Scribd
Upload
235 views33 pages

Nodal Analysis

The document discusses nodal analysis techniques for solving electrical circuits. Nodal analysis involves writing equations for each node based on Kirchhoff's Current Law and Ohm's Law. Key aspects covered include handling nodes, meshes, dependent and independent sources, and examples are provided.

Uploaded by

Jamiza shenning
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
235 views33 pages

Nodal Analysis

The document discusses nodal analysis techniques for solving electrical circuits. Nodal analysis involves writing equations for each node based on Kirchhoff's Current Law and Ohm's Law. Key aspects covered include handling nodes, meshes, dependent and independent sources, and examples are provided.

Uploaded by

Jamiza shenning
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Electrical & Electronic

Circuits

Lecture 03
Content

 Mesh and nodal analysis to analyze the circuits [12 h]


 Network Analysis: mesh (loop) analysis; nodal analysis;
network theorems: Superposition Theorem, Thevenin’s
Theorem, Norton’s Theorem, and Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem, star delta transformation.
Introduction
Ohm’s Law, KCL, and KVL are not enough to
solve more complicated circuits.
There are few approaches that we can take.

 Nodal Analysis – we write set of equations in which variables are


voltages
:Nodal analysis is based on a systematic application of KCL and is
a general method.
 Mesh Analysis – we write set of equations in which variables are
currents
:Mesh Analysis is based on a systematic application of KVL
Nodal Analysis

 Technique to find currents at a node using Ohm’s Law


and the potential differences between nodes.

Steps in Nodal analysis

 First result from nodal analysis is the determination of node voltages


(voltage at nodes referenced to ground).

 Second result is the calculation of the currents


Nodal analysis without voltage source

 Select any node as the reference node.

 Label the remaining n-1 nodes (e.g. v1, v2, v3, …vn-1).

 Use Ohm’s law to express the currents through resistors in terms of the
node voltages.
 Apply KCL to each non-reference node by summing the currents out
of the nodes.
 Solve the resulting n-1 simultaneous equations for the node voltages.
Example 01
 Apply KCL at the node v1
 𝑖1 + 𝑖3 = 17
 Applying KCL to node v2
 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 = 21

 By Ohm’s Law, (I = GV)


 𝑖1 = 1𝑣1
 𝑖2 = −2v2
 𝑖3 = 3(𝑣1 − 𝑣2)

S: Siemens (unit of conductance)


 Substituting into previous equation
 1 𝑣1 +3(𝑣1 –𝑣2)=17 4 𝑣1 -3 𝑣2 =17
 -2 𝑣2 +3(𝑣1 - 𝑣2)=21 3 𝑣1 -5 𝑣2 =21
Solving two equations:
𝑣1 =2 V
𝑣2= -3 V

By Ohm’s Law :


𝑖1 =2 A
𝑖2= 6 A
𝑖3 = 15 A
Example 02
Since I = Gv,
by KCL ;

For node v1;


1(𝑣1 - 𝑣2) +2(𝑣1- 𝑣3) +2 =0
3 𝑣1- 𝑣2 -2 𝑣3 = -2 1

For node v2; If we don’t have current


1(𝑣2- 𝑣1) +4𝑣2 - 3 = 0 directions, we mark all the
currents through a node
-𝑣1+5 𝑣2 = 3 2
As “out of the Node”

For node v3; 3 equations and 3 unknowns


2(𝑣3 - 𝑣1) +3𝑣3 +3 = 0
-2 𝑣1+5𝑣3= -3 V1 = -1.3V, V2 = 0.34V, V3 = 1.12V
3
Nodal Analysis with voltage source
Case 01: Voltage Source is connected between the reference node
and a non reference node

 Step 01: Pick one node as a reference node


Step 02: Label the voltage at the other nodes
Step 03: Label the currents flowing through each of the
components in the circuit
Step 04: Use Kirchhoff's Current Law

 I7 = I1=I2=I6
 I2=I3+I4
 I4=I5
Step 05:

 Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltages at each node to the


currents flowing in and out of them.

Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential


in a resistor
Step 05:

I1 = (V1-V2)/R1

I2 = (V2-V3)/R2

I3= (V3-V5)/R3

I4 = (V3-V4)/R4

I5 = (V4-V5)/R5

I6 = (V5-0V)/R6
 Step 06: Solve for the node voltages.

In this problem we know that V1 = Vin

 Step 07: Once the node voltages are known, calculate


the currents.
Substitute in numbers
We have;
Substituting the results from Ohm’s Law
into the KCL equations
Nodal Analysis with voltage source
Case 02: Voltage Source is connected between two non-reference
nodes

 Here 12 V voltage Source is connected between Node “a” and node “b”
 Which forms a “Super Node”
Super Node
 In circuit theory, a super node is a theoretical construct that can be used to
solve a circuit.
 Whenever a voltage source (Independent or Dependent) is connected
between the two non reference nodes then these two nodes form a
generalized node called the Super node.

 So, Super node can be regarded as a surface enclosing the voltage source
and its two nodes.
Nodal Analysis with voltage source
Case 02: Voltage Source is connected between two non-reference
nodes

 Apply KCL to the super node corresponding to the voltage source. Shown
below in blue, this super node separates the voltage source and its nodes
from the rest of the circuit
 Apply KCL to the super node to get

𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏
0 = −1.5 + + 3.5 +
6 3

𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏
−2.0 = +
6 3

Also, Vb – Va =12

2 equations and 2 unknowns


Dependent sources

 The output voltage or current of a dependent source is determined by one


of the parameters associated with another component in the circuit.

 Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)


 Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)

 Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)


 Current controlled current source (CCCS)
Nodal Analysis for Circuits with
Dependent Current Sources
 For circuits that include dependent sources, first we
ignore the fact that the dependent source is a
dependent source and we write the node-voltage
equations as we would for a circuit with independent
sources.
Example:
Solution

• The above equation has an extra unknown variable “i0 “.

• We should relate the extra unknown variable of the


dependent source to the node voltages
𝑣2
 i0 =
3𝑘

 Substitute i0 in equation a:
𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉1−𝑉2
2 × + + =0
3𝑘 12𝑘 6𝑘
V1 + 2V2 = 0

 Apply the KCL at node #2:


𝑉2 𝑉2−𝑉1
−2 𝑚𝐴 + + =0
3𝑘 6𝑘
-V1 + 3V2 = 12
 Solving for the node voltages

 V1 = -24/5 V

 V2 =12/5 V
Nodal Analysis for Circuits with
Dependent Voltage Sources

Find the current I0 by using the nodal analysis.

Ω
Solution.
 Since there is a voltage source between two unreferenced nodes, we
combine the nodes in one supernode

 Then, we relate one of the node voltages (V1) to the other one (V2) using
the value of the voltage source between them.
• Apply the KCL at the supernode:

• The supernode has four branches so the


node equation should have four terms:
Ω

𝑉2+2𝑉𝑥 𝑉2+2𝑉𝑥−𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑉2−𝑉3


• + + + =0
12 6 6 12

• From the figure it is clear that V3 is 6 V,


Substitute the value of V3, in equation

𝑉1
𝐼0 =
12
𝑉2+2𝑉𝑥 𝑉2+2𝑉𝑥−6 𝑉2 𝑉2−6
• + + + =0 =0.375 A
12 6 6 12
• From the figure: V2 = Vx

• So; Vx = V2 = 1.5 V, V1 = 4.5 V

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy