Apelie Madhemates-I

UNIT-I

Camplex mumbess:
OA conplex nnbe,genhaly denee by nd
he Imaginay pat dencted

tbcemetical aepreretodien e omplex nnmbei

OA complex nmben
numbe zcan
can be geometieally eged
by a peint Ca,g)n the complex plane lea Aget
plane) the cemplera nunbee z-o
) rigin (o,o) sepheent
mali
mben z,Hene modlua o z uouttan
=
deneted Axis)

ampltude
-

mple)ta' an's)
p'l-z)
 munbe
Camplex the poly
H=Aine so (9,)o e pela
0 = cere,
Coohdinates
alcese +in)
The pola

+ lewe and koots o complex nunbe

tth
2 lcos +in e) then n

)we wate
2,
k-o,),(n-)
n I cas (akrtO)+iin (ar+O)],
Vn

K=D, , 2 , -n-)

pnpal
aoot cemplex nmbe.
hoot e pincipal vale
2

+indKN , k=o,),2) (&y Demaivae'

= (os dKn Theeaem)
us, cube rooda t unit
2
 Jemaivhe's Theeem : (( withent poof)
The thecemctos at
Cos n + i n n indage
(+ie e4-ve)
Dn tt ia2
Nete pemevhe The eem is appliable emy

Similay(ueetisines
and cosìsin e)= cas n@-in n

Dues Sene he equaten z- (It4:)2'+ui=o

tq; z ( I t 4 i ) i=o can be e wartten ay
)+4i(-)- oe ()cui) =o
z=t1 cnd 4i
New, zl= o gnes

J
-Nzl+i)

is'n Sa= &(cosicing

=-2l+i)
Thw olien z=tl,tz (+i).
tthe aqnatien zt2ttl=o
Cues Sone Rypal'
, e l t 3),+l+i)
4ule' heenem l eitheutp )
3

3|

-( ) )
Keplacing i by-i, we get e cesp_ins

kaplacig -

+typertelie tancion:
U Theseuntens ae denated
Qun, tanhe ete ound ae defind as

fondey

cimilay
9 snz- cin batiy) =sinncoiy tcansnty
'ynsiniy
oseshy¢in'hky
 tanz=tanx titanky
|-itane tenb

Olet wiua cemplex ambe define

= utiveU e

Re(e - eces y , Imle)=esinH

Nete : sin z and cos z ae -peiediefntiens
culltan z and cetz ase K-peied'efenciens.

uhee =
Let w=logzutiv = leg Ceie)
(aere) = leg a+ ie

O goneing, let logz be mang valued

fncen d we can wotez-e
then w=
aellotnn)7 Da
legsti (e-+dnn), ntI
z
Log o g(y)te'nnititar8A),1

Lagz- lag()t dn ni, neI

 Cues Splt leg (I+) into aeal and fmaginey
w

Sel: log (Itz) = le Tlta (cosD +isin B)]

-gcIthcexe)s'in'o?
titan (( n s

+ iten' sne
g (l+a +eacose ) +itautsine
Qus:
Splt
Sol:

. Leg (logi) Log (in)agt

Lag (i)tlnni, né I
t
itan) tlni
 loeces Re
le Re
siny) siny ecesg
tttteal. te
eeu.and.) te te
(eosy+isn)
Rele =
loel+iy)) (e ke
Ke Sol
le Re
find Dues'
(-I+io) -l024-terS
o-) o+isn ces to24
2D
20
(I+t)* Erpres
20 2o
femula this
Theeaem
as moivAe's cannet we J:
puiopply
niepal find
(1+i)
20
 End Teum

<plit
Lel
legi
ilegi

(z)=o
End Te 3l2
(7M)

Sol Let z= tJ2i=0+)y = 8lceo+iein e)

= J3
3
So, =-1, y=
aty=2
. = tan = tar S2 =
V2

R=o,)
 2

n K=, (-ItiB)=J ( cos ticn 2r)

Deaivdiue numbes:

Bo= lm flz)-flzo) ds df)

w'=f(z)- im dz d

in U), we get f')- lim fCeotSs)-Ae

z-Z4- Sz
witing z2o then it mt e
f) is feent'al at
) H
Centinuous at z Zo:
hle) in z fehentiall

pelnt in the camplex plene.

at ouany desnate.
hat flz)=z has no
Dues: hoo
fl2)= z= -iy, hence
fCz+s)-fe)=
nfztsz)z)-im Se
Sz Real hen Sy=0 Sz0 S>oZ

Rane
Da4upo:
oday
flz+Sz)-f(z)- lim iSy
Aim
Sz0
 me co dy=m 4e
ear
lin flz tsz)-f)
Sz Sz0 Sti
| -im | m- 2im
1+im |+m

thee e
infiney many valies of aboue lit
te chace m

Thws, Z hasno devatiue at eugin.

2

-fenzto
f(o)= 0.

+ Analytie funien:
OLefywf) penes a deae at zzo and at
neighteuhod o zo Hente) à said to be
analytie and
Zo Contain
poit at uhich tle) may be anaytie
hen zo ia called ingulo polnt of fle).
euesyheae liferentialle
Analtie funce ale
as an lnfiiteos'es in ree z
and can be expased
9A faugtien wdih analytie ln
halomenplie
 meyuhee (fen all z 'r complplan)
entie
then it iA kad to be an enne fent'n.
mite plane
pelynemal a entiaefundien nce sda
fer eg: A
devne exist eueyuhee.
felleuin anytiein domalh D then
ens a e
ttie
both ahe analyte in b.
and podut
ofaalytie fundiens d
s also analygti
) The quetient the denomintes doesnet
Paowdedthefntian in b.
ay pelt in demaln
Vonisl at
iemann Euatens
frctien a z deined in demaln D.
DLetf)- utiv be as

called,Cauchg- fiemann uquting

letlouing pain aqmatiens
definid as and D=-V

then it
aralyti
mut saliatg Cauchy-Riemann equationi
Condions

to the diHeentiabilty
functien to be anaytie is tHat
suticnt cendies fer ad haue continuos pastial deaivat
L andlv Vae contiueus
4 D then +ud VSatisty he Cie
o4 t orde in domain
oquatien,. ae cantin ows f
Sol: f()= zz =J=tHutiv
Hence, l= V= O

imh o
At eigin, Da = im lot h, o)-u lo, o)
gins
Ou lim ulo, ot+k)-u lo, o) - limk=o
k

Also, 3v im lo, D+)- lo,o)

lin v(o+h,o)v (o,o)

Thus
Hence, e-k equatens satisfted a eaigin
fio)
then
Let z ’o aleng the line y=
f'(o)= m a'tm
+im (4im
tHence,f ftz) analygtie Z=0.

to eheo that
(omde
In entise cemplex plane.
 Didcus the amaytiety the
=utiV.
V= D
Hence) )

2 )

utit ae eontiuns ameguhe.

u m ulo+h, D) -u(o, o)
At onigin,
2
lin =0
ho

Ou lim ulo, 0+k)ulo, o)

Alo, Dy lim V(oth, b)- v lo,o) = D

v lim v (o, D+*)-vlo, o) =o
ko

sinh z danalytie dfind ita desiuatie

Oes fhene that
soinhz = sinz-isniliy)
=-isin (in-y)
sinh =-iinin ces ytLcin snt
nh z Snh cosy t
nh ncosy , V= cex2m siny
 unh
sin

Hence, C-R ean ae

dz
cesh cosy tisinha sny

E cos i(+iy) = cosh z

Que:howhat (z)= analytie at z-o.

at
analyte
z o
whih dfeeniale
fle)zf)
at zo at all pnd in J melgeskood.
at zo ftz) à analyt at
Quesnd vlues ound Suhthat etnties
+i (c,yt2) anayti
dtence find fz).
f() 2l1+i) z
Je
Des! saew hat tehe tnetienflz)=

Leimann eanatien iA eatifiad hene.

 tist udy elo -farm cR egms

end secand osde and

Padal deaivatives o fiast
soisfien the laplace agyaten
2

sa called hamon'e feunten. occusence n

laplace equatien bas a frent eat cond'en ek
grantaten, electsctaties,fluid fles,
Also,
beth and vae hamenle tnties. ef
ccngu conugate hasme'e
Via caid to be hasmene o v.
and ute cenngate
(en paeews page)
Qu shos tat thefneten ( y
hesneetind it conjugatefnten vand
analytie untien.
Sel uen,u=eein (a'y)
-24 (-2y) sin(y)teeas
-de?y keosty) - ysnlay
ed(2)s'n('y)te"d cos(ay)c2y)
de-ce(*y)-sinlaty)
2

·(-ay)-ce (ay)-xces (z-g)-2y)]

2

Ce eqns, we

Hence flz)=

MilneThemicn metho we
aaplace

fC)= oz- casz' dz ti Qzsn ztdz

2

- ( ca z t i n2')=-i
 e-e equatiens in Polar fasm

Milne - Thomsan mehd

(esten ote
Rasnene
: Skew that vl, )=2 (U-y)
funcien and hencefind aamen'e canjugate.
Lel: To sheo :

20+2D =o
Let vi be hamene
total dtesentidion,
=-Udat

dv
Bn integating bath side, we
(Milne- Themen Mety
Dues: An electsieal tild in fCe)- y)+iyy)
(sM) im he plane, the petetial fundien
2 2
glwen.find team uneian oY
and eletai ield te). (Selitian at back)
tMine- Themon Method:
methed is wed to eord censtut tnd
Tus
uitieat fdingvu. hapeuly
fe) =u(z,o) +ivz,o)
in fl)=u(ay)+
)-e by
werkigtle : To constut an analyt funian
ey Milne Thempnmetod:

Case I : whenu i guen Itto

shep 2:find duequate t to .by)

get ,(z,o)
Step 4: feploe by z dy ayo in d,(zy) to gt
C2,o).
dz

Case TI: when v js gner

step 1: find Dv equade it to ,(y).
Lupa'
ales

3:
Sep 3i koplae by z
zddjby oin lay) to (z, o)
()
Din y(, y) to
Shep dzt
 ((-z)+ Hz)>
iaz-1) oiziz]
LAe
etis're)-il ilcos
cosot
ia+sinet-24'sinao
zf)
) f'(aeo)e
get awat utivfleo)=Di}feretiating
= vand hence
d equaens
ae Ck. .
2cs = V
=
cee Acas 9)
= (e, Hence,
V
2 t
v(a,6)f(aeio) ula,e)+ flz)=
ftat,t}tisnta, Sol'
ten
cas+2. Bcey v(9,9-)=
ivla,
o) u(a,6) t(2)= nten analyie un
find
caatier) cefonof lalar (en
 (SM)
Mid-sem

let yi*,y) be à
(Fnse)
tthe
steamtnien
Vetdhamende
and find Cenjugate of ul)to enpa
funtien Cz)=utiv as an analgtie tndion. the
Sel?

-3m
2

2 2

(o-i )de -iztc

Md-Tesum
(sH)

let 4) be a sdham ntiem

 -(28)da(2 dy (ce-ey

-dtay+3{y)

-d(a)+sd(y)
r- (-di*)+ 3d(ay) tc
t3 y t C

(By lne's -memen

dfle)-(o Fi3z)4 methd,)

Remaak:O ( ) called veloty potetiol tuen

team bath
tncien. Alo,
p(*9) a called
odiafies laplae Hence
equatien, cue
q(y) (*)
Rosmen.

Can bo preed as
 V= Valt+ Vy

V= vp,) D¢it2¢?

Zero
ef Aralyte-tnten:
Zero
OA Let tle) be an analyte nen. f(z)- o then
fe).

i) f (zo)=f'(z)=o and f Cz.) to ten zo i callad

a zeso al Secbnd edas

tdeting =
f (z.) =o but fntD (z.) +o.

Sol
find a t the zeros
he zeos
(z-2)sin()
to zeso

he der nmerate o fl)ie. (z-) in

sinl)-o

+1 1
+ fainpel pat: (Lawent leies erpanlon)
= an lz-2o) + balz- 20) -hen the
n

tem br (z-zu) " callod pinipal paat ef the

tntient)at z-zo.
Singulau loint ingulauttes:
AA point at wdih a urtenfiz) ia net analuti
inguda ppint enLigulaniieA the

te e: t)= has snglo pent o

has
22.

I. TiolateJ sigdait andi t h e e es no

ithin a small cHh cle eueundng
Llhen z=a sald to be holate
Jhe peint the fundien lz).
Bigulay Z a i called nen elatod
cingdaty
thide )
 2-a)
f-a lz-a)+a,(z-a)'+. aota l)
Lj.+ educes
to
t be
bmt
bmt coefiienta ut
0)then bmt2=0
(z-a)mt (z-a)m
yt2 bmt +bm
+
(z-a)? (Z-a) (z-a)t- (z-a)+a, a,
+a, flz)=
tb+be
epanded
ain becan )4z)
cesdesLausents aelated
z=a, pelnt rgula
wheen zVo singulatie otte of no
infiite
as
tee neigtAkowshood
zo o te because
in
in
i.e. I-n paints at ie. =0
hese peinta analytic
at not a flz)=
tingulaity -uolated Non
fut
and z= at
(2)(z-3)
singu iolated too has
 +,(z-a)-t L,lz-a)m+
flz)= ot a,lz-a) (2-ay
b,lz-a)b(z -a)n
)tte Then 2-a is pole of osden me flz), wten
ml,te pole is sad t.
to Le simple pale
fimd pole ef Hhe-fnien
(z-u)
l+ lz-a)+ (z-a) -

(e-a) (2-a)
lien
.'. f() has pole at z=a
2.

t the mben of tesm in negate powesfr

henz=a u called asendial
expansen )is infiite,
singlaity f).

nlzn

T
=+ n)zhte

Heree,gle has infnte

at zo.
 IV: Kemevalle
O 4)=`a be-aj'= ast 4, (z- )+a,(z-a'..ta
tte) deesnet centain, negatne pew f (za) then z
ucalled hemevable
singlat
t) can be made analytie y edetinige fla f.e.
lim (2) exista.
plz)- Bmlz-o) has enevabla Z=a.

Fplaa
Sol: cin l|-a)= l

= 1- (z-a
31 (e-a'
hasno
eemovable singulaty at za.

nfz) eists and ia finteten

tep 2: nf) doesnat ealst enza a

esenal (indetennantten)
Step s: me)b intinte tenfz) hos a
 at zdri,
Disus

fla) |-e
puttny derennate to zel0
felas ane detanne dy
.e

fento
Oes: Betesnnethe poles af

Sol!

=(coT+in )

tea nel, Pole at z-cas 3y,tizin 304

Fer n=2 Pele at z=|cos Sa tisin S
Cos
fo n=3,
 ob
can be alorg aa
to z b.
dz= da +idy ),
dz= de ity=0 -2)
dez idy -(3)
Hee in eg ),(3) 2(3) the dnedien
d'seten de sadfeent
path atagaton, But vale
integal fohom a to b enaln
Cusme ftem a to b.
Same
aleng
focm
case -the inital and inal point cainude
-then c i a closed cueme,then the irtegal i

4l2) = u(aiy) +iv(,y) then since dz-dxtidy

ft)de- Cutiv) (da+idy)

Ques' Evoluae iyde,alengte path

) = ) y-a
 =

de -(l+i) d

pting g de+i)de, we
( -i) (I+i)de

(lti)(a-3:) = s

4) Aleng pasabele 2d
’ de-d+idy de deti2x d f,)
dz =(ltdi)de
o to 1L
alti
X
fondey
(I-i((+di)de
-((-0a' (tdix) d
 (U-) 3
(|-i)i
Courdeus indegala:
i) T4 the counte ciu d'uded into-two pastG and
then
fe) dz =

gg intgal also chages ie.

dz
a

)de
wheae k,k, ae contanta
Mid-se(34)
Duss' Iategnate felz) aleng te line O-to It'i.
Bues
A l ,2)
y-o-2-
|-0
(x-o)

f)de= e()de OA

alang line 2L
 N
dz =dtída =(1+ di)de

-(ltai)
-l+a')
DRJ Pasameti ze z tor line taom Dto ltai ad :
New Re [zl+)]= ReIt(iti)]= Rec)+Relait)-+
t dt =
End-sem(a)
Dues .

degate tetunien tte)-Z aleng the

cue C, wlhere C i he squae ttt ealices z=0,
d, di, d4di.
(o,2)+ 212)

|zdet zdetzode
e, (2,0)

de- da+idy
 2 2

C,: = 0, y= 0 to 2

Cai = 2to D
dle d
O-= - 2

Cy: =o d y= 2 to
de=-iy
2
-iy (-idy
Jydy-I]-(o -2) =2
+
 Some Dofinitend
4imple usuwesf) A cwne uhihdoesnat cho
called simple cennetel
(&) Such a eine encees a aeglen called imply
fn it an be
egien such that eney cloed csne
contaauted
) Tu
tndefinitaly utheut
egien hal mo Aale in t
paing cut af it (fig 1)

fig 2 (muttiply coneted)

() A u ew h ose taly i called uliple cuse

Aregton wlich ia net simply cennectedacalled
multtp conns

Muply conneted egien han hele le Aele) in tt

Theoem !
#lauhy Fategal connetel
a funtien fl) i analytie in a simply
s
peinta inaide e and n a loed cantewn Ctten

J fcde - 0.
 analyte Yn a Saglon f and if too point A and
B n a e fened bytwo difesct cuner C, ound lging
in k, then

Ca
(Cauchy's Tntegal
Evaluate
fanala
dz Ezxample)
t uhee Cin
t9
( ) z+3il=2 () |zl -5

Sol: Hee f(z) =z+9

The poles of ft) can be detemined by eauating the
deneminate equal toto zero.
2

Pele at z--3i les in the giuen chde C

fle)de= de 7x
dz -31
(2+3)(z-i)

Z-3è

3
 t
i) lz|=5
Beth the poles z=i and
2=-3i lies ndete
-3iei
Jinen cete.
dz=
(tedz t3i)(z-3)

2-3idt
3i
3L

t dri

toni 3

Jntegal-fesmule:
fl i analyte wthin and en a daedcs
if a' i ay palnt wtin Cand
(2a)

+Cauy Lategal fesumuda fo the dotuativeof

an analytie funieni
f) iA
doinatine at pelnt
in fa and i
 fo (2-ay

uhne deled cuone în Rsuaseundig palat Za.

Sinilanly, f'Ca)- d!fe)

dz
2-a)nti
Hid-sen
Lvaluate
(s)
e iale z-1|=3.
z=-, eu in
Sel: The peles a
daif'-) t,o)

ues .
Evaluste the indegnal e)lz-)
End-se) Cuse C, ukee C is a elacle lz)=3
Sol: The
at z=|, Z=Z
Bath z | z=2 lle natle the
ihle lzl =3. tten le,t
Cauc integal feumula
 A
(
(z1)(z-)
A(2-2)+ B(z-1)

A=-)
dz edz
JzD(z-2) (z-)

=-drif) + nifl)
2
=-dnie t&ie
Qaile- e
Oues' Evaluate
z
i) c:lz-il=) ( ) c : lzl= 2

Dues: Oe Cauchy's integal feula to ealuate

(2-) z- 2)

Expansions
(Itz) = | - z + z - t .
(l-3 = l t z t t | t lz|<1
|zl<1
 Bayles's Sesie

as
Cente at z= hen it can be expanded
f'a)
(z-)+.... tfa) tz-a
flz) fla)+ fla)e-a)t

cesues B% f ) abeut
Eq" (0) &also calld Taylea's
2 = . Le. z|<1

+ Maclausin's ojes?
get
l) we
a=0 in ee
+zf"o)+...
H)2 fo) t f'o) (z-)+f'o)+ -(2)

i called Malauoio's seies of flz).

flz) be onalytie at za
z
we Saqiae that
at a peint a

Ques ebtainthe
2l4i)zt2i
abeutz=0.
Sal:
(2+)(zti)
A B

(z+)(2+di)
l= A(Zti)+ B(z+)
A=
(21)(z+i) (ai-)(z+) (-ai)(ztd)

(&i-) (i+2)+(l
z)
ill-ai)

(-) [I-z+-]t_
Lawet's

z(t32t2)fen
Kzl<2.

z(23zt2) z(z-)z-2)
A t

A (2-1) (z-2)t 8z (z-2)t Cz (z)

A
[B=,C=
(2-) Qlz-2)

2(1-y)(-z) |lzl>|, lzl<2

22