Title of Experiment: Ball Mill (variable speed)

Objective:

To study the operation of a Ball mill and to calculate the efficiency of a Ball mill for
grinding a material of known work index (Wi).

 To study the effect of RPM on the power consumption of Ball mill.

 To calculate the critical speed (ηc) of a Ball mill.

Introduction:

Generally the Ball mills are known as the secondary size reduction equipment. The
Ball mill is made in a great many types and sizes and can be used on a greater variety
of soft materials than any other type of machine. The feed must be non-abrasive with
a hardness of 1.5 or less. A Ball mill consists of a cylindrical shell slowly turning
about a horizontal axis and filled to about 1/4th of its volume with solid grinding
medium (i.e. metallic balls etc.). When the ball mill is rotated, the grinding elements
(balls) are carried to the side of the shell nearly to the top, from where: they fall on the
particles under gravity. In a ball mill most of the size reduction is done by impact. The
energy expanded in lifting the grinding units are utilizes in reducing the size of the
particles. Ball mill can accept a feed size of 12mm or less and deliver a product size in
the range of 50µm. The speed of ball mill varies between 60-70 RPM. As the product
size becomes fine, the capacity of a mill reduces, the energy requirement increases.

Theory:

A Ball mill consists of a cylindrical shell slowly turning about a horizontal axis and
filled with solid grinding medium (metallic balls, wooden balls or rubber balls). In
Ball mill, most of the size reduction is done by impact.

Critical Speed of a Ball Mill (ƞc):

1 √𝑔
𝜂𝑐 = ∗ ----------- (1)
2𝜋 √𝑅−𝑟

Where , ηc is a critical rotational speed, ‘R’ is radius of the ball mill and ‘r’ is radius
of the ball.

For effective operation of the mill, the mill should be operated at 65 to 80% of critical
speed. As the product size becomes finer, the capacity of the mill reduces and the
energy requirement increases. As the speed of the mill exceeds ηc (i.e. mill is
centrifuging), the size reduction capacity decreases.
Bond Crushing Law and Work Index:

A more realistic method of estimating the power required for crushing and grinding is

𝑃 𝐾𝑏
= ----------(2)
𝑚 √𝐷𝑝

Where, Kb is a constant which depends on the type of machine and on the material
being crushed, Dp is in millimetres, P in kilowatts and ‘m’ in tons per hour.

Wi is defined as the gross energy requirements in kilo watt hours per ton of feed
needed to reduce a very large feed. This definition leads to a relation between Kb and
W i.

𝐾𝑏 = 0.3162 ∗ 𝑊𝑖 -----------(3)

If 80% of the feed passes a mesh size of DPa mm and 80% of the product a mesh size
of DPb mm, it follows from eq (1) & (2).

𝑃 1 1
= 0.3162 ∗ 𝑊𝑖 ( − )
𝑚 √𝐷𝑃𝑏 √𝐷𝑃𝑎
1 1
P = m ∗ 0.3162 ∗ 𝑊𝑖 ( − ) ----------- (4)
√𝐷𝑃𝑏 √𝐷𝑃𝑎

Experimental Procedure:

1. Prepare a uniform sized material for feed using sieve shaker (5mm-8mm
approx.).
2. Fill the shell with the balls provided.
3. Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
4. Now switch ON the main power supply.
5. Set the revolution counter to zero position.
6. Switch ON the MCB and then starter to run the machine.
7. Run the machine at no load condition by determining the time for 10 or 20
pulses on the energy meter.
8. Switch OFF the starter and then MCB.
9. Fill the feed in the Ball mill.
10. Switch ON the MCB and then start to run the machine.
11. Run the machine at loaded condition by determining the time for 10 or 20
pulses on the energy meter.
12. Repeat the experiment for different RPM.
13. When experiment is over, switch OFF the power supply.
Observations & Calculations:

DATA:
Radius of the ball r = 0.011m
Radius of the Ball mill R = 0.1375m
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81m/sec2
Energy meter constant EMC = 3200 Pulses/KWh

Work Indexes of Some Common Minerals

Materials Specific gravity Work Index
Bauxite 2.20 8.78
Cement clinker 3.15 13.45
Coal 1.40 13.00
Coke 1.31 15.13
Gravel 2.66 16.06
Gypsum Rock 2.69 6.73
Lime stone 2.66 12.74
Quartz 2.65 13.57

 Observations:
W1= ……...kg
tc = ……….sec
Dpa =………mm
Dpb =………mm

 Calculations:

𝑷𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝑵𝑳 = (𝒌𝑾)
𝒕𝒑𝟏 ∗ 𝑬𝑴𝑪

𝑷𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝑳 = (𝒌𝑾)
𝒕𝒑𝟐 ∗ 𝑬𝑴𝑪

𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑷𝑳 − 𝑷𝑵𝑳 (𝒌𝑾)

𝑾𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒎= ∗ (𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔/𝒉)
𝒕𝒄 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑲𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝑾𝒊 (𝒌𝑾𝒉/𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔)

𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎 ∗ 𝑲𝒃 ∗ [ − ] (𝒌𝑾)
√𝑫𝑷𝒃 √𝑫𝑷𝒂
 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕
ƞ= ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒍

𝟏 𝒈
𝒏𝒄 = ∗ √ ∗ 𝟔𝟎 (𝑹𝑷𝑴)
𝟐𝝅 𝑹−𝒓

Nomenclature:

Nom Column Heading Units Type

Dpa Average feed size mm Measured
Dpb Average product size mm Measured
EMC Energy meter constant Pulses/kWh Given
G Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2 Given
Kb Bond’s constant Kwh/tons Calculated
m Feed Rate Tons/h Calculated
nc Critical Speed of Ball Mill RPM Calculated
P1 Number of pulses counted at no * Measured
load condition
P2 Number of pulses counted at loaded * Measured
condition
Pact Actual power required for crushing kW Calculated
Pcal Calculated Power required for Kw Calculated
crushing
PL Power consumed by machine at Kw Calculated
loaded condition
PNL Power consumed by machine at no kW Calculated
load condition
R Radius of the Ball Mill m Given
r Radius of the Ball m Given
tc Time for Crushing Sec Measured
tp1 Time for P1 pulses Sec Measured
tp2 Time for P2 pulses Sec Measured
Wf Weight of Feed Taken Kg Measured
Wi Work Index of Material kWh/tons Given
ƞ Crushing Efficiency % Calculated
*Symbols are unitless.
 EXPERIMENT-1

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To determine, and analyze the size distribution of a fixed granular solid by using a Test
Sieve Stack.
MATERIALS / APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Sand / rock granular solid particles
2. Different sieves of ASTM size.
3. Stopwatch
4. Weight balance

THEORY:
Sieve analysis is a technique, which is used for particles distribution on the basis of their size
and shape. There are two types of sieves used in general
· US STANDARD
· BSS / TAYLOR (ASTM) STANDARD

Ø Mesh Number:
It is defined as the number of square openings present per linear inch.

Fig. 1: Sieves of different mesh numbers

1
 Ø Size of the Screen:
It is the distance between two consecutive wires.

Fig.2: Test Sieves of different sizes

Ø Sieve Shaker:

Many natural and manufactured products or materials occurred in a dispersed form, it may
consist of different sizes, and shapes of particles. The particles size distribution is responsible for
physical, chemical, and mechanical properties.

Ø Sieve Analysis:

It is carried out to determine the particle size by using different methods.

· Manual sieving: The sieve analysis is done manually.

· Mechanical sieving: The sieve analysis is done automatically with the help of Ro-
Tap sieve shaker.

Ø Mass Fraction:

It is defined as the ratio of mass retained to that of the total mass taken. Cumulative mass
fraction is the sum of all the previous mass fraction values.

2
PROCEDURE:

1. Initially 500 gm of dry sand / rock sample was taken by using digital electronics weight
balance
2. Then, the amount of sample was sieved in the smallest mesh number.
3. The mass retained on the smallest mesh no. was weighted, and kept aside.
4. The sample sieved in this mesh was again sieved with a sieve of higher mesh number. (Ex:
-16, 22, 72, 85, 100, and 150 respectively).
5. The mass retained on each mesh number was weighted, and sieving is carried out for 15
min.
6. The results obtained was recorded, and plot a graph by using the table below.

TABULATION:

Sl. Sieve Sieve Avg. Particle Mass Mass Cumulative Reciprocal of

No. No opening size (Dpi) Retained Function Mass function Avg. Particle Size
(1/Dpi)

GRAPH:
A graph between reciprocal of avg. particle size (1/Dpi) Vs cumulative mass fraction is
plotted.

CALCULATION:

The area under the avg. particle size (1/Dpi) Vs cumulative mass fraction graph is
calculated, and the reciprocal of that area gives the avg. product size.

CONCLUSION:
From the above experiment, we plot the graph between reciprocal of average particle size
(1/Dpi) Vs cumulating mass fraction, and avg. product size was calculated manually.