Please read this disclaimer before proceeding:

This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of
RMK Group of Educational Institutions. If you have received this document
through email in error, please notify the system manager. This document
contains proprietary information and is intended only to the respective group /
learning community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender
immediately by e-mail if you have received this document by mistake and delete
this document from your system. If you are not the intended recipient you are
notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in reliance on
the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.
 CS8791
Cloud Computing
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

2019 – 2023 / IV Year

Created by:

Mr. Umamageswaran J, AP/IT, RMKEC

July 2022

4
Table of Contents
S.No Description Page
Number
1 Course Objectives 6

2 Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code) 7

3 Syllabus (With Subject Code, Name, LTPC 8

details)
4 Course outcomes 9

5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 10

6 Lecture Plan 12

7 Activity based learning 13

8 Lecture Notes 14

9 Assignments 68

10 Part A Q & A 71

11 Part B Qs 79

12 Supportive online Certification courses (NPTEL, 80

Swayam, Coursera, Udemy)
13 Real time Applications in day to day life and to 81
Industry
14 Contents beyond the Syllabus 82

15 Assessment Schedule 85

16 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 86

17 Mini Project suggestions 87

5
Course Objectives

To understand the concept of cloud

computing.

To appreciate the evolution of cloud

from the existing technologies.

To have knowledge on the various

issues in cloud computing.

To be familiar with the lead players in

cloud.

To appreciate the emergence of cloud

as the next generation computing

paradigm. 6
Pre Requisites

CS8791 – CLOUD SEM

COMPUTING VII

CS8591
Computer SEM V
Networks

CS8493 CS8491
Operating Computer
Systems Architecture

SEM IV SEM IV

7
 SYLLABUS

CS8791 CLOUD COMPUTING LTPC

3 00 3
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Cloud Computing – Definition of Cloud –
Evolution of Cloud Computing – Underlying Principles of
Parallel and Distributed Computing – Cloud Characteristics –
Elasticity in Cloud – On-demand Provisioning.
UNIT II CLOUD ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
Service Oriented Architecture – REST and Systems of Systems
– Web Services – Publish and Subscribe Model – Basics of
Virtualization – Types of Virtualization – Implementation
Levels of Virtualization – Virtualization Structures – Tools and
Mechanisms – Virtualization of CPU –Memory – I/O Devices –
Virtualization Support and Disaster Recovery.
UNIT III CLOUD ARCHITECTURE, SERVICES AND STORAGE
Layered Cloud Architecture Design – NIST Cloud Computing
Reference Architecture – Public, Private and Hybrid Clouds –
laaS – PaaS – SaaS – Architectural Design Challenges – Cloud
Storage – Storage-as-a-Service – Advantages of Cloud
Storage – Cloud Storage Providers – S3.
UNIT IV RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY IN
CLOUD
Inter Cloud Resource Management – Resource Provisioning
and Resource Provisioning Methods – Global Exchange of
Cloud Resources – Security Overview – Cloud Security
Challenges –Software-as-a-Service Security – Security
Governance – Virtual Machine Security – IAM –Security
Standards.
UNIT V CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES AND ADVANCEMENTS
Hadoop – Map Reduce – Virtual Box — Google App Engine –
Programming Environment for Google App Engine –– Open
Stack –Federation in the Cloud – Four Levels of Federation –
Federated Services and Applications – Future of Federation.

8
Course Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

S.No Description CO HKL

1 Describe the principles of Parallel and CO1 K2

Distributed Computing and evolution of
cloud computing from existing
technologies
2 Implement different types of Virtualization CO2 K3
technologies and Service Oriented
Architecture systems
3 Elucidate the concepts of NIST Cloud CO3 K3
Computing architecture and its design
challenges

4 Analyse the issues in Resource CO4 K3

provisioning and Security governance in
clouds

5 Choose among various cloud technologies CO5 K3

for implementing applications

6 Install and use current cloud technologies CO6 K3

*HKL - Highest Knowledge

Level
9
 6. CO - PO / PSO MAPPING

PROGRAM OUTCOMES PSO

K3, P P P
CO HKL K3 K4 K5 K5 K4, A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 S S S
K5 O O O
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO 1 2 3
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12

C203.1 K2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1

C203.2 K3 3 2 1 - 3 - - - - - - - 2 2 -

C203.3 K3 3 2 1 - 2 - - - - - - - 2 1 -

C203.4 K3 3 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - -

C203.5 K3 3 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - -

C203.6 K3 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Correlation Level - 1. Slight (Low) 2. Moderate (Medium)

3. Substantial (High) , If there is no correlation, put “-“.

10
Unit 3 – Cloud
Architecture, Services
and Storage

11
 LECTURE PLAN

UNIT 3 CLOUD ARCHITECTURE, SERVICES AND STORAGE

UNIT – I LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES – LIST

Actua
Propos
l Highest Re
S. ed Mode of Delivery
Topic Lectu CO Cognitive LU Outcomes mar
No Lecture Delivery Resources
re Level k
Date
Date
Describe the concepts of
Layered Cloud MD1 &
1 K2 T2 Layered Cloud Architecture
Architecture Design MD5 Design
Draw and explain the NIST
NIST Cloud Computing MD1 &
2 K2 T2 Cloud Computing Reference
Reference Architecture MD5 Architecture
Public, Private and Hybrid MD1 & Explain the concepts of
3 K2 T2
Clouds MD5 deployment models of Cloud

MD1 & Describe the concepts of

4 laaS – PaaS – SaaS K2
MD5
T2 service models of Cloud.
List out the architectural
Architectural Design MD1 &
5 K2 R2 design challenges in building
Challenges CO2 MD5 a cloud solution.
MD1 & Describe the cloud storage
6 Cloud Storage K2
MD5
R2 technologies

Explain how storage can be

MD1 &
7 Storage-as-a-Service K2
MD5
R2 offered as a service through
cloud.

Advantages of Cloud MD1 & Describe the advantages of

8 K2 R2
Storage MD5 cloud computing
Explore various Cloud
MD1 &
9 Cloud Storage Providers K3
MD5
R2 Service Providers for cloud
storage
MD1 & Analyse the options in
10 Amazon S3 Storage K3 MD5 R2 Amazon’s Simple Storage
Service

ASSESMENT COMPONENTS MODE OF DELIVERY

AC 1. Unit Test MD1. Oral Presentation
AC 2. Assignment MD2. Tutorial
AC 3. Course MD3. Seminar
AC 4. Course Quiz MS4. Hands On
AC 5. Case MD5. Videos
AC 6. Record Work MD6. Field Visit
AC 7. Lab / Mini Project
AC 8. Lab Model Exam
AC 9. Project Review

12
Activity Based Learning – Unit III

1) Go through the Amazon S3 Demonstration video for better understanding of S3

storage services and try creating the one year free subscription of Amazon S3
Account.

2) Imagine you are owning a small scale software company which mainly works on
web development, Image Retouching, Image quality enhancement etc., You require
to store and process large number of high quality images, share the resultant
images to client and you lack capital investment to create your own storage
infrastructure. You are willing to opt for cloud storage. Discuss about various storage
options available in Amazon AWS and other similar cloud service providers and
choose the best one which suits your business needs. Justify your decision. Form a
team of members from your friends and give them various Job roles in your
company. Role play the discussion of board meeting of cloud storage decision
making process.

13
Class Notes

14
Topics covered..
Generic Cloud Architecture Design

Layered Cloud Architecture Design

NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

Cloud Deployment Models –Public, Private ,Hybrid

,Community and Multi Clouds

Cloud Service Models-IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

Cloud Architectural Design Challenges

Cloud Storage

Storage-as-a-Service

Advantages of Cloud Storage

Cloud Storage Providers

Amazon S3 Service
 GENERIC CLOUD ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

Generic Cloud Architecture Design:

An Internet cloud is envisioned as a public cluster of servers provisioned on demand
to perform collective web services or distributed applications using data-center
resources.

FIGURE : [ A Generic Cloud Architecture ] A security-aware cloud platform built with

a virtual cluster of VMs, storage, and networking resources over the data-center
servers operated by providers.
 The Internet cloud is envisioned as a massive cluster of servers.
 These servers are provisioned on demand to perform collective web services or
distributed applications using data-center resources.
 The cloud platform is formed dynamically by provisioning or deprovisioning
servers, software, and database resources.
 Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or VMs.
 In a cloud, software becomes a service.
 The cloud demands a high degree of trust of massive amounts of data retrieved
from large data centers.

.
LAYERED CLOUD ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
 The architecture of a cloud is developed at three layers: infrastructure,
platform, and application.
 These three development layers are implemented with virtualization and
standardization of hardware and software resources provisioned in the cloud.
 The services to public, private, and hybrid clouds are conveyed/advertised to
users through networking support over the Internet and intranets involved.

Figure: Layered architectural development of the cloud platform

for IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS applications over the Internet

 Figure: Layers of Cloud Infrastructure

Layer-1 (IaaS):

 The infrastructure layer is deployed first to support IaaS services.

 Infrastructure layer serves as the foundation for building the platform layer of the
cloud for supporting PaaS services.

 The infrastructure layer is built with virtualized compute, storage, and network
resources.

 The abstraction of these hardware resources is meant to provide the flexibility.

 Layer-2 (PaaS):

This layer provides users with an environment to develop their applications, to test
operation flows, and to monitor execution results and performance.

The platform layer is for general-purpose and repeated usage of the collection of
software resources.

The platform should be able to assure users that they have scalability, dependability,
and security protection.

In a way, the virtualized cloud platform serves as a “system middleware” between

the infrastructure and application layers of the cloud.

In turn, the platform layer is a foundation for implementing the application layer for
SaaS applications.

Layer-3 (SaaS):

 The application layer is formed with a collection of needed software modules for
SaaS applications.

 Service applications in this layer include daily office management work, such as
information retrieval, document processing, and calendar and authentication
services.

 The application layer is also heavily used by enterprises in business marketing and
sales, consumer relationship management (CRM), financial transactions, and
supply chain management.
It should be noted that not all cloud services are restricted to a single layer. Many
applications may apply resources at mixed layers.

he three layers are built from the bottom up with a dependence relationship.

From the cloud provider’s perspective, the services at various layers demand
different amounts of functionality support and resource management.
-In general, SaaS demands the most work from the provider
- For example, Amazon EC2 provides not only virtualized CPU resources to
users, but also management of these provisioned resources.
 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

NIST[ National Institute of Standards and Technology's] CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

Figure below presents an overview of the NIST cloud computing reference architecture,
which identifies the major actors, their activities and functions in cloud computing. The
diagram depicts a generic high-level architecture and is intended to facilitate the
understanding of the requirements, uses, characteristics and standards of cloud
computing

Figure : The Conceptual NIST Reference Model

As shown in Figure above, the NIST cloud computing reference architecture defines five
major actors: cloud consumer, cloud provider, cloud carrier, cloud auditor and cloud
broker. Each actor is an entity (a person or an organization) that participates in a
transaction or process and/or performs tasks in cloud computing.
Table 1 briefly lists the actors defined in the NIST cloud computing reference
architecture.
Figure below illustrates the interactions among the actors. A cloud consumer may
request cloud services from a cloud provider directly or via a cloud broker. A cloud
auditor conducts independent audits and may contact the others to collect necessary
information.

Figure : Interactions between the Actors in Cloud Computing

 Cloud Consumer

 The cloud consumer is the principal stakeholder for the cloud computing service. A cloud
consumer represents a person or organization that maintains a business relationship with
a cloud provider.

 A cloud consumer browses the service catalog from a cloud provider, requests the
appropriate service, sets up service, and uses the service. The cloud consumer may be
billed for the service provisioned, and needs to arrange payments accordingly. Cloud
consumers need SLAs to specify the technical performance requirements to be fulfilled by
a cloud provider.

Figure: Cloud Consumer

Cloud Provider

 A cloud provider is a person, an organization; it is the entity responsible for making a

service available to interested cloud consumers.
 A Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing infrastructure required for
providing the services, runs the cloud software that provides the services, and makes
arrangement to deliver the cloud services to the Cloud Consumers through network
access.
 For Software as a Service, the cloud provider deploys, configures, maintains and
updates the operation of the software applications on a cloud infrastructure.
 For PaaS, the Cloud Provider manages the computing infrastructure of the platform,
such as runtime software execution stack, databases, and other middleware
components. The PaaS Cloud Provider typically also supports the development,
deployment and management process of the PaaS Cloud Consumer by providing tools
such as integrated development environments (IDEs), development version of cloud
software, software development kits (SDKs), deployment and management tools.

 For IaaS, the Cloud Provider acquires the physical computing resources underlying the
service, including the servers, networks, storage and hosting infrastructure. The Cloud
Provider runs the cloud software necessary to makes computing resources available to
the IaaS Cloud Consumer through a set of service interfaces and computing resource
abstractions, such as virtual machines and virtual network interfaces.

 A Cloud Provider’s activities can be described in five major areas, as shown in Figure
below , a cloud provider conducts its activities in the areas of service deployment,
service orchestration, cloud service management, security, and privacy.

Figure: Cloud Provider

 Cloud Broker

 A cloud consumer may request service from a cloud broker instead of contacting a
cloud provider directly. The cloud broker may create a new service by combining
multiple services or by enhancing an existing service. In this example, the actual
cloud providers are invisible to the cloud consumer and the cloud consumer
interacts directly with the cloud broker.

 A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of
cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud
consumers.

Figure : Usage Scenario 1 for Cloud Brokers

A cloud broker can provide services in three categories

 Service Intermediation : A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving

some specific capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers.
The improvement can be enhanced cloud services, enhanced identity
management, enhanced performance reporting, enhanced security, etc.

 Service Aggregation : A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services

into one or more new services. The broker provides data integration and ensures
the secure data movement between the cloud consumer and multiple cloud
providers.
 Service Arbitrage : Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation except
that the services being aggregated are not fixed. Service arbitrage means a broker
has the flexibility to choose services from multiple providers.
 Cloud Carriers

 A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud
services between cloud consumers and cloud providers. Cloud carriers provide access
to consumers through network, telecommunication and other access devices.

 Cloud carriers provide the connectivity and transport of cloud services from cloud
providers to cloud consumers.

 A cloud provider arranges service level agreements (SLAs) with a cloud carrier and
may request dedicated and encrypted connections to ensure the cloud services are
consumed at a consistent level.

Figure 4: Usage Scenario 2 for Cloud Carriers

Cloud auditor

 A cloud auditor conducts independent assessments of the operation and security

of the cloud service implementation. The audit may involve interactions with both
the Cloud Consumer and the Cloud Provider.

 A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud provider in terms of
security controls, privacy impact, performance, etc.

Figure 5: Usage Scenario for Cloud Auditors

 Scope of Control between Provider and Consumer

This analysis of delineation of controls over the application stack helps understand
the responsibilities of parties involved in managing the cloud application.

Figure: Scope of Controls between Provider and Consumer

 The application layer includes software applications. The applications are used by
SaaS consumers, installed/managed/ maintained by and SaaS providers.

 The middleware layer provides software building blocks (e.g., libraries, database,
and Java virtual machine) for developing application software in the cloud. The
middleware is used by PaaS consumers, installed/managed/maintained by PaaS
providers, and hidden from SaaS consumers.

 The IaaS consumers should assume full responsibility for the guest OS‟s, while the
IaaS provider controls the host OS.
 CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS

There a are various kinds of cloud deployment models

1)Public Cloud
2)Private Cloud
3)Hybrid Cloud
4)Community Cloud
5)Multi Cloud

Figure: Public, private, and hybrid clouds

 Figure: Public, private, hybrid clouds and community cloud

PUBLIC CLOUD

• Public clouds are owned by service providers and are accessible through a
subscription.

• A public cloud is built over the Internet and can be accessed by any user who has
paid for the service.

• Public cloud deployments are frequently used to provide

• web-based email,

• online office applications,

• storage and testing and

• development environments.
• Many public clouds are available, including

• Google App Engine (GAE),

• Amazon Web Services (AWS),

• Microsoft Azure,

• IBM Blue Cloud, and

• Salesforce.com’s Force.com

• With a public cloud, all hardware, software and other supporting infrastructure is
owned and managed by the cloud provider.

• In a public cloud, you share the same hardware, storage and network devices with
other organizations or cloud “tenants” or other cloud users.

• Customers access services and manage your account using a web browser.

A public cloud is one in which the cloud infrastructure and

computing resources are made available to the general public
over a public network. A public cloud is owned by an
organization selling cloud services, and serves a diverse pool of
clients.
 Advantages of public clouds:
 Lower costs—no need to purchase hardware or software and you pay only for
the service you use.
 No maintenance—your service provider provides the maintenance.
 Near-unlimited scalability—on-demand resources are available to meet your
business needs.

• High reliability—a vast network of servers ensures against

PRIVATE CLOUD

• A private cloud consists of computing resources used exclusively by one business

organization.
• A private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single
organization.
• Private clouds give local users a flexible and agile private infrastructure to run
service workloads within their administrative domains
• A private cloud is supposed to deliver more efficient and convenient cloud
services.
• Greater customization and organizational control

• But in a private cloud, the services and infrastructure are always maintained on a
private network and the hardware and software are dedicated solely to that one
business organization.
• Private clouds are often used by government agencies, financial institutions, any
other mid- to large-size organizations with business-critical operations seeking
enhanced control over their environment and business.
 Figure: On-site Private Cloud

Figure: Off site Private Cloud

Advantages of a private clouds:

 More flexibility—your organization can customize its cloud environment to meet
specific business needs.
 Improved security—resources are not shared with others, so higher levels of
control and security are possible.
 High scalability—private clouds still afford the scalability and efficiency of a
public cloud.
HYBRID CLOUD

 Often called “the best of both worlds,” hybrid clouds combine on-premises
infrastructure, or private clouds, with public clouds so organizations can reap the
advantages of both.
 In a hybrid cloud, data and applications can move between private and public
clouds for greater flexibility and more deployment options.
 Some Cloud Providers offering hybrid cloud are Azure Stack, VMC on AWS,
Druva, and WANdisco all enable hybrid strategies.

Scenarios:
• For instance, you can use the public cloud for high-volume, lower-security
needs such as web-based email and the private cloud (or other on-premises
infrastructure) for sensitive, business-critical operations like financial reporting.
In a hybrid cloud, “cloud bursting” is also an option.
• This is when an application or resource runs in the private cloud until there is a
spike in demand (such as seasonal event like online shopping or tax filing), at
which point the organization can “burst through” to the public cloud to tap into
additional computing resources.

Figure : Hybrid Cloud

 Figure : Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of hybrid clouds:

 High Control—your organization can maintain a private infrastructure for

sensitive assets.
 High Flexibility—you can take advantage of additional resources in the public
cloud when you need them.
 Cost-effectiveness—with the ability to scale to the public cloud, you pay for
extra computing power only when needed.
 Easy Transition—transitioning to the cloud because you can migrate gradually—
phasing in workloads over time.
COMMUNITY CLOUD

 A community cloud in computing is a collaborative effort in which infrastructure is

shared between several organizations from a specific community with common
concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.).

 Community Cloud allows system and services to be accessible by group of

organizations. It shares the infrastructure between several organizations from a
specific community. It may be managed internally by organizations or by the third-
party.
• A community cloud is a multi-tenant platform which allows several companies work
on the same platform, given that they have similar needs and concerns.

• One example of using a community cloud would be to test-drive some high-end

security products or even test out some features of a public cloud environment.

• Example: Salesforce Community Cloud Features

 Business Integration
 Personalization & Customization
 Branded Community
 Mobile Optimization
 Case Escalation
 Knowledge Base and Q&A
 E-commerce
 Sales Force Automation
 Personal Member Scoring
 Data Sharing
 Dashboards and Reports
 File sharing

Advantage of Community Cloud:

Cost Effective
Community cloud offers same advantages as that of private cloud at low cost.

Sharing Resources among Organizations

Community cloud provides an infrastructure to share cloud resources and capabilities among
several organizations.

Security
The community cloud is comparatively more secure than the public cloud but less secured than
the private cloud.
 MULTICLOUD

• "Multicloud" means multiple public clouds.

• A company that uses a multicloud deployment incorporates multiple public clouds from
more than one cloud provider.
• Instead of a business using one vendor for cloud hosting, storage, and the full
application stack, in a multicloud configuration they use several vendors.

Advantages of Multicloud:

• Reliability and/or redundancy: If one cloud goes down, some functionality

will still be available to users from the other deployed clouds.
• Reduced vendor lock-in: if a multicloud strategy is used, systems and
storage are spread out across multiple vendors.
• Potential cost savings: it is free to pick and choose the most affordable
services from different vendors.
 CLOUD SERVICE MODELS
Cloud computing delivers infrastructure, platform, and software (application) as services,
which are made available as subscription-based services in a pay-as-you-go model to
consumers.
The services provided over the cloud can be generally categorized into three different
service models: namely
 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) …. and
 Software as a Service (SaaS).

These form the three pillars on top of which cloud computing solutions are delivered to
end users.

All three models allow users to access services over the Internet, relying entirely on the
various infrastructures of cloud service providers.

These models are offered based on various SLAs (Service level Agreements) between
providers and users. In a broad sense, the SLA for cloud computing is addressed in
terms of service availability, performance, and data protection and security.
SaaS is applied at the application end using special interfaces by users or clients. At the
PaaS layer, the cloud platform must perform billing services and handle job queuing,
launching, and monitoring services. At the bottom layer of the IaaS service databases,
compute instances, file system, and storage must be provisioned to satisfy user
demands.

Infrastructure as a Service
This model allows users to use virtualized IT resources for computing, storage, and

networking.
 The requested service is performed by rented cloud infrastructure.
 The user can deploy and run his applications using IaaS over his chosen OS
environment.
 The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but has
control over the OS, storage, deployed applications, and possibly select networking
components.
 This IaaS model encompasses
 Storage as a service,
 Network as s service
 Compute instances as a service, and
 Communication as a service.

Advantages of IaaS

Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost

Improves business continuity(BC) and disaster recovery(DR)

Respond quicker to shifting business conditions

Focus on your core business/business growth

Increase stability, flexibility, reliability and supportability

Better security

IaaS Can Run Even If a Server Goes Down

On-Demand Access

Expand as You Grow

IaaS Business Scenarios :

 Website hosting. Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional
web hosting.
 Web apps. IaaS provides all the infrastructure to support web apps, including storage,
web and application servers and networking resources.
 Storage, backup and recovery.. IaaS is useful for handling unpredictable demand and
steadily growing storage needs. It can also simplify planning and management of backup
and recovery systems.
 High-performance computing. High-performance computing (HPC) on
supercomputers, computer grids or computer clusters helps solve complex problems.
Examples include earthquake and protein folding simulations, climate and weather
predictions, financial modeling and evaluating product designs.
 Big data analysis. Big data is a popular term for massive data sets that contain
potentially valuable patterns, trends and associations. Mining data sets to locate or tease
out these hidden patterns requires a huge amount of processing power, which IaaS
economically provides.

Table below summarizes the IaaS offerings by five public cloud providers.
 EXAMPLE : The Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) of Amazon EC2 clusters
and S3 storage to multiple users

• Amazon VPC allows the user to isolate provisioned AWS processors, memory, and
storage from interference by other users.
• Amazon EC2 provides the following services: resources from
• Multiple data centers
• Globally distributed web services (SOAP and Query) web-based console user
interfaces,
• Access to VM instances via SSH (Linux) and Windows, with automatic scaling and
load balancing
• Auto-scaling enables users to automatically scale their VM instance capacity up or down.
With auto-scaling, one can ensure that a sufficient number of Amazon EC2 instances are
provisioned to meet desired performance.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)

 PaaS allows cloud users to develop, deploy, and manage the

execution of applications using provisioned resources.
 Such a platform includes operating system and runtime library
support.
 The platform cloud is an integrated computer system consisting of
both hardware and software infrastructure.
 The user application can be developed on this virtualized cloud
platform using some programming languages and software tools
supported by the provider

 The cloud provider supports user application development and testing on a

well-defined service platform.
 The user does not manage the underlying cloud infrastructure but cloud
provider does.
 This PaaS model enables a collaborated software development platform for
users from different parts of the world.
 This model also encourages third parties to provide software management,
integration, and service monitoring solutions.

Advantages of PaaS

Cut coding time

Add development capabilities dynamically

Develop for multiple platforms including mobile easily.

Use sophisticated tools

Support geographically distributed development teams.

Efficiently manage the application lifecycle

PaaS Business Scenarios

1. Development framework: PaaS provides a framework that developers can build

upon to develop or customize cloud-based applications. Similar to the way you create
an Excel macro, PaaS lets developers create applications using built-in software
components. Cloud features such as scalability, high-availability and multi-tenant
capability are included, reducing the amount of coding that developers must do.

2. Analytics Environment : Tools provided as a service with PaaS allow organizations

to analyze and mine their data, finding insights and patterns and predicting outcomes
to improve forecasting, product design decisions, investment returns and other
business decisions.

3. Additional services: PaaS providers may offer other services that enhance
applications, such as Workflow , directory, security and scheduling.

Table below shows cloud platform services offered by five PaaS services.
Example: Google App Engine for PaaS Applications

As web applications are running on Google’s server clusters, they share the same
capability with many other users. The applications have features such as automatic
scaling and load balancing which are very convenient while building web
applications. The distributed scheduler mechanism can also schedule tasks for
triggering events at specified times and regular intervals.

 Google provides a fully featured local development environment that simulates

GAE on the developer’s computer.

 All the functions and application logic can be implemented locally which is quite
similar to traditional software development. The coding and debugging stages
can be performed locally as well.

 After these steps are finished, the SDK provided provides a tool for uploading
the user’s application to Google’s infrastructure where the applications are
actually deployed.

 Many additional third-party capabilities, including software management,

integration, and service monitoring solutions, are also provided.
 Software as a Service (SaaS)

The SaaS model provides software applications as a service. As a result, on the customer
side, there is no upfront investment in servers or software licensing. On the provider side,
costs are kept rather low, compared with conventional hosting of user applications.
Customer data is stored in the cloud that is either vendor proprietary or publicly hosted.

The best examples of SaaS services include Google Gmail and Google docs, Microsoft
SharePoint, and the CRM software from Salesforce.com. They are all very successful in
promoting their own business or are used by thousands of small businesses in their day-to-
day operations.

Figure : SaaS Service

SaaS Maturity Levels

SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 1: Ad-Hoc/Custom

SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 2: Configurability
SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 3: Multitenant Efficiency
SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 4: Scalable

SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 1: Ad-Hoc/Custom

Each customer has a unique, customized version of the hosted application. The
application runs its instance on the host’s servers.
SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 2: Configurability
The second level of SaaS maturity provides greater flexibility through configuration
metadata. At this level, many customers can use separate instances of the same
application. This allows a vendor to meet the varying needs of each customer by using
detailed configuration options.
SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 3:Multitenant Efficiency
The third maturity level adds multitenancy to the second level. This results in a single
program instance that has the capability to serve all of the vendor’s customers. This
approach enables more efficient use of server resources
SaaS Architectural Maturity Level 4:Scalable.
At the fourth SaaS maturity level, scalability is added by using a multitiered architecture.
This architecture is capable of supporting a load-balanced farm of identical application
instances running on a variable number of servers, sometimes in the hundreds or even
thousands.
Advantages of SaaS
1.Low cost
2.Reduced time
3.Supports Free/Pay as you go
4.SaaS takes care of full maintenance like security, upgrades and uptime
5.Sopports Higher adaptation rate
6.SaaS supports Integration and Scalability

Three Success Stories of SaaS Applications

1.To discover new drugs through DNA sequence analysis, Eli Lily Company has used
Amazon’s AWS platform SaaS with provisioned server and storage clusters to conduct
high-performance biological sequence analysis without using an expensive
supercomputer. The benefit of this application is reduced drug deployment time with much
lower costs.

2. The New York Times has applied Amazon’s EC2 and S3 services to retrieve useful
pictorial information quickly from millions of archival articles and newspapers. The New
York Times has significantly reduced the time and cost in getting the job done.

3. Pitney Bowes, an e-commerce company, offers clients the opportunity to perform B2B
transactions using the Microsoft Azure platform, along with .NET and SQL services. These
offerings have significantly increased the company’s client base.
Comparing and Contrasting IaaS, PaaS and CaaS
 Comparing and Contrasting IaaS, PaaS and CaaS

COMPARISON
IaaS SaaS PaaS
PARAMETERS
Infrastructure as a
Full form Platform as a Service Software as a Service
Service
Cloud Infrastructure Cloud Platform Cloud Application
Also known as
Services Services Services
Applications
Middleware
Run time
Operating Systems
Cloud Provider Virtualization Middleware
Virtualization
manages Storage Operating system
Servers
(as per the client Networking Virtualization
Networking
requirements) Servers Servers
Storage
Networking
Runtime
Storage
Data
Applications
Client /End-user Applications
Middleware -
manages Data
Runtime
Operating systems
Sales Management
Customer
Development Relationship
Application
environment Management
designing,
Testing environment Sales Management
development
Examples of Data storage Human Resource
testing deployment
Applications Data analytics Management
Database Integration
Data warehousing Financial
Web service
Websites and web Management
integration
applications Email and
collaboration
management
Microsoft Azure Microsoft Azure
Amazon Web Amazon web
Services services- Elastic Bean Microsoft Azure
Examples of Google Compute Stalk Google Apps
providers Engine Google App Engine SalesForce
Cisco Metapod Openshift Cisco Webex
Joyent SalesForce –
OpenStack Force.com
CLOUD ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CHALLENGES
Cloud computing is an on-demand allocation of computing resource faces challenges like
Interoperability, Service Quality, Portability, Computing Performance, Multiple Cloud
Management, Compliance, Lack of resource, Security and Privacy

1. Designing Security and Privacy in Cloud

2. Managing Cloud Spend//Designing Pay as you Go

3. Lack of Resources/Expertise

4. Designing Governance/Control

5. Designing Compliance

6. Managing Multiple Clouds

7. Maintaining On-Demand Computing Performance

8. Building a Private Cloud

9. Designing Portability

10. Service Quality- (Give what is Promised)

11. Supporting Interoperability

12. Ensuring Availability and Reliability

13. Coding for Failure

14. Designing Autoscaling up and down

15. Designing a High Performance cloud Infrastructure

1. Designing Security and Privacy in Cloud

 A CSP (cloud service providers) should abide by the rules of not sharing confidential
data or any data that matters to the users. The data centers must be secure and
privacy of the data should be maintained by a CSP.
 There is always concern about the actual location of your data, where it is stored and
processed.
 Elevating these concerns, many cyberattacks, hacked API, and interface, compromised
credentials, etc, have happened in the near past. Hence data security and data
recovery (in case of disaster) policy of the CSP must be very efficient.

2. Managing Cloud Spend//Designing Pay as you Go

 Cloud Computing can be expensive if you don’t know how to manage your computing
resources and take maximum advantage of them.

 Many times organizations dwell in a mindset of pay-as-you-go and finally may spend
more on cloud than they would have on on-premise infrastructure.

 One should always optimize the cost by financial analytics and reporting the usage for
better monitoring of cost.

3. Lack of Resources/Expertise

 As the usage of cloud technologies is increasing, tools to manage it are getting

sophisticated, finding human experts in cloud computing is becoming a bottleneck to
many organizations.

 Many companies are adopting automated cloud management technologies but it’s
always better to train individuals to satisfy the need of time.
4. Designing Governance/Control

 In cloud computing, infrastructure resources are under CSP’s control and end-users
or companies have to abide by the governance policies from CSP(cloud
service providers).

 Traditional IT teams have no control over how and where their data is and
processed. IT governance should assure how infrastructure assets from CSP are
being used.

5. Designing Compliance

 When organizations are moving their native data to a cloud they need to comply
with particular general body policies set by government if the data is from public
sources.

 Finding a cloud provider who will comply with these policies is difficult to find, or
one needs to negotiate on that front. Many CSPs(cloud service providers) are
coming with flexible compliance policies for data acquisition and cloud
infrastructure.

6. Managing Multiple Clouds

 81% of companies are having multi-cloud strategies and have a hybrid cloud
structure (public and private clouds). Managing multi-cloud infrastructure contrary
to a single cloud is very challenging given all the above data-driven challenges.

 Companies are opting for a multi-cloud scenario because some of the services are
cost-effective in public and to manage cost-effectively this cloud model has been
very successful in recent years. Managing such highly networked architecture is a
difficult task.
7. Maintaining On-Demand Computing Performance
Cloud Computing is on-demand compute service and supports multitenancy, thus
performance should not suffer over the acquisition of new users. The CSP(cloud service
providers) should maintain enough resources to serve all the users and any ad-hoc
requests.

8. Building a Private Cloud

Building a private cloud is very difficult as it involves many tasks such as grabbing an IP
address cloud software layer, setting up a virtual local area network (VLAN), load balancing,
firewall rule-setting for the IP address, server software patch, arranging nightly backup
queue. Many companies are planning to do so because the cloud will on-premise and they
will have all the data authority over shared cloud resources.

9.Designing Portability

If the users want to migrate from one CSP(cloud service providers) to others, the vendor
should not lock-in customer data or services and the migration should be ease. There are
different laws over data in different countries.

10. Service Quality

The service quality should be good and is a major concern of the end-user. The whole
ecosystem of Cloud Computing is presented in virtual environments and thus the CSP(cloud
service providers) should give what is promised in terms of service, be it compute
resources or customer satisfaction.

11. Supporting Interoperability

CSP’s services should be flexible enough to integrate itself into other platforms and services
provided by other CSPs (cloud service providers). The data pipeline should be easy to
integrate and should support improved performance.
12. Ensuring Availability and Reliability

The data and service from CSP should be available at all times irrespective of the external
condition or the ideal condition. Computing resources should be available for the users and
their operability should be reliable. Cloud Computing challenges are basically on the CSP side
rather than the user.

13. Coding for Failure in cloud

Overcoming risk to avoid failure should be a priority. The ability to use patterns to define
consistent environments eliminates the failures that occur through configuration
inconsistencies.

14. Designing Autoscaling up and down

To support scaling automatically cloud architecture needs to support elastic design,

parallelism of tasks, in-memory execution and caching.

15.Designing high performance Cloud Infrastructure

High-performance cloud computing (HPC2) is a type of cloud computing solution that

incorporates standards, procedures and elements from cloud computing. HPC2 defines the
techniques for achieving computing operations that match the speed of supercomputing from
a cloud computing architecture.
 Cloud Storage
What is Cloud Storage?

It describes storing the data remotely with a cloud service provider rather than on
a local system and access the data stored on the cloud via an Internet link.

Cloud storage has a number of advantages over traditional data storage. If you
store your data on a cloud, you can get at it from any location that has Internet
access.

Basics of Cloud Storage

A cloud storage system just needs one data server connected to the Internet.

A subscriber copies files to the server over the Internet, which then records the
data.

When a client wants to retrieve the data, he or she accesses the data server with
a web-based interface, and the server then either sends the files back to the
client or allows the client to access and manipulate the data itself.

Cloud storage systems utilize dozens or hundreds of data servers, The same data
may be stored on different servers with different power supply so that clients can
access the data in cloud at any time even if the server/power supply fails.

A cloud service provider can simply add more

commodity hard drives to increase the organization’s
capacity
 Storage as Service
What is Storage as Service(SaaS)?

It means that a third-party provider rents space on their storage to end users who
lack the budget or capital budget to pay for it on their own.

It is also ideal when technical personnel are not available or have inadequate
knowledge to implement and maintain that storage infrastructure.

Storage service providers are responsible for backup, replication and disaster
recovery.

Advantage of SaaS

The biggest advantage to SaaS is cost savings. Storage is rented from the
provider using a cost-per-gigabyte-stored or cost-per-data-transferred model.

The end user doesn’t have to pay for infrastructure; they simply pay for how
much they transfer and save on the provider’s servers.

A customer uses client software to specify the backup set and then transfers data
across a WAN. When data loss occurs, the customer can retrieve the lost data
from the service provider.

Clients rent storage capacity from cloud storage vendors.

 Storage as Service
Example for Storage as Service

Many of these services are provided for free, but others charge you per
stored gigabyte and by how much information is transferred to and from the cloud.

Google Docs allows users to upload documents, spreadsheets, and presentations

to Google’s data servers. Those files can then be edited using a Google
application.

Web email providers like Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail store email messages on
their own servers. Users can access their email from computers and other devices
connected to the Internet.

Flickr and Picasa host millions of digital photographs. Users can create their own
online photo albums.

YouTube hosts millions of user-uploaded video files.

Hostmonster and GoDaddy store files and data for many client web sites.

Facebook and MySpace are social networking sites and allow members to post
pictures and other content. That content is stored on the company’s servers.

MediaMax and Strongspace offer storage space for any kind of digital data.

How Storage as Service works?

The company would sign a service level agreement (SLA) whereby the SaaS(or
STaaS) provider agreed to rent storage space on a cost-per-gigabyte-stored and
cost-per-data-transfer basis and the company's data would be automatically
transferred at the specified time over the storage provider's proprietary WAN or
the Internet.

If the company ever loses its data, the network administrator could contact the
STaaS provider and request a copy of the data.
 Advantages of Cloud Storage
The advantages are

 Usability and accessibility

 Security

 Cost-efficient

 Convenient sharing of files

 Automation

 Multiple users

 Synchronization

 Convenience

 Scalable

 Disaster recovery

Usability and accessibility

Users can easily drag and drop the files in cloud storage. The stored files
can easily be accessed from anywhere in the world easily.

Security

Since the data is stored in multiple redundant servers, there is no problem

of data loss due to hardware failure.

Cost-efficient

Storing the data in cloud frees the clients from the additional expenses for
power consumption & management of storage system which is taken care by service
providers.

Convenient sharing of files

Every cloud storage service provides the file-sharing features, which helps
you to share your file with other users. You can either send a file to another user or
invite multiple users to view your data.
 Automation

With Cloud storage technology, the tedious task of data backups is

simplified through automation. We simply have to select what you want to backup
and when we want to backup and the cloud environment will take care of the rest.

Multiple users

With cloud storage, multiple users can collaborate with the common file.
For instance, you can give access to your files to multiple users so they can access
and edit your file. The authorized person can access your file from any part of the
world in real-time.

Synchronization

With synchronization, you can sync the cloud storage data with any device
you want.

Convenient

No need to have hard disk or flash drive to store or view the data= all is
done online. The changes made to the data in one device is automatically synced to
the devices.

Scalable

Cloud storage is scalable and flexible. If the current plan of storage is not
enough, you can upgrade the service plan.

Disaster Recovery

Cloud storage service provides the best platform for disaster recovery
data. Any business can use cloud storage as a data backup storage, so if there is a
data loss, the company can retrieve backup data from the cloud.

Major concern about Cloud storage :

It requires Good internet connectivity, Customer support, Data security &

Privacy
 Cloud Storage Providers
Some of the cloud service providers are

Amazon Simple Storage Service(S3)

Microsoft OneDrive

Google Drive

Dropbox

Box

Apple iCloud

Blue Cloud

Idrive

pCloud

Mega

NextCloud

SpiderOak

Mediafire

Nirvanix

With plenty of different options for cloud storage, it’s vital to pick a
provider that will supply you with the optimal amount of storage and bandwidth, as
well as keep your data safe and sound.

Many cloud storage systems offer some amount of storage space for free.
For example, DropBox offers 2GB of free storage, and Google Drive offers 15GB.
Sometimes systems have a hard limit on free storage.

For users who need to move beyond free options, pricing for cloud storage
software is typically per user, per month. Plans usually have a fixed storage capacity,
with prices increasing for more storage and/or added features.
 Amazon Simple Storage Service(S3)
What is Amazon S3?

The best-known cloud storage service is Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3),
which launched in 2006.

Amazon S3 is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers.

Amazon S3 provides a simple web services interface that can be used to store and
retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the Web.

The service aims to maximize benefits of scale and to pass those benefits on to
developers.

Amazon S3 is intentionally built with a minimal feature set that includes the
following functionality:

• Write, read, and delete objects containing from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes of data

each. The number of objects that can be stored is unlimited.

• Each object is stored and retrieved via a unique developer-assigned key.

• Objects can be made private or public, and rights can be assigned to specific
users.

• Uses standards-based REST and SOAP interfaces designed to work with any

Internet-development toolkit

More About amazon S3

 Design Requirements

 Design Principles

 How Amazon S3 Works

Design Requirements

Amazon built S3 to fulfill the following design requirements:

Scalable Amazon S3 can scale in terms of storage, request rate, and users to
support an unlimited number of web-scale applications

Reliable Store data durably, with 99.99 percent availability. Amazon says it does
not allow any downtime.

Fast Amazon S3 was designed to be fast enough to support high-performance

applications. Server-side latency must be insignificant relative to Internet latency.
Any performance bottlenecks can be fixed by simply adding nodes to the system.

Inexpensive Amazon S3 is built from inexpensive commodity hardware

components. As a result, frequent node failure is the norm and must not affect
the overall system. It must be hardware-agnostic, so that savings can be captured
as Amazon continues to drive down infrastructure costs.

Simple Building highly scalable, reliable, fast, and inexpensive storage is difficult.
Doing so in a way that makes it easy to use for any application anywhere is more
difficult. Amazon S3 must do both.

Design Principles

Amazon used the following principles of distributed system design to meet Amazon
S3 requirements:

Decentralization It uses fully decentralized techniques to remove scaling

bottlenecks and single points of failure.

Autonomy The system is designed such that individual components can make
decisions based on local information.

Local responsibility Each individual component is responsible for achieving its

consistency; this is never the burden of its peers.
Design Principles

Controlled concurrency Operations are designed such that no or limited

concurrency control is required.

Failure toleration The system considers the failure of components to be a

normal mode of operation and continues operation with no or minimal
interruption.

Controlled parallelism Abstractions used in the system are of such granularity

that parallelism can be used to improve performance and robustness of recovery
or the introduction of new nodes.

Small, well-understood building blocks Do not try to provide a single service

that does everything for everyone, but instead build small components that can
be used as building blocks for other services.

Symmetry Nodes in the system are identical in terms of functionality, and

require no or minimal node-specific configuration to function.

Simplicity The system should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.

How S3 Works

S3 aims to provide scalability, high availability, and low latency at commodity

costs.

S3 stores arbitrary objects at up to 5GB in size, and each is accompanied by up to

2KB of metadata.

Objects are organized by buckets. Each bucket is owned by an AWS account and
the buckets are identified by a unique, user-assigned key.
 Figure Multiple Buckets are stored in S3

Buckets and objects are created, listed, and retrieved using either a REST-style or
SOAP interface. Objects can also be retrieved using the HTTP GET interface or via
BitTorrent.

An access control list restricts who can access the data in each bucket. Bucket
names and keys are formulated so that they can be accessed using HTTP.

Requests are authorized using an access control list associated with each bucket
and object, for instance:

http://s3.amazonaws.com/examplebucket/examplekey

http://examplebucket.s3.amazonaws.com/examplekey

The Amazon AWS Authentication tools allow the bucket owner to create an
authenticated URL with a set amount of time that the URL will be valid

Bucket items can also be accessed via a BitTorrent feed, enabling S3 to act as a
seed for the client. Buckets can also be set up to save HTTP log information to
another bucket
Assignments

68
Assignment - III

Compare and Contrast Cloud Deployment Models (CO3, K2)

Compare and Contrast various Cloud Service Models (CO3, K2)

Demonstrate Amazon S3 Storage Service free subscription account

(CO3 & CO6, K3)

69
Question Bank

70
 Part – A (CO3 & CO6 – K2)
1.What are the features of generic cloud architecture Design

 The Internet cloud is envisioned as a massive cluster of servers.

 These servers are provisioned on demand to perform collective web services or
distributed applications using data-center resources.
 The cloud platform is formed dynamically by provisioning or deprovisioning
servers, software, and database resources.
 Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or VMs.
 In a cloud, software becomes a service.
 The cloud demands a high degree of trust of massive amounts of data
retrieved from large data centers.

2. Define Layered cloud architecture design

 The architecture of a cloud is developed at three layers: infrastructure, platform,

and application.
 These three development layers are implemented with virtualization and
standardization of hardware and software resources provisioned in the cloud.
 The services to public, private, and hybrid clouds are conveyed/advertised to
users through networking support over the Internet and intranets involved.

3.Define NIST Architecture

 NIST cloud computing reference architecture, which identifies the major

actors, their activities and functions in cloud computing. NIST architecture
model facilitate the understanding of the requirements, uses, characteristics
and standards of cloud computing.
 The NIST cloud computing reference architecture defines five major actors:
cloud consumer, cloud provider, cloud carrier, cloud auditor and cloud broker.
Each actor is an entity (a person or an organization) that participates in a
transaction or process and/or performs tasks in cloud.
4.Define Cloud Consumer

 The cloud consumer is the principal stakeholder for the cloud computing service. A
cloud consumer represents a person or organization that maintains a business
relationship with a cloud provider.
 A cloud consumer browses the service catalog from a cloud provider, requests the
appropriate service, sets up service, and uses the service.

5.What is role of Cloud Provider

 A cloud provider is a person, an organization; it is the entity responsible for making a

service available to interested cloud consumers.
 A Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing infrastructure required for
providing the services, runs the cloud software that provides the services, and makes
arrangement to deliver the cloud services to the Cloud Consumers through network
access.
6. What activities a Cloud Provider do?

a cloud provider conducts its activities in the areas of

Service deployment,
Service orchestration,
Cloud service management and
Security, and Privacy.

7.Define the role of cloud Broker

 A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud
services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers.
 The cloud broker may create a new service by combining multiple services or by
enhancing an existing service.
8.What are the three services provided by cloud broker

Service Intermediation : A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some

specific capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers.
Service Aggregation : A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services into one or
more new services.
Service Arbitrage : Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation except that the
services being aggregated are not fixed. Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility to
choose services from multiple providers.

9.Define Cloud Carriers

 Cloud carriers provide the connectivity and transport of cloud services from cloud
providers to cloud consumers.
 Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network, telecommunication and
other access devices.
 A cloud provider arranges service level agreements (SLAs) and encrypted connections

10.Define Cloud Auditors

 A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud provider in terms of
security controls, privacy impact, performance, etc.
 A cloud auditor conducts independent assessments of the operation and security of the
cloud service implementation. The audit may involve interactions with both the Cloud
Consumer and the Cloud Provider.
11.What are public Clouds

 With a public cloud, all hardware, software and other supporting infrastructure is
owned and managed by the cloud provider
 In a public cloud, you share the same hardware, storage and network devices with
other organizations or cloud “tenants.”
 You access services and manage your account using a web browser.
 Public cloud deployments are frequently used to provide web-based email, online office
applications, storage and testing and development environments.

12.Define Private Cloud

 A private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single organization.
 It is client owned and managed, and its access is limited to the owning clients and their
partners.
 Private clouds give local users a flexible and agile private infrastructure to run service
workloads within their administrative domains.
 The private cloud can be physically located at your organization’s on-site datacenter or
it can be hosted by a third-party service provider.
• A private cloud is supposed to deliver more efficient and convenient cloud services.

13.Define Hybrid Cloud

 Often called “the best of both worlds,” hybrid clouds combine on-premises
infrastructure, or private clouds, with public clouds so organizations can reap the
advantages of both.
 In a hybrid cloud, data and applications can move between private and public clouds
for greater flexibility and more deployment options.
 Some Cloud Providers offering hybrid cloud are Azure Stack, VMC on AWS, Druva, and
WANdisco all enable hybrid strategies.

14.Define Community cloud

A community cloud in computing is a collaborative effort in which infrastructure is shared
between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns.
15.What are multi-cloud

Multi-cloud" means multiple public clouds. A company that uses a multi-cloud deployment
incorporates multiple public clouds from more than one cloud provider. Instead of a
business using one vendor for cloud hosting, storage, and the full application stack, in a
multi-cloud configuration they use several.

16. Difference Between Hybrid cloud and multi-cloud

A multi-cloud can also be a hybrid cloud, and a hybrid cloud can also be a multi-cloud, but
these terms represent two distinct concepts.
Hybrid cloud involves the combination of two or more distinct types of infrastructure: it
combines a private cloud, an on-premises data center, or both with at least one public
cloud. Multi-cloud refers to several different public clouds being deployed, and it doesn't
necessarily include a private cloud.

17.List the various cloud deployment models

 Public cloud
 Private cloud
 Hybrid cloud
 Community cloud
 Multi-cloud

18.List various cloud service models

 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) …. and
 Software as a Service (SaaS).

19.Define IaaS
IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service, is a cloud technology service, where the IaaS
providers make available various infrastructural services on the cloud. For example, the
provider hosts infrastructural components such as virtual machines, virtual LANs, networks,
storage, hard drives, etc. through virtualization technology
20. Applications of IaaS:

IaaS is used in the following scenarios in the current business environment:

 Development environment

 Testing environment

 Data storage

 Data analytics

 Data warehousing

 Websites and web applications with a lot of user interactions.

21.Define Paas
PaaS a cloud technology service where the service provider provides a platform to the
client or the end-user for the purpose of software creation. A PaaS provider will provide
platform related infrastructure components such as storage, servers, operating systems,
and networking equipment. The Provider is also responsible for configuring and
maintaining all the above components. In addition, the providers also provide the client
with services such as programming languages, database management systems, libraries,
etc

22. Examples of PaaS:

 Microsoft Azure

 Amazon web services- Elastic Bean Stalk

 Google App Engine

 Openshift

 SalesForce – Force.com

23.Examples of SaaS
 Microsoft Azure

 Google Apps

 SalesForce

 Cisco Webex
 24. Applications of SaaS:
In the modern organizational context, the SaaS model can find applications in the
following fields:

 Sales Management.

 Customer Relationship Management.

 Sales Management

 Human Resource Management.

 Financial Management.

 Email and collaboration management.

25. List some challenges Faced in cloud computing Architectural Design

1. Designing Security and Privacy in Cloud

2. Managing Multiple Clouds
3. Building a Private Cloud
4. Designing Autoscaling up and down
5. Maintaining On-Demand Computing High Performance
6. Supporting Interoperability, QoS, Reliability and Availability

26.What is Cloud Storage?

• It describes storing the data remotely with a cloud service provider rather than on a
local system and access the data stored on the cloud via an Internet link.
• Cloud storage has a number of advantages over traditional data storage. If you store
your data on a cloud, you can get at it from any location that has Internet access.

27.What is storage as service(SaaS)

It means that a third-party provider rents space on their storage to end users who lack
the budget or capital budget to pay for it on their own.
28.How does Storage as Service work?

The company would sign a service level agreement (SLA) whereby the SaaS(or STaaS)
provider agreed to rent storage space on a cost-per-gigabyte-stored and cost-per-data-
transfer basis and the company's data would be automatically transferred at the specified
time over the storage provider's proprietary WAN or the Internet.

29.What are the advantages of cloud storage?

 Usability and accessibility
 Security
 Cost-efficient
 Convenient sharing of files

30. How buckets are accessed in S3?

Bucket items can also be accessed via a BitTorrent feed, enabling S3 to act as a seed for
the client. Buckets can also be set up to save HTTP log information to another bucket.
UNIT III - PART B
Explain layered architecture of cloud Computing in detail (CO3, K2)
With Necessary diagrams Explain NIST Cloud architecture (CO3, K2)
Discuss in detail about cloud deployment Models (CO3, K2)
Elaborate facts on public, private and hybrid cloud (CO3, K2)
Write Short notes on IaaS, PaaS, SaaS (CO3, K2)
Explain cloud IaaS with necessary examples (CO3, K2)
Explain cloud PaaS with necessary examples (CO3, K2)
Explain cloud SaaS with necessary examples (CO3, K2)
List and explain in detail the various challenges faced in designing architecture for
cloud computing. (CO3, K2)
Explain briefly about Storage as Service (CO3 & CO6, K2)
Discuss in detail the advantages and disadvantages of cloud storage. (CO3 & CO6, K2)
Explain briefly about major Cloud Service Providers with respect to the type of
services. (CO3 & CO6, K2)
Explain the working of amazon S3 Service. (CO3 & CO6, K2)

Compare the storage services provided by different service providers. (CO3 & CO6,

K2)
Supportive Online Courses

S.N Course Title Link Platform

o

1 Simple Storage Service – Basics https://www.aws.t AWS Training &

(AWS Support) raining/Details/eLe Certification
arning?id=54609

2 AWS MasterClass in Amazon S3 https://www.udem Udemy

Storage Management y.com/course/aws-
masterclass-in-
amazon-s3-
storage-
management/

3 Beginners Guide to Cloud https://www.udem Udemy

Computing y.com/course/cogn
itel-cloud-
computing/

80
Real world Applications
Popular Cloud Storage Providers

81
Contents Beyond
Syllabus

82
1. AWS Elastic File System (EFS)
Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) is a cloud storage service provided
by Amazon Web Services (AWS) designed to
provide scalable, elastic, concurrent with some
restrictions,[3][4] and encrypted[5] file storage for use with both AWS cloud services
and on-premises resources.[6] Amazon EFS is built to be able to grow [7] and
shrink automatically as files are added and removed. Amazon EFS
supports Network File System (NFS) versions 4.0 and 4.1 (NFSv4) protocol,[8] and
control access to files through Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)
permissions.
According to Amazon, use cases for this file system service typically
include content repositories, development environments, web server farms, home
directories and big data applications.
AWS Elastic File System (EFS) is one of three main storage services offered by
Amazon. It is a scalable, cloud-based file system for Linux-based applications and
workloads that can be used in combination with AWS cloud services and on-
premise resources. EFS offers a choice between two storage classes, Infrequent
Access and Standard access, depending on your needs. Standard access storage
is designed for frequently accessed files while Infrequent Access is intended for
storing long-lived but less used files at a lower cost.
EFS uses the NFSv4 protocol for its file system structure, which mirrors a standard
on-premise structure and simplifies transferring and accessing your files. It can be
used in combination with Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) instances or as a stand-
alone file system. EFS does not require storage provisioning and is pay-for-use
allowing you to scale services as needed.

83
2. Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) is an easy to use, high performance block
storage service designed for use with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) for
both throughput and transaction intensive workloads at any scale. A broad range
of workloads, such as relational and non-relational databases, enterprise
applications, containerized applications, big data analytics engines, file systems,
and media workflows are widely deployed on Amazon EBS.
You can choose from five different volume types to balance optimal price and
performance. You can achieve single digit-millisecond latency for high
performance database workloads such as SAP HANA or gigabyte per second
throughput for large, sequential workloads such as Hadoop. You can change
volume types, tune performance, or increase volume size without disrupting your
critical applications, so you have cost-effective storage when you need it.
Designed for mission-critical systems, EBS volumes are replicated within an
Availability Zone (AZ) and can easily scale to petabytes of data. Also, you can
use EBS Snapshots with automated lifecycle policies to back up your volumes in
Amazon S3, while ensuring geographic protection of your data and business
continuity.
EBS is built to be secure for data compliance. Newly created EBS volumes can be
encrypted by default with a single setting in your account. EBS volumes support
encryption of data at-rest, data in-transit, and all volume backups. EBS encryption
is supported by all volume types, includes built-in key management infrastructure,
and has zero impact on performance.

84
ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE
Tentative schedule for the Assessment During 2022-
2023 odd semester

Name of the
S.NO Start Date End Date Portion
Assessment

1 Unit Test 1 27.08.202 27.08.2022 UNIT 1

2 IAT 1 16.09.2022 22.9.2022 UNIT 1 & 2

3 Unit Test 2 20.10.2022 20.10.2022 UNIT 3

4 IAT 2 02.11.2022 08.11.2022 UNIT 3 & 4

UNIT 5 , 1 &
5 Revision 1 26.11.2022 29.11.2022
2

6 Revision 2 UNIT 3 & 4

7 Model 01.12.2022 10.12.2022 ALL 5 UNITS

85
Prescribed Text Books and
References
TEXT BOOKS:

T2: Rittinghouse, John W., and James F. Ransome, ―Cloud Computing:

Implementation, Management and Security, CRC Press, 2017.

REFERENCE BOOK:

R2: Toby Velte, Anthony Velte, Robert Elsenpeter, “Cloud Computing – A

Practical Approach, Tata Mcgraw Hill, 2009.

REFERENCE VIDEO – Amazon S3 Tutorial:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I14_sXHO8U

86
Mini Project Suggestions

1. Can you think of any Cloud Storage solution for COVID-19 (data gathering,
data management) using cloud?

2. Implement a Facebook miniature app and choose suitable storage solution

for storing data.

3. Explore the features of Google drive and create a python application for
analysing the data stored in Google drive.

4. Design a simple cloud storage solution for storing your college

administration data.

87
 Thank you

Disclaimer:

This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of
RMK Group of Educational Institutions. If you have received this document
through email in error, please notify the system manager. This document contains
proprietary information and is intended only to the respective group / learning
community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately
by e-mail if you have received this document by mistake and delete this document
from your system. If you are not the intended recipient you are notified that
disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in reliance on the contents of
this information is strictly prohibited.