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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 357

Chapter 11
Alternate Design Method
(Working Strength)
NSCP 2001 (ClOl-01)
NOTATIONS
Ag = gross area ofsection, znm2
Av =area of shear reinforcement within a distances, mm2
A,= loaded area
A2 = maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is
geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area
bo = perimeter of critical section for slabs and footings, mm
bw = web width, or diameter of circular section, mm
d . = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement, mm
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa.
Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa
fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
Jl': = square root of specified compressive strength concrete, MPa
fc 1 = average splitting tensile strength of lightweight aggregate concrete, MPa
/s = permissible tensile stress in reinforcement, MPa
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement, MPa
M = design moment
n = modular ratio of elasticity = E./ Ec
N = design axial ,load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with
V; to be taken as positive for compression, negative for tension, and to
include effects of tension due to creep and shrinkage
s = spacing of shear reinforcement in direction parallel to longitudinal
reinforcement, mm
v = design shear stress
Vc = permissible shear stress carried by concrete, MPa
V" =permissible horizontal shear stress,.MPa
V =design shear force at section
a = angle between inclined stirrupsand longitudinal axis of member
~c =ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction area
p11• = ratio of tension reinforcement = As/ bw d
cp = strength reduction factor
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424.2 SCOPE
424.2.1 Non-prestressed reinforced concrete members shall be permitted to be
designed using service loads (without load factors) and permissible service load
stresses in accordance with provisions of Section 424.

424.2.2 For design of members not covered by Section 424, appropriate

provisions of this code shall apply.

424.2.3 All applicable provisions of this code for nonprestressed concrete, except
Section 408.5, shall apply to members designed by the Alternate Design Method.

424. 2.4 Flexural members shall meet requirements for deflection control in
Section 409.6, and requirements of Sections 410.5 through 410.8 of this code .

.
424.3 GENERAL
424.3.1 Load factors and strength reduction factors ~ shall be taken as unity for
membe;rs designed by the Alternate Design Method.

424.3.2 It shall be permitted to proportion members for 75 percent of capacities

required by other parts of Section 424 when considering wind or earthquake
forces combined with other loads, provided the resulting section is not less than
that required for the combination of dead and live load.

424.3.3 When dead load reduces effects of other loads, members shall be
designed for 85 percent of dead load in combination with the other loads. 1

424.4 PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES

424.4.1 Stresses in' concrete shall not exceed the following:
1. Flexure:
e Extreme fiber stress in compression .. 0.45 f.-
2. Shear:
e Beams and one-way slabs and footings :
• Shear carried by concrete, l'.- ........................................................ 0.38 .J7':
• Maximumshear carried by concrete
plus shear reinforcement, Vc ............................................... : ..........• 0.38 .J7':
e Joists:
• Shear c1.1rried by concrete, v.- .........................................·............... 0.09 .J7':
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CHAPTER 11 - ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 359
e Two-way slabs and footings:
• Shear carried by concrete, v .. .... ....................... .

but not gre~ter than t ..jf;

2. Bearing on loaded area .................. .............. ..... :............. ............................. 0.3 f,

424.4.2 Tensile stress in reinforcement shall not exceed the following:

1. Gmde 275 reinforcement ................................................................ .. ..... 140 MPa

2. Grade 415reinforcement or greater and
welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) ............................................._.. 170 MPa
3. For flexural reinforcement, 10 mm or less in diameter, in
one-way slabs of not more than 4 m span ................................................ 0.50fv
but not greater than 200 MPa

424.5 DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT

424.5.1 Development and splices of reinforcement shall be as required in Section
412 of this Chapter.

424.5.2 In satisfying requirements of Section 412;12.3, M11 shall be taken as

computed moment capacity assuming all positive moment tension
reinforcement at the section to be stressed to the permissible tensile stress f. and
Vu shall be taken as unfactored shear force at the section.

424.6 FLEXURE
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory (for flexure)
shall be used with the following assumptions:

424.6.1 Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, except for
deep flexural members with overall depth-span ratios greater than 2/5 for
continuous spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain
shall be considered.

424.6.2 Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under service loads

within permissible service load stresses.
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424.6.3 In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension.

424.6.4 It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, n = Es/ E,. as the nearest
whole number (but not less than 6). Except in calculations for deflections, value
of 11 for lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as for normal
weight concrete of the same stret'lgth.

424.6 5 In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular ratio of

2E,f E, shall be used to transform compression reinforcement for stress
computations. Compr~sive stress in such reinforcement- shall not exceed
permissible tensile stress.

424.7 COMPRESSION MEMBERS WITH OR WITHOUT FLEXURE

~4.7.1 Combined flexure and axial load capacity of compression members shall
.be taken as 40% of that computed in accordance with provisions in Section 410
of this Chapter.

_424.7.2 ~lenderness effects shall be included according to requirements of

Sections 410.10 through 410.13. In Equations (410-10) and (410-19) the term P,
shall be replaced by 2.5 times the design axial load, and the factor 0.75 shall be
taken equal to 1.0.

424.7.3-Walls shall be designed in accordance with Secti~n 414 of this Chapter

with flexure and axial load capacities taken as 40 percent of that computed
using Section 414. In Equation (414-1), $shall be taken equal to 1.0.

424.8 SHEAR AND TORSION

424.8.1 Design shear stress v shall be computed by

v=--
v Eq. 11-1
bw d

'
where Vis design shear force at section considered.

424.8.2 When the reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression

into the end regions of a member, sections located less than a distance d from
face of support shall be permitted to be designed for the same shear as that
computed.at a distance d.

424.8.3 Whenever applicable, effects of torsion, in accordance with provisions of

Section 411 of this Chapter, shall be added. Shear and torsional moment
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 11
strengths provided by concrete and limiting maximum strengths for tor1lon
shall be taken as 55 percent of the values given in Section 411.

424.8.4 SHEAR STRESS CARRIED BY CONCRETE

424.8".4.1 For members subject to shear and flexure only, shear stress carried
by concrete P, shall not exceed 0.09 .fj'; unless a more detailed calculation is
made in accordance with Section 424.7.4.4.

424.8.4.2 For members subject to axial compression, shear stress carried by

concrete Pr, shall not exceed 0.09 .fj'; unless a more detailed calculation is
made in accordance with 424.7.4.5.

424.8.4.3 For members subject to significant axial tension, shear reinforcement

shall be designed to carry total shear, unless a more detailed calculation is
made using

Vc = 0.09(1 + 0.6NI Ag} .fj'; Eq. 11-2

where N is negative for tension. Quantity NI Ag shall be expressed in MPa.

424.8.4.4 For members subject to shear and flexure only, it shall be permitted
to compute v .. by

v, = 0.85 .,j7'; + 0.9 p,.. Vdl M Eq. 11-3

but Vc shall not exceed 0. 14 .,[f; . Quantity Vdl M shall not be taken greater
than 1.0, where M is design moment occurring simultaneously with V at
section considered.

424.8.4.5 For members subject to axial compression, it shall be permitted to

compute Vc by .

v, = 0.09(1 + 0.09NI Ag) ffc Eq. 11-4

Quantity N I Ag shall be expressed in MPa.

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424.8.4.6 Shear stresses carried by concrete v, apply to normal weight concrete.

When lightweight aggregate concrete is used, one of the following
modifications shall apply:

1. When fit is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with

Section 405.3,fir/6.7 shall be substituted for .jl'; but the value of fi,j 6.7
shall not exceed .jl'; .
2. When fa is not specified, the value of ff: shall be multiplied by 0.75 for
"all-lightweight" concrete and by 0.85 for "sand-lightweight" concrete.
Linear interpolation shall be permitted when partial sand replacement is
used,

~24.8.4.7 In determining shear stress carried by concrete v.., whenever

applicable, effects of axial tension due to creep and shrinkage in restrained
members shall be included and it shall be permitted to include effects of
inclined flexural compression in variable-depth members.

424.8.5 SHEAR STRESS CARRIED BY SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

424.8.5.1 Types of shear reinforcement
Shear reinforcement shall consist of one of the followin~
1. Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member;
2. Welded wire fabric with wires located perpendicular to axis of member
making an angle of 45 degrees or more with longitudinal tension
reinforcement;
3. Longitudinal reinforcement with bent portion making an angle of 30
degrees or more with longitudinal tension reinforcement;
4. Combinations of stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement;
5. Spirals.

424.8.5.2 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 415
MPa.

424.8.5.3 Stirrups and other bars or wires used as shear reinforcement shall
extend to a distance d from extreme compression fiber and shall be anchored
at both ends according, to Section 412.14 of this Chapter to' develop design
yield strength of reinforcement.
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 363
424.8.5.4 SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
424.8.5.4.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of
member shall not exceed d/2, nor 600 mm.

421.8.5.4.2 Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so

spaced that every 45-degree line, extending toward the reaction from mid-
depth of member (d/2) to longitudinal tension reinforcement, shall be
crossed by at least one line of shear reinforcement.

424.8.5.4.3 When (v - v,) exceeds . t ,[1'; maximum spacing given in

Sections 424.7.5.4.1 and 424.7.5.4.2 shall be reduced by one-half.

424.8.5.5 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

424.8.5.5.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all
reinforced concrete flexural members where design shear stress v is greater
than one-half the permissible shear stress v, carried by concrete, except:
1. Slabs and footings;
2. Concrete joist construc.tion defined by Section 408.12 of this Chapter;
3. Beam with total depth .not greater than 250 mm, 2.5 times thickness of
flange, or one-half the width of web, whichever is greatest.

424.8.5.5.2 Minimum shear reinforcement requirements of Section

424.8.5.5.1 shall be permitted to be waived if shown by test that required
ultimate flexural and shear strength can be developed when shear
reinforcement is omitted.

424.8.5.5.3 Where shear reinforcement is required by Section 424.8.5.5.1 or

by analysis, minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be computed by

Eq. 11-5

where bw and s are in rnm.

424.8.5.6 DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

424.8.5.6.1 Where design shear stress v exceeds shear stress carried by
concrete Vc, shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with
Sections 424.8.5.6.2 through 424.8.5.6.8 ..
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364 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

424.8.5.6.2 When shear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of member is

used:

Eg. 11-6

424.8.5.6.3 When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement,

Eg.2-1

424.8.5.6.4 When shear reinforcement consists of a single bar or a single

group of parallel bus, all bent up at the same distance from the support,

Eg. 2-2

where (v- Vr) shall not exceed t..JJ: .

424.8.5.6.5 When shear reinforcement consists of a ~eries of parallel bent-
up bars or groups of parallel bent-up bars at different distances from the
support, required area shall be computed by Eq. 2- 1 .

424.8.5.6.6 Only the center three-quarters of the inclined portion of any

longitudinal bent bar shall be considered effective for shear reinforcement.

424.8.5.6.7 When more than one type of shear reinforcement is used to

reinforce the same portion of a member, required area shall be computed
as the sum of the various types separately. In such computations, Vc shall
be included only once.

424.8.5.6.8 Value of (v -v,) shall not exceed J..[j';.

424.8.6 SHEAR FRICTION

Where it is appropriate to consider shear transfer across a given plane, such as
an existing or potential crack, an interface between dissimilar materials, or an
interface between two concretes cast at different times, shear-friction provisions
of Section 411.8 of this Chapter shall be permitted to be applied, with limiting
maximum stress for shear taken as 55 percent of that given in Section 411.8.5.
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 365
Permissible stress in shear-friction reinforcement shall be that given in Section
424.4.2.

424.8.7 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SLABS AND FOOTINGS

424.8.7.1 Shear capacity of slabs and footings in the vicinity of concentrated
loads or reactions is governed by the more severe of two conditions:

424.8.7.1.1 Beam action for slab or footing, with a critical section extending
in a plane across the entire width and located at a distance d from face of
concentrated load or reaction area. For this condition, the slab or footing
shall be designed in accordance with Sections 424.8.1 through 424.8.5.

424.8.7.1.2 Two-way action for slab or footing, with a critical section

perpendicular to plane of slab and located so that . its perimeter · is a
minimum, but need not approach closer than d/2 to perimeter of
concentrated load, or reaction area. For this condition, the slab or footing
shall be designed in accordance with Sections 424.8.7.2 and 424.8.7.3.

424.8.7.2 Design shear stress v shall be computed by

Eq.2-3

where V and b., shall be taken at the critical section defined in Section
424.8.7.1.2.

424.8.7.3 Design shear stress v shall not exceed v, given by Eq. 2- 4 unless
shear reinforcement is provided

Eq.2-4

but Vc shall not exceed t .[1: . Pc is the ratio of lo~g side to short side of
concentrated load or reaction area. When lightweight aggregate concrete is ·
used, the modifications of Section 424.8.4.6 shall apply.

424.8.7.4 If shear reinforcement consisting of bars or wires is provided in

accordance with Section 411.13.3 of this Chapter, Vc shall not exceed -fz.{f;
and v shall not exceed 0.25 ..fj'; .
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366 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

424.8.7.5 If shear reinforcement consisting of steel 1- or channel-shaped

sections (shearheads) is provided in accordance with Section 411.13.4 of this
Chapter, von the critical section defined in Section 424 .8.7.1.2 shall not exceed
0.3 !J': and v on the critical section defined in Section 411.13.4.7 shall not
exceed t !J':. In Equations (411-39} and, (411-40), design shear force V shall
be multiplied by 2 and substituted for V,.

424.8.8 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR OTHER MEMBERS

For design of deep flexural members, brackets and corbels, and walls, the
special provisions of Section 411 of this Chapter shall be used, with shear
strengths provided by concrete and limiting maximum strengths for shear taken
.as 55 percent of the values given in Section 411 . ln Section 411 .11.6, the design
a.cial load shall be multiplied by 1.2 if compression and 2.0 if tension, and
substituted for N,.

424.8.9 COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS

For design of composite c~ncrete flexural members, permissible horizontal shear
stress v11 shall not exceed 55 percent of the horizontal shear strengths given in
Section 417.6.2 of this Chapter.
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE,OESJGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 317
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE

·b fJE.. + fJE.

kd
TE'ir--c..,....
d _j_
N.A. : jd
'
''
' n As
.,__ ---------- __ ., T

To solve for c, take moment of area about N.A.

Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.
(b)(c)(c/2) = (n A,)(d- c)
b cz = 2 11 A, d - 2 n A, c
b cz + 2 11 A s c - 2 n A, d = 0
-2nA ±~~(2_n_A-~-)2---4-(-b)-(--2-n-A-,d-)
5
c = ----'--'-----'-------
2(b)
5 + ~4nA,
2
c= - 2nA
_ _...:...___;_____ + 8nA ;___
5 bd

2b

Eq. 2-5

jd = d- tkd

j=l- tk Eq. 2-6

.[M = C xjd]
M = lf2({c,)(kd)(b) X jd

M = lf2/c j k bd2 Eq. 2-7

[M= Txjd]

M= A,fsjd Eq. 2-8

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368 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

BALANCED DESIGN

kd

d
jd

:;:::;:;:;:::::: .::::·::::::;.;:::;:::::::;:::;1;::::::

'
'
•---- ---------- -·' T

From the stain diagram (balanced condition)

kd d
-·- - =
lc IE, lc IE, +Is IE,
k= lc IE, x ~c
lc IE, + Is I Es E,
k= lc
lc + ls(E, IEs)
But E.IEc = n
Ec/Es = 1ln

k= lc = nl, Eq. 2-9

fc + fs In nlc + Is
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE [)~SIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH)

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 11 - 1
A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and an effective
depth of 520 nun is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm bars. Concrete
strength.fs = 128 MPa, [ c = 27 MPa, fc = 0.45 [on= 9. Use working strength
design. Determine the following:
a) The balance moment capacity of the beam.
b) If the tension steel is 5-28 mm bars, determine the moment capacity of
the beam.

SOLUTION
fi· = 0.45(27) = 12.15 MPa
Part a:
For balanced condition:
k;,. __1-::--
1+_1~
II fc
1
128
1+---
9(12.15)
k = 0.4607

j = 1- k/3
j = 0.8464
M=%fcjkbd2
= 1/2(12.15)(0.8464)(0.4607)(300)(520)2
= 192.16 x 106 N-mm
M = 192.16 kN-m

Part b: 300mm 300 mm

T E
E N.A.
As = f (28) X 5
2 :;;:: ''
Lfl
: 520- c
As = 3078.8 mm2
n As = 27,709 mm2 1 ~
nA, = 27,709

I-- •- - --- --- -- _ I

.1.
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370 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

[l:ay = 0]
300(c)(c/2) = 27709(520- c)
150 c2 + 27709 c- 14,408,680 = 0
c = 231.04mm

[c = kd]
231.04 = k(520)
k = 0.444
j = 1 - k/3 = 0.852
j = 85.2%

In terms of concrete, the resisting moment is:

M = V2Jcj k b d2
= %(12.15)(0.852)(0.444)(300)(520)2
= 186.42 x 106 N-mm
M = 186.42 kN-m

In terms of steel:
M = A,fsj d
= 3078.8(128)(0.852)(520)
= 174.6 x 106 N-mm
M = 174.6 KN-m

Thus, the moment capacity is 174.6 KN-m

PROBLEM 11 - 2 (CE NOVEMBER 1998)

In a reinforced concrete beam, b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, As= 1500 mm2, 11 = 8.
The beam is ·subjected to a bending moment of 70 kN-m. Use working
strength design. Determine the following:
a) The maximum stress in concrete.
b) The maximum stress in steel.
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 371
SOLUTION .. ,

b = 300
Taking moment of area about N.A.
12000(500- kd)- 300(kd)(kdj2) ~ 0
(kd)2 + 80(kd) - 40000 = 0
kd = 164 mm
500
k = 164/500
500- kd
k = 0.328
j = 1- k/3 . : ':::!:
j = 0.891
nA. = 8(1500)
[M =- lf2 j k{r b d2] nA. = 12,000 mm2
70 X 106 =' 1/2(0.891)(0.328)({c)(300)(500)2
fi = 6.39 MPa
[M =As f. X jd]
70 X 106 =' 1500 j. (0.891)(500)
j. = 104.75 MPa

PROBLEM 11 - 3
A reinforced concrete tee-beam has the dimensions shown in the Figure. A
moment of 112 kN-m acts on the section. It is required that the neutral axis
is to be at section X-X. Use Es/ E, = 10. Determine a) the required steel, b) the
stress in concrete and c) the stress in steel.

600mm

X
E
E
~
"'

100 mm 225 mm
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SOLUTION
w = }'cone x Area of cross-section
w = 23.5[0.6(0.15) + 0.225(0.5 + 0.1)] =5.29 kN/m
600mm fc

N.A.
E
E
~ §
8
1/')

lOOmm 225mm

a) Part a
Taking moment of area about N.A.:
10 As (500) = 600(150)(150/2)
As=1350mm2

b) Part b
[M = C(600)]
112 X 106 = [¥2/c (150)(600)](600)
/c = 4.148 MPa
b) Parte
[T=q .
As/s =112/c 150 (600)
1350 f.= 1/2 (4.148)(150)(600)
f. =138.27 MPa

Another Solution:
With N.A. along a-a, kd =150 mm
k(650) =150
k =0.231
j=1-k/3
= 1-0.231/3
j= 0.923
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CHAPTER 11 -ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD (WORKING STRENGTH) 373
[M = %fcj k bd2]
112 X 106 = lf2 /r (0.923)(0.231 )(600)(650)2
fi =4.144 MPa
[M =As.fsj d]
. 112 X 106 = 1350 Is (0.923)(650)
/s = 138.28 MPa .

PROBLEM 11 - 4
The T-beam shown in the Figure is reinforced with 1,613 sq. mm. of steel.
Assume n = 12, /c :S 4,14 MPa, .fs :S 124 MPa. Determine the following:
a) The distance of the neutral axis from the top of the flange.
b) The moment of inertia about N.A. of the transformed section.
c) The moment capacity of the section.

750mm

400 mm

SOLUTION
750mm
100 ,db(](V) r_r.-~)

SOOmm
___}
N.A.
+-( x-J~ )(_Jfb){!
=:: ~19 3SW( (idb-
; ' ' :I:::

'!5D60 X- 37SV d7fb

n As= 19356 . I

f (x-tm/'(J7r)
Taking moment of area about N.A.
750(100)(50 + x) + 400(x)(x/2) =19356(500- x)
3750000 + 75000 X+ 200 X2 = 9678000-19356 X
x2 + 471.78 x- 29640 = 0 7..mz; K- ~ 7ftl (Jff4
,;~-~. ~
;(2;. /<(t ~ =
+ 3U {"' 7S-PI..f,
~ ~ +I~ __.-- - i II (Q f 'J I ~ 6'b -\ 10
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x=56.14mm

y = 100 +X
y = 156.14 mm/

I= 750(100)3 + (750)(100)(50 + 56.14)2 + 400(56.14)3

12 3
+ 19356(500- 56.14)2
= 4744.4 x 106 mm4
I = 0.00474 m4

In terms of permissible concrete stress:

[fr = M~]
I
. = M(156.14)
4 14
4744.4x10 6
M = 125.8 x 106 N-mm
M = 125.8 kN-m

In terms of permissible steel stress:

[ fs = Me]
n I
124 _ M(500- 56.14)
12 - 4744.4 X 10 6
M = 110.45 x 106 N-mm
M = 110.45 kN-m

.
Thus, the maximum moment the T-beam can carry is 110-.45 kN-m
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ANSWERS TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 375

• Problem 2.23: As= 1054mm2

Problem 2.24: b=250mm

d=435mm
As =3280mm2

Problem 2.25: As=5549mm2

Problem 2.26: Mu=36lkN-m

Problem 2.27: M,.=3WkN-m

Problem 2.28: M, ... 355kN-m

11::

Problem 3.13: As= 3900mm2

Problem 3.14: As = 7,865 mm2

Problem 3.15: M,.=420kN"m

Problem 3.16: Mu=900kN-m

Problem 3.17: As "" 4,373 mm2

A's7905 mm2

Problem 3.18: As= 5,971 mm2

A's = 1,925 mm2

Problem 3.19: M,.=634kN-m

Problem 3.20: Mu = 1,139 kN-m

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376 ANSWERS TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

Problem 4.8: 5 "" 60 mm

Problem 4.9: 5= 95 mm
Problem 4.10: a) stirrup is not needed
b) 5 = 255 mm
c) s = 120mm
d) section is inadequate
Problem 4.11: One set of spacing: ·
1 @40mm, 12@ 80mm,
5@ 100mm, 4@ 150 mm
and 2@300mm

Problem 5.9: ldb = 652mm

Problem 5.10: ldb .. 621 mm

Problem 5.11: ldb = 364 inm

Problem 5.12: ldb=414 mm
Problem 5.13: Ld•1147mm

.......
Problem 5.14: Ld=2894mm

ii; ,.,
. __ ft "'
.
..~
-' ' . ' .
Problem 6.10: P,.= 2,510kN

Problem 6.11: Column size: 415 mm x 415 mm

6-28mm bars
Tie spacing: 415 mm

Problem 6.12: Column size: 355 mm x 355 mm

10 - 28 mm bars
Tie spacing: 355 mm

Problem 6.13: P,. .. 3,790kN

Problem 6.14: Column diameter: 490 mm

7- 28mm bars
Spiral pitch: 53 mm

}>roblem 6.15: Column diameter: 435 mm

15 - 25 mm bars
Spiral pitch: 75 mm
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PROBLEMS 377

Problem 7.11: P, =4,320kN

Problem 7.12: P, =3,340kN
Problem 7.13: P,= 1,520kN
Problem 7.14: P,=2,350kN
Problem 7.15: eb=403 mm
Pbn =1720kN
Problem 7.16: P, =4,920kN
Problem 7.17: · P, = 2,820 kN
Problem 7.18: P, = 890 kN
Pbn = 1490 kN (eb • 367 mm)
Probl~m 7.19: P, = 2,100 kN

Problem 7.20: 8 - 28 mm bars

Problem 8.7: Me = 751 kN-m

Problem 8.8: Yes; P, = 1200 kN

The following are one of the answers of each problem:

Problem 9.11: Size of footing: 2.8 m x 2.8 m

d=350mm
Reinforcement: 14-20 mm both ways

Problem 9.12: Footing size: 2m x 3.9 m

d=420mm
Reinforcement:
Along long side: 10 - 20 mm
Along short side: 13 - 20 mm
9 across center band & 2 in each outer bands

Problem 9.13: Footing size: 1.5 m x 2.4 m

d=370mm
Center of column • 340 mm from center of footing
(measured along the length)
Bars along length: 10- 20 mm
Bars along wiath: 11 - 20 mm
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Problem 9.14: Footing width= 3.5 m

d=325mm
Main bars (along width): 20 mm@ 120 mm o.c.

Problem 9.15: B = 2.68m

L = 5.21 m
d=460mm
Longitudinal Bars:
Face of column 1: 13- 25 nun (top bars, entire width)
In between columns: 26 - 25 mm (top bars, entire length)
Face of column 2: 13 - 25 mm (top bars, entire length)
Face of column 2: 13 - 25 mm (bottom bars, L = 2m)
Transverse Bars:
Column 1:3-25 mm within 645 mm (bottom bars)
Column 2:4- 25 mm within 745 mm (bottom bars)

Problem 9.16: a= 2.02m

b= 3.93 m
d=435mm
Longitudinal bars (top bars):
Face of Column 1: 12- 20 mm
Face of column 2: 20- 20 mm
Middle of footing: 24 - 20 mm