CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Teenage Pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has raised large numbers

of campaigns and awareness to lessen its occurrence. The total number of this

phenomenon is increasing each year. Philippines is one of the Asian countries which

shares similar situation. In a study conducted by the National Demographic and Health

Survey in 2013, one out of every young Filipino women age 15 to 19 is already a mother

or pregnant with a first child (Salvador et al., 2016).

The incidence of mortality in teenage pregnancies and adverse birth outcomes is

increasing every year due to immature pre-natal care, socio-economic challenges, and

inadequate weight gained during pregnancy (Xu-Kuan et al. 2007). However, the

Philippines have the same predicament regarding teenage pregnancy. Due to the

official ranking of the United Nation Population Fund Agency in 2012, the number of

teenage pregnancies, aged 10-19 years old, have increased to 70% over the last ten

years. As a result, this has imposed a huge problem towards the achievement of

Millenium Development Goals that puts the country in red alert (Philippine News

Agency, 2012). Tracking the incidence of teen pregnancy in the country reveals that

there has been a constant increase in the past decade. In the year 2000, 7% of all births

were accounted to mothers below 19 years old. By year 2010, their share increased to

12%. The Philippines may not have the highest incidence in Southeast Asia but the

country has the highest rate of increase.

1
 Social analysts and researchers have documented some of the reasons why

pregnancies among teenagers have been increasing in spite of interventions from

government health agencies and NGOs. Hence, reasons varies from socio-economic

status (Dulita et al., 2013), lack of education (Eloundou-Enyegue, 2004), teenagers’

initiation to sexual activity (Grace, Ihuoma and Temitope, 2013), family history of

teenage births (Wall-Wieler, Ross and Nickel, 2016), etc. Sexuality and desire are also

inherent components of the human psyche. These factors influence a person’s attitudes

and behavior and may also be heightened during certain periods of a person’s lifetime

such as adolescence. Behavior and attitude of the youth change not because they are

losing what some would lightly refer to as “moral values” but because these do evolve

through time as the environment and contexts do. Their perceptions on issues may vary

from that of previous generations. It is therefore important to understand the issue of

teen pregnancy in this context, probing shifts and trends in behaviors, attitudes and

perceptions of the young. (PhilRights, 2014).

Moreover, there are also other significant reasons why teenage pregnancy has

become prevalent. Based on the aforementioned, the study aims to determine the

factors affecting teenage pregnancy in Brgy. Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat has

emerged.

2
Statement of the Problem

The study aims to identify the factors affecting teenage pregnancy at Barangay Tina,

Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat.

Specifically the study sought to answer the following:

a. What is the demographic profile of teenage mothers in terms of:

a.1. Age;

a.2. Ethnicity; and

a.3. Educational Attainment;

b. What are the factors that lead to the early pregnancy among respondents?

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will be useful to teenage women in determining the factors

that may lead them to early pregnancy.

The study is also important to the following:

a. Family- The result of the study will provide awareness among the family of

teenage woman of the factors of early pregnancy and will provide them channel

on how to supervise and protect their teenage woman member of the family.

b. Teenagers- they can utilize the result of the study in identifying factors that might

lead them to early pregnancy and will provide remedies for them in identifying

ways on how to keep their selves away from early pregnancy.

3
 c. Teenage Mothers- the result of the study will provide access to them about the

reasons of early pregnancy among women.

d. Teenage Pregnancy- the result of the study will provide points on the

importance of during and after pregnancy, its effect and consequence.

Scope and limitation of the Study

The study is limited only to pregnant woman aged 15 to 19 years old and a

resident of Barangay Tina,Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat.

4
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The literature and studies cited in this chapter tackle the concepts and ideas,

different development and generalization or conclusions related to the factors that

provide knowledge about the factors for early teenage pregnancy that serves as

researchers’ guide in developing the study.

Related Literature

Teenage pregnancy has been a worldwide issue that needs to be confronted to

mitigate the problems of maternal adolescent childbearing, especially in the third world

countries. In fact, it has emerged to be one of the major public health problems in South

Asia and in Western Europe. It is reported in India that adolescent pregnancy is one of

the serious health threat for women aged 15-19 years old (Patra, 2016). In Nigeria, the

ratio of teenage mothers to women in their 20s who actually die during pregancy and

childbirth is 5:1. In addition, they likely have higher mortality rates for infants.

Salvador et al. (2016) stated that teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide

issue, and has raised large numbers of campaigns and awareness to lessen its

occurrence. The total number of this phenomenon is increasing each year. Philippines

is one of the Asian countries which shares similar situation. In a study conducted by the

National Demographic and Health Survey in 2013, one out of every young Filipino

women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or pregnant with a first child. Therefore, the

government in partnership with the different non-government agencies should exert

efforts in resolving this issue. Teenage Pregnancies are often associated with social

5
development issues such as lack of sufficient education and poverty. This often results

to single parenthood which catalyzes conditions that renders the mothers to become

irresponsible. Moreover, technological advancement should be strictly limited to minor

age or less than 18. Social networking sites should be strict in implementing these rules

especially where online sites nowadays are now the express ticket in meeting people

regardless of their age and gender.

Consequently, social analysts and researchers enumerated some of the reason

why pregnancies among adolescents have been increasing in spite of interventions

from government health agencies and NGOs. Thus, the reasons varies from socio-

economic status (Dulitha, Nalika, Upul, Crishantha & De Alwis, 2015), lack of education

(Eloundou-Enyegue, 2015), teenagers’ initiation to sexual activity (Grace, Ihuoma &

Temitope, 2016), family history of teenage births (Wall-Wieler, Ross & Nickel, 2016),

etc. The incidence of mortality in teenage pregnacies and adverse birth outcomes is

increasing every year due to immature pre-natal care, socio-economical challenges,

and inadequte weight gained during pregnancy (Xu-Kuan, Shi Wu, Flemming Demissie

& Rhoads, 2007). However, the Philippines have the same predicament regarding

teenage pregnancy. Due to the official ranking of the United Nation Population Fund

Agency in 2012, the number of teenage pregnancies, aged 10-19 years old, have

increased to 70% over the last ten years. As a result, this has imposed a huge problem

towards the achievement of Millenium Development Goals that puts the country in red

alert (Philippine News Agency, 2016). Among the reasons identified, the major causes

of teenage pregnancies are limited access to sexual education and sexual health

services. This is contrary to the church teachings’ alternative methods of family

6
planning. New technology is also considered as one of the major culprits to the

increased number of teenage pregnancy cases. Occasionally, teenagers get hooked to

different social networking sites such as Facebook, Online Dating, Instagram, etc. using

their smartphones, notebooks and tablets. Due to easy access to new technology and

the curiosity of teenagers to engage in sexual activities without appropriate knowledge

about family planning and contraception, it often ends up with unplanned pregnancy.

Salvador et al. (2016) stated that teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide

issue, and has raised large numbers of campaigns and awareness to lessen its

occurrence. The total number of this phenomenon is increasing each year. Philippines

is one of the Asian countries which shares similar situation. In a study conducted by the

National Demographic and Health Survey in 2013, one out of every young Filipino

women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or pregnant with a first child. Therefore, the

government in partnership with the different non-government agencies should exert

efforts in resolving this issue. Teenage Pregnancies are often associated with social

development issues such as lack of sufficient education and poverty. This often results

to single parenthood which catalyzes conditions that renders the mothers to become

irresponsible. Hence, it conveys a social stigma in various countries and cultures.

Salvador et al. (2013) conducted a study that focused on exploring the lived

experiences of Filipino teenage mothers in their pre and post-natal stage on how they

prepare and accept their new roles as mothers. The gathered data from the methods

were analyzed and interpreted according to qualitative content analysis. As a result, this

generated emergent themes which depicted the experiences of the participants.

7
 Results from cumulative years of the National Demographic and Health Survey

and the latest result of the 2014 Family Health Survey, shows that teenage pregnancy

in the Philippines, measured as the proportion of women who have begun childbearing

in their teen years, has been steadily rising over a 35-year period. These teenage

mothers are predominantly poor, reside in rural areas and have low educational

attainment. However, the study observes a trend of increasing proportions of teenagers

who are not poor, who have better education and are residents of urban areas, who

have begun childbearing in their teens. Among the factors that could help explain this

trend are the younger age at menarche, premarital sexual activity at a young age, the

rise in cohabiting unions in this age group and the possible decrease in the stigma of

out-of-wedlock pregnancy (Natividad, 2014).

Cranford (2015) stated that many factors can contribute to a teen’s risk of

becoming pregnant. Family history and home life seem to have an impact on teenage

girls. Cranford (2015 cited Ditsela and Van Dyk 2016) did an exploratory study on the

risk and protective factors associated with adolescent pregnancy. Through their study,

they found a correlation between the parenting style in the girl’s home and teenage

pregnancy. The findings suggest that adolescent pregnancy will be more common in

young women who grow up with authoritarian or permissive parents. In contrast,

adolescents who perceived their parents to be more responsive, communicative and

allowing of them to develop were less likely to get pregnant as a teenager. Ditsela and

Van Dyk emphasize the importance of parental relationships with their children as a

protective factor against teen pregnancy. In their article, the authors encouraged

parents to foster open communication in their home, especially around the topics of sex

8
and sexuality. Unfortunately, some parents resist talking with their teenagers about

strategies to prevent pregnancies (Weiss, 2014).

Cranford (2014) also cited a study by Wright, Randall, and Arroyo (2014) that

focused on parental communication about sex and the association “between exposure

to MTV’s 16 and Pregnant/Teen Mom and female students’ pregnancy-risk behavior”. In

this study, researchers found that there was no a relationship between mothers and the

effects of sexual media on their daughters’ sexual behaviors; conversely, the

researchers did find a correlation with fathers. Teenage girls who watched the MTV

shows often were shown to have an increased probability of engaging in sexual

intercourse; however, “frequent viewing was associated with a decreased probability of

having engaged in recent intercourse for females whose fathers often communicated

about sex with them while growing up” (Wright, et. al., 2016, p. 50). This finding is

similar to the research that Ditsela and Van Dyk (2015) presented, which showed that a

“lack of parental support is related to RSB” (risky sexual behavior).

Researchers have also taken a close look at teenagers’ attitudes about

adolescent pregnancy. Cavazos-Rehg, et. al. (2014) found that 16% of the girls in their

study, who were sexually active, “would be pleased (11% a little pleased, 5% very

pleased) if they became pregnant”. They found a correlation between the pleased

attitude towards pregnancy and prior pregnancy, the parent’s level of education, and

racial or ethnic group. Similar to the research presented earlier, Cavazos-Rehg, et. al.

(2013) also found a relationship between young women’s attitudes toward pregnancy

and their parents. Girls who had discussed sexual health and types of birth control with

their parents were less likely to say they would be very pleased with a teenage

9
pregnancy. “Participants who had not yet discussed sexual health topics (i.e., how to

say no to sexual intercourse or birth control) or had only discussed birth control with a

parent were more likely to be very pleased with a teenage pregnancy” (Cavazos-Rehg,

et. al., 2014). It is noteworthy that the majority of the sample group “would be upset with

a teenage pregnancy (49% would be very upset and 35% would be a little upset)”

(Cavazos-Rehg, et. al., 2015). With that said, it is estimated that one in four teenage

pregnancies is unwanted and that “three fourths of all teenage pregnancies are

unintended” (East, Chien, Barber, 2014). Parenting as an adolescent increases the

teenagers stress level, especially if that pregnancy is unwanted or unintended.

Research has shown that being a teen parent can be especially stressful due to

education disruptions, being unprepared for parenthood, disruption in their life plans,

sudden monetary burden, realization that the teen will have a lifelong connection with

the other parent or ending the relationship with the other parent (East, et. al., 2015).

East, et. al. studied the “consequences of adolescents’ pregnancy intentions,

wantedness, and regret for their and their children’s well-being”. The results of their

study indicated that the adolescent young women who adjusted best to parenting were

those who self-reported their pregnancy as “highly wanted and intended”. They also

found that “adolescents who evaluated their pregnancies as highly unintended and

unwanted appeared to experience an initial problematic adaption to parenting”. These

findings are similar to adult mothers. The difference between adults and teenagers is

how their attitude changes during pregnancy and post childbirth. Teen mothers tend to

show a decrease in their self-reported desire of a pregnancy. In East et. al.’s study

(2015), “76% of adolescents indicated that they wanted their pregnancy “very much”

10
while pregnant, and this decreased to 26% at 1 year postpartum… 5% of teens

responded that they did not want this pregnancy “at all” while pregnant; this increased to

33% at 1 year”. This is the opposite of what has been shown in adult mothers. Adults

tend to report a greater wantedness after giving birth. The research team gave several

possible explanations for this difference found between adult and teen mothers. One

explanation is that teen mothers do not bond as well as adult mothers with their babies.

A second possibility is that the romantic relationship between the teen mother and

father dissipates after the child’s birth, resulting in anger and resentment towards the

baby’s father being “transferred onto feelings about the pregnancy”. Many studies have

been conducted on the adolescents’ mental health both prior to and post birth. Some

research has shown that low self-esteem in adolescents is associated with a variety of

behaviors, including pregnancy (Ditsela, et. al., 2014; East, et.al., 2015). Research has

also shown that when non-pregnant and pregnant teenagers are compared, those who

are pregnant tend to have an external locus of control. Locus of control is defined as

“the continuum between internal and external ownership of ones power and actions” by

Ditsela and Van Dyke (2015).These findings suggest that high self-esteem and internal

locus of control, the belief “that their actions determine their life events” (Ditsela, Van

Dyke, 2014) can act as protective factors.

Teenage pregnancy is a serious problem that affects the community, school and

society. Teenagers nowadays tend to be more liberated about their sexual relationship

and sexual activities. The books, magazines, newspapers, and other forms of media

influenced the teenager‘s idea of sex, giving rise to sex experimentation and

unprotected sexual intercourse (Meneses and Saratan, 2015). The researchers did a

11
phenomenological study which aimed to describe the antecedents and consequences of

teenage pregnancy. The researcher utilized a guided questionnaire that was based on

literature which has been validated by 3 professionals. The main data source typically is

in-depth conversations, with the researcher and informants as co-participants. The

findings revealed that socio-economic phenomenon caused (antecedents) the

participants to experience teenage pregnancy are Teenage Pregnancy is associated

with poverty including low family income, crowded community, semi squatter dwelling

type and school disengagement. Prevalence of family problems/conflicts including

ruptured relationship with parents, broken family and limited parental guidance. Peer

influences including hanging out with wrong barkadas, involvement in drinking sprawl

and alcohol misuse. The consequences of teenage pregnancy that the teenage mothers

experienced are family problems including financial problems, nourishment of the child

and early responsibilities. They also experienced discrimination acts like feedback about

early pregnancy and topic of rumors. Teenage mother’s unmet goals are to go abroad,

to finish their studies and to support their family. The coping mechanisms of the teenage

mothers are getting family support, acceptance of the phenomenon, getting support

from the husband’s family and finding employment. The Sociological Propositions that

evolved from the experiences of the young adolescents who experienced teenage

pregnancy as a social phenomenon is caused, and therefore it can be avoided if the

causative factors can be brought to for, studied and a relevant social program can be

formulate to mitigate teenage pregnancy and its consequences. To conclude, Meneses

and Saratan, (2015) states that Socio-economic phenomenon plays an important role in

causing teenage pregnancy. The results of the study became the basis for developing

12
guidelines to mitigate teenage pregnancy. The study recommended that the

Government should focus on improving economic opportunities to low-income families

to improve their life. Teenagers need proper counseling and support from their families.

An explanatory research conducted by Kutu (2017) regarding teenagers'

perceptions of early pregnancy and suggested solutions. Kutu cited that WHO (2014)

recognizes teenage pregnancy primarily as a sociological problem with adverse medical

consequences. Most reports of birth to teenagers indicate an increased risk of

developing at least some complications of pregnancy and poor neonatal outcome,

especially preterm delivery and low birth weight infants. Sexually active adolescents are

at increased risk of contracting HIV infection and other STDs. Mohase (2016) and Ngidi

(2017) studies concur with this finding that teenage pregnancy is a social problem with

many contributing factors. WHO (2014) states that the potentially harmful

consequences of adolescent pregnancies include not only biomedical aspects (e.g.

preterm birth and the complications of unsafe abortion, with associated increased

perinatal and maternal mortality) but also psychosocial consequences (e.g. interruption

of education, poverty, disruption of family relations).

13
Conceptual Framework

Factors affecting the incidence of

TEENAGE MOTHERS teenage pregnancy

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER III

14
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study uses a descriptive method of research. Descriptive method of research is a

fact finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. It

describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices,

situations, or any phenomena. Since this study aims to identify factors for early teenage

pregnancy in Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, thus, descriptive type

method of research is appropriate to use to conduct the study.

Locale of the Study

The study will focus on factors that lead to early pregnancy among respondents at

Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of the study are pregnant mothers and mothers aged 15-19

years old and a resident of Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat

Research Instrument

Questionnaires will be used in the conduct of this study to determine answers to

the problems stated. The questionnaires consist of two parts. Part I includes the

respondents’ profile. Part I is for the demographic profile of the respondents. Part II of

15
the survey questionnaire consists of items for factors of early pregnancy which is to be

answered by Yes or No response.

The sample in this study will be selected using unrestricted random sampling.

Unrestricted random sampling is a sampling method in which there are no restrictions

imposed and every member of the population has equal chance of being included in the

sample.

Data Gathering Procedure

The study will be administered as follows; first the researcher will inform

the respondents /recipients about the survey and questionnaires by face to face

conversation. Second, the researcher will send the survey with a cover letter and

ensures confidentiality and the researcher will not ask the names of the respondents to

improve accuracy of responses and response rate and will receive the responses

through face to face meeting.

Data Analysis

The study will use frequency and percentage in determining the factors

affecting the incidence of teenage pregnancy In Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan

Kudarat.

16
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results and discussions on the study conducted. The

responses of the respondents were tallied and tabulated. Data were computed using the

appropriate tools and presents tables

Profile of the Respondents

A total of 15 teenage mothers in Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat were

involved in this study. The succeeding tables display the profile of the teenage mothers.

Table 1.1 Profile of the respondents in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percentage

19-17 11 73.33%
15-16 4 26.67%

Total 15 100%

The first table shows that the age of mothers that serve as a respondents in Barangay

Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat. Ages 19-17 provides 73.33% the total number of

respondents and Age 15-16 consist of 26.67% total number of respondents. The result

of the study supported the study of Patra (2016) that teenage pregnancy emerged to be

one of the major public health problems. Further, Salvador et al. (2016) also stated that

teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, it was also reported that adolescent

pregnancy is one of the serious health threat for women aged 15-19 years old (Patra

(2016).

17
Table 1.2 Profile of the respondents in terms of Ethnicity

Ethnicity Frequency Percentage

Illongo 10 66.67%
Ilocano 4 26.67%
Visayan 1 6.66%

Total 15 100
The table indicates that based on ethnicity, 66.67% of the respondents are Illongo,
26.67% are Ilocano and 6.66% are Visayan.

Table 1.3 Profile of the respondents in terms of Education

Occupation Frequency Percentage

No schooling completed 0 0%
High school graduate 9 60%
Some college credit, no degree 6 40%
Total 15 100 %

Table 1.3 shows that 60% of the respondents are high school graduate and 40% of the

respondents earned units in college.

Table 2 Factors Causing Early Pregnancy

Causes of Early Pregnancy Tally Total

Drug and Alcohol Use I 2

Lack of Knowledge I 1

about sex or contraception

Lack of goals for the future II 3

Low self-esteem I 1

Poor school performance

Having sex at a young age III 3

18
 Being victim of sexual abuse I 2

Lack of Positive family IIIII 6

interaction

Lack of parental supervision IIIII 5

Lack of positive parent-child IIII 5

communication

Based on the Table 2 result, it shows that parenting such as lack of family interaction,

lack of parental supervision and lack of positive parent-child communication are the very

reasons that leads to early pregnancy.

The other tables show that most of mothers who experience early pregnancy are those

aged 17-19, most of them are high school graduate. Furthermore, the result of the study

supports the study of Cranford (2014) which states that parenting style in the girl’s home

and teenage pregnancy has correlation. Also, in the study of Ditsela and Van Dyk it

emphasizes the importance of parental relationships with their children as a protective

factor against teen pregnancy. In their study, they also stated that parents need to foster

open communication in their home, especially around the topics of sex and sexuality.

Furthermore, according to Ditsela and Van Dyk, adolescent pregnancy will be more

common in young women who grow up with authoritarian or permissive parents. In

contrast, adolescents who perceived their parents to be more responsive,

19
communicative and allowing of them to develop were less likely to get pregnant as a

teenager.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATION

The study aims to determine the profiles of the teenage mothers in Barangay

Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat and the common factors that causes early

pregnancy among teenagers in the area.

A simple frequency were used in determining the answers for the problem in this

study such as the respondents demographic profile and for the common causes of early

pregnancy among teenagers, the proponent provided a list of possible causes and is

provided with a space for some identified causes by the respondents.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The findings of the study were summarized as follows.

1. Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Respondents profile shows that teenage mothers in Barangay Tina, Tacurong

City, Sultan Kudarat, serve as a respondents for the study. Ages 17-19 are the

most number of respondents in the study with 73.33% total percentage of

respondents and Age 15-16 consist of 26.67% of respondents.

1.2 Respondents profile in terms of ethnicity, it indicates that respondents are Illongo

66.67%, Ilocano 26.67% and Visayan 6.66%.

20
1.3 Respondents profile shows that 66.67% of the respondents are high school

graduate and 33.33% earned units in college.

2.0 Respondents response for the common causes of early pregnancy shows that

parenting such as lack of family interaction, lack of parental supervision and lack

of positive parent-child communication are the very reasons that leads to early

pregnancy among teenagers mothers in Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan

Kudarat.

CONCLUSIONS

Upon the evaluation of the data gathered, the following conclusions were derived

1. Majority of the teenage mothers’ respondents in Barangay Tina, Tacurong

City, Sultan Kudarat are 17-19years old consist 73.33% number of

respondents for the study. 26.67% of the total respondents are high school

graduate.

2. Common causes of pregnancy, based on the result of the study are lack of

family interaction, lack of parental supervision and lack of positive parent-child

communication.

21
RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendation was

derived.

1. Parents must be educated and responsible in overseeing their children and

molding them in becoming a more responsible and accountable on what they

are doing.

2. Schools must provide frequent orientation for teenage students about the

consequences of early pregnancy and must be more advocate in providing

education to teenagers on how to become responsible.

3. Local Government Unit of Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat

must create an organization for youth that aims to provide proactive and

achievement oriented youth advocate.

4. The Health Providers of Barangay Tina, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, must

be given constant training and education to effectively supplicate the need of

pregnant mothers not just for medication but also for responsible and more

accountable parenting style that could provide early pregnancy minimization

in the area..

22
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Eloundou-Enyegue, P. (2015). Pregnancy-Related Dropouts And Gender Inequality In

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24