kutch do not

show variance like we observe in Western ghats. The

diversity of life at all the three levels is now rapidly

being modified by modern man.


Patterns of Biodiversity:

➢ There are two patterns viz, Latitudinal and Altitudinal


gradient and species-area relationship.
a. Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients :
Importance of species diversity to the ecosystem:
Biodiversity Current Scenario
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