computers

and

automation

THE ABC'S OF
COMPUTERS

Comments on
War Safety
Control

APRIL
1962
•
Vol. XI - No. 4
 HOW TO CREATE TIME FOR
~/
---0---
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BY COMPRESSING DAYS INTO MINUTES

With both the profit squeeze and time plications and 30,000 divisions, arriving
squeeze to contend with, don't overlook
the services available at STATISTICAL
to let you relax in spite of these pressures.
at 1,000 reciprocals. Using conventional
equipment, this job would have taken
days to finish. With minor modifications
III Estahlished 1933
.; .

6~
STATISTICAL'S electronic data-pro- to one of our 1401 programs, the entire
cessing services offer you one way to get assignment took less than 30 minutes of
rid of paralyzing work loads in a hurry processing time at STATISTICAL, after
and cut costs at the same time. Here's a input cards had been sorted into the
case in point: desired sequence. TABULATING CORPORATION
One client required an annual pro- When you can squeeze days into min- NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS:
jection of production based on a 9- utes in this way, it's certainly worth your
month period. The operation involved time to find out how this coast-to-coast 104 South Michigan Avenue
the listing and summary punching of service can help you. Just call our near- Chicago 3, Illinois
10,000 detail production cards and a by office for details on the services OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES-COAST TO COAST
total of 40,000 additions, 20,000 multi- available to you day or night.
~I/
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CO~IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962
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PUSH THIS BUTTON ... and you can send mountains
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)age than it tokes you to read your morning newspaper I

Llry, It's Bell System DATA-PHONE service. Enables business machines to talk by tele-
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:::hi-
can boost efficiency and profits for you. Just call your Bell Telephone Business Office.

Lges
21.
BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM
H)62
 COMPUTERS nc
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ar
atld AUTOMATION th
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COMPUTERS AND DPiTA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION, ti<

APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION Deci

l1wl
Volume XI Esta blished 0
Number 4 APRIL, 1962 September, 1951 1
2
3
4
EDMUND C. BERKELEY Editor
PATRICK ]. MCGOVERN Assistant Editor
The ABC's of Compu ters : 5
MOSES M. BERLIN Assistant Editor What is an Automatic Computer? 6
NEIL D. MACDONALD Assista11t Editor by NEIL MacDONALD . 6 7
How Did Computers Happen? 8
ANN B. BAKER Production Mal/ager
by MOSES M. BERLIN . 12 9
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS How Much Power Do Computers Provide? biqu
ANDREW D. BOOTH by EDMUND C. BERKELEY 18 sec
NED CHAPIN Essential Special Terms in Computers and b8
JOHN W. CARR, III Data Processing . 32 ex
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER de
PETER KUGEL In
FRONT COVER of
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Photographic Input Cell by Cell to a Computer . 1,26 ]
MORTON M. ASTRAHAN co
HOWARD T. ENGSTROM ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK Ill:
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE IB
(between pages 20 and 21) . bi
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER di
COMPUTERS AND WORLD PEACE
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR. pI
Computers and World Peace-Announcement 24 X
SALES AND .SERVICE DIRECTOR First Research Contract of U. S. Arms Control and Dis- an
PATRICK J. McGOVERN armament Agency, to Bendix Corporation . 24
an
815 Washington St. War Safety Control-Comments, by JAMES J. WADS-
WORTH, LYNDON B. JOHNSON, WILLIAM C. 03
Newtonville 60, Mass. aI!
DEcatur 2-5453 FOSTER, JOHN STENNIS, and MRS. ELEANOR
ROOSEVELT 24 nc
ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES The Ethic of Secrecy, by PROF. JOHN L. KENNEDY 26 ta
co
Los Angeles 5 WENTWORTH F. GREEN READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM
439 So. Western Ave. DUnkirk 7-8135 b)
Sal/ Francisco 5 A. S. BABCOCK Calendar of Coming Events. 26 ge
The Cumulative "Who's Who in the Computer Field" . 29 In
605 Market St. YUkon 2-3954
An Electronic Data Processing Glossary for the Space
Elsewhere PATRICK J. MCGOVERN Age, by T. TANCER 29 bina
815 Washington St. DEcatur 2-5453 Radiation-Resistant Computer, by FEDERAL SYS- nC'
Newtonville 60, Mass. TEMS DIVISION, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS m
MACHINES CORP. . 30 It
Sessions of the Spring Joint Computer Conference. 30 di
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION is published monthly at Spaceborne Computer Conference-Call for Papers, by
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enter-
")
prises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. R. A. KUDLICH 30
Common Fallacies in Thinking, by MUNSON B. HIN- bit-
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year, UI
$29.00 for 2 years, including the June Directory issue; Canada, MAN, JR. 31
add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1.50 a year for post- "r
age. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley REFERENCE INFORMATION of
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Digital Computer Census (between pages 20 and 21) 14B p(
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office su
at Boston, Mass.
INDEX OF NOTICES de:
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkelev Enter-
Advertising Index 38 ar
prises, Inc., 81 5 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass:
Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide see Mar., page 24
Copyright, 1962, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. mac
Glossary of Computer Terms see Mar., page 24
CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us see Mar., page 18 In
Manuscripts
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the fc
magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
Reference and Survey Information see Mar., page 24
to be made. Who's Who Entry Form 34 h,

.\ COMPUTERS and A UTOMA TION for April, 19()2 COl\1

 um- Technical Information Series #3 160·A INTERRUPT
lsed
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here
GREEN LIGHTS INDICATE INTERRUPT STATUS,
se is
101~
one
101~
one
NEW CONTROL DATA 160·A COMPUTER
:nth.
tion Desk-Size Computer with Large Computer Capabilities
cant

In evaluating desk-size computers, the flexibility and capa- 160-A executes a special RETURN JUMP instruction to a
bility of the computer to perform interrupt functions is of fixed memory location.
great importance. Similar to the interrupt feature employed
Interrupt signals are recognized in a priority sequence, the
in many advanced, large-scale computers, the 160-A Pro-
lower-numbered lines being recognized first. Thus, where
gram Interrupt allows the normal program sequence to be
an interrupt occurs simultaneously on Lines 10 and 20,
interrupted by various external conditions . . . such as a
Line 10 will be recognized first. Once an interrupt signal
peripheral equipment completing its function, operator
is placed on a line, it remains until recognized or until a
lal action, and end-of-buffer sequence. Few desk-size comput-
console MASTER CLEAR instruction is executed.
ers on the market today have this capability.
A desk-size computer, the Control Data 160-A has the
The 160-A has four interrupt lines: two internal and two
speed, capability, and flexibility of many large-scale com-
and external. When an interrupt signal occurs on one of these
puters. For more detailed information about the 160-A
and lines, the computer executes a special RETURN JUMP in-
Program Interrupt and other standard features, write for
mity struction to one of four fixed memory locations, depending
Publication #B 12-61.
~n tly upon the line generating the interrupt.
For example, the operator can activate Interrupt Line 10
g of by momentarily depressing any combination of a Selective
two. Stop Switch and a Selective Jump Switch, which are located
Ibers on the 160-A console display panel. Interrupt Line 20 is
ozen activated each time a buffer operation is completed. Finally,
writ- Interrupt Lines 30 and 40 are external lines and may be
I, 10, activated by any peripheral device designed to provide an
1001, interrupt signal. In all cases where an interrupt occurs, the
f the
two;
two
two
two
nd 0
~r or

eight
plus

Com-
n by
epar-
ttern
For
:oded
mber CONTROL DATA COMPUTER DIVISION
0010
CORPORATION 501 PARK AVENUE. MINNEAPOLIS 15. MINNESOTA
mary

, 19G2 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 :i

 •
What IS an Automatic Computer? info
aT:
h3
or
Neil Macdonald
al
Assistant Editor da
Computers and Automation or

1. What Is Computing? stay until it is subsequently changed. So the machine pt

Suppose you sit down with pencil and paper and records or remembers, or stores information by the ar-
instr
center your attention on a problem that needs an ranging or positioning of some of the equipment in-
ch
answer, such as adding a set of figures on an income side the machine.
In
tax form with the figures all listed in front of you. A computing machine is able to calculate) perform
sp
You proceed to add them, adding first all the digits in reasonable operations upon information, because the
al
the right-hand column, then all the digits in the next hardware inside the machine expresses arithmetical
a:
column (remembering any carry), then all the digits or logical relations, such as adding or subtracting, an
in the next column (again remembering any carry), comparing or selecting. For example, suppose the or
and so on-until you finally arrive at the answer (or small counter wheel inside the adding machine is now an
an answer, if you are not positive that your figuring is set at 6. Suppose next we set 8 on the keyboard in thl
correct). '!\Then you do all this, you are computing. that same column of digits, pressing the 8 key down.
in{
\!\Then you stop at a street corner, looking first to the Then this action causes that counter wheel to turn N(
left for any oncoming traffic, then to the right, then forward 8 steps 7, 8, 9, 0, I, 2, 3, 4, so that it is now set
pn
estimating whether you can cross the street without at 4 (the right hand digit of 14 equal to 6 plus 8). "0
any approaching car coming uncomfortably close to Furthermore, there is a small extra side-tooth on that
me
you, and finally decide to cross or to wait on the side- coun ter wheel between 9 and 0, so that when the
trc
walk-then you are computing. counter wheel passes from 9 to 0, it nudges the next res
'!\Then you are walking uphill along a poorly counter wheel on its left, and causes it to turn one "s~
marked trail in the woods, wondering if you are step, thus "carrying" ] into the setting of the counter th(
really on the trail or have lost it, looking everywhere wheel that expresses the next digit at the left.
for trail blazes or cairns or any signs that other peoplc A computing machine is also able to put out in- code
have often passed that way before,-then you are formation, display the answers when it obtains them. ter
computing. For example, the adding machine contains a paper in!
'IVhenever you are taking in information or data, tape, and associated with each counter wheel position tIH
performing reasonable operations (both mathematical is a type wheel bearing the digits 0, I, 2, and so on progl
and logical operations) on the data, and are produc- up to 9; then whenever the total key is pressed, the pn
ing one or more conclusions or answers,-then you are paper tape, an inked ribbon, and the type wheel are strl
computing. struck together, and the impressions of the type are to
A machine can also do this. It can take in informa- transferred to the paper tape. for
tion or data, perform a sequence of reasonable opera- A
tions on the information it has received, and put out 2. What Is an Automatic Computer? pIa
answers. '!\Then it does this, it is computing. But you may say, "That may be all very well, but dal
A very simple example of a computing machine is this adding machine is not really a computer-it is an(
the ordinary business adding machine) which prints just doing what some human being tells it to do at of
on paper tape the number entered into its keyboard, every single step. '!\Thereas when I, a human being,
transl
and also prints a total when the total key is pressed. work on one of my problems, I perform a long chain
pUi
A complex example of a computing machine is a mod- of steps. Frequently, in fact, I may stop and think
tiol
ern automatic digital computer) which in each second just which step I am going to perform next. For ex-
all~
can perform more than] 0,000 additions, subtractions, ample, if that badly marked trail bames me enough, I
the
multiplications, or divisions, on numbers of a dozen may sit down somewhere for a while and think care-
tio]
or more decimal digi ts, all according to a long se- fully just what I had best do next. But this adding
to
<]uence of instructions given to the machine. machine that you have been talking about-it can't
A computing machine is able to take in and store consider any problem like that!" pseuc:
information because within the machine there is Yes, you would have been entirely right, until the Pre
equipment which can be positioned to express that year 1944. But in that year the first of a new breed ind
inrormation. For example, an adding machine often of computing machines, the first automatic general- a (I
lias ten keys for each column of digits to be added; purpose computer, came into actual existence and be- gen
I hose keys are marked with the digits 0, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, gan to operate. It was the Harvard IBM Automatic cod
7, R, 9. The machine takes in the digit whose key is Sequence-Controlled Calculator, which that year latt:
prcssed. For example, when, at the start of a problem, started to do useful work in a laboratory in Cam- if i 1
I he (j kcy is pressed, a little counter wheel inside the bridge, Mass., the result of a joint development project auton
°
III:tchinc turns from forward 6 steps (1, 2, 3,4, 5,6) by Professor Howard Aiken of Harvard University,
and International Business lVfachines Corporation.
Cor
:lIld ils setting is changed to 6, and so it is positioned mel
10 cxpress the digit 6. There the counter wheel will This automatic computer had a truly important the

G COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COMP

 In- additional facility. It had a long loop of punched llorth, north-south, north-south, llorth-south, south-
by paper tape that stored a long sequence of instructions, north" could stand for a code made lip of ones and
ence in fact a set of instructions with no specified limit- zeros as follows: 1 I 000 1. And this code might stand
r in for adding or substracting, multiplying or dividing, for, say, the letter M. The same code I I 0 0 0 I oc-
y. A comparing or selecting, etc.-depending on the step curring anywhere in the storage registers of the ma-
,ugh it had reached. Calculations were organized into re- chine would also stand for the letter lV1.
Jack peating cycles of steps, round after round. The ma- The aspect of meaning that a computer can be said
long chine was able to call for and pick up the numbers it to "understand" is the aspect of logical or mathemati-
:pre- needed at each step, perform the specified operation, cal cOllsistency alllong the information, instructions,
be store the result, and then go on to the next step. This and operations that the computer deals with. The
property in a computing machine was new, and computing Illachine has, of course, no knowledge of
marked a very important break with the past. the "meaning" of an lVI or a 3 or of other information
t1 a
But one more step remained to be taken and was as it may occllr ill many sorts of situations in human
:nas- taken in 1946 and 1947. This was to remove the long society.
Ilses sequence of instructions from outside the machine 4. 'Vhal Are Reasonable Operations?
: the and instead place them inside the machine, in the ma- The other idea that needs to be clarified in order
-In chine's internal storage warehouse of information. to understand an automatic computer is "reasonable
J.ere Then the machine itself could select, as might be operations" upon information. These are mathemati-
mce needed or called for, the numbers or instructions re- cal and logical operations. Mathematical operations
one q uired at each step, and in this way solve the problem. include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
t1 of
And so, an automatic computer is a machine which taking a sqllare foot, etc., and also more advanced
is able to take in and store information (problems, mathematical operations, such as the operation of
con- numbers, instructions, ... ), perform reasonable oper- algebra called "raising to a power" and the operations
1 to a tions on the information as may be required in the of calculus called "differentiating" and "integrating."
b of course of solving a problem, and put out answers. These are operations on information which is in the
ner- 3. What Is Information? form of nUlllbers or of mathematical expressions much
en- The definitions we have given above depend on the like numbers.
VIce meaning of two important ideas, "information" alld /,()g;ical oj}(;mtiolls include comparing, selecting,
elay "reasonable operations." Let us try to clarify these sort illg, matching, merging (which is the placing of
lenl- ideas. Iwo separate sequences into a single sequence, as
Information, [rom our own point of view as a JHight he done with playing cards), etc. These are
human being, is likely to be thought of as olle or operat ions which Illay be performed either on num-
con-
more statements of facts, such as "The population of bers or Oil expressions made out of letters such as
[or
the world became more than 2.9 billion people dur- ordillary words. By skillfully assembling these oper-
tern ations in variolls ways, quite complicated reasonable
:hed ing 19.~9." In other words, information is certainly
what you find in a dictionary, telephone book, or text- operations lllay be arrived at, such as those that occur
by in translating from one language to another. For ex-
by book-but hardly at all what you find in a novel,
story, or fairy tale. ample, automatic computers have successfully trans-
ctri- lated from Russian to English, although so far re-
rd." Information, [rom the point of view of a computing
machine, is not the same. Instead, it is a set of marks stricted to moderately large vocabularies.
nds
or signs that have meaning. These consist of letters A particularly important logical operation per-
ness formed by a computer is determining, at some time in
and or numbers, digits or characters, typewriter signs,
other kinds of signs, and so forth. A computing ma- a calculation, ,vhich of two operations called for in
::hes the instructions is to be performed next; the com-
and chine reacts differently to different digits or charac-
ters, and reacts to them as units that have meaning. puter makes the decision by applying a rule (given to
1 of
For example, if the computer is instructed "Add ;W5 it) to a calculated result which is accessible in stor-
V be age (becomes "known") only when that time in the
md- the number of times stated in register R," and if regis-
ter R stores the code for the number 3, then the com- calculation has arrived. This is called a branching
.em- ojJeration.
erry puter will perform that operation 3 times. There exist
but other machines that deal with information but pay 5. Some Properties of Reasonable Operations
1 of
no attention to the meaning: this is true of a television Now "reasonable operations" on information have
losi- pick-up camera, a printing press, a facsimile copier. some interesting and remarkable properties:
:hin But a computing machine groups together a set of -they do not question the objective meaning of the
ate- say 10 to 20 digits or characters that belong together, starting data or facts;
cuit treats them as a unit (which is regularly called a ma- -they do not question the objective truth of the
cir- chine word), and is so constructed that the number starting statements or conditions;
1. !J87.66 stored as marks in one register is treated as ex- -but they do find out (or c,alculate or compute)
actly equivalent to and interchangeable with the num- the consequences or implications contained in the
pa- ber 587.66 stored as similar marks in any other register. starting data and statements.
or Physically, the set of marks is a set of arrangements For example, let us take the following statements:
ma- of some physical equipment. One of the characteristic 1. The earth is still, and the slIn goes around the
Jots ways of storing information in a computer is as a sel. earth, in a path that is nearly a circle.
1 be of small magnetically polarized spots on a magnetic 2. The sun is still, and the earlh goes :\1'01111<1 Ihe
surface. An arrangement of spots "south-north, south- sun, in a path that is nearly :\ circle.
1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 7
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COM]

 3. Mars, Venus, and the other planets go around that may be needed to work out the solution to a
the earth in very complicated paths (called epi- problem? And how does it perform them, all in the
cycles). proper sequence, with the utmost tidiness-com-
4. Mars, Venus, and other planets go around the pletely and accurately?"
sun in simple paths (called ellipses) which are This is an important question, but the answer is
the nearly circles. a little long.
;;ical
Let us also take a context In which we know what First, the machine must have a way of taking ill
we mean by such words as "sun," "earth," "path," information. The part of the computer that takes
r in "circle"; and in which we have other statements and in information is called the input unit. For the ma-
Hed understandings such as "The sun apparently goes chine to accept it, information cannot yet be in the
cal- around an observer on the earth, passing from east form most customary to human beings, spoken lan-
ssed to west during the day." Then if we start with state- guage; that presents very great difficulties to these
, ex- ment 1, statement 3 can be computed to be true; and machines. Instead, information for a digital com-
O's, if we start with statement 2, statement 4 can be com- Imter has to be in the form of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
that puted to be true. 9 or characters A, B, C, . . . &, ¢, . . . Even these
A computer (human or machine) specializes in de- marks have to be translated, usually by human beings
for riving conclusions (logical or mathematical) without -typists and clerks-into specially prepared symbols
se- regard to the objective truth of the starting data. that the machine can accept; one example is punched
.ons. Another property of reasonable operations is im- holes in a card of standard size, which is the form of
ltive portant for us. This is the fact that since they do not many payroll checks nowadays; another example is
~ in- depend on objective meaning or objective truth, a punched holes in continuous paper tape, which may
1for- great deal of time is saved in calculation. For instance be used in a telegra ph office to send a telegram.
and to add 222 and 555 and obtain 777 for the answer, Information for an analog computer has to be in the
s of nei ther the person com pu ting nor the com pu ting ma- form of distances, or rotations, or voltages, or amounts
r to chine has to remember or in some way "conceive of" of other physical variables.
tion- the meaning of these numbers. When we have a satis- Second, the machine must have a way of putting
l1ica- factory kind of language-either of symbols on paper out information. The part of the computer that puts
rt of or arrangements of hardware in a machine-then the out information is called the output unit. The com-
reasonable operations can be carried out with the sym- puter can easily put out information in a form ac-
bols or the arrangements only. ceptable to human beings. For example, the computer
frac-
And finally, if the premises correspond with the real may give impulses to an electric typewriter,so that
line,
world, and if the reasonable operations are correctly the keys are energized in the proper sequence to type
lput,
carried out, then so do the conclusions correspond out a message in ordinary typed characters which a
:d or
with the real world. human being can read. Or the computer may show a
I1put
From the point of view of a philosopher, it is curi- graph on a phosphorescent screen, such as the face
out-
ous that the patterns of marks or signs or symbols of an oscilloscope. But in some cases, as in giving
rned
can imitate, can correspond with, patterns of objects signals to an airplane pilot coming into an airfield
) re-
in the real world-in much the same way as an archi- for a landing, the computer may release the sound
Hrol
tect's drawing can correspond with a building. The recordings of appropriate statements so that the pilot
Ig it
patterns of symbols picture the structure of portions is told in spoken words over his radio just what he
In a
of the real world. And instead of manipulating the needs to know.
proc-
reality with difficulty, we can manipulate the sym- Third, the machine must have a way of storing in-
bols with ease. formation. The part of a digital computer which
mng To take a very simple example, suppose a farmer stores information is called storage or memory. In-
of a has a flock of 222 sheep and a second flock of 555 sheep, formation that is stored inside a computer is stored
;s to and we want to know the total. We put down the six in locations or registers, units of hardware in which
frac- marks "2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5" on paper, combine them by the positioning of physical objects stores information.
rease rules that are certainly mechanical since they do not Each one ordinarily holds one "machine word," con-
n in- require us to "think" of their meaning, and we come sisting usually of 10 to 20 decimal digits or charac-
rease out with an answer "a total of 777 sheep." And this ters, or their equivalent. The number of separate
se of is a true statement about the real world, determined registers which the computer ran "consult" or "look
Irrec- without doing anything at all with the sheep. into" whenever desirable or necessary is usually some-
hine, Billing 4 million customers of a public utility ac- where between 1,000 and I !),OOO. The time required
nple, cording to their actual use of gas or electrici ty and for referring to a specified register and copying out
Lrs is billing them each month by the operations of an auto- the information contained there is called the access
,e of matic computer is a much bigger and far more impor- time; it usually amollnts to a few millionths of a sec-
then tant example. But the situation does not differ in ond or less in modern fast computers. A characteristic
pula- quality, in essence-only in degree. way in which information is stored inside a com-
back. puter is in the form of the polarization north-south
~ning 6. How Is a COIllputer Organized? or south-north of small magnetic cores, about 8 hun-
of a Now you may say, "Well, I can see many of the dredths of an inch in diameter, each core storing one
ss to possibilities that you are describing. But specifically "yes" or "no," one bit of information.
ction just how can a machine be arranged or constructed In an analog computer, inforlllation is stored in
nput to do all the different kinds of reasonable operations as the amount of a physical variahle held hy a de-
, 1962 CO~IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962
vice-for example, the amount of rotation of a shaft, phone where one wire is sufficient to carryall the
or the amount of voltage in a condenser, etc. information which you wish to send through the sys-
Fourth, the machine must have a way of perform- tem.
ing reasonable operation on information. The part In an analog computer, there are many channels
of a digital computer that does this is called the cal- for flow of information: there is a channel from
cll!ating unit or arithmetical unit. This unit of the each output of an adder, multiplier, integrator, etc., To tl
machine has only a small memory or storage, usually to each input of an adder, multiplier, integrator, etc. \1\11
[or not more than 5 machine words, more custom- All channels are in use all the time, and the problem comn
arily 3. But this unit is capable of performing auto- is solved by incremental changes travelling along all
matically addition, subtraction, multiplication, di- the channels simultaneously.
1.
vision, comparing, selecting, and other mathematical Sixth, and finally, the machine must have a control
and logical operations, such as may be called for by section. c
the instructions given to the machine. The number In a digital computer, this section of the machine
~.
{,

of different kinds of operations which the arithmetic connects sidings, registers, into the buss, and discon-
unit can perform on request is usually between 10 nects them. The control unit regularly takes care of g
and 50. More complicated operations are achieved carrying out the instructions given to the machine, of 1.

by combining simpler operations according to a se- executing the sequence or program of instructions. I,
quence of instructions. In all digital computers, the control section takes
In an analog computer there is no single arith- in commands which are essentially of just exactly the 3. (
metical unit as such. Instead, incremental quantities same form in each step:
of motion, electricity, etc., pass into the devices hold- Take the machine word from register . . . ; put it
ing physical variables, and the quantities which they in register ... ; and pick up the next order from 4. "
hold change according to the flow. For example, register .. .
Y
think of two rotating shafts geared together in such II is truly amazing that all the vast variety of opera-
a way that one shaft B has to turn three times as tions performed by automatic computers can be or- 5. (
much as the other shaft A; then, whenever shaft A ganized as repetitions of this single general form of
has readIed x turns, shaft B has reached 3x turns. instruction or its equivalent. There are minor varia-
The operations of addition, multiplication by a con- tions from one computer to another but we do not 6. 1
stant, mathematical integration, etc., are all provided need to go into these variations here. The control
e
for by the nature of physical devices connected to- register in the control unit contains the current in-
gether. Thus, the size of an analog computer may structions for the machine at each cycle or step, say- 7. f
be reported by saying that it contains 30 adders, 60 ing what register to take information out of, what
b
integrators, etc. register to put information into, and what register
Fifth, the machine must have one or more ways contains the next instruction to be executed. 8. "
of allowing information to flow through it. Once an automatic digital computer is organized
In a digital computer, there is a single channel in this way, it is a completely general-purpose ma- P
along which all information flows, and it is usually chine. It can carry out any sequence of instruction,
9. .Ii
called the buss)' it consists of wires or coaxial cable any program which can be expressed exactly and
translated into its command code. n
running between all the registers, input, output,
storage, and calculating unit. The buss is organized In an analog computer, if it is electric or electronic,
the control section may take the form of a plugboard 10. A
like a railroad with a main trunk line running
through the whole computer, and a large number of with numerous terminals. The plugwires then estab- it
sidings, allowing freight cars of information to enter lish the connection of the inputs and the outputs of
or leave numerous stations or platforms all through the various adders, multipliers, integrators, etc. There II. "
the computer. The memory inside the computer is always a definite sequence in time as to which in- n
needs to be very well equipped with sidings-if we put or output is driving and which is driven; and tl
1:,
are to succeed in selecting anyone of 15,000 numbers there is always one independent (originating or initi-
in a few millionths of a second. But some of the selec- ating) terminal or plugwire hub, which corresponds ]2. B
tion i& often achieved by calling at just the right in- to the independent variable, uniformly increasing a:
stant of time for a number when it is available. For time.
p
example, if the memory is expressed as polarized 7. What Is Programming?
spots on a magnetic drum rotating at high speed, we 13. A
The word program has come into use to refer to
control to the millionth of a second just when we the sequence of instructions which a computer car- IT
call for the number that we want, and at the time ries out. It is more useful than the word "routine" n
the call becomes effective, the number is whisked or "schedule" or "sequence" and enables more lin- gl
off the surface of the drum because when it is called, guistic compounds to be made, such as the verbal
it is just exactly at the reading point. form "programming" and the noun "programmer." 14. G
1\ machine word of ten characters in length may be A program for a computer is an exact sequence of G
llloved through the machine on ten separate wires, instructions that it uses to solve a problem.
the whole ten wires constituting the buss. Or, there Many programs for digital computers are com- 15. A
may he a timing arrangement so that at ten successive posed in such a way that portions of them, called
times the ten characters in the number make use of subprograms or subroutines, can be selected and 16. A
a huss of a single wire, each character using it at a copied by the computer from a library of computer
separate time. This is like the principle of the tele- programs (probably on punched paper tape or mag- 17. A
\0 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 CO~IPl
 ters
)rld
lnt,
IBM asks basic questions in computer software
®

l be

ces;
.on;
How much work can computers do?
)ata
the
y of
lon;

:ters
ring
( in
~nce

lliL,
~nce

:om-
.ems These IBM programmers are describing a machine /mrl ill Following orders generated by an IBM computer from an
lent AUTOPROMT, a programming language develo/)ed ill (oo/){?ra- AUTOPROMT program, this numerically controlled milling
tion with the United Aircraft Cor/Joration. machine is shaping a section of a hyperbolic paraboloid.
on
de-
~nds
Men use words to symbolize ideas. Computers use a generates the sequence of maclline tool paths required
lin-
vastly different kind of language. Present computer to produce the part. IBM has also developed informa-
Pro-
will logic requires instruction in language so rudimentary tion retrieval systems which reduce the burden of
that each year millions of words of programming are indexing, abstracting or disseminating technical in-
Ifer- devoted to basically repetitive procedures. Unless formation. One experimental system reduces an article
ium- ways are found to economize on this instruction, the to an abstract by statistically determining the most
lltely usefulness of computers may be limited by the short- significant sentences in the article.
the age of trained personnel to put them to work.
Eventually, programming systems may grow beyond
oice
IBM programmers are simplifying communication with boundaries of individual disciplines to include gen-
will
computers. Through careful selection and ordering of eral information on the nature of the physical world.
~ re- references to machine structure, they have developed Such systems would be supported by information
ting programming systems that transfer a large part of the retrieval systems and inference systems capable of
:;'ov- repetitive work in programming to the computer seeing logical consequences of retrieved information.
ob- itself. These systems permit programmers to express They would allow men who direct computers to focus
the their instructions in language resembling English. their attention on creative aspects of future problems.
They also make different machines "look alike" so By making systems like these possible, IBM program-
Dr. that programmers can state their problems with as mers and mathematicians are playing a leading role
Plug little difficulty as possible. In addition, IBM program- in applying the computer to ever-widening areas of
orth mers are experimenting with systems which use the human knowledge.
computer's own capacity to construct new program-
If you have been searching for an opportunity to make
ming systems, such as assemblers or compilers.
important contributions in software development,
Programming systems can extend beyond the level of manufacturing research, optics, solid state physics,
handling machine references automatically to include computer systems development or any of the other
applications. AUTOPROMT, IBM'S system for numer- fields in which IBM scientists and engineers are finding
ical control of machine tools, is a codification of answers to basic questions, please contact us. Write to
machine shop language and practice which enables a . Manager of Professional Employment, IBl\[ Corp., De-
computer to determine machining instructions from partment 539Q, 590 Madison Avenue, New York ~~,
a description of the part's surfaces. The computer New York. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Elllployer.
1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 II
netic tape). This reuse saves the human labor of 8. Can You "Educate" a Computer?
looking up the previous subprogram and copying it An automatic computer with a library of programs
by hand or typewriter. An example is the program and a general language in which we can instruct the
for finding the square root of a number; clearly the computer to solve a vast yariety of problems is rather
most efficient sequence of computer commands to different from an automatic computer with just the
find square root needs to be determined only once. same hardware but with no programs, and all the
Programming for automatic computers requires a programming to be done from scratch. It is natural
good deal of knowledge, common sense, and training. to call the first kind of computer an "educated" com-
Specifically, programming requires: (1) understand- puter, and it is easy to see that the "education" of
ing the operations of a business or the steps of a computers will increase with no specified or assign-
scientific calculation; (2) understanding the best ways able limits.
Jar having a computer carry out these operations and Eventually more and more problems of mathe- T
steps; (3) arriving at a good sequence of commands matics and business, industry and government, so- whi(
for the computer to solve the problem; and (4) ade- ciety and science, will become programmed for com-
tizec
quately translating these commands into computer puters. More and more tapes of programs will be
com
language. available for placing on any computer. The amount
of knowledge which a computer will have access to grar=
Since programming has proved a serious bottle- Bay
neck in many applications of computers, a good deal will begin to tower above the amount of knowledge
which a human being has access to. If we are willing grar=
of effort among computer manufacturers has gone for
into methods of automatic programming. This has to use the word "educated," a computer with its store-
house of programs will be more "educated" than a Aere
taken several fornis.
human being, in a great many different areas. SOCl;:
One form is the construction of compiling pro- pu(
After all, what is the education of a human being?
grams or compilers-which use the computer to take
It means putting into his control the keys to the store- pret:
subprograms out of a library and hitch them together
house of knowledge which the human race has com- D,
appropriately so as to solve a new problem. A second
piled over 5,000 years of recorded history and more com
form is the construction of programs called inter-
thousands of years of unrecorded history. In the train- data
preters, which accept instructions in certain stand-
ing of a human being, to be able to read is probably digi1
ard words and translate these words into machine
the first and most important ability; for this is the
language, so that the machine "knows" what the reco:
ability which enables the human being to turn the
words "mean." A third form is the development of T.
key in the lock to the treasury of recorded knowledge.
common languages for automatic programming for tran
So also for computers, the capacity to interpret a pro-
problems, so that any problem when expressed in resol
gram, the capacity to take in information, is a key
such a language can be given to any automatic com-
to using a library of programs. and
puter, and the computer will translate the common
Just as the education of a single human being de- Nin«
language into its own instruction code, and then
pends on the information, knowledge, and wisdom entil
solve the problem. Two o[ the important common
collected by great numbers of human beings preced- by j
languages are ALGOL, [or algebraic and mathemati-
ing him, so the education of computers depends on a 250,(
cal problems, and COBOL, for business problems.
social enterprise also. Only the processes are different. level
Computer manufacturers have encouraged the The computer is fast in learning, the human being
formation of groups of users of their machines, re- Al
slow. The programmed computer remembers ex-
sulting in an exchange of programs among users. actly everything it is told until its memory is wiped grap
This has been an important factor in the develop- out by a new program; the human being can remem- com]
ment of automatic programming and a common lan- ber only a part of all that he is told, but that is not prin
guage for giving programs to computers. voluntarily erasable. pictl
ally

How Did Computers Happen? TH

v]
Moses B. Berlin inqu
Assistant Editor '!\Tho
Computers and Automation betw
sary
Although the first modern automatic computer be- tation in business transactions. :Many of these tablets Ac
gan to work as recently as 1944, the story of the de- relate to agreements before 2000 B.C. between farmers the:
\'cIopment of ideas, devices, and machines entering and priests about the rent of land from the temple in Field
into that automatic computer goes back a long time return for a stated share of the produce grown.
ill to the past. Problems of calculating with numbers, Out of this long experience, little by little, the ideas W'
alld recording numbers, have pressed upon human be- that enter into the dream and eventually the construc- assoc
ings for more than five thousand years. An interesting tion of a complete automatic computer appear, and their
example consists of baked clay tablets from ancient the ideas becoming incorpora,ted into devices for com- TheI
Babylon which record the use of numbers and compu- puting that finally evolve into the automatic computer. entl')

12 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COM I

 ! on 1. The Idea of Objects to Count With literated into Latin gIVIng rise subsequently to the
Mr. two English words "cipher" and "zero."
Probably the first of the ideas used to deal with num-
[nc.,
bers is the idea of using small objects, such as pebbles, 4. The First Adding and Multiplying Machines
seeds, or shells, to count with, to supplement the fin- The first machine which would add numbers me-
tion gers. For then you can refer to a number as "the num-
row, chanically was invented by the French mathematician
ber of pieces in a certain bag" or other container, even and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 161;>. It contained
if you have no conventional name for the number.
geared counter wheels which could be set ;~t anyone
1ical of ten positions 0 to 9. Each gear had a lillIe tooth
,rno, 2. The Idea of "Ten Of"
the
for nudging the next counter wheel when it passed
People, however, find it troublesome to count only
tery, from 9 to 0 so as to carry 1 into the next column. The
in units-it takes too much time and effort. So very
ech- machine also had small latches which could be posi-
early a second idea appears: the idea of composing a
tioned to insert a number into a counter wheel.
new unit equal to ten of the old unit. The source of
Some 30 years later, in 1671, another mathema-
!nICS this idea is clearly the fact that a man has ten fingers;
erts,
tician, G. W. Leibnitz, invented a device which would
with this idea you could designate 87 by referring to
, Ill. control automatically the amount of adding to be
all the fingers of 8 men, and then 7 more fingers on
performed by a given digit, and in this way he In-
:. & one more man.
vented the first multiplying machine.
con- These machines and their improved successors be-
ncy,
3. The Idea of Specialized Places for Counting
gan to be commercially made and sold in the 1800's.
In order to deal with numbers in their physical form
They have given rise to electric-powered but ha?d-
Ex- of counted objects, a third idea appears; a specialized,
operated adding machines and desk calc~latmg
Elec. convenient place upon which to layout the counted
machines which are found throughout offices In the
objects. Such a place may be a smooth piece of ground,
United States today.
slab of stone, or a board.
g on
It becomes convenient to mark off areas on the slab 5. The Idea of the First Automatic Computer
for
rary· according to the size of unit you are dealing with- The idea of an automatic machine which would not
~let: you have one area for ordinary units, one area for only add, subtract, multiply, and divide but perform
tens, one area for hundreds, and so on. a sequence of steps automatically, was probably first
These developments gave birth to the abacus) the conceived in 1812 by Charles Babbage, a professor of
Ie & first computing machine. This device consisted of a
leIn1, mathematics at Cambridge University, England. He
slab divided into areas, and a supply of slllall stones
o E. set out to build an automatic computer which he
for use as coun tel'S or objects to keep track of II umbers. called a difference engine because he intended to use
The Greek word for slab was ab(lx) and the Latin word the machine to compute mathematical tables by add-
1. In for the small stones was calculi)· and so the first com-
:ago, ing differences. A great number of mathematical
puting machine, the abacus) was invented, consisting tables that mathematicians and scientists are interested
rans-
originally of a slab and counting stones, and later on, in can be carried forward by adding differences or by
a frame of rods strung with beads, [or keeping track performing rather simple arithmetic on .differences.
leer- of numbers while calculating. Hence Babbage's idea of a difference engme made a
-IRE The system of numbering and the abacus go hand good deal of sense.
in hand together. The abacus is still the most widely Babbage intended that his machine should compute
ence, used computing machine in the world. the values of the tabulated mathematical functions
Growing out of the abacus and the system of numer- and print out the results. No attention would be
ation, and their mutual effect upon each other, came needed from the human operator, once the starting
the ideas of further specialized places or positions, data and the method of computation had been set
culminating in the Arabic positional notation for into the machine.
numerals which reached Western Europe in the 1200's. He gained the attention and interest of the British
Just as the small counting stones or calculi could be government, and construction was begun with aid
used in any area on the slab, so the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, from the government. For 20 years however little
6, 7, 8, 9 could be used in any position of a numeral. progress was achieved, and in 1833 government aid
Just as the position on the slab answered the question was withdrawn and the construction project was
as to whether units, tens, hundred, etc., were being dropped. Babbage, however, was incurably obstinate
counted, so the place or column or position of the and optimistic, and he at once laid plans for a much
digit (as in 4786 with its four places) answered the more ambitious computing machine, which he called
question as to what kinds of units were there being an analytical engine. This was to consist of three
counted. And-this was the final key idea-just as a parts: (1) the "store," where numbers were to be
place on the slab could be empty, so the digit 0 could stored or remembered; (2) the "mill" where arith-
mark "none" in a place or column of a number. metical operations were to be performed on numbers
That idea, by the way, required centuries to de- taken from the store; and (3) the "sequence mecha-
velop. The Romans did not have a numeral for zero; nisms," which would select the proper numbers from
but about 300 B.C. in Babylon a symbol for zero was the store and instruct the mill to perform the proper
used. Then the Hindus developed the numerical operation.
notati0n that we call Arabic. The Arabs used the But neither of these machines were completely
word "sifr" meaning' "vacant" about 800 A.D. for constructed although small parts of them were.
"zero." About 1200 A.D. the Arabic word was trans- Both Babbage and his SOil, who also tried to can)' oul

. ID62 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, ID62

 his father's ideas, died without seeing the fruition of
their ideas. The failure to construct either of the
machines was due mainly to the lack of sufficiently
8. The First Two General Purpose
Automatic Digital Computers •
accurate machine tools and of mechanical and electri-
cal devices that finally became available around 1900-
The first general-purpose automatic digital com-
puter was the Harvard IBlYI automatic sequence-con- IN
1910. It was not due to the inadequacy of the con-
trolled calculator, which started work in April 1944. It
was constructed as a result of a joint enterprise by
pp
cepts, for they were perfect-complete and accurate.
Professor Howard Aikcn of Harvard University, who
6. The Idea of Machine Language Read Electrically was stirred by Babbage's ideas, and International Up to
Another of the historical developments which has Business Machines Corporation, maker of a grea t
3-incl
led towards the modern automatic computer began quantity of punched card calculating machines of
about 1886, when a statistician and inventor, Dr. various kinds. This relay computer, when it was
I-Jerman Hollerith, was working on the 1880 census finished in 1944, ran 24 hours a day, seven days a week, Elect
in the United States. The census, six years after it and continued to operate for many years (with only perer
had been taken, was still not entirely summarized a small amount of down-time due to malfunctioning) multi
and tabulated. Hollerith decided to experiment with solving urgent problems in military computation. const
cards with punched holes and with electrical devices This machine handled numbers of 23 decimal close
to detect the holes and count them. He made use of digits, storing them in anyone of 72 storage registers. comp
an idea that had been used for at least 80 years in It performed additions in about Y3 of a second, and logic~
weaving cloth-cards with punched holes to control multiplications in about 6 seconds. This machine was econc
the weaving pattern used in the J acq uard loom. He the first working realization of Charles Babbage's and r
realized that cards bearing human language were not analytical engine. And it quickly led to more auto- Litto
readable by the machine; but that cards could be matic digital computers with numerous improvements. just s
prepared using machine langllage, a language of About the same time, from 1942 to 1946, another were
punched holes, that ought to be readable by a ma- group of engineers at the "Moore School of Electrical for a
chine. Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania ill be in
Hollerwith's experiments and machines were suc- Philadelphia, headed by Dr. John '!\T. Mauchly, a bornE
cessful, and have led to a great development of ma- physicist, worked on the design and construction of an aircra
chines using punched cards for business, accounting, automatic electronic digital computer. This machine The (
and statistical purposes. These machines, punched used instead of relays standard radio tubes and parts, parts
card calculating machines, have become a backbone and aimed for high speed. In 1946 the Eniac ("Elec- achie
of business calculations and reports all over the world. tronic Numerica Integrator and Calculator") was confir
completed at the l\100re School. It contained 20 spaCE
7. The First Automatic Sequence- registers where numbers of 10 decimal digits could be practi
Controlled Calculator stored or accumulated. It could add numbers at the quire~
The first automatic digital computer that worked rate of 5,000 additions per second. It also contained and a
was a machine called the Complex Computer, con- a multiplier which would carry out from 360 to 500 specif
structed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York multiplications per second, a "divider-square-rooter,"
in 1939. Dr. George R. Stibitz, an engineer there, and other units. Despi
noticed around him a lot of troublesome arithmetic The years 1944-1952 were years of eager interest Littor
multiplying and dividing complex numbers, numbers and experiment by universities, government depart- fully
which electrical engineers find necessary for analyzing ments and small businesses. Then major business signin
alternating electrical circuits. Every multiplication machine, and electric and electronics manufacturers conta
of two complex numbers requires four multiplications became convinced that machines which would com- weigl
and two additions of ordinary numbers. Every divi- pute and process data automatically were important, of COl

sion of one complex number by another requires SIX and they entered the field on a big scale. Typic
niultiplications, two additions, one subtraction, and ingpl
two divisions of ordinary numbers. The pattern or se- 9. Recent Developments
mann
quence of the operations with the ordinary numbers From 1952 on there has been a prodigious develop- digita
is always monotonously the same. ment. The addition speed of computers has gone to an ex
Stibitz decided that ordinary telephone relays could more than 100,000 additions per second. The multi- parts
be wired together to do this annoying task. So he plication speed has risen to more than 10,000 per conne
represented each decimal digit by a code of l's and O's, second. The amount of storage capacity, or memory, the s)

-
so that four relays by their patterns of being ener- accessible to the computing unit of a computer has types.
gized or not energized could express the code and changed from the 72 storage registers of the Harvard
designate each digit. The sequence of calculation was IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator to
built into Stibitz's machine; it was completed in 1940, literally millions of registers. Some of these registers
and demonstrated. '!\Thile the computing panels re- are accessible to the calculating unit in less than a
mailled in New York, some mathematicians at Dart- millionth of a second. Others are stored on magnetic
1J)()lIth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, gave tape, and are fed into the computer in streams at
prohlems to thc machine via teletype, and received very high speed, so that the computer can refer to that
I he answers back via teletype in Hanover. The com- information also with very small delays.
plex computer continued to do useful work at Bell Not only speed and capacity but reliability of auto-
Telephone Laboratories for some years until it was
replaced b)1 'llOre powerful computing equipment.
J.1
matic computers has been multiplied by a factor of
tens of thousands. The reliability has increased to

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 -

DATA

C OMP
 ant the point where a billion and ten billion operations bers, and the numbers had to be handled arithmeti-
lic, take place between errors. Besides, automatic check- cally, elaborately and in detail and in a great many
Ilge ing has been built into computers so that no wrong different cases. Take [or example astronomy. Isaac
at- rcsults are allowed out. Newton and Albert Einstein expressed general laws
~rv­ By 1960, there were at least 20 major suppliers of [or the behavior of heavenly bodies. But the actual
ent automatic digital computers and data processors. calculations for knowing where to look in the sky
on. Over 700 organizations and probably over 30,000 per- to see any particular heavenly body at any particular
ton sons were engaged in one part or another in the field time have to be carried out numerically. Furthermore,
een of computers and data processors. The market for the laws were general and in simple form, ignoring
the
:uit .
.'
such machines has been estimatcd to bc upwards of
% of a billion dollars per year.
many complexities; the actual calculations for par-
ticular heavenly bodies were specific and had to take
~ur into account many uncomfortable details. Take [or
of 10. Other Streams of Development example calculating the orbit of the moon: the bulge
ing At the same time that this main stream of auto- of the earth at the equator, where the earth is wider
to matic digital computing has been developing and than it is at the poles, has an effect on the orbit of the
n a expanding, other streams of automatic handling of llloon, and this has to be calculated in order to predict
her information have also developed and cxpanded. to the minute and second where the moon will be at
ing One of these other streams is analog computcrs. An any particular time. Such calculations are laborious.
)m- allalog computer computes by using physical analogs Similar laborious calculations occur in electrical en-
If. of numerical measurements; [or example, a distance, gineering, in physics, in chemistry, in nucleonics, and
or the amount of turning of a shaft, or the amount elsewhere. Paniclilarly, the effort to calculate tables
of voltage in a circuit element, is used to represent a for the trajectories 1'01' artillery shells was the reason
number in a problem. One of the simplest analog [or the SUppOI'l hy the United States government of
the Harvard and Moore School projects 1941-1945.

s
computers is the slide rule) where marks and dis-
tances represent numbers. Up to 4 or 5 significant The other ma i n trcnd is from the world of business.
fiS"ures of accuracy can be represented as a voltage in- Here enormous quantities of records and calculations
side an analog computer. An analog computer may are required, in order that businesses lllay function.
St., have more than 100 or 200 circuit elements to express- Take for example the life insurance business. Big in-
:tcc, ing numerical magnitudes. I nsidc thc computcr the surance companies issue millions of policies under
)ok- connections betwecn thesc circuit clclllents lIIirror or which insureds pay premiums and companies take on
simulate the relationships of the numcrical variahles lia bilities [or losses. All kinds of various contingen-
:on- in the problem. In this way a very powerful com- cics can happen to the persons insured under those
tact puter can be constructed which can solve intricate policies, and extensive records are necessary. In one
film mathematical problems in engineering, in physics, in life insurance company, for example, formerly II
chemistry, in nucleonics, and in other branches of basic records for a given policy had to be maintained
knowledge, at very high speed and with sufficient in different departments of the company; to be han-
ldu-
!ch., aCCl~racy to answer a great many of the questions of dled by clerks; this was before the advent of automatic
ldu- engmeers. computers. The automatic electronic data processor
!ch., Hybrid machines, which use analog computers in of the current vintage enables all these records to be
one part of the system and digital computers in other consolidated into a single record on magnetic tape,
lair- parts of the system, are also being developed and ap- and a duplicate record on another magnetic tape, in
d I. plied. case of accidental destruction.
-51, Other kinds of elaborate automatic information- The growth of a great civilization which is complex
handling systems are also of course being developed. ellgineerillg-wise alld technologically on the one hand,
)Cla- For example, the automatic dial telephone system is ;llld complex business-wise and industrially on the
lorf- ramifying, and stretching' out over very great dis- oLller, has produced an enormous growth in the in-
.dith tances. From many exchanges in the country, at the formatioll to be handled and operated with. This
ietal present time, it is possible to dial a telephone almost provides the push, the energy, the urgency behind the
anywhere in the United States; the resulting call is great development of the automatic handling of in-
Vlar- automatically recorded as to length, automatically formation, expressed in computing and data process-
ltact computed as to cost, and charged to the subscriber's ing systems.
record [or au tomatic billing at the end of the month.
rica,
ling-
II. Causes
tions But this description of the history of invention and
l. construction of computers and data processors is
only part of the story. \IVhat caused this development?
lfer-
eA. There have been two main trends in the causes for
this developmen t. One is the growth of scientific
and engineering' knowledge, together with the in-
ttion
creasing realization that the mathematics which ex-
~ton,
~nter
pressed a great many relations could not be easily
Uni- handled in the ordinary symbolic mathematical ways.
Instead, the symbols had to be translated into num-

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 1!1

 side
tive
erit
furt
C
my

To
y
tere
thOl
I
and
also
of t
tion
p;
The efficiency with which a men
given ED P system is oper-
ated can do more to make
an installation payoff than
Dil
any other single factor.
With this in mind, Honeywell To
has developed software
that, combined with the gard
advanced capabilities of strat
Honeywell hardware, yields ehal
and
maximum operating effi- is tl
ciency. Honeywell software arm;
is all-encompassing, and in- spee
tion
cludes:
men
.1) Source languages - the agre,
problem-oriented, and tom,
machine-oriented symbolic dud
languages in which the ally
as 0
programmer writes his pro- lutie
gram; sider
.2) Processors - the as so- In
ciated compilers and this
tom;:
assembly systems that eons
translate, compile, and
assemble the programs
written in source languages
into the form required by ell
the computer; and
.3) Computer Optimization
To I
Package (COP) - a broad
Tl
class of programming aids CO:r\
designed to increase the w'
day-to-day efficiency of the whie
computer. list s

COMPUTERS anll AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COM]

IG
 A TRAFFIC COP any way the integrity of the punched cards or magnetic tape
AT EVERY CORNER program. Thus, the Derail data files.
Source languages and their Technique is a powerful tool in the 4. Report generators supply
associated processors facilitate the minimization, location, and Honeywell system users with
job of coding an application for correction of program errors. routines for the arrangement of
computer processing. They also 3. Test data routines aid in the reports according to parameters
reduce the number of clerical handling and distribution of test data supplied by the programmer.
coding errors and, in most according to programmer-supplied 5. Utility and service programs
cases, they signal errors made in parameters and permit the test data provide for the manipulation of
E the use of source language. Beyond
this, however, it is desirable to have
to be combined with the program
being tested. This eliminates the
data tapes, including the
following functions: comparing,
-, additional aids to automate the need for a separate, or operator- positioning, locating, sampling,
diagnostic, operating, and controlled setup of test data for correcting, copying, or editing.
maintenance functions associated programs in the debugging state.
Di- with programs and their use. The 4. Monitor routines add to the BATCH PROCESSING:
:h. package of programmed operating efficient use of Honeywell systems A BUSINESS.LlKE APPROACH
elp- aids which Honeywell supplies to by providing the following functions: TO SOFTWARE
~oti- its equipment users is called "COP" a. Automatic loading of object
(Computer Optimization Package). Batch Processing is a concept which
the programs either from a tape file or a
COP includes all software relates to the mode in which
)ng- card file. b. Automatic error cor-
components other than source programs are processed in a given
~ing rection using pre-coded ortho-
languages and their associated compilation, assembly, checkout, or
and correction routines which are also
processors. The main function of production run. Operationally,
used with the object programs for
lOte COP is to exact the highest possible programs are handled in batches in
correction of read errors that occur
level of efficiency from the com- the same way that data is grouped
in the processing of tape data.
in a typical business operation, such
puter, and it does this in the c. Restart provisions which facilitate as sales analysis or a payroll run.
following ways: the setting of restart points within
1. Program-tape maintenance and Because the processing of programs
each program so that processing
updating routines provide a high is automatic and sequential, manual
can be repeated without having to
speed and efficient means of adding or console-opera tor-controlled setup
go back to the beginning of the
new programs to an existing file, time between programs is reduced
program. d. Operator-machine
processing corrections to existing to a minimum. Batch Processing
communication to keep the operator
programs, deleting programs which also provides facilities for proceed-
informed of the progress of the run
are no longer in use, and rearrang- ing from one program to the next
and permit his control instruction to
ing, if necessary, the sequence of program in the file with negligible
on be entered and acted upon with a
programs on a program tape. These operator intervention in the event
sent minimum of delay and re-working.
updating programs batch-process of any kind of interruption in
at-
e. Coordination of the simultaneous processing such as a programming
input data which may consist of any running of independent programs.
nifi- mixture of new programs, or requests hang-up during checkout.
This relates to Parallel Processing
eful for the deletion and rearranging of in the Honeywell 800 and Simul- The gains in efficiency due to the
existing programs. taneous Peripheral Processing in Batch Processing concept increase
tute 2. Program diagnostic routines the Honeywell 400. rapidly as the number of programs
lieh assist the programmer in checking being batched rises. With as few as
his work by providing for the 10 programs batched in one check-
1 of LIBRARY OF STANDARD ROU- out operation, efficiency gains of
der- automatic dumping of information TINES GROWS AS YOU GROW
from core storage and from tape. 5 to 1 are easily realized.
The Honeywell library of standard
One of the most powerful features
e of routines, though part of COP, GOOD SOFTWARE MAKES
of Honeywell's approach to
)sals warrants special mention. It is GOOD HARDWARE BETTER -
program diagnosis and checkout,
nees available to all users of Honeywell AND VICE VERSA
a unique "Derail Technique"
EDP systems and provides for the Honeywell software is designed to
con- provides dynamic dumps at any
following kinds of recurring data capitalize on, and complement the
point in a program without
processing functions: advanced capabilities of Honeywell
requiring the program to be
changed from its final or 1. Sort/Merge Generators for hardware. Each extends the power
production form. This way, any Honeywell computers use the of the other. The resulting gain in
desired areas of core memory or Honeywell-developed Cascade (N-l) efficiency means far more productive
:e and polyphase sorting techniques.
)-
magnetic records can be dumped processing per shift, and therefore
automatically at programmer- The superior performance of these more computing per dollar.
1- techniques over conventional sort
specified points in the execution of For more information on Honeywell
7.
the program. Paramet~rs which methods is well established through software, including COP, contact
a extensive field use.
pinpoint the requested information your nearby Honeywell EDP office
are entered independently of the 2. Automatic library facilities or write to Honeywell EDP,
a program being tested. include an extensive collection of Wellesley Hills 81, Mass. In
g The diagnostic information is scientific subroutines. Additions Canada, Honeywell Controls
~e printed in any of these programmer- are being made regularly to further Limited, Toronto 17, Ontario.
d designated formats: octal, decimal, extend the usefulness of this
alpha-numeric, or assembly programming aid.
~e
language instruction format.
In the Derail Technique, the type,
3. Tape and card input/output
package relieves the programmer
Honeyw-ell
e-
number, and extent of dumps are
under the exclusive control of the
of the need for coding those
portions· of computer runs which l!!] e~~ D~ p,t8~~
programmer without affecting in deal with the manipUlation of
19fi2
 eha]
HOW MUCH POWER DO COMPUTERS PROVIDE? the
pre(
Edmund C. Berkeley B
Editor tion
Computers and Automation of ~
800
A modern automatic computer embodies power, a formation can be stored in the computer or made a p:
great new power. It is the power to obtain answers easily accessible to the computer; this
to very many questions, and especially questions (4) Computing and reasoning capacity: the variety con
which until recently were beyond answering. But of instructions which can be fulfilled; " ing,
this power is not unlimited; questions can still be (5) Control capacity: the extent to which instruc- but
asked which no computer can yet answer. tions can be executed one after another; 11
\'Ve are interested ill marking out the present-day (6) Reliability: the extent to which errors may reli;
limits of the powers of computers. We are interested occur and are detected and corrected; into
in knowing how much power man has grasped, in the (7) Tirelessness: the extent to which the computer and
field of answering questions by means of computers. or human being requires maintenance; tion
For this purpose we shall make a close inspection (8) Hardware: flesh and blood for the human calc
of some very powerful computers of the present day, being, wires and gadgets for the computer; time
[or they have strange and marvelous properties. (9) Energy required: to make the computer or spec
the human being operate; not
I. A Sample Question
For a base of comparison, however, let us begin (10) Cost. 1£
with the powers of a human being and a desk cal- Let us take a look at these facets one by one. of 0
culator to answer questions. Suppose we start by 3. Input hap:
asking these two computers what is 927538921 multi- The most powerful present-day computers can take beir:
plied by itself, in other words, the square of this in information, remember it within the machine ex- ]0 1

number. actly and with no forgetting, at the rate of about

T
I tried this myself. It took me five minutes to multi- 100,000 characters per second. A character is either
oth~
ply it out the first time; and I made (without then a letter of the alphabet, or a decimal digit, or some
use
noticing) three errors, putting a wrong digit in place other single mark such as those on the keyboard of a
the I
of the correct one. Then I tried to verify the multi- typewriter. These characters are regularly expressed
opel
plication; that took 11 and 31'1 more minutes before for the computer's purposes as a pattern of six or
that
I had caught the three errors and was satisfied that seven 1's and O's, as for example, in the following
ing.
there were no more. scheme using six l's, and O's:
pJ'o~
Next I made use of a Friden desk calculating ma- o 00 0000 A 010000 Q 100000 $ 110000 mad
chine with automatic multiplication. I set 927538921 1 000001 B 010001 R 100001 110001
tim~
on the keyboard, and 927538921 in the multiplier 2 000010 C 010010 S 100010 , 110010
lena
register, and pressed the "multiply" button, and after 3 000011 D 010011 T 100011 110011
lOot:
8 seconds obtained in the answer dials the product: 4 000100 E 010100 U 100100 110100
ahot
860328449969844241 which agreed with my answer.
ones
This is a gain by a factor of 100, from about 1,005 The ] 's and O's may be expressed for the computer: T
seconds to about 8 seconds-rather a good gain. as punched holes (1) and blanks (0) in a card or tion:
Now, how long would it take to perform this multi- a paper tape; as the presence (1) 'Or absence (0) of mull
plication on one of the fastest of modern computers, an electrical pulse; or as polarized spots on a mag- A
for example the Univac Larc? Once the numbers netic surface, south-north being a 1, north-south being sleef
have been put inside the computer for operating a 0, or vice versa; etc. ing 1
upon, the first 10 decimal digits of the product can The characters are handled by the computer usually getti
be obtained in 8 microseconds, and the entire product in standard groups, called machine words~ or just olhe
of 18 decimal digits can be obtained in 36 microsec- words. A common and convenient length of word is that
onds. Taking the 36 microsecond time as the compar- 12 characters; a machine word may consist of decimal Tl
able time in this case, we see that going from 8 sec- digits only 'Or letters only or some of both. Regularly, perh
onds to 36 microseconds we have a gain by a factor an instruction to the machine is expressed as a word; avail
of about 200,000. This is an enormous jump. and so the same set of characters may have meaning cour
2. Other Features to he Compared sometimes as a number, sometimes as an instruction. ratic
\Ve have just compared a human being, a desk cal- A speed of 96,000 characters per second is the same Tl
culator and the Larc computer in regard to multi- as a speed of 8,000 words per second. 4 to
plying two nine-digit numbers. But of course there No human prodigy is conceivable who could take
are IllallY more facets to be compared than just this in 8,000 12-digit numbers in one second. In fact, TI
olle: most human beings could not take in even one 12- are I
( I ) Jn pH t: the exten t to which information can digit number in one second. If we should try to put exte]
he taken into the computer or human being; into a human being's mind as few as 20 twelve-digit tram
(2) Output: the extent to which information can numbers in a minute, he would be completely unable isten
he put out; to remember more than a small part of them unless cuts
U~) Storage or memory: the extent to which in- he could write them down on paper. and.

18 CO:\IPUTERS and A UTO~[ATION for April, 1962 co~n

mber A human being can take in a telephone number The amount of information contained in the memory
sllch as lVIl 8-1016 in about a second, and remember of a well-informed man, and able to be recalled when-
ty of it long enough to dial it. Also, if we turn to a more ever he chooses, might be the equivalent to 1,000 to
llllall congenial task, a fast reader can read about 500 words 10,O()() books or 2 million to 20 million words. Of
l) his a minute, understanding the meaning of what he is course, it is almost impossible to disentangle pure
:0 be reading even if he cannot reproduce the words literally. memory or storage of a human being from the
~; he Although the ability of the two contenders is quali- capacity of a human being to reason and to assemble
m In tatively different, it might be fair to say that the com- words together in new ways. Besides there are other
Jther puter has all advantage over the human being by a ways which hllman beings have for remembering-
,peed
lltarv/
. factor of 10,000 to one.
4. Output
as, for example, the capacity to remember sights,
sounds, smells, tastes, etc., and many of these memo-
ries cannot be sllccessfully expressed in words-how
)lica- The output of a computer varies according to the
)0 or can you say in words the way to recognize a person?
capacity of the auxiliary equipment receiving the
times However, comparable to the computer's library
information. A computer can record on magnetic
we of magnetic tape, a man can have access to a large
tape, once it is ready and moving, at the rate of
And library, and becallse he can read, he can gain access
100,000 characters per second. The computer can also
Of to great qllanLities of information. The Library of
control: a paper tape punch, which will punch paper
will Congress, the largest library in the world, holds per-
tape at the rate of 100 characters per second; or a
1. If haps 10 111 words, to which a man without too much
card punch, which will punch per second about 30
:
the trouble can have access.
standard punch cards each of 80 columns; or a high-
nv to For comparison, the computer has quick access to
speed line-printer which will print in each second 17
nent, about 2 times Ion words; the human being, to about
lines, each of 80 to 120 characters.
2 times 107 words; factor of advantage for the com-
All this peripheral equipment is obviously slow as
IS on pu ter, 100. Taking into account the libraries, how-
compared with the computer. Consequently, for effi-
ever, the computer may have access perhaps to 10 10
cient use of the computer's tremendous calculating
words; the human being, to 10 13 . So for the first
speed, devices called buffers may be used. A buffer
is a storage device which is able to take in informa- time, man beats the computer by a factor of 1,000.
were This however is probably only a temporary ad-
were tion at very high speed from the computer and then
valltage, lasting for another dozen or two dozen
ingly release the information at the proper speed for the
years. For gradllally all hooks in libraries will be
:)rob- peripheral equipment.
sea II lied by au tomatic optical reading devices and
til ted
A human being can write by hand at the rate or
about 30 words per minute, or type at the rate of their illformation converted into records on magnetic
way. ta pe lo produce accessibility via computers.
I use about 60 words a minute, or talk at the rate of 200
both or 250 words per minute. The ratio between a com- 6. Calculating and Reasoning Capacity
com- puter speed of about 8,000 words per second, and the l\'lost computers have 30 to 100 instructions built
~ the
lOp output speed of a human being of about 4 words into their hardware, such as ADD or SELECT. In
ed a per second, gives a factor of advantage to the com- addition, a powerful computer has the capacity to
and puter of about 2,000 to l. perform a pseudo-instruction, a command which has
athe- 5. Storage or Menlory the same appearance as an ordinary instruction but
nam- The biggest present-day computer can have a which the programmer has assembled from simpler
rapid memory, storage or memory with very rapid instructions, and which can be called for by a single
~Olllg
access (like the scratch paper on which a man makes instruction word. This might be the case for SQUARE
uters preliminary calculation) of 100,000 registers. In each ROOT. Second, the manufacturer usually provides a
h as one of these registers a machine word (say, 12 deci- library of programs, including for example a program
ween mal digits or 60 binary digits) may be stored, avail- for computing payroll. Third, there are simplified
built able on call in about 2 microseconds. languages for instructing computers, so that persons
into In addition a very powerful computer lllay have who have not learned how to program a problem in
rmit:- access at one time to about 100 reels of magnetic tape. terms of simple elementary instructions, corresponding
k of Each reel may contain I to 10 million machine words. with the hardware of the computer, can be given easier
head These words are available on call from the central words to use, and using these easier words can in-
a o. processor of the computer, but the access time to struct the computer. For example, there is a program
~omg them may be more than a second, depending on the called SOAP for the computer IBlVl 650; the word
ough position of the information on the tape on the tape is an abbreviation for "symbolic optimum assembly
fault reel. programming." Techniques are developing steadily
1here Besides these two kinds of memory, a computer towards easier and easier programming of computers,
To may have an intermediate memory consisting of mag- including such ideas as compilers (for compiling sev-
ligits netic druJ11s. These are large cylinders turning at eral programs into larger programs) , and special pro-
Irma- high speed and coated with a magnetic surface on gramming languages such as COBOL (common busi-
acter which information can be stored as multiple polarized ness-oriented language), so that the load of program-
f the spots. There may be 5 million registers of magnetic ming is largely transferred from the human being
:king drum storage; the information in any register may be to the computer itself.
'ount available in not more than a few thousandths of a A well-trained human beillg call hold his own in
)ut a second. computing and reasoning as ('olllpared with a COIll-
leI' a Here again, a man by himself is hardly comparahle. (Plcasc 111 /'II t() J'(/,!.!.(~ 22)

, 1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 1!1

The trend among independent EDP MR. LEON WEISBURGH OF MR. CORNELIUS DUGGAN OF
service centers is to Burroughs STATISTICS FOR MANAGE. TABULATING SERVICE CORP.
B 200s. For when profits depend on it MENT IN NEW YORK CITY. IN NEWTON, MASS.
as theirs do-and a system cuts costs, "Our Burroughs B 260 will "We plan on a significant
as B 2005 do-they just can't afford allow us to prepare our cus- reduction in our program-
to keep their old punched card equip- tomer reports at maximum ing time and expenses with
ment. Read what the presidents of speed and the lowest cost. our new B 260, and we feel
four successful service centers say
about the new B 200s they've just
The two card readers and
fully buffered input-output
that the building block prin-
ciple offered by Burroughs
'. ~~W
ordered (and keep in mind that these
systems can do the same thing
equipment are ideal for up-
dating summary reports."
has unparalleled capacity
for future expansion."
..
for you). Call our nearby branch or "An ir
Burroughs write ~s at led us
t DetrOIt 32, MR. CALVIN J. KOHLER OF MR. T. A. STANDISH JR. OF and 31
Corporation Mich. AUTOMATED PROCEDURES MECHANIZED ACCOUNTING
an imr
CORPORATION, NEW YORK IN PITTSBURGH
control
"We're firmly convinced that "We feel that the hardware "The ~
our Burroughs B 280 will independence of the B 200 versatil
provide us with the flexi-
bility, ease of programing with a separate punch and conven
and resulting productivity two separate card readers on apr
that are essential today in the will give us the flexibility and bility tl
Since tl
operations of a successful reliability so necessary in
data processing service." our business." Burroughs-TM

so many data processing problems end with

•
:..;s)
•
NCR
THROU
The Nc

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 19G2 COJ\IJ

 ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESI(
News of Computers and Data Processors

second machine is a sixteen-spindle. tape-

controlled drill press capable of reading
NEW PRODUCTS the punched tape and automatically drilling
12 printed wiring boards simultaneously.
without costly manual tooling and lengthy
set-up time. While the drilling machine is
AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT being used to drill printed circuit boards.
FOR DRILLING PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS the programmer can be used for preparing
tapes. Punched tapes are stored and filed
General Electric Company by drawing number for repeated use.
Heavy Military Electronics Department
Syracuse. N. Y. This new combination Drawing-to-Tape
Converter and Tape-Programmed Drilling Ma-
New equipment for automatically locating chine needs approximately ten minutes from
and drilling the component mounting holes re- the production drawing to the completed
quired in printed wiring boards -- average board as compared with the approximately 40
board contains 200 holes -- has been devel- minutes of machine set-up time and several
oped by this company. hours of planning and programming required by
comparable manual machines.

n-
n.

y
rd.
'r.

line.

,ed.

~ed.

~s

rmal
ssing

The new automatic equipment consists of

ne two units, each of which can be operated inde-
pendently. The first device is a drawing-to-
tape converter which generates a completely
programmed one-inch-wide eight-channel punched
tape directly from a dimensionless drawing
outlined on a 1/10 inch grid pattern. The

, 1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 1B

 FOUR BINARY UNIT MEMORY RELAY AUTOMATIC ERROR CORRECTION
WHEN PUNCHING PUNCH CARDS
Automatic Electric
Subsidiary of General Telephone & Electronics International Business Machines Corp.
Northlake. Illinois Data Processing Division
112 East Post Rd.
The Codel. a memory relay for multi-ele- White Plains. N.Y. CI;
ment code systems. has been developed by this
company. It consists of four relays mounted Card punch operators can correct most AU1

on a common heelpiece; each of the four coils punching errors with increased speed and con-
is equipped with a separate armature thai fidence using a new feature developed by this COl

operates on bifurcated Form A contact spring. company. A "correction" key is installed In1
between the present "zero" and "release" keys MOl
on both alphabetic and numeric keyboards. Na1
This relay will find application in com-
puting devices for storing any binary number Using this key. punch operators can -- in one
operation -- eject an erroneously punched card Pac
from 0000 to 1111. It may be used in both Ro)
large and small systems for translating. and rep~oduce the next card to the exact point
storing. and sending digital or binary infor- where the error occured.
CIc
mation.
RELAY WITH MAGNETIC MEMORY BUI
Gell
Automatic Electric Company
Subsidiary of General Telephone & Electronics Int
Northlake. Ill. Min
Nat
A magnetic latching relay. the Series ERM. Rad
has been developed by this company. This Rem
small. bi-stable relay is held operated after Roy
the cessation of the initial pulse by the
residual magnetism of the coil core. after the CIa
coil is de-energized. A second (reverse)
pulse demagnetizes the core. and releases the Ben
armature. Two concentric windings do the Bur
trick. Min
Int
The ERM relays may be used in computer
and automatic too 1 controls for memory storage Nat:
or "pulse stretchind'. They will also find Rad:
use in pre-programming, where a time delay is
needed between preparation and operation.
CIa:
AUTOMATIC LOADING OF MAGNgrIC TAPE 'CARTRIDGES Con1
EIECTRONIC COMPONENTS: 500,000 IN 1 CU.FT.
IntI
International Business Machin~s Corp.
Data Processing Division P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc.
Indianapolis 6. Ind. Phi:
White Plains, N.Y.
Radj
.. An automatic lriad~r fOr tap~ cartridges This company has developed resistors and Remj
for computers for the IBM 7340 tape drive sys- capacitors the size of tiny pellets. A half
tem has been developed by this company. The million of them will fit into a cubic foot of
device allows automatic loading arid unloading space. Syh
of magnetic tape. It holds a tape cartridge
in reserve and automatically moves the reserve These very small components have applica-
cartr idge into po si tion for use by the computer tion in miniaturization, as· in vest-pocket CIa~

as soon as processing of the first cartridge is electronic computers and data transmission
completed. . systems the size of an attache case. IntE
Remj
The cartridge loader attaches to the top The components are assembled into a com-
of the 7340 drive mechanism. The operator plete micro-circuit by dropping them into TOTA
knows when the second reel is being processed place in a mounting plate no bigger than a
match cover. For maintenance, one entire cir- ~:~ 1
by a "change cartr idge" light on the system's
control panel. cuit is replaced with another. This Mallory ~:~2

concept of electronic design is called Uni-

tized Component Assembly.

2B COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COMP

 COMPUTER "TRANSLATOR" The 1800 Series equipment is compatible
FOR ATLANTIC MISSILE RANGE with Honeywell .800 peripheral devices and
automatic programming aids.
Ortronix, Inc.
Orlando, Fla.
FOURIER ANALYSIS COMPUTER
>ur- A solid-state device called a digital-
data format converter has been developed for IMM Industries
the Air Force by this company. It has been 12160 Victory Blvd.
installed at the Technical Laboratory at North Hollywood, Calif.
Patrick Air Force Base for use by the Data
Support Group. ,A compact analog computer which performs
a Fourier analysis in three minutes is being
The translator is a complete system made manufactured by this company. It is designed
~es
from standard printed circuit cards. The con- for desk-top operation and is completely
verter saves computer time by accepting in- portable. The computer weighs 19 lbs. Its
formation from various telemetry data receivers power requirements are 50 watts, ~c to one kc.
and converting it to computer "language" --
the standard IBM 7-level code, which is then
recorded on a seven-track magnetic-tape
handler. The tape is recorded in real time,
but it is usually held until it is convenient
to feed it to the computer.

The system is basically divided into two

distinct sections: the electronics converter
and the recorder section. It can accept up to
eight thirty-six bit words once every 50 mil-
liseconds. It stores this information in
N shift registers, and send-s the data out on a'
continuous six-level code. Each word is pre-
sented on thirty-six parallel lines in a syn-
chronized pulse.

NANOSECOND-COMPUTER Inputs are the 18 dials. each represent-

ing an abscissa of any waveform that can be
Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. plotted. Output is the DC, offset and the
N Electronic Data Processing Division magnitude of the lst,'2nd, 3rd, and 4th har-
Wellesley, Mass. - monics, read on the meter.

New equipment, called the Honeywell 1800

N Series, has been developed for very large PORTABLE DIGITAL COMPUTER ,
business and scientific applications by this , FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ,
company. It consists of a powerful central
N processor, and a very fast arithmetic (float- Mnemotron Corporation
ing-po int) unit. - - 45 S. Main Street
Pe ar 1 River, N.Y ~
The new central processor' (Model 180l)
has an internal operatingsp.eedof more than CAT 400 (~oinputer of Average ,Iransients).
120,000 three-address operations per second made by this company. is a'portable.·multi~
for typical arithmetic instructions. such as purpose digital computer for the study of bio-
additio.ns and subtractions. The memory cycle logical ·and' other variables. The -CAT 400 com-
speed ~s 2 micrgseconds. puter averages fou:r different- variables "simul-
taneously. It serves a whole range of comput-
The new floating-point unit (Model 180lB) ing functions, such as: analog-to-digital con-
will operate at nanosecond (billionth of a . version; recording fast wave forms; automatic
second) speeds when used in conjunction with plotting of digital data; statistical distribu-
the new 1801 central processor. tion of events; and function generation.

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 3B

 POTTER LP-600 HIGH-SPEED PRINTER

Potter Instrument Co., Inc. NEW INSTALLATIONS

Plainview, N.Y.
MAR<
The LP-600 high-speed printer, produced IBM 7080 FOR BAY WAY REFINERY
by this company, is rated at 10 consecutive
lines of printing per second. Long-life ham- The Bayway Refinery of Humble Oil & Re- and
mers mounted on rubber torsion bearings give fining Company in Linden, N.J., has replaced ter€
controlled type penetration and even type its 705 computer with a new IBM 7080 model. 704
wear. The printer operates easily by a swing- com~
down printing drum, a roll-out paper supply The 7080 is completely transistorized acco
and was installed in the same space that the .- scie
705 formerly occupied. It can handle input syst
and output of data at least three times fast- gene
er than the old equipment. New computer pro-
grams are being designed specifically for the
7080. as e
IBM
sche
SOLID-STATE SYSTEM FOR NATURAL GAS CONTROL the
engi
A new, solid-state supervisory control requ
and data-logging system made by Control Data
Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn., has been in-
stalled to control the flow of natural gas in TEC
one of the major pipeline complexes of the
United States. The system is a .Control Data
8000 Series Digital Control System. It con- been
sists of a dispatch station and three remote of B
satellite stations. univi
be c:
The Control Data 8000 Series integrates He w
digital supervisory control and data logging sibi
standard equipment, and is directly compatible ties
with digital computers. The 8000 system hard-
ware is based on standardized modules and de-
sign techniques. side]
goal:
Applications for the Control Data 8000 fess:
Series Digital Control Systems also include the r
economical load dispatching of electrical tech!
power systems, and control of water supply
systems.
IN[

HYBRID COMPlITER "TRICE"

TO SPEED SPACE PROGRAM
an a~
Packard Bell Computer Corp •• 1905 Arma- vide
carriage, and a static-electricity paper dis- cost Ave., Los Angeles 25, Calif •• is con- compt
charger at the output end of the printer. -; tria]
structing hybrid general-purpose/digital-dif-
The paper-feed system eliminates form skewing. ferential-analyzer computing systems to be tronj
Modular solid-state electronics are used placed in operation this year in two install- ment
throughout the printer. At the Eastern Joint ations of the National Aero~autics and Space trol
Computer Conference in Washington in December, Administration. - The two systems. called, and t
it operated continuously throughout the show TRICE. are expected to speed work in the Apol- link.
without down-time or adjustment. lo lunar landing program. TRICE will be used
to solve space and other advanced scientific
problems involving differential equations in
real time.

The gh/dda combination permits computa-

tion to be carried out while events under

4B COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COM:

 study are actually occurring. It provides About one-half of the computer's time
the real time speed capabilities of an analog will be spent processing the mortgage loan
~ computer with the accuracy and repeatability f!le; the balance, in general accounting work,
t of a digital computer. preparing reports for management. and invest-
io. ment analysis. The 1401 will review the en-
tire loan file each day, selecting those on
ines INSURANCE GROUP INSTALLS DATASPEED SYSTEM which transactions have occurred and posting
all new information. The computer can process
d to A commercial Dataspeed communications sys- ten mortgage loans a second. The entire daily
to tem has been installed by Hardward Mutuals - review will take less than three hours instead
00 Sentry Life Insurance Group. Stevens Point. of the present method. which requires working
Wisc. Dataspeed transmission equipment is a three shifts.
d product of the Bell System.
and.
ix
Dataspeed sending units are operating in
10 branch offices across the nation. Daily
PEOPLE OF NOTE
transactions, recorded on punched cards. are
rom automatically converted to paper tape. This DIVISION OF I.B.M. APPOINTS PRESIDENT
ay's is transmitted to the home office in Stevens
ave Point. From the receiver. it is converted to Donald T. Spaulding has been appointed
magnetic tape which is checked against a master president of the Federal Systems Division of
tape containing records of every policy the com- International Business
pany has in force. Each policy is brought up Machines Corporation.
to date every 24 hours. The division, head-
quartered at Rockville,
d Messages are transmitted at a rate of Md., is responsible for
1050 words per minute. Daily transmission IBM service to the fed-
pped formerly took from l~ to 5 hours per branch. eral government. Mr.
:er The same amount of information now is sent in Spaulding joined IBM
9 to 30 minutes per branch. in 1949 and was group
director of product
line prior to his new
.la- IBM 7090 AT M.I.T. COMPUTATION CENTER appo intment.
reles
;e An IBM 7090 data processing system has
been installed at the Mass. Inst.· of Tech-
nology's Computation Center. Cambridge. Mass ••
. al. by the International Business Machines Corp.
It is available at no charge for the education-
al and research use of M.I.T. and 39 partici-
pating New England colleges. ITT FEDERAL LABORATORIES PRESIDENT ELECTED
The 7090 is up to six times faster than Dr. William M. Duke has been elected as
the center's previous machine, an IBM 709, yet president of ITT Federal Laboratories. He
occupies about half as much space. The new joins ITT from Space TeChnology Laboratories.
computer has 19 magnetic tape units, as against Inc., where he was senior vice president. In
13 with the former machine. Some processing his new position, Dr. Duke will be in charge
lata speeds of the 7090 are: additions or subtrac- of operations at ITT Federal Laboratories'
les tions at an average rate of 229,000 per second; headquarters in Nutley, N. J •• as well as
mUltiplications at 39,500 per second; and di- branch locations at Clifton and Belleville,
~ces- visions at 32.700 per second. Input and out- N. J.; Palo Alto and San Fernando~ Calif.;
put of data will be facilitated with two small- and Fort Wayne, Ind.
er, auxiliary IBM 1401 computer systems.
~r-

AUTOMATIC SERVICING OF MORTGAGE LOANS

Kissell Company, Springfield, Ohio. a

mortgage banking firm. has installed an IBM
1401 computer. The new equipment will be
used to provide automatic servicing of nearly
42,000 mortgage loans.

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 5B

 AERONUTRONIC RECEIVES $10 MILLION INCREASE
NEW CONTRACTS FOR OPERATIONS CENTRAL
Ford Motor Company's Aeronutronic Divi-
RAILROAD FREIGHT CAR UTILIZATION: sion, Newport Beach, Calif., has received a
'MILLION-DOLLAR STUDY AT BATTELLE INSTITUTE $10,496,476 contract increase for continued
development and fabrication of a model of an
Seven major railroads are supporting a electronic operations center for the "Army of for
study at Battelle Memorial Institute, Colum- the Future". Known as Operations Central ANI sea:
bus I, Ohio, to develop advanced decision- MSQ-19. the concept combines the judgment and for
making tools for America's railroad industry. skill of the field commander and his staff 196:
The study will apply the so-called "systems with the speed and information capabilities mer~
analysis technique" to complex freight trans- of computing, data processing. and display an .
port operations. equipment. Combat intelligence, and reports saIl
and orders from other headquarters are re- com]
In 1958, 17.2 billion loaded car miles ceived, electronically processed. and trans- pan:
were recorded by Class I railroads. At the mitted visually to the commander and his
same time, 10.2 billion empty car miles were staff in a matter of seconds, in the form of
generated. Based upon a low cost estimate of projected maps. overlays, and tote boards. cha:
6 cents a mile, the cost of empt,y car move- the
ment to the railroads was $612,000,000. The The Operations Central is being developed pro~
10.2 billion empty car miles have another im- for the U. S. Army under the management di- ton
plication: a 5-1/2 billion-dollar investment r.ection of the U. S. Army Combat Surveillance pore
in rolling stock was unavailable for use each Agency. comI
day. If the analysis brings even a small im- was
provement in car distribution operations, it
can mean a significant savings for the rail- INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS
roads. FOR DIVISION OF U.S. STEEL CORP. ex pc
cal
Using a high-speed digital computer, sys- Computers combined with production control for
tems engineers are now "building" an elaborate and communications systems a National Tube diCe
mathematical model of a railroad freight traf- Division, U.S. Steel Corp., will provide for
fic system. This model will then be used as greater efficiency for quoting customer in- basi
a management tool to evaluate, in advance, the quiries. mill
consequence of specific management decisions
directed toward cost reduction and improved A contract has been signed with General
service. Electric Computer Department, Deer Valley inco
Park. Phoenix, Ariz., for leasing the computer vice
The seven railroads underwriting the cost systems. The computers will be combined with rese
of the new research program are the Canadian a system for accumulating and transmitting comp
National Railways, the Chesapeake and Ohio system associated with a teletype network is d
Railway Company, Missouri Pacific Railroad connecting National Tube's 13 district sales pute
Company, New York Central System. Norfolk and offices throughout the nation. busi
Western Railway, Southern Railway System, and cent
St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company. It Basically, the computer systems are made
is expected that othe~s may also participate up of the GE-225 general-purpose transistorized
in the three-year program. computer. high-capacity random access memory, up 0
and a specially-designed inquiry system. full
Additional equipment includes dual magnetic New'
DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDERS: tape handlers, card reader, card punch, paper Londl
$1,000,000 CONTRACT FOR tape reader and punch, and a 900-line per min- now I

CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS CORP. ute printer. All programming will be done in fice
COBOL and translated into machine instructions
Orders totaling more than $1 million have by G. E. 's General Compiler, known as GECOM.
been received by Consolidated Electrodynamics cludl
Corp., a subsidiary of Bell & Howell Co., from its
Sylvnnia Electric Systems, a subsidiary of Gen- can I
eral Telephone & Electronics Corp., for digital measl
magnetic-tape recorders. These will be used veys
in military installations throughout the world. rese:

majOl
systl
tion

6B COMPUTERS and A UTOMA TION for April, 1962 COM!

 TRW COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM DISNEY STUDIOS TO INSTALL EDP SYSTEMS
lly FOR NEW TVA POWER UNIT
Animation and advanced automation will be
The Tennessee Valley Authority will use teamed when Walt Disney Productions takes de-
a digital computer as a main part of the con- livery this fall.of an RCA 301 electronic data
trol system for its new Widows Creek Steam processing system. A lease agreement has been
ck Plant Unit 8 near Bridgeport, Ala. The com- signed with the Radio Corporation of America.
puter, a TRW-330, will be supplied by TRW
Computers Company, a division of Thompson The computer will be used to help control
Ramo Wooldridge Inc., 8433 Fallbrook Ave., and record motion picture and television costsi
ep- Canoga Park, Calif. The computer will be used information on TV, theater bookings, and reve-
rop in conjunction with combustion control equip- nuesi payroll, inventory and general account-
d- ing.
ment.
The computer system will automatically The computer system will include a six-
perform sensor scanning and alarm monitoring, tape magnetic memory unit, a 20,000 character
data logging, trend recording, and performance core memory, and a high-speed printer.
calculations. The system can be expanded
later to control the boiler-turbine generators,
and to perform cold startup, hot restart, nor- TERRAIN-AVOIDANCE COMPUTER
mal shutdown, and emergency shutdown. CONTRACTS FOR ABOUT $16.9 MILLION
s-
The contract for the control system. General Motors AC Spark Plug division has
awarded by TVA in competitive bidding, marks awarded Autonetics, a division of North Ameri-
the twelfth purchase of a TRW computer system can Aviation, Inc., Downey. Calif., contracts
by the electric power industry. totaling approximately $16.9 million for radar
terrain-avoidance computers and accessories.
~d
The computers are the 'heart of terrain-avoid-
LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOL SYSTEM ORDERS ance systems designed to give low-level flight
leed BURROUGHS B5000 DATA PROCESSOR skills to Strategic Air Force Boeing B-52
re-
bombers.
A large-scale Burroughs Corporation B5000
Information Processing System has been ordered The computers are developed and manufac-
by the Los Angeles City School system. tured by Autonetics Armament and Flight Con-
FFIC trol Products in Anaheim, Calif.
The school system, with some 46,000 em-
11 ployees, must deal with 54 different types of
payroll. In addition to speeding payroll pre- ITT CORP. -- NIPPON ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
paration, the B5000 will permit increased per-
sonnel statistical analysis, additional edu- International Telephone and Telegraph
cational administrative work, and expansion of Corp. and Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., Tokyo
.ow. general accounting and budgetary control appli- have signed a five year manufacturing and sales
cations. agreement.

>e- The Los Angeles City Schools' B5000 will Under the agreement ITT Kellogg, Chicago,
;erns include one processor (including a 32,768-word communications division of ITT, will have ex-
memory drum), one 4,096-word magnetic core clusive distribution in the United States and
memory module, one input-output channel, four in Canada of NEC-manufactured transmission
1- high-speed magnetic tape units, a card reader, products. ITT will also have the right to
punch. and line printer. manufacture such NEC-designed products.
i
f
:m $50,000,000 CONTRACT EXTENSION FOR ARGONNE
DRESSER/SIE SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM NATIONAL LABORATORY
ORDERED BY INTERPROVINCIAL PIPE LINE
The U. S. Atomic Energy Commission has ex-
ions, Dresser Electronics, SIE Division, Houston, tended its contract with the University of Chi-
st Texas, has received a contract from Interpro- cago for the operation o~ the Argonne National
vincial Pipe Line for a supervisory control Laboratory until September 30, 1966.
system in excess of $100,000. The system will
x- be used for operation of Interprovincial's new Argonne, one of the world's leading "atoms
ti- Westover-Buffalo extension to their 20" crude for peace" research centers is located 25 miles
s oil pipe line. Equipment being supplied will southwest of downtown Chicago near Lemont, Ill.
be standardized and solid-state. Annual cost of the work for fiscal year 1962
is estimated at about $50,000,000.

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 7B

 AUTOMATION AUTOMATED ON-THE-SPOT PACKAGING SYSTEM

An automated packaging system has been

TWO CONSOLE PANELS EQUAL 12 MEN IN THE developed by Midwest Foil & Packaging Co. of Ave.
ENGINE ROOM FOR AUTOMATED SHIP St. Paul, Minn., in cooperation with Packaging is I
Corporation of America's Research and Develop- cont
Op the bridge of the 9,800-ton Kinkasan ment Division in Grand Rapids, Mich. It in- ComI
Maru. a small console controls the engine room cludes automatic manufacture of cartons right The
four decks below. In a noise-proof, air-con- on the assembly line. tro]
ditioned room, next to the engine room, a seaman ~. digj
sits at a console-topped desk and scans meters, The new packaging system, called Web Form, grar
registers, and multi-colored lights that tell will handle all package sizes used by the fro- mate
whether any of the equipment in the engine zen food industry. Custom-built Web Form ma- will
room is in need of attention. No one is in the chines, feed the paper board reel, cut out at d
engine room: blanks, score, crease~ form, and heat-seal the
package. The whole process takes only a frac-
The installation on the 493-foot cargo the
ship marks the first remote-control operation for
of a transoceanic vessel. Capt. Nobu Take- into
bayashi said, "It is as simple as driving an draf
automobile" • conv
exac
On a trial run from Yokahama to New York, time
the ship carried a crew of 43 men instead of
the normal 50, but 38 men is expected to be the
need for the future. One man at the control proy:
panel on the bridge brought the ship to dock- mach.
side in Brooklyn more quickly than the con-
ventional method, which requires relays of
signals to and from the engine room. The cap- tems
tain said that greater maneuverability was the and,
best feature of the new installation. cal (
Amerj
The remote-control installation was built purc}
by the Tokyo Keiki Company for the Mitsui Line, of ac
the builder-owner of the Kinkasan Maru. A
sister ship will be built this year. Eventu-
ally the 36-ship fleet of Mitsui will all be SELF
remote-control vessels.
Minne
AUTOMATIC PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILE FENDERS which
witho
The Clearing Division of U. S. Industries,
Inc. has developed a fully integrated, auto- Th
mated press line for the production of auto- It ad
mobile fenders at Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., op in
Tokyo, Japan.
t~ troni
compu
The fender production line consists of tion of a second. The new system operates at II~ matic
six presses, cbnnected by automatic transfer speeds up to 3 cartons per second. ~ ditio
mechanisms, and weighs a total of 700 tons. wind
Only two operators are required for the entire The first food-processor to order a cus- the a
automated line, which has an hourly production tom-designed Web Form system is the Chun King the p
rate of 1200 units. Frozen Foods Corporation. Its machinery will be ma:
be in operation in May of this year.

8B COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for April, 1962 COMPl

 SOFTWARE NEWS
AlITOMATIC DRAFTING

Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, 455 Sheridan MAN-COMPlITER

f Ave., Michigan City. Ind., has designed and OVERCOMING LANGUAGE BARRIER
ing is building four· all-transistorized numerical
:>p- control systems for Universal Drafting Machine A skilled programmer will often spend days
Company's new "Orthomat" drafting machine. reducing a problem to computer code, but Itek
ht The combination of the TRW 3000 contour con- Corp., Lexington, Mass., has developed a device
trol with the drafting equipment will allow that can communicate with a computer in speedier
digital information from computers to be and simpler language -- pictures.
orm, graphically portrayed on paper or similar
ro- material in a matter of minutes. Orthomat The device, called the EDM, is the draft-
a- will handle any drawing up to 5' x 12' and man's pencil hitched to a computer. With a
at drawing speeds up to 200 inches per minute. photoelectric light pen, the operator of an
the EDM can draw designs for engineering problems
ac- As an ·example 0 fit s use. engineer s cite graphically on a cathode ray tube screen. The
the need of the aircraft and auto industries designs pass through into an inexpensive com-
for translating complex mathematical formulae puter, which translates the designs and stores
into structural and part drawings. The new the answers in its memory banks in digits and
drafting machine will be able to automatically .also on microfilm. The engineer may engage in
convert the computer information on tape to a "conversation" with an EDM, recall any of his
exact scale drawings in a fraction of the earlier drawings to the screen in a millisec-
time that it now takes draftsmen. ond. and alter lines and curves by simply press-
ing buttons and sketching with the light pen.
Another application will be in verifying
program tapes for automatically controlled Itek expects to deliver the machine within
machine tools. twelve months. The letters EDM have been trans-
lated by Itek variously as Electronic Drafting
Boeing-Seattle has purchased three sys- Machine, Engineering Design Machine. or Engi-
tems to perform lofting of airframe structures neering Drafting Machine.
and verification of computer-designed numeri-
cal control milling machine tapes. North
American Aviation. Rocketdyne Division, has CLEAR -- HrnEYWELL 290 ffiOGRAMMING SYSTEM
purchased a system to draw structural parts
of advanced missile designs. Minneapolis-Honeywell's Special Systems
Division has developed a new technique, known
as CLEAR (Compiler, Loaders, Executive program.
SELF-ADJUSTING AlITOMATIC PILOT FOR PLANES Assembler, Routines), for the Honeywell 290
digital process computer. The system includes
Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., a compiler and an improved assembler.
Minneapolis, Minn., has a new automatic pilot
which can adapt itself to flight conditions The compiler, called FAST (Formula and
without having to be preset. Statement Translator), is a computer language
similar to Fortran and includes a translating
The guidance system is called the H-14. program including process~control routines.
It adjusts itself to conditions as they devel- It accepts most Fortran-written programs with-
op in flight rather than being preset elec- out conversion. The compiler program is stored
tronically to meet specific conditions. A on perforated or magnetic tape. It is trans-
computer is the heart of the H-14. It auto- ferred into the drum memory of the Honeywell
at matically compensates for varying flight con- 290 control computer by one of the loading
ditions such as speed, altitude, weight and routines whenever programs are to be compiled
wind gusts. The computer gives the device for later translation into assembler input
us- the ability to sense conditions affecting language and finally into basic machine lan-
ing the plane it is controlling. The H-14 will guage.
ill be marketed by Beech Aircraft Corp.
The CLEAR assembler accepts a mixture of
computer languages and merges these into one
main program. A perforated tape is produced
in basic machine language that can be entp.red
into the H290 computer using the loading rou-
tines. The assembler checks incoming programs,
routines and subroutines for errors, producing
diagnostic information concerning them so that
corrections, if any are needed, can be made.

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 9B

 NEW APPLICATIONS The computer sorts the ads. alphabetically
and by classification; the master tape of the
previous day's edition is run with the new
tape, killing the expired ads and inserting a di
FRENCH HOUSEWIVES SHOP WITH PUNCHED CARDS the new ads in their proper position. This trol
produces a new master tape, which is sent back Plan
A new discount supermarket in Nice. France, in punched tape form to the Journal's photo-
is giving French housewives experience with compositor. pute
electronics. With each item they put in their Comp
basket, "Superdis" shoppers take a punched card Ramo
A by-product of the operation is the prep- Cano
from the display shelf. The punch card shows aration of bills for expired ads, ready to drop
the discount price, standard price, and des- in CI
in the mail. An entire page of classified ad- ment
cription of merchandise. At the checkout vertising can be put on tape in about 30 min-
point, an IBM tabulating machine receives the ~
utes.
punched cards and prints an itemized invoice.
perf~
data
AUTOMATIC BUYING VIA TELEPHONE calci
DATA TRANSMISSION late1
and
A factory and an industrial distributor mal:
have streamlined purchasing and order-process-
ing of small tools and industrial supplies
through a telephone hook-up with electronic awar<
data handlers at each end. The plant is the the 1
Atomics International Div. of North American by tJ
Aviation, Canoga. Calif.; the distributor is
Ducommun Metals & Supply Co •• Los Angeles.
Much purchasing paperwork has been eliminated L(
through the use of this system. Also, the need
for large inventories has also been greatly re-
duced.
Infol
by tt
DIGITAL COMPUTER TO CONTROL LOS ANGELES TRAFFIC

Los Angeles. Calif •• will use a digital plOYE

computer system to help control vehicular payro
traffic this spring. The computer system parat
will monitor four miles of Sunset Boulevard sonnE
west from downtown Los Angeles and regulate catio
traffic signals in response to vehicular flow. gener
The control center will be in City Hall. catio

A Thompson Ramo Wooldridge RW-300 is be-

ing used to analyze and direct traffic patterns inclu
and will react at once to changing traffic memor
conditions on the boulevard. The computer memor
high-

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
will receive traffic volume and movement in-
formation. transmitted by telephone lines,
from automatic detectors located within and
t punch

PUBLISHING BY COMPUTER at the borders of the controlled section of

Sunset Boulevard. By using this data and an
A General Electric computer is being used analysis program stored in its memory. the ORE
in Phoenix, Arizona to prepare the classified RW-300 will continuously decide on the best OR
section of a daily newspaper, the Arizona settings of the traffic signals. These de-
Journal. cisions. transmitted back to the intersections.
will control the signals to provide the most Texas
Ads are typed on a Justowriter, producing effective flow of traffic: vinci
typed copy and punched tape. Data-phone auto- systel
matically transmits the tape information to GE's This pilot system will be gradually ex- be USI
Information Processing Center. where it enters· panded to control more and more of the criti- Westo'
the computer. and is transferred to magnetic cal intersections in congested areas of Los oil p
tape~ Angeles. be st:

lOB COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COMI

 ment of proprietary programs for the 7090.
BUSINESS NEWS These include CEIRCODER. a program to generate
automatically programs for business data pro-
cessingi OPAL. a program to automate the analy-
C-E-I-R ANNOUNCES RECORD SALES sis of market research surveys and analysesj
and RAMPS, an automated method of project
m C-E-I-R, Inc., a world-wide corporation planning and control, like PERT but including
of for economic, industrial and operations re- cost.
\N/ search, announced record sales of $10.940.358
md for its eighth fiscal year ended September 30, During the past year C-E-I-R announced
1961. Including sales of those companies plans to install its second giant 7030 IBM
merged during fiscal 1961. this represents STRETCH computer. This machine will be in-
an increase of $5,170.478, or 90 per cent over stalled in a new building now under construc-
~s
sales of C-E-I-R in the preceding year. It tion in Cambridge adjacent to the Massachusetts
completes an eight-fold expansion of the com- Institute of Technology campus. This building
:;-
pany in the last three years. is the first of a group of five structures
that will make up Technology Square. Previous
)f Dr. Herbert W. Robinson. president and announcements have disclosed C-E-I-R's plan to
chairman of the board, pointed out that in establish a STRETCH Center in Los Angeles.
the past two years the company's expansion The two computers are scheduled to start opera-
)ped program has changed it from a local Washing- tion in fiscal 1963.
ton operation to a large international cor-
rIce poration. During the last fiscal year the Dr. Robinson said that the corporation's
company's data processing equipment in place immediate objective would be to consolidate
was increased more than three times. its recent heavy investments and fulfill their
purpose by turning them into profitable opera-
However, heavy intangible investment in tions.
expansion amounting to $1,175,000 during fis-
cal 1961 contributed to a deficit of $874,018
ntrol for the year's operations. Dr. Robinson in- ELLIOTT BROTHEilS ANNOUNCES COMPUTER SALES
dicated, however. that a satisfactory profit
for 1962 was forecast by the company on the Below is a table of the order and deliv-
basis of its projected volume of about $20 eries of National-Elliott digital computers
million. manufactured by Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd.,
England.
al Approximately half of the corporation's
income is derived from the professional ser- Delivered On Order
uter vices it renders in the fields of operations
ith research, economics, logistical planning and Type 401 1
computer programming. The rest of its income Type 402 10
is derived from the sale of electronic com- Type 403 1
es puter services. The pro portion of commercial Type 405 33 1
business of the firm increased from 56 per Type 802 7
cent the previous year to 79 per cent. Type 803 54 29
lade Type 502 2
rized During 1961 new operations were started Special Purpose
ry, up or existing operations were expanded into Computers 7
full-size C-E-I-R Centers at Boston. Hartford.
,c New York, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, 32
Totals 113
lper London, Paris. and Mexico City. In all, C-E-I-R
min- now operates 20 service centers and field of- The company also is' manufacturing the NCR
! in 1 fices in North America and Europe • 315 computer at Borehamwood for the National
. ions Cash Register Company Limited.
1M. The corporation's expansion program in-
cludes mergers with compatible companies in
its field. C-E-I-R has merged with the Ameri- NCR ANNOUNCES SALES FIGURES
can Research Bureau, the television audience
measurement organization, and with ARB Sur- The consolidated sales of The National
veys and Facts Consolidated. leading market Cash Register Company, a leading computer
research firms. builder, totaled $518,884,000 for 1961. This
represents an increase of 13% over consolida-
The principal computer in use at most ted sales for 1960. The net income for 1961
major C-E-I-R Centers is the IBM 7090/1401 was $21,708,000, an increase of 8% over 1960.
system. A significant factor in the corpora-
tion's investment program has been the develop-

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 lIB

 BATTELLE EXPANDS COMPUTING CENTER stu~
New Computing Centers the
An expanded computing center with a new coml
Bendix G-20 Computing System is operating at of i
EASTERN AIRLINES' ELECTRONIC COMPUTER CENTER Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio.
Eastern Air Lines has opened an electronic The center has special communication lines
computer center at Charlotte, N.C. t'o provide so that the computer can be controlled from
its customers with instantaneous reservation remote points. The system can be programmed to
and flight information. Up-to-the-second handle several distinct problems according to tem
seat inventories of all EAL flights for a priority. The computer can make up to 83,000 Sent
365-day period are maintained by the new sys- calculations a second, and will print 1000 Wise
tem, which coordinates reservation activity lines a minute; its magnetic tapes will read proc
in 42 cities. or write up to 240,000 decimal digits a second.
The center has two Univac 490 real-time A special simulator, developed by Bendix 10 1
computers manufactured for Eastern by the for Battelle, made it possible for Battelle trar
Remington Rand Univac Division of the Sperry scientists to transfer computing problems from autc
Rand Corp. Access to the computers is pro- other equipment to the new equipment in a day's is t
vided by remotely-located input-output devices. time -- a changeover that might otherwise have Poin
Information is sent throughout the 42-city required months of effort. magn
system by means of long distance telephone tape
lines and conventional teletype circuits. In pany
addition to the two computers, two additional MISSILE SYSTEMS CORP. COMPUTER CENTER to d
subsystems are operating at the center: 5
flying-head drums with associated channel.syn- A new computer center is being operated
chronizers and drum control unitsi and magnetic by Missile Systems' DataMation division in 1050
tape subsystem control equipment. Los Angeles, Calif. The new center is equipped form
with IBM data processing facilities, together The
Eastern's computers are able to handle a with allied data programming and reduction 9 to
minimum of 46 different types of operations; equipment.
complete at least 500 transactions per minute
with a potential for expansion to 1500; take The center, together with other installa-
in and retain data on all 1500 of Eastern's tions of the DataMation division in Los Angeles
daily flights for the next 365 days; and send and Denver, supports major missile and space
this data on request by "agent sets" to all programs with technical documentation. It been
of the 876 agent desks at the airport or down- also provides preparation and publication nolol
town offices in 42 of the airline's principal skills for instructional maintenance material. by tl
cities. It i:
al al
LITTON INDUSTRIES COMPUTER CENTER patil
USC DEDICATES COMPUTER SCIENCES LABORATORY
A Computer Center has been installed at
The University of Southern California the Guidance and Control Systems Division of the (
has dedicated its $2-million Computer Sciences Litton Systems, Woodland Hills, Calif. occul
Laboratory for education and research. compi
The center is equipped with an IBM 704 13 w]
Two of the nation's leading manufacturers computer and related on-line and off-line data speec
of electronic data processing equipment joined processing equipment. The equipment includes tion~
in equipping the laboratory. Both a UNIVAC magnetic tape units, magnetic core storage, multj
solid state 80 and a Honeywell 800 occupy much card readers, printer and punch, and all neces- visi(
of the 13,000 square-foot area of the building sary peripheral equipment. put c
at 1010 West Jefferson Blvd., Los Angeles, er, c
Calif. The co-operating corporations are able The Computer Center, facilities and per-
to train their own personnel at the Computer sonnel. are available on an hourly rental
Sciences Laboratory on their own equipment basis to other firms.
while USC itself has use of all of the equipment
on a one-shift-per-day basis for its own ed-
ucational and research purposes. mortg
1401
used
42,00

12B COMPUTERS and A UTOMA TION for April, 19(j2 COMI

 New Firms, Divisions, and BECKMAN-TOSHIBA, LTD. AGREEMENT

Mergers Beckman Instruments. Inc. has formed a

jointly-owned company with Tokyo Shibaura
MARQUARDT AND CEIR, INC. ENTER SALES AGREEMENT Electric Company IToshiba} to manufacture and
distribute Beckman products in Japan. The
The Marquardt Corporation, Van Nuys, Calif, new firm. Beckman-Toshiba, Ltd., will be cen-
and CEIR. Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., have en- tered in Tokyo and be staffed by Japanese
tered a sales agreement for marketing of IBM personnel.
704 computer time and services. The joint
computer service bureau program is aimed at The firm will produce preCISIon potentio-
accommodating industrial requirements for meters; components for electronic instruments
scientific data computations, PERT reporting and systems; gas chromatographs; and analytical
••
systems. reliability reporting programs. and instruments for scientific and industrial ap-
general computer programming. plications.
e According to the agreement. CEIR serves
as exclusive sales agent for the marketing of BENSON-LEHNER FORMS NEW DIVISION
IBM 704 time to outside customers. Marquardt
schedules and performs the work and will use
the equipment to process its own scientific, Benson-Lehner Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.,
engineering. and administrative computing has formed a Data Services Division to help
requirements. meet growing data processing requirements of
1 government agencies and industry. The Divi-
1- sion is located at 1860 Franklin St., Santa
In TECH/OPS ESTABLISHES "CORPORATE FELLOWSHIPS" Monica.
The position of "Corporate Fellow" has The Data Services Division is using Ben-
been established by Technical Operations. Inc. son-Lehner data processing equipment such as
of Burlington, Mass. Patterned after the the Electroplotter J, as well as an IBM 1620
university fellow, the Corporate Fellow will computer supported by a complete IBM card
be chosen from Tech/Ops' scientific staff. tabulating department.
s He will be freed from administrative respon-
9 sibilities. His goals, interests and activi-
ble ties will be largely self-determined. FOXBORO ADDS NEW AUTOMATION GROUP
rd-
e- Tech/Ops seeks through its Fellows: con- The Foxboro Company, Foxboro, Mass. has
sideration of long-term corporate technical formed a new digital systems division. This
goals; intellectual stimulation of the pro- new division will design and manufacture auto-
fessional staff; and continued contact with mation systems for control of industrial pro-
the most advanced thinking and thinkers in cesses. Foxboro will now have "in house"
technical fields. means for engineering and manufacturing inte-
grated digital and analog systems of measure-
ment and control.
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT AGREEMENT
BETWEEN FOXBORO COMPANY AND RCA

Radio Corporation of America has made

an agreement with The Foxboro Company to pro- _/ ~
l- vide on a non-exclusive basis RCA-developed
computers and electronic equipment for indus-
.f- trial control systems. The principal elec-
tronic units involved in the RCA-Foxboro agree-
ll- ment are the RCA 110 industrial process con-
~e trol computer, the RCA 100 control computer.
and the RCA 130 industrial data transmission l V
101- link. Ii
;ed v
'--r---'-_---'" I
ic
in

a-

lU62 COMPUTERS and A UTOMA TION for April, 1962 l3B

 DIGITAL COMPUTER CENSUS
(Figures and information reprinted with permission from "Automatic Data Processing
Service News Letter", for January 22. 1962, published by The Diebold Group, Inc.,
430 Park Ave., New York 22, N.Y.)
The following figures show over 14,000 installations of digital computers, both general pur- dat
pose and more limited. The figures apply as of the end of 1961, to computers made by United the
States manufacturers. ins'
Pat]
CLASS I. GENERAL PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS
SUPI
Vacuum-tube circuitry -- See definition of Class I.
Computer Delivered On Order Notes fror
Manufacturer ver1
Large-Scale: fon
and
Burroughs Burroughs 220 53 6 the
International Bus. Mach. Corp. IBM 701 4 0 N reco
IBM 702 5 0 N hane
IBM 704 90 3 but
IBM 705 & 705 III 165 7 to f
IBM 709 30 2
Minneapolis-Honeywell Datamatic 1000 7 0 N
Radio Corp. of America Bizmac I 1 0- N dist
Bizmac II 4 0 N and
Remington Rand Univac Scientific 1100 Series 41 0 eigh
except Univac 1107 lise
Univac I & II 59 0 N shif
cont
Medium-Scale: sent
chro
Alwac Alwac III-E with tapes 5 o
Bendix G-15 with tapes 158
Burroughs Burroughs 205 with tapes 83 5
International Bus. Mach. Corp. IBM 650 with tapes and/or Ramac 250 4
Remington Rand Univac File Computer 101 2
Underwood Elecom Series 4 o
Small-Scale:

Alwac Alwac II & III 8 o N

Alwac III-E 32 o
Bendix . G-15 (no tapes) .194
Burroughs Burroughs 205 (no tapes) 19 1
Idaho-Maryland Readix 7 o N Seri
International Bus. Mach. Corp. IBM 650 (card) 725 10 busi
IBM 305 Ramac 1,050' 50 comp
National Cash Register NCR 102 30 . o N proc 1

Royal-McBee LGP-30 445 20 ing-l

TOTAL 'GLASS I COMPUTERS 3,570·
has ;
N No longer in production. 120,(
for 1
addi1
speec

will
secon
the n

14B ,COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 COM]

 CLASS II. GENERAL PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Transistorized circuitry -- See definition of Class II.

Manufacturer Computer Delivered On Order

Class IIA (Desk):

Autonetics Recomp II 125 0

n- Recomp III 24 0
is Control Data CDC 160 [, 160A (~~ 1) 120 50
International Bus. Mach. Corp. IBM 1620 410 500
'ys Monroe Monrobot XI 70 125
National Cash Register NCR 390 60 200
ne NCR 310 15 20
:ard Packard Bell PB 250 51 38
int Royal McBee RPC 4000 39 18

Class lIB (Small):

Burroughs B250, B260, B270, B280 6 120

General Electric GE 210 45 25
GE 225 38 69
.cs International Bus. Mach. Corp. IBM 1401 1,750 5,200
Minneapolis Honeywell Honeywell 400 8
National Cash Register NCR 315 0 70
ERM, Radio Corp. of America RCA 301 47 60
Remington Rand Univac Solid State UO [, 90 430 174
:er Royal McBee RPC 9000 2 10
the Class IIC (Medium):
:he Bendix Bendix G-20 10
Burroughs B5000 0 8
Minneapolis Honeywell Honeywell 800 33
International Bus.Mach. Corp. IBM 7070, 7072, [, 7074 190 250
r IBM 1410 3 475
["age National Cash Register NCR 304 21 9
i Radio Corp. of America RCA 501 68 17
is
Class lID (Large):
Control Data CDC 1604 27 12
International Bus. Mach. Corp. IBM 7080 o 50
IBM 7090 125 100
Philco Philco 2000 (models 210 G 211) 17 23
Philco 2000 (model 212) o 5
and Radio Corp. of America RCA 601 o 6
If Remington Rand Univac 1107 o 4
of Univac III o 42
Univac 490 2 12
Sylvania Sylvania 9400 2(*2) o
ica-
Class lIE (Extra Large):

International Bus. Mach. Corp. Stretch 2 5

Remington Rand Larc 2 o
om-
TOTAL CLASS II COMPUTERS 3.742
cir- *1 Machines are being supplied National Cash as a component of the NCR 310 system
ry *2 Vor in-company installations

1962 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 1GB

 MISCELLANEOUS DIGITAL COMPUTERS

Manufacturer Computer Delivered On Order Notes

Burroughs E-IOI G E-I03 140 35

Clary
International Bus. Mach. Corp.
DE 60
IBM 604
IBM 607
48
4,800
450'
10
350
N
I
IBM 608 50 N
IBM 609 G 609B-l 250 210
IBM 610 225 25
Monroe Monrobot IX 124 23
Remington Rand Univac 40, 60 [, 120 1,050 30
Underwood 100 4 N

TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS COMPUTERS 7,141

N No longer in production
Definitions

Class I consists of systems with vacuum tube circuitry and which can be classified into
large-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale, based on the computer and its associated peripheral
equipment as defined below. There is no implied evaluation of machine capabilities in terms of
large, medium and small. Mimimum requirements for each group follow: Large-scale: The system
uses magnetic tapes and the computer operates at microsecond arithmetic speeds. Price in general and
is in the order of magnitude of one million dollars or more. Medium-scale: The system uses mag- quir
netic tapes and the computer operates at millisecond arithmetic speeds. In general, the price boar
range is from $500,000 to $1,000,000. Small-scale: The system does not use magnetic tapes but oped
the computer is internally programmed.

Class II consists of systems with transistorized circuitry, generally known as "second gen-
eration" computers. Many of these systems are characterized by expandability or modular design.
The criteria used for subdividing Class II are shown below:

Number of Average
Monthly Magnetic Storage Overlap of Reading,
Rental Tapes On bits) Writing, Computing Notes

A. Desk (does Under None 20,000 None Input-output normally

not refer $2,000 paper tape or keyboard.
to physical No high speed printer.
size)

B. Small Under 0-6 100,000 None All input-output on line.

$12,000

C. Medium $12-25,000 6-12 500,000 Yes Magnetic tape oriented.

D. Large $25-75,000 More than 12 1,000,000 Yes Magnetic tape oriented.

E. Extra Large Over More than 12 Over Yes Speeds and capacities
$75,000 1,000,000 outside range of normal
business data processing

For most Class II systems, expansion to the next higher level is possible without serious
imbalance.

Miscellaneous computers are card calculators and other machines which do not fall into one two l
of the above systems classIfications. pendE
tape
progr
tape
outli

1GB COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 19G2 COM:

 KOPPERS
ONE OF THE WORLD'S LEADING INDUSTRIES SERVING INDUSTRY

~~Why we chose the NCR computer." -KOPPERS COMPANY, INC., Pittsburgh

..
II An intensive study of electronic systems also capable of storing large amounts of chemical engineering ... designing .•.
led us to the conviction that the NCR 390 data electronically, they will act as their process analysis . . . and a host of other
and 315 computers will give our company own communication with the computer. scientific-type applications.
an important tool for better management "The NCR 315 computer was chosen be- "We believe the NCR 390 and NCR 315
control of all aspects of our business. cause it is an expansible system and can computers, as a team, will provide a highly
"The NCR 390, a small-scale, but highly process technical data as well as business efficient and profitable solution to our data
versatile computer, will enable us to use data. With Card Random Access Memory processina problelm."
conventional business-type ledger records (CRAM), the NCR 315 will speed the flow

~-+ij
on applications where day-by-day accessi- of business data and will give us new capa-
bility to our accounting data is desirable. bilities in solving many problems in research
Since the records used with the NCR 390 are and development ... civil, mechanical, and (h,i,m,o of fh. 'o"d

NCR PROVtDES TOTAL SYSTEMS-FROM ORIGINAL ENTRY TO FINAL REPORT-

THI~OUUI t ACCOUNTING MACHINES, CASH REGISTERS OR ADDING MACHINES, AND DATA PROCESSING
Thu. Nlltlunul Cash Register Co.o1,039 offices in 121 countries o78 years of helping business save money

1, I !lIi~! C()~ll'llTgRS flllrI AUTOMATION for April, HlG2 21

 (Continued /roJrl Page 19) the analog of a section head in charge of a lltllll her A
puter, except in the department of speed. The speed of human computers. stich
of execution of calculating and reasoning in a com- Let us compare this marvellous control capacity of il 10
puter, once it has been correctly programmed and a computer with the control capacity or a 11l1I1l;tn r()l1~

the information is within the computer, has an ad- being. In the first place, he cannot always kecp his ;t Ill;

vantage of about 1,000,000 to one. But there are attention on even a single program of things to be read
instances where a human being is still a respectable done: his mind wanders; he has a coffee hreak; he Al
competitor: in playing a good game of chess, in recog- stops to chat with the clerk sitting next to him in lati\
nizing a handwritten address on an envelope, in dis- the office; then he concentrates again filling another pute
tinguishing which light at a street intersection is a sheet of calculations; and so on. Perhaps a good speed ractc
traffic light, and so on. of a human being in thinking is 2 or 3 elementary
reasoning operations per second. In the multiplica- Tl
7. Control Capacity
tion of 927538921 by itself, there were about 600 or capa
'IVhat a computer does from one operation to the 700 elementary reasoning operations. In "9 times
llext is determined by the control unit. The control infOl
9 is 81, and 2 carried is 83, write 3, and carry 8," we tape,
uni t consists at rock bottom of a register which con- would count 4 elementary reasoning operations. And
tains an instruction, the current instruction which 100,(
this gives a speed of approximately 2 per second. Of contl
sets the switches throughout the machine for the next course a good deal of the time a human being will
transfer of information. Then as soon as the switches tape
just wonder about the way to go at a problem. If card
are completely set, the information is transferred in in geometry I wish to show that the sum of the
a flash throughout the machine. Then the control stan(
angles of any triangle is 180 I may not know how to
0
,
sjJeel
register takes in the next instruction, which in turn start at first, and I may have to guess, experimen t,
establishes what will happen next throughout the lines
and explore. Al
machine. The flow of instructions into the control So the factor of advantage for the computer is on
register is regularly produced by the program. The comI
the order of a million to one. cient
most powerful present-day computer can handle 2
8. Reliability spee(
. million instructions per second.
IS a :
But recently some new and fruitful system ideas The first automatic computers of the 1940's were
have been applied to the control unit. In early com- not very reliable. The equipment of which they were tion
puters, the central processor of information would made had not been engineered to be exceedingly rclea
"sit around" idle while waiting for some piece of accurate and reliable. The programmer for the prob- periF
peripheral equipment to put in 'Or take out informa- lem usually had to program the checks that he wanted A
tion. For example, if it was a card punch which used, by doing the same operation in another way. abou
For example, in multiplication A times B would usc abou
could punch 2,400 characters a second, while the
or 2fJ
computer could produce 80,000 characters a second, equipment differently from B times A, and so both
operations might be programmed, and then the com- putel
the computer might be idle waiting for the card
punch for 40 seconds, and the computer would be puter would be given an instruction to compare the top 0
working one out of every 40 seconds. This very seri- results. If the difference in the results exceeded a per s
certain tolerance, then the machine would stop; and pl! ter
ous waste of expensive capacity had to be eliminated.
A succession of useful ideas has been applied to the operator in charge of the computer, and the mathe-
this problem. First, there was the on-line buffer matician in charge of the program, and the main- Th
mentioned above, whereby an auxiliary buffer mem- tenance man in charge of keeping the machine going rapid
ory would take the 2,400 characters from the com- would consult on how to get rid of the error! acces~

puter at the computer's speed and then deliver them Those days have long since gone. Now computers prelir
to the card punch at the card punch's speed. Second can operate with extraordinary reliability, with as one c
came the off-line buffer or tape-t'O-card converter: the many as a billion or ten billion operations between mal (
computer would load up a magnetic tape reel with errors. Automatic checking of various kinds is built 1 ~. able (
information for the card punch, and then the card into the machine. Machine faults are divided into 1n
punch governed by the converter would work away two kinds: intermittent and constant. An intermit- access
for a long time punching cards. Third came the idea tent fault may be due for example to a speck of Each
of tnllltiple trunks) lines running to many buffers dust momentarily between a magnetic reading head 'rhes(
for many pieces of peripheral equipment, each buffer and the magnetic tape, so that a 1 is read as a o. proce
calling the central processor when it needed loading. A constant fault may be due to a component going I hcm
Theil came the idea of multi-program and traffic con- below par so that electric pulses do not pass through posi Ii
fro/-shared guided control of the central processor it properly any more. For both these causes of fault reel.
ror different equipment and different programs. Also, there are diagnostic programs so that the point where Iks
j}J"ograJll-illterrllpt features provided top priority for the computer made the mistake can be located. To Ilia), I
urgellt business. In this way, the idea was pursued avoid loss of desired information, checking digits IIdir
that the computer itself should be responsible for are carried along by the machine with the inforllla- high
working on many programs and many calls from tion. For example, if the numer of l's in a character \\' h ich
equipment, in each case attending to instructions in is even, the checking digit is an additional 1. If the spots.
such a way as to maximize the amount of work done number of ones in the character is odd, the checking drlllll
and minimize the waiting of any program or pe- digit is o. The machine can automatically COllnt availa
ripheral device. So the central processor became no digits in a character at numerous points througholll a se('oll<
longer the analog of a single human computer, but calculation, and can always at once tell whether a lIel

22 COMPUTERS and AUTO~L\TION for .\pril. I%~ ( :()~11'1

 character is wrong, (has an even number of l's, in One of the important solid-state devices llsed in
~? the example), and can automatically rerun from a
preceding- poi Ill.
computers is the "magnetic core." This is a small
doughnut-shaped bead of a magnetic ceramic, called
But evel\ heller than this is automatic recalcula· ferrite, which is arranged with other corcs in flat
tion o[ missillg information and automatic correction planes and strung with insulated wires. \;Vhen a cur-
of errors. 'l'h is power is a feature of the HoneywelJ rent is passed through a wire going through one of
800 cOllq>uter, made by Minneapolis-Honeywell, in these cores, the polarization of the core can be
:nade a patented scheme called Orthotronic control. vVith changed from one direction to the other direction.
this systelll, the machine itself is able to recompute This enables the core to be changed, from storing a
Lriet)' correct illformation automatically and without paus- zero to storing a one, or by running current in the
,-. ing, by lIlaking use of checking digits not only in rows reverse direction, from storing a one to storing a zero.
~trllc- but also ill columns. These magnetic cores are the heart of the rapid
In comparison with these amazing realities, the un- memory, that part of storage of information which
may -. reliable, error-prone human being feels like shrinking can be most rapidly consulted in the powerful com-
into a corner. The standard procedure in the 1930's puters. Their polarization can be switched at best in
puter and 1940's in the life insurance business for calcula- about half a microsecond. Access to a magnetic
tion by clerks with desk calculators was to have the core memory in a powerful computer can be a micro-
Jman calculation done once by one clerk, then a second second.
time by another clerk independently, and then in- Even faster memory devices are on the way, such
~r or spected by the section head. This caught most but as spots of magnetic film deposited on thin glass
not all errors. plates. Their polarization can be switched in a few
If we measure reliability by the average number hundredths of a microsecond.
o[ opera tions between errors, then we should say per- It seems likely that the size of computers will be-
haps for the computer 10 billion and for the human come smaller and smaller at the same time as they
l take being at best 1,000, and so the factor of advantage is increase in power and capacity. Eventually the pow-
10 million. erful computer, in hardware may be a rival of the
le ex-
9. Tirelessness human brain in size also.
~bOlll
The computer of course is little different from any
~it1ler
other machine when it is a matter of tirelessness Of to II. Manufacture and Costs
some
use a less human expression, oj}(:mting ratio. This is At the present time more than 20 manufacturers
1 of a
the quotient of the amount of time that the computer ill the United States make automatic digital com-
resse,1
operates correctly divided hy the amOlillt. of tilllc pllters of variolls kinds. Outside of the United States
,IX or
that the computer ought to be availahle for 0per;lt· I here a rc at least 15 more manufacturers of commer-
)wing
ing. The numerator does not exclude time whell the cial alltomatic computers, but none of the ma-
,0 program did not run because the human programlller chines they are making are as powerful as the most
made a mistake. The denominator does include the powerful machines being made in the United States.
I
)
time when the computer is idle for preventive lnaill- The number of types of commercial computers
lcnancr:, when the technicians go over it with a fine- currently in the United States is about 45 or 50. Their
1
loothed comb seeking to locate components that are price ranges from over $10 million to about$2S,000;
0
about to fail, to be pulled out and replaced with new the monthly rental ranges from about $gOO,OOO to
ones so that the maximum operation may be achieved. about $700.
JUter: The operating ratio in many computer installa-
rd 01' The most powerful computers which recently were
lions is 97 and 98 per cent, even when there are being contracted for are the IBlVI 70;H) Slretch com-
(0) of multiple shifts up to 168 hours per week.
mag-- puter, being marketed by International Business Ma-
A human being does get fatigued. He does need chines Corp., and the Univac Larc, being made by the
being- sleep (lhoug'h his heart does not, for it keeps pump-
i
Remington Rand Univac Division of Sperry Rand.
ing while he sleeps having mastered the trick of never A non-commercial Larc was delivered in 1960 to the
sually getting tired). He has to SLOp to eat and behave in
f .i ust
Livermore Atomic Research Center in California .
other ways like the animal and biochemical system The commercial forms of Larc and Stretch have not
ord IS that he is.
~ci lila I yet been delivered at present writing.
The highest operating ratio of a human being is
.tla rl y, One of the really important factors in the cost of a
perhaps around 84 hours a week out of the 168 hours
word; computer is the unit cost per calculating operation.
available, or about 50%. The usual work week of
~aning As the price of a computer goes up, the cost per cal-
course of gS hours represents 21 per cent operating
let iOll. culating operation goes down. For the most expensive
ra tio.
sallie computers, the cost is least.
The factor of advantage for the computer is about
·1 to I. For example, take the Stretch compllter, remal
I take 10. Hardware about $300,000 mollthly, and assllme :'()(),()()() calculat-
I fa(t, The lIlost advanced computers of the present day ing operations per second. In a IIlollth theil, it will do
ne I~- are ('a lied solid-state computers, because they make about 1.2 times 10 1 ~ calculating opera tiolls. This is
to pllt extcmi\'(~ lise of solid-state electronic devices such as at the rate of 100,000 calculating operations [or 2Y2
e-digit trallsistors, germanium diodes, and magnetic shift reg- cents. Even if this figure does not allow for many
IlIahll~ istcrs.--not electronic tubes. This increases speed, factors that should be considered-particularly, the
lilli, ':-''' ellts down electric power consumption, reduces heat, cost of programming-still it shows a profoundly new
and saves space. power existing in society for answering questions.

il, 1!Iti~ (:( )\11'1 I- I'ERS IIlId .\ UTO~[ATION for April, 1962 23
COMPUTERS
AND
r,
c

WORLD PEACE -,
c
tl
tl
a
d
IT
COMPUTERS AND WORLD PEACE- delivery vehicles. It was awarded to the Systems Di- \\
ANNOUNCEMENT vision of the Bendix Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich. P
It is thought that the contract will result in a help- a
Edmund C. Berkeley
ful contribution to disarmament planning and negoti- it
Editor, Computers and Automation
ations. The study will include consideration of the (
Beginning with this issue, Computers and Auto- production of strategic delivery systems such as long- C
range missiles and bombers capable of delivering cc
mation will have a new department, which will be Ia
published from time to time, "Computers and World nuclear weapons. It will include identifying and
p:
Peace." evaluating techniques both on the site and remote C
The final impulse in a long sequence of impulses from the site of the delivery systems. Ie
in this direction has come from one of the announce- pl
ments of the 1962 Spring Joint Computer Conference fc
WAR SAFETY CONTROL - COMMENTS 1,
in San Francisco, May 1 to May 3.
UI
"One session, entitled 'Peace and the Role of Com- I. FrOln James J. Wadsworth Sf
puters' will describe the part computers may be President, The Peace Research Inst. m
expected to take in man's search for world peace. Washington 6, D. C. p]
Dr. Louis Fein, Palo Alto, Calif., consultant, will p]
To the Edi tor: ar
serve as chairman for this symposium."
I read wi th grea tin teres t the 14-page repoN on in
If any reader of Computers and Automation is un- p]
"Computers and War Safety Control" which you sent
able to express his remarks at that symposium-or UI
me and wish to thank you for calling it to my at- in
subsequent to that symposium has remarks to ex-
tention. This is unquestionably a serious and signifi- rn
press-he is invited to send them to us so that we may
cant proposal which should be given <the most careful fo
consider them for publication in the pages of this
consideration. ex
magazine.
Since, as you know, the Peace Research Institute 2.
President John F. Kennedy has said that man must is focusing its attention on the contributions which as
abolish war, or war will abolish man. The territory science can make to the cause of peace, we will of hi:
of this magazine is not the whole giant problem and course give this proposal the aHention and consider- au
all its proposed solutions, but those sections of the ff(
ation which it deserves.
problem and its solutions which are particularly re- 0]
You may have noticed in our brochure that one of of
la ted to the science and technology of handling our major activities is the analysis of such proposals pn
information, symbolized in the fantastic powers of the by holding "working conferences." These conferences a 1
modern automatic computer. serve both to promote the broadest possible con- pre
A major part of the current attention of this de- po
partment will be directed towards the concept of ree
''''ar Safety Control, explained in a group of reports ch,
in the January 1962 issue of Computers and Auto- WAR SAFETY CONTROL pre
de~
mation. See the box on this page. For the benefit of those readers who did not see
the January issue, "War Safety Control" is a pro- rna
posed system which is analogous to Air Traffic Con-
aut
trol, and which was proposed in 1961 by Howard G.
spe
FIRST HESEAHCH CONTRACT OF U. S. ARMS the
Kurtz, a former airline pilot and manager, and a
CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY pin
member of the U. S. Army Reserve, 1929-46.
TO BENDIX CORPORATION are
Essentially, War Safety Control is the idea of a pre
The United States Arms Control and Disarmament multi-national technological control system (making The
Agency announced in February the award of the first use of computers, other devices, and people) to secu,re pril
of a series of studies to be undertaken by the agency. safety from war on behalf of all nations jointly and des
These studies are part of its long range program of regardless of the government that they have. alp
program research covering various areas and problems Single reprints of the l4-page January report are Ian:
related to arms control and disarmament. The con- available from Computers and Automation on re- In I
tract, totaling $150,000, deals with a study of tech- quest; reprints in quantity, at cost. nur
till(
niques for monitoring the production of strategic
pro
21 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April. I%~
 sideratioll of worthwhile suggestions for peace initia- ments made have an extreme range of variety and
tives, :llHl to submit these suggestions to the kind of no definite pattern is established by them.
critical evaluation which will be most valuable in All of the persons replying acknowledged that you
further clarifying and developing them. were a person of dedication and zeal and that you
Once again, my thanks for bringing this report to are patriotically inspired. A lso~ there was general
my aHentiol1. agreemcll t that your concept is technologically feas-
ible. Beyond these areas the variance in the com-
ments became apparent.
II. From Lyndon B. Johnson The comments upon YOllr concept ranged all the
The Vice President way from genlline and lin reserved enthusiasm to the
Washington, D. C. opinion that, while technically sound, it presented
nothing really new. Intermediate views included the
To Howard Kurtz:
thought tha tit was in such general terms that it
Your studies in War Safety Control are very in- presented nothing for precise study and the comment
teresting and provocative. I am happy that you that it alone was not the entire answer but only a
thought to bring this to my attention. part of j,t. Some persons expressed doubt of its
I have been in touch with the State Department political and sociological feasibility.
and they were very interested in your proposal. They
You can understand, then, my inability to reach a
also informed me that you were very highly thought
categorical and final conclusion at this time. It occurs
of by many people in the Disarmament Administra-
to me that the matter needs further definition~ study
tion.
and specification. Among the questions which have
Please keep me informed on your further develop-
~h a been raised are:
men t of this plan.
per- (a) Is the activation of the concept feasible from a
political viewpoint;
lake
:han III. From Willialll C. Foster (b) Just what would be involved in the system from
Director, U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
the standpoint of hardware;
tor.
Washington 25, D. C. (c) How would the system actually operate techni-
well To Howard Kurtz:
cally;
are ... While I cannot agree with YOllr CO III Ille II Is I'C- (d) Assllming Ihal there was clear detection of
the garding past and present United States policy amI prepara I ions for aggression by any na-tion, just how
) of strategy, I find your idea of war safety controls a wOllld we react; in other words, how could the de-
challenging concept. In the field of arms control tected aggression be prevented or negated; and
elds
and disarmament, one of the more serious problems (e) What specifically is the plan of action.
~ffi-
is that of verification and enforcement of the dis- Please be assured of my continuing interest in this
,are armament obligations which nations may assume. In- subject. ...
~in- spection of military and economic activity, detec-
tion or possible violations of disarmament agree-
ments, and action to insure compliance with such
·the agreements are all facets of this problem. If au-
V. From Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt
and tomatic systems of detection and surveillance, in- New York 21, N. Y.
lolic cluding electronic systems, could be made operation-
To Howard Kurtz:
the ally feasible and acceptable to the nations involved
as one of the bases for enforcement action, the so- I am sending your material with a little covering
pro- lution of the problem of verification would be con- note -to the President because I think it is worth read-
*- ing. With my good wishes ....
siderably advanced.
sso- In Ihe studies of verification and control which
and this Agency is undertaking, the concept of such au-
tomatic systems will of course be given appropriate THE ETHIC OF SECRECY
hat consideration. Prof. John L. Kennedy
and
Chairman, Dept. of Psychology
ilms Princeton Univ.
ilges IV. From Senator John Stennis
Princeton, N. J.
I by Chairman, Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee
I would look to the establishmelll of sOlllelhillg like
United States Senate
a \!\Tar Safety Control organizatioll 10 lilld ways of
Washington 25, D. C.
,tion mlltual illformatioll exchallge het.weell competitors
'1'0 Ilo",anl Kurtz: so tha t the checks a lid balances necessary to prevent
'oad
This is in fllrther reference to your \'VAR SAFETY a major world catastrophe may be developed.
aids CONTROL concept. . . . I am particularly concerned with the ethic of
the \Ve have received a Humber of replies to the letter secrecy as it affects the problem of mutual estima-
Ithe which we wrote some time ago to the persons on the tion of intent between adversaries. It seems to me
Iisl sllpplied by you. As one might expect, the com- that we will never be able to abolish competition

il,I!IIi:.! C()~( I'lJTERS awl AUTOMATION (or April, 1962 25

(nor would it be desirable to do so) as a fundamental The community of scientists has already taken giant Ihe 1=
motivation for adaptation to change. The rules steps toward the development of an anti-secrecy ethic, lakc
under which we compete, however, appear to be inad- which not only permits but demands rapid exchange i Ilg l~
equate and archaic. I believe that the world com- of basic research ideas and data. Many people at- resull
munity of nations can no longer afford the ethic of tribute the rapid development of science in the serv- By
secrecy. ice of mankind to the mutual unwritten agreement a II lor
It is possible to conceive of a world in which the requiring free publication of scientific information. ( )"cr
spotlight of publici ty is routinely focused on the I am in charge of a laboratory here at Princeton SOilS'
planning and decision-making bodies of the major in which we have been studying competition between or co
competitors by modern electronic methods. This is 3-man planning and decision-making groups for the slIch
,-t,
the ohverse of the world described by Orwell in past three years. Through the use of closed-circuit :~~ of
"198!1," where the spotlight is directed at the indi- television and sound, we have been able to give our
vidual. groups complete access to the plans and actions of
lHy own version of a '!\Tar Safety Control organiza- three other groups out of the total of ten competing At
Ijon would require, as a first step, only the informa- groups. Although it takes some time to adjust to lIlatic
tion processing and dissemination function, not a this unusual environment, the result has not been a expar
police function. My expectation would be that such col1apse of competition or a "stalemate" but rather illfon
freely available information would provide many of a very rapid development of new ways of competing On
the checks and balances that would lead to a slowing and adjusting. We hope to be able to study the com- ([I/alo
of the arms race. plete exchange of information condition next year. of llU
or thl
of \'01
numb
comp
CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS lance~

fi3ure
side a
April 2-5, 1962: Annual Meeting of POOL (LGP-30, Automata," United Engineering Center, 345 E. 47 St., have)
RPC-4000, and RPC-9000 Electronic Computer Users New York, N. Y.; contact Symposium Committee, ilwM
n
Group), Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; con- Polytechnic lnst. of Brooklyn, 55 Johnson St., Brook- COllne
tact Dr. Henry]. Bowlden, Union Carbide Corp., P. O. lyn 1, N. Y. simul;
Box 6116, Cleveland 1, Ohio In th(
April 25-27, 1962: National Microfilm Association Con-
April 4-6, 1962: Univac Users Association and Univac vention, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D. C.; contact pUler
Scientific Exchange Organization, Leamington Hotel, Vernon D. Tate, Exec. Secretary, National Microfilm ma the
Minneapolis, Minn.; contact David D. Johnson, Sec'y, Association, P. O. Box 386, Annapolis, Md. chemi
Univac Users Association, Ethyl Corp., P. O. Box 341, know]
April 30-June 8, 1962: Seminar in Search Strategy, Gradu-
Ba ton Rouge, La. accurc
ate School of Library Science, Drexel Institute of Tech.,
April 9-11, 1962: Meeting of the 304 Association (Users Phila. 4, Pa.; contact Seminar in Search Strategy, Gradu- engm(
of NCR 304 Data Processor), Minute Maid Co., Orlando, ate School of Library Science, Drexel Inst. of Tech., Hyl
Florida; contact L. J. Rushbrook, The 304 Association, Phila. 4, Pa., Att: Mrs. M. H. Davis one p;
National Cash Register Co., Main & K Streets, Day- parts·
May 1-3, 1962: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Fair-
ton 9, Ohio. plied.
mont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif.; contact Richard 1.
April 9-13, 1962: Business Equipment Exposition, McCor- Tanaka, Lockheed Missile & Space Div., Dept. 58 - 51, Olh
mick Place, Chicago, IlL; contact G. H. Gutekunst, Jr., Palo Alto, Calif. hancll
Mgr., Press Information, Business Equipment Manufac- May 7-8, 1962: Fifth Annual Conference of the Associa- For e)
turers Exhibits, Inc., 235 E. 42 St., New York 17, N. Y. tion of Records Executives and Administrators, Waldorf- ramif)
April 11-13, 1962: SWIRECO (S. W. IRE Conference Astoria Hotel, New York City; contact Miss Judith lanccs
and Electronics Show), Rice Hotel, Houston, Tex.; Gordon, AREA Conference publicity chairman, Metal presen
contact Prof. Martin Graham, Rice Univ. Computer & Thermit Corp., Rahway, N. ]. an)'wll
Project, Houston 1, Tex. May 8-10, 1962: Electronic Components Conference, Mar- aulom
April 16-18, 1962: Symposium in Applied Mathematics riott Twin Bridges Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact compl
on "Interactions Between Mathematical Research and Henry A. Stone, Bell Tel. Lab., Murray Hill, N. J. record
High-Speed Computing," at American Mathematical May 9-11, 1962: Operations Research Society of America,
Society and Association for Computing Machinery Sym- Tenth Anniversary Meeting, Shoreham Hotel, Washing-
posium, Atlantic City, N. J.; contact Mrs. Robert Drew- ton, D. C.; contact Harold O. Davidson, Operations But
Bear, Head Special Projects Dept., American Mathe- Research Inc., 8605 Cameron St., Silver Spring, Md. ( onslr
matical Society, 190 Hope St., Providence 8, R. 1. only p
May 14-16, 1962: National Aerospace Electronics Confer-
April 18-20, 1962: Conference on Information Retrieval ence, Biltmore Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact George A. The
in Action, Cleveland, Ohio; contact Center for Docu- Langston, 4725 Rean Meadow Dr., Dayton, Ohio I his d
mentation and Communication Research Conference, and e
Western Reserve Univ., 10831 Magnolia Dr., Cleveland May 21-25, 1962: Institute on Electronic Information ( l'('aSl1
6, Ohio Display Systems, The American University, Washington,
I)ITSSC(
D. C.; contact Dr. Lowell H. Hattery, Director, Center
April 24-26, 1962: 12th Annual International Polytechnic for Technology and Administration, The American Uni- halldl(
Symposium, devoted to "The Mathetr..atical Theory of versity, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C. IlIslcal

2() COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1!Iti~ C()~I Pl

 0111-
:011-
IMAGINATIVE
t. II
hy PACKAGING
Nho
ma I Up to 247 standard parts on a 3-inch by
rcal
3-inch card with standard techniques
~ or
was
eek, Electronic packaging engineers are
wI)' perennially straight-jacketed with a
ing) multitude of system and functional
constraints and then expected to en-
III a I close the several million parts of a
tel's. complex electronic system into neat,
and logical, reliable, compact, efficient,
was economical, and readily producible
, and maintainable packages.
IgC S
lIto- Litton packaging engineers drew
~n ts. just such an assignment when they
thcr were required to design packaging
rical for a tactical digital data system to
I III be installed in a carrier-based air-
y, a borne early warning and control
,I' all aircraft.
all 120 types) were designed to By these and other techniques,
Ilillc
The constraints were: use standard conform to a single standard grid packaging of extremely high density
arls,
parts; use standard techniques; pattern. and reliability was attained. Analog
1·:lcc- achieve maximum producibility; circuits, including gear trains and
was confine system to a lesser volume of A square card (3" x 3") was selected
I ~() servos, were mounted on the same
space than normally considered for greatest loading efficiency. By type of cards as the digital circuits
d I)c practicable; maintain flexibility re- edge-mounting the parts (standing
the
to make possible one standard card
quired of a developmental system; them on end), densities as high as design and tooling.
illed and achieve better reliability than 247 parts per card were attained.
!)()() Parts were distributed according to
specified for airborne electronics. Why talk about past engineering
tel'," a technique that afforded the high-
Despite these stringent constraints, successes? With military and pro-
est possible volumetric efficiency as
crest. Litton packaging engineers success- prietary restrictions as they are, it's
well as optimum pin efficiency. On
pan- fully met all requirements. Most each card, circuits requiring many difficult to do otherwise. The point
IIICSS significantly, their efforts resulted in input/ output leads were combined is, this was, and still is, pretty solid
.!reI's containing the system in half the with those using only a few. Instead package engineering. Litton's new
(0111- weight and a quarter of the space
of the conventional 4 flip-flops per programs offer a host of extremely
tall t, of comparable systems.
card, for example, 3 flip-flops and challenging problems that can be
Typical of the way in which packag- some logic gating were placed on a solved only through imagination-
tJ ing problems were resolved was the single card to avoid wasting leads. stretching, advanced electronic
manner in which card-mounted :Nloreover, several parts converging engineering. If such a climate ap-
dop- digital circuits were handled. First, into a common connection were so
IC to
peals to you, write Harry E. Laur,
an extensive study was made of placed that only a single lead was
lltll i- Litton Systems, Inc., Data Systems
parts density, card space, and inter- used. Parallel circuit paths were
pCI' connections. The over 2000 cards in provided both on the card and Division, 6700 Eton Avenue, Canoga
1101')" the system were composed of 120 through the connector to insure Park, California; 01' telephone
, has types. 1800 of these cards (covering reliability. Dlanwnd 6-4040.
'\'anl An Equal Opportunity Employer
)1' 10
isl ('rs
all a ,. ~
DATA SYSTEMS DIVISION
lIel i,
IS a I
... .... LITTON SYSTEMS, INC .
,Ihal

:tllio A DIVISION OF UTTON INDUSTRIES

: II' 01 DATA HANDLING & DISPLAY SYSTEMS. COMPUTER SYSTEMS. MODULAR DISPERSED CONTROL SYSTEMS

'd 1(1

C()~II'UTERS and AUTOMATIO~ for April, 1962· 27

May 22-24, 1962: Conference on Self-Organizing Sys- Aug. 27-Sept. 1, 1962: 2nd International Conference on
tems, Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Ill.; Information Processing, Munich, Germany; contact Mr.
Pr
contact Mr. George T. Jacobi, COSOS Conference Charles W. Adams, Charles W. Adams Associates, Inc.,
Sec'y, Armour Research Foundation, 10 W. 35 St., 142 the Great Road, Bedford, Mass. hcrs
Chicago 16, Ill. seed~
Sept. 3-7, 1962: International Symp. on Information gers.
May 28-June 1, 1962: Colloquium on Modern Computa- Theory, Brussels, Belgium; contact Bruce B. Barrow, l)cr c
tion Techniques in Industrial Automatic Control, Paris, Postbus 174, Den Haag, Netherlands
jf yo
France; contact French Association of Automatic Con-
Sept. 3-8, 1962: First International Congress on Chemical
trol (AFRA), 19, Rue Blance, Paris 9, France.
Machinery, Chemical Engineering and Automation, Brno,
June 4-14, 1962: Mathematical Techniques of Optimiza- Czechoslovakia; contact Organizing Committee for the Pe
tion (lO-Day Short Course on Operations Research), First International Congress on Chemical Machinery, ill Ul
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; contact Div. of Engineering and Automation, Vystaviste 1, Brno, Czech- early
Adult Education, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. oslovakia.
IlCW

June II-July 20, 1962: Summer Institute on Advanced Sept. 19-20, 1962: 11th . Annual Industrial Electronics this i
Topics in the Computer Sciences, Computation Center, Symposium, Chicago, Ill.; contact Ed. A. Roberts, with
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.; con- Comptometel' Corp., 5600 Jarvis Ave., Chicago 48, Ill. all t1
tact Dr. John W. Carr, III, Computation Center, Uni- Oct. 2-4, 1962: National Symposium on Space Elec. & one I
versity of North Carolina, P. O. Box 929, Chapel Hill, Telemetry, Fountainbleu Hotel, Miami Beach, Fla.; con-
N. C.
3. r
tact Dr. Arthur Rudolph, Army Ballistic Missile Agency,
R&D Op. Bldg. 4488, Redstone Arsenal, Ala. In
June 18-Sept. 14, 1962: Engineering Summer Conference
Oct. 8-10, 1962: National Electronics Conference, Ex- of co
Courses, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.; contact
eOIlVj
Raymond E. Carroll, Univ. of Mich., 126 West En- posi tion Hall, Chicago, Ill.; con tact National Elec.
gineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich. Conf., 228 N. LaSalle, Chicago, Ill. objcc
slab j
June 19-21, 1962: Fourth Joint Automatic Control Con- October 15 -18, 1962: Conference on Signal Recording on It
ference, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.; contact Prof. Otis Moving Magnetic Media, The Hungarian Society for
(teeor
L. Updike, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Optics, Acoustics and Cinetechnics, Budapest, Hungary;
contact Optikai, Akusztikai, es Filmtechnikai Egyesulet, you
Va., Charlottesville, Va.
Szabadsag ter 17, Budapest V, Hungary tcns,
June 19-21, 1962: Second Annual San Diego BioMedical TIl
Engineering Symposium and Exhibit, Stardust Motor Oct. 30-31, 1962: Conference on Eng. Tech. in Missile & first j
Hotel, San Diego, Calif.; contact The Program Commit- Spaceborne Computers, Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim,
slab I
tee, Inter-Science, Inc., 8484 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Calif.; contact William Gunning, EPSCO-West, 240 E.
Palais Rd., Anaheim, Calif. for w
Jolla, Calif. Thc ~
June 19-22, 1962: National Machine Accountants Asso- Nov. 5-7, 1962: 15th Annual Conf. on Elec. Tech. in for tl
ciation International Conference, Hotel Statler, New Medicine and Biology, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, putill
York, N. Y.; contact R. Calvin Elliott, Exec. Dir., Ill.; contact Dr. J. E. Jacobs, 624 Lincoln Ave., Evans-
origil
NMAA, 524 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Ill. ton, Ill.
a fral
June 27-28, 1962: 9th Annual Symposium on Computers Nov. 13-15, 1962: NEREM (Northeast Res. & Engineer- of nu
ing Meeting), Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM-IRE Th
and Data Processing, Elkhorn Lodge, Estes Park, Colo.;
Boston Office, 313 Washington St., Newton, Mass. in ha
contact W. H. Eichelberger, Denver Research Inst.,
Univ. of Denver, Denver 10, Colo. Dec. 4-5, 1962: Eastern Joint Computer Conference, uscd
Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. Cn
June 27-29, 1962: Joint Automatic Control Conference,
New York Univ., New York, N. Y.; contact Dr. H. J. a tion:
Hornfeck, Bailey Meter Co., 1050 Ivanhoe Rd., Cleve- the il
land 10, Ohio.
July 17-18, 1962: Rochester Conference on Data Ac-
quisition and Processing in Medicine and Biology, Uni-
versity of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N. Y.;
/
--- -- culmi
nlllne
Just;
used
{i, 7, I
contact Mr. Kurt Enslein, University of Rochester,
Rochester 20, N. Y. 1\ \
Just LI
as to
July 18-19, 1962: Data Acquisition & Processing in Medi- count
cine & Biology, Whipple Auditorium, Strong Memorial
Hospital, Rochester, N. Y.; contact Kurt Enslein,
\ digit
questi
Brooks, Inc., 499 W. Comm. St., P. O. Box 271, E. count
Rochester, N. Y. I / placc
August 9-11, 1962: Northwest Computing Association Inark
Annual Conference, Seattle, Wash.; contact Robert 'rh:
Smith, Conference Director, Box 836, Seahurst, Wash. ,clop.
bllt al
Aug. 21-24, 1962: 1962 Western Electronic Show and IIsed.
Convention, California Memorial Sports Arena and
Ilolali
Statler-Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Wes-
con Business Office, c/o Technical Program Chairman, word
1435 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles 35, Calif. ",ero.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1!J(i:.!

 -(I illS

tllC
.thel'
R d e rs' and ,
the
the
.ural
ea· Editor s Forum
:::Olll-
" of
Slgll- FRONT COVER: PHOTOGRAPHIC INPUT AN ELECTRONIC DATA PUOCESSING
CELL BY CELL TO A COMPUTER GLOSSAUY FOR THE SPACE AGE
llhe- The front cover shows an aerial photograph, III T. Tancer
, so- which the upper portion has been sampled, quan- Worcester, Mass.
com- tized, stored on magnetic tape, and retrieved from a
I bc The vocabulary used in the data processing In-
computer; the lower portion shows the original photo-
Dunt dustry is continually changing. New words are fre-
graph. The picture is of seaplanes in San Diego
~s to
Bay near Lindberg Field, California. The photo- quently introduccd, and the meanings of old words
edgc shift with time. The following brief glossary is
lling graphic input device, which analyzes photographs
for computer purposes, was developed by Cornell intended to provide the reader with succinct, but
torc- accurate, definitions of some new terms and the new
an a Aeronautical Laboratory, Buffalo, N. Y., and is as-
sociated with its IBM 704 computer. The photo in- meanings of some old ones.
~ing? puf facility will be used to aid automatic photointer- System: Anything with one or more components.
,tore- pretation,character recognition, etc. Sophisticated system: A system with at least two
COlll- Details of a photograph can be inserted into the components.
narc computer on a cell-by-cell basis. The photographic Very sophisticated system: We built it.
rain- data is thereby converted to a form allowing thc
lably Extrelnely sophisticated system,: You built it and
digital computer to perform complex operations to
i the we are trying to sell you something.
recognize significant photographic features.
I thc lllgorillllll: A gcncral term used to denote things
~dgc. The photo input facility consists of: a facsinlile
which were formcrly called "programs," "rou-
pro- transmitter of slightly less than 100 lincs per illch tincs," and "subroutines."
kcy resolution; an analog-digital sampler and convcrtcr;
and some special isolating and control circui try. Progmlll: SOlllcthing you get at the theater.
~ de- Ninety seconds are required for the insertion of an Programlner: Coder.
itiOIll entire five-inch by five-inch photograph. A five-inch Senior progrtllll1ner: One who writes algorithms.
eced- by five-inch picture is broken into approximately
on a Proposal: A series of half truths told by a boy to a
250,000 individual elements, each having 16 possible
rent. prospective wife or by a bidder to a prospective
levels of intensity.
)eing customer.
An output display can show graphically the photo-
ex- Unsolicited proposal: A proposal made to an honest
graphic information actually contained within the
Tiped woman or to one's uncle in the Defense Depart-
nem- computer. Combinations of type in the computer's ment.
'i not
printer are used to represent 4 different levels in the
picture although the photographic information actu- High speed electronic data processing system,: Our
ally in the computer is in 16 levels of gray. computer.
Computer: Your computer.
Growth comj)any: Company losing money and
THE CUMULATIVE "WHO'S WHO IN THE therefore forced to issue stock in order to sup-
COMPUTER FIELD" port its management in the style to which it is
Up to present writing, we have mailed over 20,000 accustomed.
inquirics to people in the computer field for their Non-profit company: A growth company that does
\I\'ho's "'ho entries. \!\Te have received somewhere not issue stock.
bet wccn 1,500 and 2,000 entries, instead of the neces-
Software: A set of tapes provided by computer
sary minimum of 12 or 15 thousand.
manufacturers to encourage sales and distinguish-
hlets Accordingly, we are moving the dosing date for able from trading stamps by the lack of perfora-
'lIIcrs thc 19(i2 Cumulative "Who's Who in the Computer tions.
Ilc ill Field" from the end of February to the end of June.
Programming system,: Software which makes it un-
ideas \'Vc ask all our readers and all their friends and necessary for the algorithmcr to understand the
it rill" associatcs in the computer field to please complete relatively simple language of the machinc and
alld their \I"ho's \!\Tho entry forms, and send them to us. makes it necessary for hilll to undcrstand the
COIll- Thcre is no cost or charge for being listed, See the language of a far more cOlllplcx p)'()~rallllllcr's
IlIte!'. ent ry form on page 34. manual.

• I!lfi~ C()~IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 ~!I

 Programmer's manual: A rather thick booklet oc- Role of Computers" will describe the part computers
casionally useful for propping open doors.
A utomation: A technique for replacing a small
may be expected to take in man's search for world
peace. Dr. Louis Fein, Palo Alto, Calif., consultant,
,,,,ill be chairman for this symposium.
I]
number of unskilled laborers by a large number
of unskilled programmers. In addition to this symposium, the sessions will be
Operator: A person who removes your program
when he thinks it is looped, or one who re-
as follows:
Computer Systems; Circuits and lVlemory Devices;
Information Retrieval; Man-Machine Cooperation;
H
moves your girl-friend when he thinks you are. Theoretical Problems in Artificial Intelligence; Data
Flip-floP: A computer component more likely to Analysis and Model Construction in the Study of the
do the latter than the former. Nervous System; Programming and Coding; Study of
National c07lvention: A meeting of minds for the Business Systems; DDA and Hybrid Computation;
transfer of bodies. and Analog Applications and Techniques.
TVise: A suffix much used by the Ull-.
SPACEBORNE COMPUTER CONFERENCE-
Work: In physics, a term used to denote the trans-
CALL FOR PAPERS
fer of energy. Also (slang) a term used in the
data processing industry to denote an activity R. A. Kudlich
occasionally allowed to interrupt coffee breaks. A. C. Spark Plug Div.
General Motors Corp.
EI Segundo, Calif.
RADIATION·RESISTANT COMPUTER The Professional Group on Electronic Computers
Federal Systems Division, Space Guidance Center of the Institute for Radio Engineers is sponsoring
International Business Machines Corp.
a national conference on engineering technology in
Owego, N. Y.
missile and spaceborne computers. The conference
An aerospace computer that can operate in an in- will be held at the Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, Calif.,
tense radioactive environment is being developed by October 30-31. Papers presented at ,the conference
scientists at this laboratory. It will be able to oper- will be concerned with all engineering aspects of com-
ate next to nuclear propulsion systems in future puters and digital information processing systems Tizesl
atmospheric and space vehicles and in the natural which are an integral part of the airborne equipment AUTO
radioactive fields that may exist in space. [or missile and space systems. lion lJ
Circuits have been exposed without breaking down Primary emphasis for the conference will be on
to heavy radiation pulses from the Atomic Energy working equipment and techniques, but papers de-
Commission's Godiva Reactor at Los Alamos, N. M., scribing significant new approaches and future trends
Men
and also to intense and continuous radiation from are also wanted. The program will include both in-
vited and contributed papers. The Conference Pro- vastl'
the Battelle Memorial Institute's Research Reactor
at Columbus, Ohio. ceedings, with reprints of all conference papers, will logic
The computer uses tunnel diode circuits, and is be available for distribution at registration. that
micro-miniaturized. Including input/output equip- Authors desiring to present papers at this confer- clevo
ment, it occupies 2 cubic feet, will weigh about 100 ence should submit four copies of a 1,000-word sum- ways
pounds, and will run on 150 watts of power, the mary by June 15. The summary should accurMely usefu
amount needed for a reading lamp. describe the author's work in order to assist the age c
It is a general-purpose machine. Its memory stores program committee in selecting papers. Final choice
IBMp
more than 12,000 words of instructions and data. In of papers will be completed by July 15; authors will
one second, it can carry out 70,000 computing opera- be notified immediately. comI
tions. Final copies of papers to be presented will be re- rcfen
quired by September 28 to allow time for printing progl
in ,the Conference Proceedings. Company and Gov- repet
SESSIONS OF THE SPRING JOINT COMPUTER itself.
ernment clearance, where necessary, should be ob-
CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, tained by the author prior to submission of the their
MAY 1.3, 1962 summary. The)
A program offering 37 papers in II sessions has All summaries and papers should be sent to: Dr. that
been set for the 1962 Spring Joint Computer Con- R. A. Kudlich, Program Chairman, AC Spark Plug little
ference at the Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, May Division, General Motors Corporation, 950 North mers
1-3. The sponsor of the conference is the American Sepulveda Blvd., El Segundo, California. comr
Federation of Information Processing Societies. llung
Dr. Richard 1. Tanaka, manager of Computer Sys-
tellis-Logical Design for Lockheed Missiles and Space Prog
Co .. Palo Alto, is technical program chairman. hand
The professional presentations will place focus appli
Oil new developments, indicate trends, and try to i ('cd I

identify the major contributions computer technology Illacl

is expected to make in the future. ('01111
Accordingly, one session entitled "Peace and the a d('~

~() COMPUTERS {Ind AUTO~L\TION for :\pril. \!lti!! C:()~[I'

 the COMMON FALLACIES IN THINKING
sys-
Munson B. Hinman, Jr.
San Jose, Calif.
lcis
am
:tc., To the Editor:
SPACE
etc. Which of the following fallacies can computers
em
all
commit? SYSTEMS
1. Ovcr-gc1lcralizing. Jumping to conclusions from
~r()l
one or two cases. PROGRAMMING
me
2. "Thin entering wedge." A special type of over-
on-
: of generalizing involving prediction. If this thing CHALLENGI NG POSITIONS
, of is done, then that thing-usually dire-will fol-
ARE NOW AVAILABLE AT
lS . low.
.kes
thc 3. Getting personal. Forsaking the issue to attack
the character of its defender.
t it
'om 4. ((You're another." My point may be bad, but
yours is just as bad, so that makes us quits.
era-
or- 5. Causc and effect. If event B comes after event A,
l of
then it is argued to be the result of A.
na-
not 6. False analogies. This situation, it is argued, IS
MONTEREY
trol
111-
exactly like that situation-but it isn't. CALIFORNIA
say- 7. Wise men can be wrong. Clinching an argument IN
'hat
by an appeal to authority.
stcr
• Tracking Program Development
8. "Figures prove." A subclass of the above, es-
ized
ma- pecially popular in America today. • Real-Time Data Handling
iOll, • Applied Mathematics
9. Appeal to the crowd. Distorting an issue with
and
mass prejudices. • Systems Analysis
nic,
lard 10. Arguing in circles. Using a conclusion to prove
tab- itself. Expansion of our Monterey Laboratory
s of offers outstanding opportunities for pro-
lcre 11. ((Self-cvident truths." Trying to win an argu-
In- ment by saying "everybody knows" it must be grammers with a B.S. or M.S. in mathematics
and true. or physical sciences and 3-7 years' experi-
S;,
11i ti- ence with large scale digital computers.
mds 12. Blach or white. Forcing an issue with many
sing aspects into just two sides, and so neglecting im- Please send professional resume, in com-
portant shades of gray. plete confidence to

to 13. All gray. Forcing an issue that has two sides, into
I' Mr. W. E. Daly
car- many shades of gray, and arguing that there are
305 Webster Street
i lie" no substantial differences between the shades of
Ii 11- Monterey, California
gray.
rlJa I
cr."
.!

'011\-
()f
,.1. Guilt by association. lVIaking a spurious identifi-
cation between two dissimilar persons or events.

15. A j)j)l:(/l to l)ity.

•
lied Laboratory for Electronics, Inc.
and Hi. Al)I)(:(/[ to fear. An Equal Opportunity Employer
Iller
lIag- 17. AjJPc(/1 to ignorance.

CO~II'UTERS a1ll1 AUTOMATION for April, 1962 31

 Essential Special Terms in Computers
~PLENUM
and Data Processing
ADVANCES IN . The special terms of any sub- the problem is mirrored by the
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT Ject are the key to understanding varying behavior of the physical Let
it; the special terms of the field of system.
PACKAGING we 1
computers and data processing are digital computer-A computer in
Volumes 1and 2 accordingly, the key to the under-
"eire
Proceedings of the First and Second In- which information is represented IInde
ter.natio.nal Symposia, sponsored by the standing of this field. in discrete form and which cal- :trOll
University of Colorado and Electrical Among the many special terms culates using numbers expressed to w
Design News. in any field of knowledge, there in digits and yeses and noes ex- men
Edited by Gerald A. Walker are two kinds: those that are es-
Assistant Editor, EON. pressed usually in l's and D's, if we
Volumes 1-2, special set price: $23.00 sential, that convey the key ideas to represent all the variables that pute
($12.50 each volume) of the subject to a person interested occur in a problem. A
in understanding it; and those that
data processor-A machine for rIVlf
are helpful but not essential. An
ISA TRANSACTIONS example of the first kind of term
handling information in a se- rega"
A new technical journal devoted exclu- quence of reasonable operations. Al
sively to the most significant literature in the computer field is "binary
cybernetics-I. The comparative IlOrt
in the fields of measurement, data han- notation"; it would be very hard depe
dling, computation, automatic control, to understand much of the field of study of the control and the in-
and systems engineering. ternal communication of infor- grea
An Instrument Society of America publication. computers without knowing the to al
Annual Subscription (4 issues): $15.00 meaning of "binary notation." An mation-handling machines and
the central nervous systems of nei t1
example of the second kind of term chin
is "minimum latency program- animals and men, in order to
ISA TRANSDUCER COMPENDIUM ming"; for many purposes it is not understand better the function- the I
This comprehensive bound volume con- ing of brains and communica- factc
tains over 500 pages of detailed informa- necessary to know exactly what this or al
tion on more than 3000 different models term means, especially since one tion. 2. The study of the art of
of transducers, including list of manu- the pilot or steersman. rease
can guess (correctly) that it means boIs
facturers.
An Instrument Society of America publication. programming which has a certain feedback-The returning of a frac- AI
$25.00 minimum property. tion of the output of a machine, worl
The following short glossary system, or process to the input, carri
con tains a selection of the essential to which the fraction is added or with
DEVELOPMENTS IN MECHANICS substracted. If increase of input
special terms for the field of com- Fr
Volume 1 is associated with increase of out-
puters and data processing. (HIS
Proceedings of the Seventh Midwestern put, subtracting the returned
Mechanics Conference, held September can:
6-8, 1961, at Michigan State University, I. General Concepts fraction (negative feedback) re- in th
East Lansing, Michigan. sults in self-correction or control
computer-I. A machine which is tect'5
Edited by Professors J. E. Lay and of the process, while adding it
L. E. Malvern, Michigan State University. able to calculate or c'ompute, that patt(;
$19.50 is, which will perform sequences (positive feedback) results in a of tr
of reasonable operations with in- runaway or out of control proc- reali
formation, mainly arithmetical ess. boIs
BIOLOGICAL PROTOTYPES and logical operations. 2. More negative feedback-The returning Tc
AND SYNTHETIC SYSTEMS generally, any device which can of a fraction of the output of a has a
Volume 1 accept information, apply defi- machine, system, or process to and'
Proceedings of the Second Annual Bio- nite reasonable processes to the the input from which the frac- mad
nic.s SXmposium sponsored by Cornell
University and the General Electric Com· information, and supply the re- tion is subtracted; if an increase rules
pany, Advanced Electronics Center at sults of these processes. 3. A hu- of input is associated with an in- requ
Cornell University. man being who can perform crease of output but the increase CHIt 1
Edited by Dr. Eugene E. Bernard of output produces a decrease of
and Dr. Morley R. Kare. these operations and processes. is a 1

$12.50 input, this results in self-correc- withi

analog computer-A compu ter
tion or control of the machine, Bij
which calculates by using physi-
system, or process. For example, cordi
ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF cal analogs of the variables.-
if an increase of caterpillars is hillil
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Note: Usually a one-to-one cor-
associated with an increase of matil
Proceedings of the First International respondence exists between (1)
Symposium on Biosimulation. each numerical variable occur- parasites destroying them, then I an t
Edited by C. A. Muses, Ph.D. ring in the problem and its solu- the caterpillar-parasite popula- quali
In press
tion and (2) a varying physical tions display negative feedback.
measurement such as voltage or positive feedback-The returllillg
Complete COil tents upon request N(
rotation in the analog computer. of a fraction of the output of a
In other words, an analog com- machine, system, or process 10 possi
9:' PLENUM PRESS
puter is a physical system in the input, to which the frau iOIl i lIsl
227 W. 17 ST., NEW YORK 11, N. Y.
which the analysis or solution of is added; if an increase of illPllt 10 d(

32 COMPUTERS alld AUTO~IATION for April. 1%2 CO.\I1

 is associated with an increase of
output, alld the increase of out-
put produces a still further in-
crease of' input, this results in a
among a group of people, ma-
chines, etc.

H. Digital Computers
..
~""""""
{INFORMATION RETRIEVAL'
I APPLIED TO
"""""" .. .i
runaway or out-of-control proc- illput-Computers. 1. Information
! INTELLIGENCE !
i DATA PROCESSING
ess. For example, if an increase trallsferred from outside the
of rabhits results in a still fur-
ther increase of rabbits, the pop-
cOlllputer, including secondary or
external storage, into the inter-
i
ulation of rabbits displays a run-
away or out-of-control process.
nal storage of the computer.
2. The sections of the compu ter
II SYSTEMS II
which accept information from
automatic data processing (ADP)
ou tside the computer, for ex- I I
-The processing of information
ample, magnetic tape readers or
I I
by: (1) obtaining input infor-
punch card readers.
I I
mation in machine language as I I
close to the point of origin as output-Computers. 1. Informa- I I
economically possible; (2) oper- tion transferred from the inter- I I
ating on the information by au- nal storage of a computer to I I
tomatic computer and other ma- secondary or external storage, or I I
chines, without human interven- to any device outside of the COlll- I I
tion, as far as economically justi- puter. 2. The device or devices I I
I I
fied; and (3) producing just the
output information needed. For
example, a department store
which bring information out of
the computer.
memory-Computers. 1. The lIlIils
!I REQUIRING
DATA SYSTEM ANALYSTS
SENIOR
II
would have attained automatic which store information ill the I COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS I
data processing if: (1) at the form of the arrangement of hard- I MITRE's expanding role in I
time of' each sale the details ware or equipment in one way I systems engineering for the I
were elltered mechanically into !! Air Force Electronic Systems ~
or another. Same as "storage." ;Ii Division has led to an in- II!.:
the system by a salesperson's 2. Any device into which infor- ill! creased effort in the design I
plate, a customer's plate, and a I and development of intelli- I
merchandise punched ticket; alld
mation can be introduced alld I gence data processing systems. I
t hell extracted at a later time. ill! There are new opportunities ill!
(2) reports to managemell t, hi lis ill! for creative work in automatic ill!
to customers, reorders for low arithmetic unit-Digital Compu- I indexing and retrieval, sys- I
inventory, commissions to sales ters. The section of the hard- I terns analysis and synthesis. I
ware of a computer where arith- I MITRE is engaged in the I
clerks, and other desired output I analysis of intelligence opera- ill!
reports were all computed and metical and logical operations ill! tions at several Air Force I
produced by the system without are performed on information. I Commands. Command require- ill!
iiII! ments for accurate and timely I
human i 11 terven tion. control unit-Digital Computers. I intelligence support is leading ill!
That portion of the hardware of ill! to the use of automatic data I
integrated data processing (IDP)
an automatic digital computer I processing systems. MITRE is I
-1. Da ta processing organized ill! assisting the Air Force in de- i!I!
and carried out in a completely which directs the sequence or I termining the extent and I
I
planned and systematic way, operations, interprets the coded
instructions, and initiates the
!!
;Ii
means of applying automatic
data processing to the intelli-
gence problems. This work is
Ii!I!
"without bottlenecks. 2. A group II!.:

proper signals to the com pu tel' ill! supported by experimental ac- I

of data-processing procedures
built around a common machine circuits to execute the inslruc- I
II!.:
tivities at our Bedford opera-
tion in pleasant suburban
I
i!I!
I
language, such as punched paper
tape, in which there is a mini-
tions.
address-Digital Computers. A la-
I
~
Boston. Positions are also
available in Colorado Springs,
Colo., Omaha, Neb., and
I
i!I!
i!I!
mum of operations by human bel, name, number, or symbol i Washington, D. C. I
1St clerks, SHch as typing data to go identifying a register, a location, Iill! Write in confidence to Vice President
- Technical Operations, The MITRE Ii!I!i!I!
es into the system. or a device where information is ~ C~rporation, P. O. Box 20'8, Dept.

stored. i MD5, Bedford, Mass. I

language-I. A set or system of ~ MITRE is an independent, nonprofit ill!
symbols used in a more or less access time-Digital Computers. ;Ii corporation working with - not in i!I!
uniform way by a number of I. The time interval between
ill!
!!
II!.:
competition with - industry. Formed
under the sponsorship of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology.
I
i!I!
II!.:
people so that they may com- the instant at which the arith- ~ MITRE is Technical Advisor to the ill!
lllunicate with and understand metic unit requires information
!':i Air Force Electronic Systems Division, I
;Ii and chartered to work for such other II!.:
ill! Government agencies as FAA. ~
olle another. from the storage or memory uni t I
2. Elect ronic Computers. A sys- and the instant at which the in- i
iiII!
THE I

~MITREI
telll cOllsisting of a carefully de- formation is delivered from stor-
filled set of characters, rules for a~e to the arithmetic unit. 2. The
combillillg them into larger time interval between the in-
I

.
ullits (words or expressions), and stant at which the arithmetic ill!
I
"""",......, , ..,',...,,....-
specifically assigned meanings, unit starts to send information iiII!

lIsed for representing and com- to the memory unit and the in- ,~ An Eqlutl Op]Jcn·tlmity [<;mplollcr ~
T T.'·I. municating information or data stant at which the storage of the ~ .........
CO~IPUTERS awl AUTOMATION for April, 1962
 information in the memory unit tape or drum along which in- addi
WHO'S WHO IN THE is completed.-In analog compu- formation may be stored by 1':1)(
ters, the value at time t of each means of the presence or absence ill f,
COMPUTER FIELD- dependent variable represented of polarized spots, singly or in for ;
CUMULATIVE EDITION, in the problem is usually im- sets. 3. Delay Line :Memory. A com
mediately accessible when the circular path forward through il h,
1962 value of the independent varia- the delay line memory and back peat
Computers and Automation will ble is at time t) and otherwise through electrical circuits along chin
pu blish this summer a cumulative not accessible. which a pattern of pulses repre- ]Iced
edition of "\"Tho's Who in the senting information may be slOrE
Computer Field." The closing date random access-Computers. Access
stored. ProF
for receiving entries is June 30, to the memory or storage under
lIIarl
1962. If you are interested in com- conditions where the next regis- clock-Digital Computers. In a
Bl
puters, please fill in the following ter from which information is to synchronous computer, the mas- lake]
Who's Who entry form (which may be obtained is chosen at random, ter circuit which provides pulses
sequ
be copied on any piece of paper) in other words, does not depend at equal times which schedule the
and
and send it to us for your free on the location of the previous operations of the computer.-In chinl
listing. If you have friends in the register. For example, access to an asynchronous computer, there The]
computer field, please call their names in the telephone book is is no need for such a clock, since
lIeed
attention to sending us their Who's "random access"; the next name the closing or completion of one
<J II In
\!\Tho entries. The cumulative edi- that anyone is going to look up circuit initiates the operation of Al
tion will include only the entries in the book may be almost any- a subsequent circuit. is a I:
of persons who send us their Who's where in the book with roughly
transducer-A device which con- 1I11ln
\Vho information. equal probability. atior
verts energy from one form to
another. For example, a slab of cour:
Name? (please print) ..................... . pulse-Circuits. In general, a sharp
difference, usually over a rela- quartz crystal embedded in mer-
Your Address? ................................... . cury can change electrical en-
tively short period of time, be- Tl
Your Organization? ....................... . tween the normal level of some ergy to sound energy (and vice lIleal
physical variable corresponding versa), as is done in sonic delay "rea~
I ts Address? ....................................... . lines in certain computer mem-
to the average level of a wave ideas
Your Title? ...................................... .. or waves and a high or low level ory sys terns. In
Your Main Computer Interests? of that physical variable corres- card-Computers. I. A card of con- hllm
( ) Applications ponding to the crest or trough stant size and shape, adapted for more
( ) Business of the wave; often, a sharp volt- Ihe ,
being punched in a pattern
( ) Construction age change. For example, if the illg
( ) Design which has meaning. The punched
voltage at a terminal changes holes are sensed electrically by what
( ) Electronics
from -10 to +20 volts and re- wire brushes, mechanically by book
( ) Logic
( ) Mathematics mains there for a period of 2 metal fingers, or photo-electri- slory
( ) Programming microseconds, one says that the cally. Also called "punch card." In
( ) Sales terminal received a 30 volt 2 One of the standard punch cards iliad
( ) Other (specify): microsecond pulse. A positive (made by International Business or siJ
pulse is characterized by a rise lVfachines Corporation) is 7 and or n
Year of birth? ................................... . or increase from one value of the % inches long by 3 and ~ inches othel
College or last school? ................... . variable to a greater value, a wide, by 0.007 inches thick, and chill(
Year entered the computer field? .. .. finite duration of the greater contains 80 columns in each of lers,
value, and a decay or decrease which any of 12 positions may be For (
Occupation? ..................................... .
from the greater value back to punched. Another of the stand- Ihe n
Anything else? (publications, dis-
the original value. A negative ard punch cards (made by Rem- lerR
tinctions, etc.) ................................... . pulse is the same except that the putel
ington Rand Division of Sperry
change is to a smaller value. Rand) is of the same size, but other
110 at
contains 90 columns in each of
channel-I. Digital Computers. A pick-
which anyone or more of 6 posi-
path along which information, Bllt
tions may be punched. 2. A thin
particularly a series of digits or say 1
board of plastic or similar mate-
characters or units of informa- Il'eaU
rial for mounting small circuit
tion, may flow or be stored. For ('/,;1/(
parts connected by printed cir-
example, in the machine known :JH7.(i
cuits; a printed-circuit board.
as a punch card reproducer, in- aClly
formation (in the form of punch magnetic tape-Tape made of pa- her !)
\Vhen you have filled in this cards) may flow in either one of per, metal or plastic, coated or Ph
entry form please send it to: Who's
\Vho Editor, Computers and Auto- two card channels which do not impregnated with magnetic ma- or SOl
mation, 815 Washington Street, physically connect. 2. Magnetic terial, on which polarized spots \\'ays
Newtonville 60, Mass. Tape or Magnetic Drums. A representing information may be or Sll
path parallel to the edge of the stored. SlIrra
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, H1G2 C:()~II
 III. Programming transform or translate program-
ming from a language or form
- ~~""""'" """""""'~
~
I
information-I. A set of marks or
an arrangement of hardware that
has meaning or that designates
that is easy for a human being
to produce into a form that is
COMPUTER I
IPROGRAMMERS~
efficient for the computer to carry
one alit of a finite number of
out. Examples of automatic pro-
alternatives. 2. Any facts or
data. ~L Any marks, characters, gramming are compiling rou-
or signals which are put in, proc-
tines, interpretive routines, etc. =
ill! .
•• I~
= C: ::.
al'-
111-
essed by, or put out by a com-
puter.
instruction-Computers. A ma-
plugboard-A removable board
holding many hundreds of elec-
tric terminals into which short
connecting wire cords maybe
=
~
~
~
7030
(STRETCH),
7090,
0....
.
M •
PRO G RAM MER S
I
=
I~
ill!

chine word or a set of characters

plugged in patterns varying for ~ AN/FSQ·7 U • I
in machine language which I (SAG E) T :: ill!
lrJlI
the
specifies that the computer take different programs for the ma-
chine. To change the program, Iill! E . ••
R •• • • • •
Iill!
a certain action. :More precisely,
ical a set of characters which defines one wired-up plugboard is re- ill!
Iill!
.:.
.•
I~
.ng, an operation together with one moved and another wired-up ~
the or more addresses (or no address) plugboard is inserted. A plug- E MITRE is expanding its effort ;
lOW
and which, as a unit, causes board is equivalent to a program = on the design and development
ill! of computer programs for crit- I
~
111
the computer to operate accord- tape which presents all instruc-
tions to the machine at one time, I ical experiments in the area of ill!
WII.
ingly on the indicated quantities. ill! large-scale computer-based I
IIrn Note: The term "instruction" is I t relies on certain signals in the I command and control systems. ill!
set preferred by many to the terms punch cards passing through the I Test facilities are now equipped I
H). "command" and "order"; "com- machine to cause different selec- =
~
with 7090,1401, and AN /FSQ-7 ;
(SAGE) computers. These fa- ~
hat mand" may be reserved for elec- tions of instructions in different
~ cilities will soon be expanded ~
the
lex\.
tronic signals; "order" may be cases. 2. A similar board which
may be used to guide or edit the
= to include a 7030 STRETCH ~
computer. I
reserved for uses in the meaning jill!
one "sequence," as in "the order of handling of information III a E Experienced Programmers interested in ;
lIer computer or its olltpUt. ~ iml)Ortant assignments can find profes. ~
the characters." ~ ,Ionlll fulfillmcnt In thcse areas: I
code (noun)-Computers. A sys- =. ill!
111-
elll. tem of symbols for representing
information in a computer and
IV. Operation
clleck digit (s)-One or lIIore digits
a•
jill! •
l'rllbll'm·()rlcnlC'c1 J.anf.(ulI/lcs
C:umlllll('r '\ppllrllllu .. ,
I'ru/lrammlnl': Hc,carC'h
iI
lJler
the rules for associating them . carried along with a machine =. Numcrlcal Anal)',ls ill!
.lOn word (i.e., a unit item of infor- ill! • ncal Time System Dcsign I
on program (noun)-Computers. l. A mation handled by the machine), I . Utility Program Design ~
the precise sequence of coded in- which report information about =• System Programming Techniqucs ~
are structions for a digital computer the other digits in the word in =• Information Storage and netrieval I
are to solve a problem. 2. A plan such fashion that if a single er- I . Facility Operations I
for the solution of a problem. ror occurs (excluding two com-
I . Computer System Evalualion I
A com plete program includes pensating errors), the check will I~ necent colle!,:c graduates wilh high I
~
plans for the transcription of 10': scholastic achievcments and an inter. 10':

hll t
fail and give rise to an error I cst in helping us de"elop these fields I
data, coding for the computer, alarm signal. For example, the ill! are also invited to apply. I
t is
) at
and plans for the effective use check digit may be 0 if the sum I~ Inquiries may be directed in ill!
~
of the results. of other digits in the word is ~ confidence to: Vice President 2
mg,
transfer instruction-Digital Com- odd, and the check digit may be I - Technical Operations, The ~
la 111
puter Programming. An instruc- I if the sum of other digits in ill! MITRE Corporation, Post Of- I
link I fice Box 208, Dept. M'D5, Bed- ill!
ex-
tion or signal which condition- the word is even. It is possible ill! ford, Massachusetts. I
h, I
ally or unconditionally specifies to choose check digi ts for rows Iill! MITRE is an independent, nonp.-ofit ill!
~
the lOG I tion of the next instruc- and columns in a block of char- I corporation working with - not in ~
·are- =
linoh
an't
tion and directs the computer
to that instruction. See "jump."
acters recorded on magnetic tape,
for example, in such a way that =
ill!
ill!
competition with - industry. Formed
under the sponsorship of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, =
ill!

pseudo-co<!e-D igi tal Computer any single error of a I for a 0 or I MITRE is Technical Advisor to the ill!
ill! I
tile Programming. An arbitrary code,
independent of the hardware of
a 0 for a 1, can be located au-
tomatically by row and column, =
ill!
Air Force Electronic Systems Division,
and chartered to work fOl' such other
Govel'nment agencies as FAA.
ill!
=
'en 1
.~ra I· a compll ter, which has the same and eliminated automatically by
= ~
h(~· general form as actual computer the computer. ill! THE =
=
~MITREI~
lat ic code, bll t which must be trans- automatic checking-Computers. ill!
year lated into actual computer code Provision, constructed in hard-
:a III· if it is 10 direct the computer. ware, for automatically verify-
lject automatic programming-Digital ing the information, transmitted, =
jill! I
sit y, Computer Programming. Any manipulated or stored by any = ~
, An Equal Opportunity Employer J
method or technique whereby device or unit of the computer. f. III

talll the computer itself is used to Automatic checking is "com- "'. "."""""~""""'~.~
I!lti:.! CO~IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for April, 1962 35
 plete" when every process in dreds, 7 tens, and 9. The num-
the machine is automatically ber 379 in the scale of I (i (used
checked; otherwise it is partial. in some computers) means 3
The term "extent of automatic times sixteen squared, plus 7
checking" means (1) the relative times sixteen, plus !) (which ill
ADVANCED proportion of machine processes decimal notation would be 889).
which are checked, or (2) the 1101 in the scale of two means 1
PROCRAMMINC relative proportion of machine eight, I four, 0 twos, and lone
RESEARCH hardware devoted to checking. (which ill decimal notation
computing efficiency-Computer would be 13). In writing num-
The expanding utilization of Operation. The ratio obtained bers, the base may be indicated
NCR's computer systems has by dividing (1) the total number by a subscript (expressed always
created new opportunities for of hours of correct machine op- in decimal notation) when there
GRE
experienced programmers fa- eration (including time when the may be doubt about what base is
miliar with automatic pro- program is incorrect through hu- employed. For example, 11.lOI!!
gramming techniques. College
education, plus 2-5 years' ex-
perience with large scale mag-
man mistakes) by (2) the total
number of hours of scheduled
means two, plus one, plus one
half, plus one eighth, but Il.lOI~
means three plus one, plus one
N
computer operation including
third, plus one twenty-seventh.
netic tape systems can qualify
you for a rewarding career
time when the machine is under-
going preventive maintenance. N ames of scales of notation D
with NCR, one of the world's which have had some significant
leading business machine man- v. Representation of consideration are:
ufacturers. Recognized and re- Inf ormation In
Base Name
spected wherever men trade, bili
digit-I. One of the symbols 0, 1,2, 2 binary
NCR stands alone for its crea- .:~ ternary gre
tive and flexible approach to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, used in number- in 1
ing in the scale of ten. 2. One 4 quaternary, tetral
business system development. 5 quinary gra
or these symbols and sometimes intt
also letters expressing integral 10 decimal
Aside from the opportunities per
values ranging from 0 to 17-1 in- 12 duodecimal
present in Programming Re- act
clusive, used in a scale of num- 16 hexadecimal, sexidecimal
search, other openings in our ers
bering to the base 17. 32 duotricenary
expanding operation include:
2,5 biquinary Thl
character-Digital Computers. l. A
• Installation Representative: The digits used for "ten" and extl
decimal digit 0 to 9, or a letter
experience required, covers
A to Z, ei ther ca pi tal or lower "cleven" are ordinarily "t" and line
magnetic tape system pro- "e"; beyond eleven, uniformity stn
gramming, knowledge of com- case, or a punctuation symbol,
plete business systems, and or any other single symbol (such of nomenclature has apparently UP(
ability to work effectively as not yet developed.
a representative of NCR. as appear all the keys of a type- FOI
writer) which a machine may binary notation-The writing of by
• Programmer: for small sys-
tems work which requires take in, store, or put 'Out. 2. One numbers in the scale of two. Sto
good background in data proc- ot a set of basic or elementary Positional notation for numbers on
essing as related to normal unit symbols which, singly or in lIsing the base 2. The first dozen
business functions and some acti
knowledge of programming' sequences of two or more, may numbers zero to eleven are writ- Int~
of magnetic tape systems. In- express information and which ten in binary notation as 0, I, 10,
termittent customer contact. acti
a compu ter may accept. 3. A 11,100,101,110,111,1000,1001, intt
• Instructor: experience and ed- representation of such a symbol 1010,1011. The positions of the
ucation should be such that
the person employed can ef- in a pattern of ones and zeros digits designate powers of two;
fectively train programming representing a pattern of posi- thus 10 I 0 means I times two
personnel. Familiarity with tive and negative pulses or states. cubed or eight, 0 times two
math and business systems is
desirable. Programming of lIotation (in the sense "scale of squared or four, 1 times two
magnetic tape systems neces- to the first power or two, and 0
sary. notation" or "positional nota-
tion" for numbers)-Arithmetic. times two to the zero power or
A systematic method for stating one; this is equal to one eigh t
Other opportunities may more
quantities in which any number plus no fours plus one two plus
nearly meet your particular ex-
is represented by a sum of coef- no ones, which is ten.
perience and aspirations. To
investigate, you need only ficients times multiples of the coded decimal (adjective)-Com-
write, sending complete re- successive powers of a chosen puters. A form of notation by
sume to: base number 17 (sometimes more which each decimal digi t separ-
than one). If a quantity is writ- ately is converted into a pattern
T. F. Wade, Technical Placement,
The National Cash Register Com-
ten in the scale of notation 17) of binary ones and zeros. For
then the successive positions of example, in the "8-4-2-1" coded
pany, Main & K Streets, Dayton 9,
Ohio
An Equal Oppol'tltn'ity Employer
the digits report the powers of
11. Thus 379 in the scale of 10 or
decimal notation means 3 hun-
decimal notation, the numher
twelve is represented as 000 I 0010
(for 1, 2) whereas in pure hinary
IIII
36 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for ,\pril. 1!I/i~ CO'I
 notation it is represented as 1100.
Other coded decimal notations
are known as: "5-4-2-1," "excess
three," "2-'1-2-1," etc. Following
paper tape is machine language,
while hand-written characters
on paper are not machine lan-
guage. 2. N umbcrs or instruc-
:~
~~'"''''''''''''''''''''''''tt

a OPENINGS IN
,!
I~
are the «()(Ies for the decimal tions expresscd ill a form that a
digits 0 to 9 in each of the men- computer can proccss at once i= AIR
~ TRAFFIC I
N, tioned systems: without conversion, translation,
or programmed interpretation.
~N Deci- Excess
machine word-Digital Comput-

hcd
l1wl 8-4-2-/ 5-4-2-1
0 0000 0000
three 2-4-2-1
0011 0000
ers. A unit of information of a
standard number of characters,
iCONTROLI
951 I 0001 0001 0100 0001 which a machine regularly = I
2 nOlO 0010 0101 0010 handles in each transfer. For ex- I= II
.' 3 0011 0011 0110 0011
I=
ample, a machine may regularly
4 0100 0100 0111 0100 handle numbers or instructions
II
in units of 36 binary digits: this I I
5 0101 1000 1000 1011 is then the "machine word." I I
6 0110 1001 1001 1100 I I
7 0111 1010 1010 1101 VI. Mathematics and Logic I I
8 1000 1011 1011 1110
9 1001 1100 1100 1111
fixed-point calculation-Comput- = I
ers. Calculation using or assum- = I
biquinary notation-Numbers. A ing a fixed or constant location =
~ Iiii!!
scale o[ notation in which the of the decimal point or- the bi- ; The Federal Aviation Agency
has selected MITRE to estab-
I
base is alternately 2 and 5. For
example, the number 3671 in
nary point in each number.
floating-point calculation-Com-
P!
; lish an experimental air traf-
fic control "system test bed."
I
P!

decimal notation is 03 II 12 01 puters. Calculation taking into

P!
;
i
Operations, equipment, and
computer program techniques
IP!

in biq u i Ilary notation; the first

of each pair of digits counts 0 or
account varying location of the
decimal point (if base 10) or bi-
=~
will be designed, implement-
ed, tested, and evaluated in
III"!:

,26 I units of five, and the second nary point (if base 2), and con- =
ill!
the "system test bed" prior
to incorporation in a new
Ii
II"!:

counts 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 units. Ro- sisting o[ writing each number = national air traffic control I
man llumerals are essentially a hy spccifying separately its sign, =
~
system. i!!
Iiii!!
11\ biquinary notation, except that its co-cllicicnt, and its exponent Challenging assignments are now
!! available for individuals with demon-
diflerellt letters are used in each affecting the base. For example, i ~~~at~~e:::i1ity in any of the follow- I
place, V and I in the first place, in floating-point calculation, the !!~ • Operations Research or Opera- !!iii!!
24 X and L in the second place, C decimal number -638,020,000
and D in the third, etc.; for ex- might be reported as -6,3802,
~
~
~
tions Analysis related to real
time control systems Iiii!!
II"!:

24
ample, the biquinary number 8, since it is equal to -6.3802 x I~ • Large·seale system design, test,
or evaluation
Iiii!!iii!!
03 II 12 01 is in Roman numer- 10 8 . I • Computer program design Cor
real time systems

als IV! i\ rIVIDCLXXI. Biquinary complement-I. Arithmetic. A i!!

!!
Scientists and engineers are needed
immediately for this important job
IiiI!!,
notation expresses the represen- iii!!
24
26 tation of numbers by the ancient
quantity which is derived from a Ii!!
P! and thereafter for MITRE's expand-
ing role in the design and develop-
ment of real time computer-based
iii!!
iii!!
given quantity, expressed in no-
counting frame or abacus) and i!! systems. I
by the two hands and five fin-
tation to the base n) by one of Ii!! Recent college graduates with high !!
;Ii!
the following rules. (a) Comple- scholastic achievements and an intcr-
26 gers of man: and has been used !! est in these fields are also invited ill!
ment on n: subtract each digit of '!.i to apply. MITRE is located in pleas- fl
29 in some automatic computers. I!!:ii ant suburban Boston. II"!:
the given quantity from n-1, add ~ ill!
iii!! Write in confidence to Vice I
29 binary digit-A digit in the bi- unity to the rightmost digit not I President - Technical Op- iii!
nary scale of notation. This digit zero, and perform all resultant i!! erations, The MITRE Corpo- I
may be only 0 (zero) or 1 (one). carries. For example, the twos I ration, P. O. 'Box 208, Dept. I
complement of binary 11010 is i!! MD5, Bedford, Mass. iii!!
30
30
It is e<luivalent to an "on" con-
dition or an "off" condition, a 00110; the twos complement of
Ii!! MITRE is an independent, nonprofit Iiii!!
"yes" or a "no," etc. binary 0001 1010 is 1110 01l0; Iill! corporation WOl'king with - not in
competition with-industry. Formed
untlel' the sponsorship of the Massa-
i!!
!!
30 the tens complement of decimal i!! chusetts Institute of Technology, Ii
bit-A hinary digit; a smallest ill! MI1'RE is Technical Advisor to the iii!!
679 is 321; the tens complement ill! Ail' Force Electronic Systems Divi- iii!!
unit of information; a "yes" or a ~ i!!
31
"no"; a single pulse in a group
of decimal 000679 is 999321. (b) ~
sion, and chartered to work for such
othel" Government agencies as FAA. I
Complement on n-l: subtract ~ iii!!
of pulses; a single magnetically
each digit of the given quantity ~ THE I
I-IB polarized spot in a group of =
IMITRE~I
from n-1. For example, the ones iii!!
stich spots; etc. This word is
complement of binary 11010 is
derived from the "b" in "binary"
00101; the ones complement of
,lX and the "it" in "digit."
Ii!!~
binary 0001l01O is 11100101; the
~c 2·1 i!!
machine language-Computers. 1. nines complement of 679 is 320;
;c 2·1
;c 1s Inforlllation in thc physical the nines complement of decimal ~ An Equal Opportunity Employc1' Ii!!
~c 2·1
,H
form which a computer can
handle. For example, punched
000679 is 999320. The comple-
ment is frequently employed in
\ -,,,,,"""""" ............" .. ~
~~
~

1!IIi~~ CO:\IPUTERS (lnd AUTOMATION for April, 1962

 computers to represent the nega- that the subprogram be adapt- which has the property that if

I
tive of the given quantity. 2. able by changing its parameters. P and Q are two statements,
Boolean Algebra. The element Boolean algebra-An algebra like then statement P or (2 is true if
eq ual to the universe element ordinary algebra but dealing in- and only if P is true or if Q is
except the stated element; the re- . st~ad . with classes, propositions, true or if both P and (~ are true.
sult of the operation NOT . . . on-off circuit elements, etc., as- The inclusive OR operator is
or ALL EXCEPT .... The com- sociated by operators AND, OR often represented by a Gothic v,
plement of a Boolean element a NOT, EXCEPT, IF .... THEN, as in P v Q (read "P vee Q").
is NOT-fl, written a', or "-'a. etc., and permitting computa- NOT-Logic (and Boolean Alge-
parameter-l. Mathematics. A tions and demonstration, as in bra). A logical operator that has
constant or variable which enters any mathematical system, making the property that if P is a
fundamentally into a mathemati- use of symbols efficient in calcu- statement, then the statement I'

cal function and which has the lation. This algebra was named "NOT-P" ("it is not the case
property tha tits diH'erent values after George Boole, famous Eng- that P"), is true if the statement
produce dill'crent functions. For lish mathematician (1815-1864), P is false, and false if the state-
example, the function y = ax and is the first algebra met with ment P is true. The NOT op- ','

+ b has two parameters, a and in studying logic.

AND-I. Logic (and Boolean Al-
erator is often represented as fol-
b; when a and b are constant, lows: P' (read "P prime"), P
y = fiX + b represents a line, gebra). A logical (or Boolean Al-
gebra) operator which has the
(read "P dash"), or "-' P (read
but the choice of values of a and "tilde P").
b determines the angles and dis- property that if P and Q. are two
statements, then the statement exclusive OR-Logic (and Boo-
tances at which the line cuts the
"P AND (2" is true or false pre- lean Algebra). A logical oper-
coordinate axes. 2. Digital Com-
cisely according to the following ator that has the property that
puter Programming. In a sub-
table of possible combinations: if P and Q are two statements,
program, a quantity which may
then the statement P OR ELSE
be given different values when P Q PAND (l
false false false
Q is true precisely according to
the subprogram is used in dif- the following table of possible
false true false
ferent pans of one main pro- false combinations:
true false
gram, but which usually remains true true true
P Q POR ELSE Q
unchanged throughout anyone The AND operator is often rep- false false false

-
such use. For example, a para- resented by a centered dot (.), as false true true ~~~
meter may specify the number in P.Q. (read "P dot Q"), only true false true ~>~. ;.::'-':'"'::0::;

of characters in an item, the po- by no sign as in PQ (read "PQ"). true true false
si tion of the decimal poin t, the 2. Circuits. A connection between The exclusive OR operator, the
number of columns in a field, two circuits A and B or two cir- OR ELSE operator, has the prop-
the number of times a certain cuit elements A and B which erty: P OR ELSE Q is equiva-
cycle of operations is to be re- passes a signal if and only if both lent to P AND NOT Q, OR Q
peated, etc. To use a subpro- A and B contain the signal. AND NOT P, and accordingly
gram routine successfully in inclusive OR~Logic (and Boolean may be written in symbols P.Q'
many different programs requires Algebra). A logical operator v P'.Q.

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item con- Laboratory for Electronics, 305 Webster St., Monterey,
tains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number Calif. / Page 29 / Fred L. Diefendorf Agency
Litton Systems, Inc., Data Systems Div., 6700 Eton Ave.,
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.
American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway,
New York 7, N. Y. / Page 3 / N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
Canoga Park, Calif. / Page 27 / Compton Advertising,
Inc.
Litton Systems, Inc., Guidance and Control Systems Div.,
5500 Canoga Ave., Woodland Hills, Calif. / Page 39 /
PU
Burroughs Corp., Detroit 32, Mich. / Page 20 / Campbell-
Ewald Co.
Control Data Corp., 501 Park Ave., Minneapolis 15, Minn.
/ Page 5 / - -
Compton Advertising, Inc.
The Mitre Corp., Box 208, Bedford, Mass. / Pages 33, 35,
37 / The Bresnick Co., Inc.
of
The National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts., Dayton 9,
Dataman Associates, 120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. /
Page 40 / Larcom Randall Advertising, Inc.
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing, Wellesley Hills 81,
Ohio / Pages 21, 36 / McCann-Erickson, Inc.
~lenum Press, 227 W. 17 St., New York 11, N. Y. / Page
th(
32 / Henry E. Salloch Advertising Service
Mass. / Pages 16, 17 / Batten, Barton, Durstine & Reeves Soundcraft Corp., Great Pasture Rd., Danbury,
Osborn Conn. / Page 8 / The Wexton Co., Inc.
International Business Machines Corp., 590 Madison Ave., Statistical Tabulating Corp., 104 S. Michigan Ave., Chi-
New York 22, N. Y. / Page II/Benton & Bowles, Inc. cago 3, Ill. / Page 2 / Fred H. Ebersold, Inc.

No'rICE: This April 1962 issue of Computers and Au tomation contains 60 pages: the regular section, pag-es
I lO :10; and the last-minute section (which closed March 20) pages IB to 20B, inserted between pages 20 and ~I.
COMPUTERS find AUTOMATION for April. 1!IIi:!
 ACHPHENOMENON

The mind focuses upon the center cube, each face having required a distinct cut.
Until that realization, the problem of proving that a minimum of six cuts is necessary
to make twenty seven cubes out of one appears insurmountable. Insight, perception,
Achphenomenon at work.
In our work on guidance and control systems, computers and their components, we
look to engineers with ingenuity. If you're looking for an atmosphere conducive to
creative thinking and the chance to explore new directions, send a resume to Mr.
Nick B.Pagan, Manager Professional and Scientific Staffing. Expect a prompt reply.

rn LITTON SYSTEMS, INC.

GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS DIVISION
5500 CANOGA AVENUE, WOODLAND HILLS, CALIF.
Guidance Systems· Control Systems· Computers· Computer Components
An Equal Opportunity Employer

"

ON

I!lti~
 PrograITlITlers
Experience to include programming on large scale equipment with programs
and applications of a Busin.ess, Scientific or Engineering nature. 7090 expe-
rience preferred.

Creative PrograITlITlers
Professionals who wish to participate in advancing the state of the art, with
experience or training in:
Compiler \tVriting System Design
Automatic Programming Language Analysis
Artificial Language Construction Information Retrieval
Non Numerical Mathematics Artificial Intelligence
Symbolic Manipulation Operations Research
Game Playing Symbolic Logic
List Processing Techniques

SysteITls Planners
Experienced men with particular "industry" background. Ability to determine
the proper data processing system for a specific industry or determine if a
uhique system should be designed. Should have knowledge of at least one com-
puter manufacturer's equipment and the capabilities of such equipment.

COITlITlunications Engineers
Experienced in Telegraph Systems, Data Transmission, Switching Systems,
Transmission Systems, Communications Planning, to work on the development
of new large-scale, communications based data processing systems for unique
business and industrial a pplica tions.

Our client, a leader in the commercial data /Jrocessing field, is /Jresentl)' expanding a major
division (East Coast location). Fees and relocation ('x/Jenses /}(Jid by client co m/Jany. Pro-
fessionals whose interests and qualifications are in the above areas, jJlease submit complete
resume with salary requirements to,'

ASS 0 C I ATE S Contact us during the Spring

PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS Joint Computer Conference,
San Francisco. May 1-3.
120 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. - Richmond 2-1932

*DATA MANAGEMENT ... Recruiting SpecialistsJor Data Processing and Computer Personnel Exclusively.