UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDIICAL
EGINEERING

FIRST MONTH INTERNSHIP REPORT

AT INFINITY ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
SOLUTIONS PLC

Prepared by
Kaleab Seyoum

October, 2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Corrective maintenance on mechanical ventilators ................................. 1

Definition ............................................................................................1

Working principle ............................................................................... 1

components of mechanical ventilator .................................................. 1

corrective maintenance ........................................................................ 3

step1 running a system check ........................................................... 3

step2 performing a calibration ..........................................................4

step3 troubleshot .............................................................................. 5

step4 pc based debris cleanout and calibration ................................. 5

step5 following airflow path .............................................................6

conclusion ........................................................................................... 6

Preventive maintenance on c arm ........................................................... 7

Definition ............................................................................................7

Working principle ............................................................................... 7

components of c-arm ...........................................................................8

Preventive maintenance .......................................................................9

step1 cleaning .................................................................................. 9

step2 mechanical movement and ups check ......................................9

step3 auto technique tracking ........................................................... 9

step4 image resolution ....................................................................10

 conclusion ...........................................................................................12

contacters ............................................................................................. 12

Definition .......................................................................................... 12

Basic components ............................................................................. 12

Working principle ............................................................................. 12

Training on catheterization laboratory .................................................. 13

Temperature sensor installation ............................................................ 16

MRI head coil service ...........................................................................18

service on CR(computerised radiography) .....................................................20

Installation of sprirometer .................................................................... 21

Mechanical ventilator
Site St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College

Date October 7, 2022

model Carescape R860

A mechanical ventilator is a machine that helps a patient breathe (ventilate) when they
are having surgery or cannot breathe on their own due to a critical illness. The patient
is connected to the ventilator with a hollow tube (artificial airway) that goes in their
mouth and down into their main airway or trachea.
A mechanical ventilator either fully or partially supports a patient’s work of
breathing.The basic build of a mechanical ventilator can be described according to .

Input power: AC or DC current is used to drive the pistons and compressors that
generate pressure. In our case the medical air compressor and main device have
separate power supply.

Source of pressurized gas: Clearly, both oxygen and air are required. These may be
provided via a hospital’s central manifold supply or some machines may use an
oxygen cylinder along side an air compressor, whilst others will have an inbuilt
turbine as a source of compressed air.

Drive mechanism: This is the system used by the ventilator to convert input power
into ventilatory work; there are 3 types: pistons, bellows, and pneumatic circuits. The
most commonly used is the pneumatic drive mechanism. Pneumatic drive
mechanisms use microprocessor controls and a proportional solenoid valve that
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Components of mechanical ventilator

1. Compressor, A) water trap, B) bacterial filter, C)carbon filter

2. Display

3. Medical air input from central gas manifold

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4. Flow sensor

5. Flow control valve

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Corrective maintenance on mechanical ventilators

Step 1 running a system check

During these process the patient tube should be connected to patient simulating out let
for some duration until the system requires it to be detached to measure the resistance
of the tube. In these process there is also leakage reading of less than 500 mm/min
which is under the tolerable range.

In our case the system check result is as follows Failure of Expiatory flow sensor , Air
flow sensor, oxygen sensor, resistance and circuit measurements.

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Out of these failures air flow sensor and oxygen sensor failures are major. Because
both are internal component the rest are external components we can replace and test
them. And also air pressure low alarm will appear on the display.

Step 2 performed a calibration

We have performed o2, air and Exhalation calibration in all machines Exhalation
calibration passed and calibrated but in other machines we have failed air FCV.

When we say air and oxygen calibration we are actually calibrating the air control
valve and oxygen control valve respectively which are labeled number 5 in the
component section.

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Step 3 troubleshot

As we have two of our ventilators have failed air calibration and passed the oxygen
calibration which means in both device we have healthy o2 control valve because as
mentioned in previous section when we say calibration we are actually calibrating the
control valves.

Both the air and o2 control valves are the same we can change the air control valve of
one device with o2 control valve of the other and repeat system check and calibration,
but the result was the same concluding our the control valves have no problem.

In the same way we exchanged the o2 flow sensor and air flow sensor but the result
was the same indicating we have no problem with our flow sensors.

Step 4 PC based debris clean out and calibration

By connecting a PC with a VGA to USB converter we performed clean out following

the procedure with VCB diagnostic and calibration application.

Procedure Application

After performing all the procedures the system check result was the same .

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Step 5 Following air flow path

During calibration the moment air calibration failure displayed we have also observed
that there was an alarm stating air pressure low, there fore we have decided to follow
the flow of air starting from the main hospital manifold.

During these process the first component we encounter was the air in late with
pressure relief we have observed the air enters the in let we proper pressure and leaves
the inlet with low pressure there fore there is some blockage in side the inlet.We
tested the pressure by removing the relief filter but still the same.

conclusion

Finally it was not a logical solution but loosing the screws in the inlet left some space
between the metal filter in the inlet resolving the problem. As a consequence of un
titend screws tested for any leakage but the gaskets was very effective there was no
leakage.

Finally we have performed the system check and calibration all over again passing all
condition. We can conclude that the ventilators are fully functional .

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Mobile C-arm machine

Site Danu orthopedics Center

Date October 14, 2022

Model Brivo OEC 785

A C-Arm machine is an advanced medical imaging device based on X-ray technology.

They are primarily used for fluoroscope capabilities, although they have radiography
capability too. C-Arm is called so, due to its C-shaped arm, which is used to connect
the x-ray source on one end and the detector on the other.

Working principle mobile C-arm

A C-arm comprises a generator (X-ray source) and an image intensifier or flat-panel

detector. The C-shaped connecting element allows movement horizontally, vertically

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and around the swivel axes, so that X-ray images of the patient can be produced from
almost any angle. The generator emits X-rays that penetrate the patient's body. The
image intensifier or detector converts the X-rays into a visible image that is displayed
on the C-arm monitor. The doctor can identify and check anatomical details on the
image such as blood vessels, bones, kidney stones and the position of implants and
instruments at any time.

Components of C-arm

 X-ray generator

 Control panel

 Interconnect cable

 X-ray tube

 Image intensifier

 Dual monitor display

 Monitor display system

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Preventive maintenance on c-arm

Step 1 cleaning: X-ray generator and Monitor display system was opened and
cleaned with blower but as the device is placed in or room it was pretty much clean.

Step 2 mechanical movement checked and ups performance checked: every

movement of the c arm performed to check weather or not it works flawlessly. And
the c arm have internal ups which provides power until the processor saves its data
and properly shutdown, the could be 4-7 seconds.

Step 3 performing auto technique tracking : auto technique tracking means the
ability of the machine to measure the thickness of the object being observed and
adjusting KVP to appropriate level. These procedure performed by using three copper
filters each being 1mm each.

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By placing a single copper filter on the tube our reading should be between 58kvp to
66kvp so our reading was 62kvp meaning passed first test. The same test was
performed using 2 and three copper filters and kvp value was still with in the tolerable
range with out requiring any adjustment.

Step 4 image resolution: resolution indicates how clear you can observe the image.

These test performed with a flat metal with stripes in the middle coming out a point
and scattering and have a reading beside the stripes.

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In these procedure the metal placed on the intensifier and an exposure will be taken

Following these procedure under normal magnification the reading should be >=2.2
our reading was 2.2 it satisfies barely. Consequently with magnification 1 and 2 our
reading was with in the range.

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conclusion

As a conclusion because of error log of 0201504 on the display and bare passing of
the image resolution recommended replacement of interconnect cable.

Contacters

A contacter is an electrically-controlled switch used for switching an electrical power

circuit.A contacter is typically controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power
level than the switched circuit, such as a 24-volt coil electromagnet controlling a 230-
volt motor switch.

We have disassembled and observed the components and working principle how it is
energized . when voltage is applied to the coil it crates a magnetic field which pulls
down the flux and complete the magnetic flux created during these action the
Contacters become closed allowing current to flow through its copper. The reason we
use copper is because it is highly conductive to allow all the current with in small
contact area.

In side the contacter there is a metal cage that dissipates the arcing electricity when
coil is dis energized.

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Catheterization laboratory
Site Service center
Date October 17 to 20, 2022
Model Optima IGS 320

A catheterization laboratory, commonly referred to as a cath lab, is an examination

room in a hospital or clinic with diagnostic imaging equipment used to visualize the
arteries of the heart and the chambers of the heart and treat any stenosis or
abnormality found. Most catheterization laboratories are "single plane" facilities,
those that have a single X-ray generator source and an X-ray image
intensifier for fluoroscopic imaging.

System components
In cath lab there are three rooms which are examination room, Technical room and
control room.Examination room contain gantry(c arm), table and table side controls,

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x ray tube, collimator and detector.Technical room contain c1 cabinet, c2 cabinet,
tube chiller, fluoro ups and main ups.Control room contain vcim, DL flatpanal, DL
keyboard and monitor.

Smart box-handle mechanical movement of the detector, l arm, pivot and detector.
Table panning device-control movement except vertical, saves pre set locations
Bolus chase-integrate table movement with gantry.
Foot switch- provide fluoro and radiation.
At the table base we have seen rest point-which is a connecting point and bulk head-
interface terminal.

Cabinet 1
Cabinet one contain DL,RTAC,JEDI and PDU with ups these are the main
components.
DL(digital leader)-is a computer which control the hole system. Contain firewall
Ethernet switch kvp-local and video splitter.
RTAC(real time accusation computer)-image from detector,positional data and x-
ray data interact with RTAC , then process image rotation ,apply base pixel correction
and communicate with Jedi for exposure control then send to dl for display purposes.
With rtac there are cables like Rt-bus which is real time instruction bus, Arc Net
which is positioner fiber optics and FCTb which convert image to fiber optics format.
The ups with pdu provide power for both rtac and dl only.

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JEDI-contain ac filter board, AC to DC board ,rotor control board and low voltage
power supply, small and large filament heater board.

Cabinet 2
Contain motion control board for each movement like detector movement, l
movement, c movement and c arc movement and control table movement with
position interface board.

both cabinet

Fluoro ups-Alternative short time until the procedure is completed but it restricts use
of radiation.
HV-tank- generates high voltage to provide to the cathode part of the tube. Contain
voltage multiplier and capacitor. Ingrid tube bias voltage, bias direction of electron
flow.contain five pins which are small, G2 bias, G1 bias, large and common.

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Chiller- used to chill the tube contain compresser, pump and fun both compresser and
pump contain an overload relay.

Collimeter- there are two types angio and cardiac.

Temperature sensor installation

Site St Petros Specialized TB Hospital
Date October 24,2022

A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the temperature of its

environment and converts the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or
signal temperature changes.We have installed a temperature sensor in petros hospital.
Using a termocouple sensor as our sensing device.A termocouple, also known as a
"thermoelectrical thermometer", is an electrical device consisting of two
dissimilar electrical conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple
produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the Seebeck effect, and this
voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature.

Wiring of temperature sensor

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Step1 As the wiring diagram above indicates we provided a 220 volt at connection
pin 3 and 2 from main because the module have its own power board.
Step2 connected the thermocouple at pin 13 and 14.
Step3 we tapped main line voltage and connected to pin 8
lastly the only thing missing is alarm or indicator for these purpose we used an led.
Step4 connect one end of led to pin 9 and the other end to pin3 of neutral line.

Working principle
Power is provides by pin 3 and 2 in step1 and the thermocouple is placed at their
designated position in step2. In step3 when we connect pin 2 with pin 8 we are
providing pin 8 and 10 with a voltage of 220 because pin 8 and 10 are normally
closed.In step4 we connected led to pin9 which is normally open with pin8.
Therefore the temperature sensor have a reading value and set value when ever the
sensor reading value pass the sated value with some range the relay shifts from
normally close position to normally open position meaning jumps from pin10 to pin9
which provides power to the led. We can also place a buzzer or other alarming
systems.

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MRI
Site Hallelujah General Hospital
Date October 26, 2022

MRI head coil service

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses a
magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the
organs and tissues in your body.
Radio frequency coils (RF coils) are the "antennae" of the MRI system, broadcasting
the RF signal to the patient and/or receiving the return signal. RF coils can be receive-
only, in which case the body coil is used as a transmitter; or transmit and receive
(transceiver).
In our case at hallelujah general hospital we have disassembled and reassembled a
receive only head coil. The cause of the service was the MRI was stating the coil was
failed.

Internal components of the head coil

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1. Pre-amplifer-A Pre-amplifer, also known as a preamp, is an electronic
amplifier that converts a weak electrical signal into an output signal strong
enough to be noise-tolerant and strong enough for further processing, or for
sending to a power amplifier and a loudspeaker. Without this, the final signal
would be noisy or distorted.
2. Resonance tuner capacitor-At each setting of the capacitor, we will have
resonance (canceled reactance) at a different frequency within the adjustment
range of the capacitor. Because of this ability to change the resonant frequency,
the variable capacitor is called a "tuning capacitor" or a "resonating capacitor."
3. Interference cancellation-Unlike classical radio interference or jamming
attacker models which add noise to the legitimate communication, signal
cancellation attacks aim at interfering destructively with the legitimate signal in
order to remove those signals from the spectrum.
During our inspection we have found no issue with the coil so we reassembled and
tested on the MRI but still have the same error.we scheduled for other day for deeper
inspection.
At the same time we have assembled a new body coil and provided to pioneer
diagnostic center.

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In these coil we have found a new component called impedance matching labeled on
the picture.Impedance matching is designing source and load impedance to minimize
signal reflection or maximize power transfer. In DC circuits, the source and load
should be equal. In AC circuits, the source should either equal the load or the complex
conjugate of the load, depending on the goal.

CR(computerized radiography)
Site At service center
Date October 27, 2022

We have serviced a Cr machine which have problem acquiring image from the casset.
Step 1 we brought test casset and tested the Cr if it works with our casset and it did.
Indicating that there is a problem with the casset.
Step 2 in order to minimize our possible problem margin we tested the film separately
from the film and still the film failed with the test casset and casset failed with
test film concluding that both the film and the casset are failed.

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Step 3 As we observed sticky material on the film we removed the film roller and try
to clean sticky material on the roller but it was not cleanable.
As a solution we have suggested to replace the casset with the film and the film roller
inside.

Installing a sprirometer
Site Med star Internal Medicine Speciality Center

Date October 28, 2022

Model Spiro bank 2

A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by
the lungs. A spirometer measures ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the
lungs. The spirogram will identify two different types of abnormal ventilation patterns,
obstructive and restrictive.
Components of spirobank2
 Main body
These device contain all the circuitry that receive the analogue reading and converts it
to digital like amplification,ADC and power source etc. These device only function
as a spirometer but there are others which have pulse oxymetery functionality.

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 PFT nose clip

These component blocks air from escaping through your nose because smallest
amount of air can alter the patients FVC and FEC1 result.

 Disposable turbine flow meter

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These is basically our sensor, it contain a turbine inside and the amount of blow we
make decides the amount of rotation the turbine makes.
 USB cable
The USB cable use as a power provider and data transfer for the software on the PC.

Software installation
The software installation is straight forward like other software the only difference is
at some point during installation we have to select what kind of turbine we are using if
it is reusable or disposable. And needs activation pass code which will be provided by
the manufacturer with in an email on the spot.

Conclusion
Finally we have provided short and breaf explanation on how to use the device and
software and demonstrated procedure.

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