Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv.

Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

Q1\ An electrically heated cylinder is placed across an air flow stream of temperature T∞ = 20⁰C as
shown in the Figure below. The heating controller adjusts the energy supplied, Q, so as to maintain
the surface temperature of the cylinder, TW, at 300⁰C. The cylinder has a length, L, of 2cm and
diameter, D, of 2mm. For air density ρ=1.177 kg/m3, thermal conductivity k=0.0262W/m⸳K,
kinematic viscosity μ=1.578x10-5 m2/s and Prandtl number Pr=0.7.
For a cylinder in cross-flow the Nusselt number can be
obtained from:
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐶𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝑚 𝑃𝑟 0.37
With the constants 𝐶 and 𝑚 can be obtained from the table
below:
𝑅𝑒𝐷 1 – 40 40 – 103 103 – 2×105 2×105 –106
𝐶 0.75 0.51 0.26 0.076
𝑚 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

a) Derive an equation for the coefficient of wall heat flux, ℎ, as a function of the free stream
velocity 𝑈∞ and the constants 𝐶 and 𝑚. [3 Marks]
b) Assuming that all the thermal energy supplied to the cylinder is lost from its curved surface
through forced convection and thermal radiation and that the surface emissivity is 0.2, derive an
expression for the heat loss 𝑄 as a function of the free stream velocity 𝑈∞ and the constants 𝐶
and 𝑚. [6 Marks]
c) Calculate the values of the heat loss, 𝑄, when the free stream velocity has the values of 20 m/s
and 35 m/s. [6 Marks]

Q2\ For a flat plate with a rough surface, where the average height of the roughness elements is ∈, the friction
factor 𝑐𝑓𝑥 at a distance 𝑥 from the upstream end of the flat surface is given by:
𝑐𝑓𝑥 = 1⁄[2.87 + 1.58 log(𝑥⁄∈)]2.5
a) Use the Extended Reynolds Analogy to produce an expression for the local heat flux coefficient,
ℎ𝑥 in terms of the distance 𝑥, the free stream velocity 𝑈∞ and fluid properties and Prandtl number
and also an expression for the local Nusselt number, 𝑁𝑢𝑥 , in terms of 𝑥, the local Reynolds
number 𝑅𝑒𝑥 and the fluid Prandtl number.
b) A 5m long flat rough surface, with ∈= 2𝑚𝑚, heated under constant wall heat flux at 2000 W/m2,
exposed to an air stream with free stream velocity and temperature of 𝑈∞ = 15𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑇∞ =
17℃, calculate the 𝑁𝑢𝑥 and the surface temperature 𝑇𝑤 at 𝑥 = 0.1 𝑚, 𝑥 = 2.5𝑚 and 𝑥 = 5𝑚.
[10 Marks]
Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv. Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

Q3\ For natural convection from a surface maintained at uniform temperature 𝑇𝑤 to a stagnant
environment at a temperature 𝑇∞ , correlations give the value of the Nusselt number, defined as
𝑁𝑢 ≡ ℎ𝐿/𝑘, in terms of the values of the Prandl number and the Rayleigh number, the latter
defined as:
𝑔𝛽𝜌2 (𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞ )𝐿3 𝑃𝑟
𝑅𝑎 =
μ2
a) Explain why, for natural convection from a surface maintained at uniform wall heat flux, 𝑞𝑤 ,
an alternative definition of the Rayleigh number, 𝑅𝑎∗ is needed, where:
𝑔𝛽𝜌2 𝑞𝑤 𝐿4 𝑃𝑟
𝑅𝑎∗ = [3 Marks]
𝑘 μ2
b) The correlation for natural convection from a heated, at uniform wall temperature, 𝑇𝑤 ,
horizontal, plane, upward-facing surface to stagnant surroundings, is given below:
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.15𝑅𝑒𝐿 1⁄3
̅̅̅̅̅
Derive the corresponding expression for uniform wall heat flux. [3 Marks]
c) On a sunny day, the horizontal roof of a car receives energy through solar radiation at a rate,
𝑞𝑤 , of 400W/m2. The car roof temperature thus increases to a level 𝑇𝑤 sufficiently high for the
thermal energy received to be transferred to the surroundings which are at an ambient
temperature, 𝑇𝑎 of 15⁰C. The roof is 2 m long and 2 m wide. Assuming that the heat transfer to
the surroundings takes place only through natural convection, calculate the roof temperature.
The relevant air properties have the following values. Density ρ=1.14 kg/m3, thermal
conductivity k=0.026 W/m⸳K, kinematic viscosity ν=1.65x10-5 m2/s and the Prandtl number
Pr=0.7. Assume that the air film temperature is at 15 ⁰C. [9 Marks]

Q4\ In a drying application, an air stream with uniform velocity of U∞ = 15 m/s, is used to remove a 2.5 mm
thick layer of water, t, from a rectangular horizontal surface of length, L =15 m and of width, W =5 m. The
stream direction is parallel with the length of the surface, as shown in the Figure below. The free-
stream relative humidity of the water vapour is RH∞ = 35%. The boundary layer may be assumed to be turbulent
from the start, in which case the local Nusselt number, Nux is given by:
Nux = 0.029Rex0.8 Pr0.43
The relevant physical properties are:
- For air, ν = 1.15×10-5 m2/s and ρ = 1.15 kg/m3.
- For an air-vapour mixture, D = 2.6×10-5 m2/ s and Sc = 0.6
- The saturation density of water vapour is given in the table below.
T (oC) 22 27 32 37 42
ρv,SAT (kg/m3) 0.01928 0.02559 0.03360 0.04366 0.05801
a) Derive an expression for the local mass flux coefficient hmx, as function of the distance x along
the flow direction, the stream velocity and the relevant fluid properties. [3 Marks]
b) Calculate the value of the average mass flux coefficient, hm, over the length of the surface.
[3 Marks]
c) Calculate the time needed to complete the drying process, for: [4 Marks]
i) A freestream temperature T∞ of 30 ⁰C
ii) A freestream temperature T∞ of 40 ⁰C
Ministry of Higher Education Subject: Adv. Heat Transfer II
and Scientific Research Year: Master_Degree
University of Kufa
Faculty of Engineering Time: Three Hours
Mechanical Engineering Department Examiner: Dr Ahmed Alhusseny

Final Examination of the Second Semester (2022–2023)

Answer all questions

In mass transfer analysis:

- the rate of transfer of species 1 across a boundary is denoted by gw1,
- the coefficient of mass transfer hm is defined as hm = gw1/[ρ(C1W-C1∞)], with ρ the mixture density, C1W
the concentration of species 1 at the boundary and C1∞ the free stream concentration of species 1,
- hm is non-dimensionalised through the Sherwood number, 𝑆ℎ = ℎ𝑚 𝐿⁄𝐷 .

Q5\ A passive technique for cooling heat-dissipating

integrated circuits (ICs) involves submerging the ICs
in a low boiling point dielectric fluid. Vapour
generated in cooling the circuits is condensed on
vertical plates suspended in the vapour cavity above the
liquid. The temperature of the plates is maintained
below the saturation temperature and during steady-
state operation a balance is established between the rate
of heat transfer to the condenser plates and the rate of
heat dissipation by the ICs.
Consider conditions for which the 25-mm2 surface of
each IC is submerged in a fluorocarbon liquid for
which TSAT =50⁰C, ρL =1700 kg/m3, cP,L =1005 J/kg⸳K,
μL =6.8×10-4 kg/s.m, kL =0.062 W/m⸳K, PrL =11,
F=0.013 kg/s2, hfg = 1.05×105 J/kg, Cs,f = 0.004, n= 1.7.
a) If the ICs are operated at a surface temperature Ts of 75⁰C, what is the rate at which heat is
dissipated by each circuit? [10 Marks]
b) If the condenser plates are of height H of 50 mm and are maintained at a temperature of Tc of
15⁰C, and laminar film condensation is assumed, how much condenser surface area must be
provided to balance the heat generated by 500 ICs? [10 Marks]

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