Introduction to Finite

Element Method

Abhay Bambole
Professor,
Dept. of Structural Engineering,
VJTI, Mumbai
FE Applications
FE Applications
 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
The finite element method is a computational scheme to solve field problems in
engineering and science. The technique has very wide application, and has been used on
problems involving stress analysis, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, diffusion, vibrations,
electrical and magnetic fields, etc. The fundamental concept involves dividing the body
under study into a finite number of pieces (subdomains) called elements (see Figure).
Particular assumptions are then made on the variation of the unknown dependent
variable(s) across each element using so-called interpolation or approximation functions.
This approximated variation is quantified in terms of solution values at special element
locations called nodes. Through this discretization process, the method sets up an
algebraic system of equations for unknown nodal values which approximate the
continuous solution. Because element size, shape and approximating scheme can be
varied to suit the problem, the method can accurately simulate solutions to problems of
complex geometry and loading and thus this technique has become a very useful and
practical tool.
 Advantages of Finite Element Analysis

- Models Bodies of Complex Shape

- Can Handle General Loading/Boundary Conditions
- Models Bodies Composed of Composite and Multiphase Materials
- Model is Easily Refined for Improved Accuracy by Varying
Element Size and Type (Approximation Scheme)
- Time Dependent and Dynamic Effects Can Be Included
- Can Handle a Variety Nonlinear Effects Including Material
Behavior, Large Deformations, Boundary Conditions, Etc.
 Need for Computational Methods

• Solutions Using Either Strength of Materials or Theory of

Elasticity Are Normally Accomplished for Regions and
Loadings With Relatively Simple Geometry
• Many Applicaitons Involve Cases with Complex Shape,
Boundary Conditions and Material Behavior
• Therefore a Gap Exists Between What Is Needed in
Applications and What Can Be Solved by Analytical
Closed-form Methods
• This Has Lead to the Development of Several
Numerical/Computational Schemes Including: Finite
Difference, Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods
Basic Concept of the Finite Element Method
Any continuous solution field such as stress, displacement,
temperature, pressure, etc. can be approximated by a
discrete model composed of a set of piecewise continuous
functions defined over a finite number of subdomains.

One-Dimensional Temperature Distribution

T T

Approximate Piecewise
Exact Analytical Solution Linear Solution

x x
 Two-Dimensional Discretization

u(x,y)

Approximate Piecewise
Linear Representation
Discretization Concepts
 Common Types of Elements
Two-Dimensional Elements
One-Dimensional Elements Triangular, Quadrilateral
Line Plates, Shells, 2-D Continua
Rods, Beams, Trusses, Frames

Three-Dimensional Elements
Tetrahedral, Rectangular Prism (Brick)
3-D Continua
Different types of Finite Elements
 Discretization Examples

Three-Dimensional
One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Brick Elements
Frame Elements Triangular Elements
Basic Steps in the Finite Element Method
Time Independent Problems
- Domain Discretization
- Select Element Type (Shape and Approximation)
- Derive Element Equations (Variational and Energy Methods)
- Assemble Element Equations to Form Global System

[K]{U} = {F}
[K] = Stiffness or Property Matrix
{U} = Nodal Displacement Vector
{F} = Nodal Force Vector

- Incorporate Boundary and Initial Conditions

- Solve Assembled System of Equations for Unknown Nodal
Displacements and Secondary Unknowns of Stress and Strain Values
Common Sources of Error in FEA

• Domain Approximation
• Element Interpolation/Approximation
• Numerical Integration Errors
(Including Spatial and Time Integration)
• Computer Errors (Round-Off, Etc., )
Measures of Accuracy in FEA
Accuracy
Error = |(Exact Solution)-(FEM Solution)|

Convergence
Limit of Error as:
Number of Elements (h-convergence)
or
Approximation Order (p-convergence)
Increases
Ideally, Error  0 as Number of Elements or
Approximation Order  
Two-Dimensional Discretization Refinement

(Node)


(Discretization with 228 Elements)



(Triangular Element)

(Discretization with 912 Elements)

 One Dimensional Examples
Static Case
Bar Element Beam Element
Uniaxial Deformation of Bars Deflection of Elastic Beams
Using Strength of Materials Theory Using Euler-Bernouli Theory

w1 w2
u1 u2
θ2
1 2 θ1 1 2
 Two Dimensional Examples
Triangular Element Triangular Element
Scalar-Valued, Two-Dimensional Vector/Tensor-Valued,
Field Problems Two-Dimensional Field Problems
v3
φ3

3 3 u3
v2
φ2
2
u2
2
v1
1

φ1 1 u1
 Development of Finite Element Equation
• The Finite Element Equation Must Incorporate the Appropriate Physics
of the Problem
• For Problems in Structural Solid Mechanics, the Appropriate Physics
Comes from Either Strength of Materials or Theory of Elasticity
• FEM Equations are Commonly Developed Using Direct,
Variational-Virtual Work or Weighted Residual Methods

Direct Method
Based on physical reasoning and limited to simple cases, this method is
worth studying because it enhances physical understanding of the process

Variational-Virtual Work Method

Based on the concept of virtual displacements, leads to relations between internal and
external virtual work and to minimization of system potential energy for equilibrium

Weighted Residual Method

Starting with the governing differential equation, special mathematical operations
develop the “weak form” that can be incorporated into a FEM equation. This
method is particularly suited for problems that have no variational statement. For
stress analysis problems, a Ritz-Galerkin WRM will yield a result identical to that
found by variational methods.
 Simple Element Equation Example
Direct Stiffness Derivation
u1 u2

F1 F2
1 2
k

Stiffness Matrix Nodal Force Vector

Common Approximation Schemes
One-Dimensional Examples
Polynomial Approximation
Most often polynomials are used to construct approximation
functions for each element. Depending on the order of
approximation, different numbers of element parameters are
needed to construct the appropriate function.

Linear Quadratic Cubic

Special Approximation
For some cases (e.g. infinite elements, crack or other singular
elements) the approximation function is chosen to have special
properties as determined from theoretical considerations
One-Dimensional Bar Element
 One-Dimensional Bar Element
Axial Deformation of an Elastic Bar

f(x) = Distributed Loading A = Cross-sectional Area

E = Elastic Modulus
Typical Bar Element
Ω
(i) L (j)
(Two Degrees of Freedom)

Virtual Strain Energy = Virtual Work Done by Surface and Body Forces

For One-Dimensional Case

Linear Approximation Scheme
x (local coordinate system)
(1) L (2)
u(x)

x
(1) (2)

ψ1(x) ψ2(x)

x
(1) (2)
ψk(x) – Lagrange Interpolation Functions
 Element Equation
Linear Approximation Scheme, Constant Properties
Quadratic Approximation Scheme
x
(1) (2) (3)
L
u(x)

x
(1) (2) (3)

ψ2(x)
ψ1(x) ψ3(x)

x
(1) (2) (3)
 Lagrange Interpolation Functions
Using Natural or Normalized Coordinates

(1) (2)

(1) (2) (3)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

 Simple Example
P

A1,E1,L1 A2,E2,L2
1 2
(1) (2) (3)
Simple Example Continued
P

A1,E1,L1 A2,E2,L2
1 2
(1) (2) (3)
 One-Dimensional Beam Element
Deflection of an Elastic Beam

f(x) = Distributed Loading

x

I = Section Moment of Inertia

E = Elastic Modulus

Typical Beam Element

Ω
(1) L (2)

(Four Degrees of Freedom)

Virtual Strain Energy = Virtual Work Done by Surface and Body Forces
Beam Approximation Functions
To approximate deflection and slope at each
node requires approximation of the form

Evaluating deflection and slope at each node

allows the determination of ci thus leading to
Beam Element Equation
 FEA Beam Problem
f Uniform EI

a b
1 2
(1) (2) (3)
 FEA Beam Problem
1 2
(1) (2) (3)

Solve System for Primary Unknowns U1 ,U2 ,U3 ,U4

Nodal Forces Q1 and Q2 Can Then Be Determined
 Special Features of Beam FEA

Analytical Solution Gives Analytical Solution Gives

Cubic Deflection Curve Quartic Deflection Curve

FEA Using Hermit Cubic Interpolation

Will Yield Results That Match Exactly
With Cubic Analytical Solutions
 Truss Element
Generalization of Bar Element With Arbitrary Orientation

k=AE/L

x
 Frame Element
Generalization of Bar and Beam Element with Arbitrary Orientation

Ω
(1) L (2)

Element Equation Can Then Be Rotated to Accommodate Arbitrary Orientation

Thermal Analysis - Introduction:

Thermal Analysis involves calculating:

1. Temperature distributions
2. Amount of Heat lost or gained
3. Thermal gradients
4. Thermal fluxes.

There are two types of thermal analysis:

• Steady-state analysis
• Transient thermal analysis
Two types of Thermal Analysis:

Steady-state Thermal Analysis. It involves determining the temperature distribution

and other thermal quantities under steady-state loading conditions. A steady-state
loading condition is a situation where heat storage effects varying over a period of
time can be ignored.
Some examples of thermal loads are:
1. Convections
2. Radiation
3. Heat Flow Rates
4. Heat Fluxes (Heat Flow/unit area)
5. Heat Generation Rates (heat flow/unit volume)
6. Constant Temperature Boundaries

Steady State thermal analysis may be linear or nonlinear (due to material

properties not geometry). Radiation is a nonlinear problem.

Transient Thermal Analysis. It involves determining the temperature distribution

and other thermal quantities under conditions that vary over a period of time.
 Theoretical Basis for Thermal Analysis

[KT] {T} = {Q} where [KT] = f (conductivity of material).

T = vector of nodal temperatures
Q = vector of thermal loads.
[KT] is nonlinear when radiation heat transfer is present. Note that
convection and radiation BCs contribute terms to both [KT] and {Q}.

Heat is transferred to or from

Heat Flow across boundary
due to radiation (in-out)
a body
Prescribed rate ofby
heatconvection
flow across and radiation.
boundary (in or out)

Heat generated internally (eg.,

Joule heating)

Prescribed temperature (BC) –

insulated for example.

Heat Flow across boundary due to radiation (in-out)

 Equation of Heat Flow (1D Systems)
fx = -k dT/dx [Fourier Heat Conduction Equation]. Heat flows from high
temperature region to low temperature region.
Q = -kA dT/dx Q – heat flow
fx = Q/A where fx = heat flux/unit area, k = thermal conductivity, A = area of cross-section, dT/dx = temperature gradient

In general, {fx, fy, fz} = -k{dT/dX, dT/dY, dT/dZ} T

For an elemental area of length dx, the balance of energy is given as:
-KA dT/dx +qAdx = ρca dT/dt dx – [KA dT/dx + d/dx(KA dT/dx)dx]
d/dx(KA dT/dx) + Aq = ρca dT/dt
rate in – rate out = rate of increase within
For generally anisotropic material
-[d/dx d/dy d/dz] {fx fy fz}T +qv = cρ dT/dt
where c is specific heat, t is time, ρ – mass density and qv – rate of internal heat generation / unit volume.
Above equation can be re-written as:

Steady state if dT/dt = 0

δΤ/δx
fx

fy
 Some Notes
If the body is plane and there is convection and or radiation heat transfer across its flat lateral surfaces,
additional equations for flux terms are needed:
Convection BC
f = h(Tf – T) (Newton’s Law of cooling)
[K] += f(h)
{Q} = f(h,Tf)

where f = flux normal to the surface; Tf – temperature of surrounding fluid; h – heat transfer
coefficients (which may depend on many factors like velocity of fluid, roughness/geometry of surface,
etc) and T- temperature of surface.

Radiation BC
f = hr(Tr – T)
[K] += f(hr)
{Q} = f(hr,T)
where, Tr – temperature of the surface; hr – temperature dependent heat transfer coefficients.
hr = Fσ(Tr2+T2)(Tr+T).
Where F is a factor that accounts for geometries of radiating surfaces.s is Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
 FEs in Thermal Analysis
1D Bar Element
Uniform bar whose lateral surface is insulated
2D Elements
PLANE35, PLANE55, PLANE77 etc….
3D Elements
SOLID70, SOLID90 etc….

Transient Thermal Analysis

[KT]{T} + [C]{Ť} = Q where Q = Q(t)
Ť = dT/dt,
C = Summation of c
Solution: Use Crank Nicholson Method, etc.
Field Problems for Heat Transfer
• General form of system equations of 2D linear
steady state field problems:

(Helmholtz equation)
● For 1D problems:

44
 FIELD PROBLEMS
• Heat transfer in 2D fin

Note:

45
 FIELD PROBLEMS
• Heat transfer in long 2D body

Note:
Dx = k x , Dy =tky,
g=0 and Q=q

46
 FIELD PROBLEMS
• Heat transfer in 1D fin

Note:

47
 FIELD PROBLEMS
• Heat transfer across composite wall

Note:

48
 FIELD PROBLEMS
• Torsional deformation of bar
Note:
Dx=1/G, Dy=1/G, g=0, Q=2θ
(φ - stress function)
● Ideal irrotational fluid flow
Note:
Dx = Dy = 1, g = Q = 0

(ψ - streamline function
and φ - potential function) 49
 FIELD PROBLEMS
• Accoustic problems
P - the pressure above the
ambient pressure ;
w - wave frequency ;
Note: c - wave velocity in the
medium
, Dx = Dy = 1, Q = 0

50
 WEIGHTED RESIDUAL
APPROACH FOR FEM
• Establishing FE equations based on governing
equations without knowing the functional.

(Strong form)
Approximate solution:

(Weak form)

Weight function
51
 WEIGHTED RESIDUAL
APPROACH FOR FEM
• Discretize into smaller elements to ensure better
approximation
• In each element,

where

• Using N as the weight functions

Galerkin method
Residuals are then assembled
for all elements and enforced
52
to zero.
 1D HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEM
1D fin
k : thermal conductivity
h : convection coefficient
A : cross-sectional area of the fin
P : perimeter of the fin
φ : temperature, and
φf : ambient temperature in the fluid
(Specified boundary condition)

(Convective heat loss at free end)

53
1D fin
Using Galerkin approach,

where
D = kA, g = hP, and Q = hPφ

54
1D fin
Integration by parts of first term
on right-hand side,

Using

55
1D fin

(Strain matrix)
where

(Thermal conduction)

(Thermal convection)

(External heat supplied)

(Temperature gradient
at two ends of element) 56
1D fin

For linear elements,

(Recall 1D truss element)

Therefore, for truss element

(Recall stiffness
matrix of truss
element)
57
1D fin
for truss element
(Recall mass
matrix of truss
element)

58
1D fin

or
(Left end) (Right end)

At the internal nodes of the fin, bL(e)

and bL(e) vanish upon assembly.
At boundaries, where temperature is
prescribed, no need to calculate bL(e)
or bL(e) first. 59
1D fin
When there is heat convection at
boundary,

E.g.

Since φb is the temperature of the fin at the boundary point,

φb = φj

Therefore,
60
1D fin

where ,

For convection on left side,

where ,

61
1D fin
Therefore,

Residuals are assembled for all elements

and enforced to zero: KD = F

Same form for static mechanics problem

62
1D fin
• Direct assembly procedure

or

Element 1:

63
1D fin
• Direct assembly procedure (Cont’d)
Element 2:

Considering all contributions to a node, and enforcing to zero

(Node 1)
(Node 2)

(Node 3)
64
1D fin

• Direct assembly procedure (Cont’d)

In matrix form:

(Note: same as assembly

introduced before)
65
1D fin

• Worked example: Heat transfer in 1D fin

Calculate temperature
distribution using FEM.

4 linear elements, 5 nodes

66
1D fin

Element 1, 2, 3:
, not required
Element 4:
, required

67
1D fin
For element 1, 2, 3 ,

For element 4 ,

68
1D fin
Heat source
(Still
unknown)

φ1 = 80, four unknowns – eliminate Q*

Solving: 69
Composite wall

Convective boundary:
at x=0

at x=H

All equations for 1D fin still

applies except Recall: Only for heat
and vanish. convection

Therefore, ,
70
Composite wall

• Worked example: Heat transfer through composite

wall

Calculate the temperature

distribution across the
wall using the FEM.

2 linear elements, 3 nodes 71

Composite wall
For element 1,

72
Composite wall

For element 2,

Upon assembly,

(Unknown but
required to balance
equations) 73
 2D HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEM

Element equations

For one element,

Note: W = N : Galerkin approach

74
Element equations
(Need to use Gauss’s
divergence theorem to
evaluate integral in residual.)

(Product rule of differentiation)

Therefore,

Gauss’s divergence
theorem:

75
Element equations
2nd integral:

Therefore,

76
Element equations

77
Element equations

where

78
Element equations

Define ,

(Strain matrix)

⇒
79
Triangular elements

Note: constant strain matrix

80
(Or Ni = Li)
Triangular elements

Note:

(Area coordinates)

E.g.

Therefore,

81
Triangular elements
Similarly,

Note: b(e) will be discussed later

82
Rectangular elements

83
Rectangular elements

84
Rectangular elements

Note: In practice, the integrals are

usually evaluated using the Gauss
integration scheme

85
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

Internal Boundary

bB(e) needs to be Vanishing of bI(e) 86

evaluated at boundary
 Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

Need not
evaluate

Need to be
concern with
bB(e)

87
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

on natural
boundary Γ2

Heat flux across boundary

88
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

Insulated boundary:
M=S=0⇒

Convective boundary condition:

89
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

Specified heat flux on boundary:

90
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

For other cases whereby M, S ≠ 0

91
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

where ,

For a rectangular element,

(Equal sharing between nodes 1

and 2) 92
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)
Equal sharing valid for all elements with
linear shape functions

Applies to triangular
elements too

93
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)
for rectangular element

94
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

Shared in ratio 2/6, 1/6, 1/6, 2/6

95
Boundary conditions and vector b(e)

Similar for triangular elements

96
Point heat source or sink
Preferably place node at
source or sink

97
Point heat source or sink within the element

Point source/sink

(Delta function)

⇒
98
SUMMARY

99
 CASE STUDY
Road surface heated by heating cables under road surface

100
 CASE STUDY
Heat convection
M=h=0.0034
S=φf h=-0.017

fQ*

Repetitive Repetitive
boundary no boundary no
heat flow across heat flow across
M=0, S=0 M=0, S=0

Insulated 101
M=0, S=0
CASE STUDY
Surface temperatures:
Node Temperature (°
C)
1 5.861

2 5.832

3 5.764

4 5.697

5 5.669

102
Finite Element Analysis of Thin Plate
supported on Edge Beams
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Thin plate supported on beams along the edges. Two cases are
considered for analysis

Case (i) Mid surface of plate and centre of beam are at same
level
Case (ii) Centre of beam is at eccentricity to mid surface of the
plate
 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dimension of plate: 3000mm x 3000mm x120 mm
Breadth of Edge beam: b = 250mm
Depth of Edge beam: D = 400mm
Eccentricity of beam: e = 140mm

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Poisson’s ratio ʋ = 0.25
Modulus of Elasticity E = 26000 N/mm2

LOADING
Uniformly Distributed Load on Plate = 5 kN/m2 = 0.005 N/mm2
 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING IN ANSYS

Taking advantage of symmetry of the problem the plate

supported on edge beams can be solved as quarter plate as
shown in fig below
 DEFINE MODEL GEOMETRY
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In
Active CS

Keypoint Number X location Y location Z location Click This Button

to Accept Values
1 0 0 0 Apply
2 1500 0 0 Apply
3 1500 1500 0 Apply
4 0 1500 0 OK
Continued……
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbitary>
Through KPs
The Create Area picker appears. Select keypoints 1,2,3 and 4 in sequence in
the Graphics window and click on OK in the Create Area picker.
 DEFINE ELEMENT TYPE
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preferences and select the "Structural"
check box. Click on OK to continue.

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete

The Library of Element Types dialog box appears. In the scroll box on the
left, click on "Structural Beam" to select. In the scroll box on the right,
click on "3D finite strain, 2 node 188" to select BEAM188. Click OK
Repeat above step similarly to select Shell from dialog box and select
element SHELL63.
Continued……

After selecting both the element types click on SHELL63 and then click on
Options and select Element stiffness K1 for Bending Only option for Plate
bending behavior as shown in figure below.
 DEFINE CROSS SECTION
Case (i) Mid surface of plate and centre of beam are at same level
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Common Sectns.
Enter the width of the cross section, 250 (mm), in the box labeled B.
Enter the height of the cross section, 400 (mm), in the box labeled H.
Click on Apply to set the cross section dimensions. Click on the
Preview button on the BeamTool.
Continued……
Case (ii) Centre of beam is at eccentricity to mid surface of the plate
To model case (ii) centre of beam at eccentricity to mid surface of the plate the
only difference in above steps is while defining cross section offset is entered
in Beam Tool dialog box.
 DEFINE REAL CONSTANT
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete
The Real constant dialog box appears. Click Add button select SHELL63
click OK. Another dialog box appears enter the thickness of plate, (120mm)
in the box labeled TK(I). Click OK and Close the dialog box of real
constant.
 DEFINE THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
The Define Material Model Behaviour dialog box appears. In the Material
models Available window on the right, double-click on the following:
Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears
Enter 26000 (N/mm2 ) for EX (Young's modulus)
Enter 0.25 for PRXY (Poisson's ratio)
Click on OK. Material Model Number 1appears in the Material Models
Defined window on the left
 DEFINE BEAM ATTRIBUTES
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool. Select Lines from
Element attributes and Click on Set. The Line Attributes picker appears.
Select the edge lines in the Graphics window and click on Apply in the Line
Attributes picker. Line Attributes dialog box appears. Select material attribute
set 1, Real constant set 1, element type attribute 1 BEAM188, and the section
attribute section ID 1 beam1 by default. click on OK.
 DEFINE PLATE ATTRIBUTES
Utility Menu> Plot> Areas.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool. Select Areas from
Element attributes and Click on Set. The Area Attributes picker appears.
Select the area in the Graphics window and click on Apply in the Area
Attributes picker. Line Attributes dialog box appears. Select material attribute
set 1, Real constant set 2, element type attribute 2 SHELL63, click on OK.
 MESHING (DISCRETIZATION)
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool.
Select Global set. Enter the No of Element divisions NDIV, 3. Click on OK.
In Mesh Tool Select Areas from Mesh. Select Mapped and Click on Mesh
button. The Mesh Area picker appears. Select the area in the Graphics window
and click on OK in Mesh Area picker.
Continued……

Utility Menu> Plot> Lines

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool.
In Mesh Tool Select Lines from Mesh. Click on Mesh button. The Mesh Line
picker appears. Select the edge lines in the Graphics window and click on OK
in Mesh Line picker.
 DEFINE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines
Main Menu>Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>
On Lines
The Line picker appears. Select the edge lines in the Graphics window and
click on Apply. Then Apply DOF’s appropriately for simply supported
Condition and Click Apply.
Continued……

Main Menu>Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>

Symmetric B.C> On Lines
The Line picker appears. Select the other two edge lines in the Graphics
window and click on Apply. Then Apply DOF’s appropriately for Simply
Supported condition and Click Apply.
 DEFINE LOADING
Utility Menu> Plot> Areas
Main Menu>Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure
>On Areas
The Area picker appears. Select the area in the Graphics window and click on
Apply. Enter the Pressure value in PRES as -0.005 (N/mm2 ). Click OK.
 SOLVE THE STATIC ANALYSIS
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step window to begin the solution.
When the Solution is Done! window appears, click on Close to close it
 PLOT AND REVIEW THE RESULTS
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape
Set /ESHAPE On. Click OK.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal
Solu
Finite Model of Finite Model of Case (ii)
Case (i)
 DEFORMED SHAPE

Case Case(
(i) ii)
 Some Standard FEA References
Bathe, K.J., Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis, Prentice-Hall, 1982, 1995.
Beer, G. and Watson, J.O., Introduction to Finite and Boundary Element Methods for Engineers, John
Wiley, 1993
Bickford, W.B., A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Irwin, 1990.
Burnett, D.S., Finite Element Analysis, Addison-Wesley, 1987.
Chandrupatla, T.R. and Belegundu, A.D., Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Prentice-Hall,
2002.
Cook, R.D., Malkus, D.S. and Plesha, M.E., Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis, 3rd Ed.,
John Wiley, 1989.
Desai, C.S., Elementary Finite Element Method, Prentice-Hall, 1979.
Fung, Y.C. and Tong, P., Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics, World Scientific, 2001.
Huebner, K.H., Thorton, E.A. and Byrom, T.G., The Finite Element Method for Engineers, 3rd Ed., John
Wiley, 1994.
Logan, D.L., A First Course in the Finite Element Method, 2nd Ed., PWS Engineering, 1992.
Pepper, D.W. and Heinrich, J.C., The Finite Element Method: Basic Concepts and Applications,
Hemisphere, 1992.
Pao, Y.C., A First Course in Finite Element Analysis, Allyn and Bacon, 1986.
Rao, S.S., Finite Element Method in Engineering, 3rd Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.
Reddy, J.N., An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Ross, C.T.F., Finite Element Methods in Engineering Science, Prentice-Hall, 1993..
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