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EAH 221-July 20th2009

The document discusses concepts related to fluid mechanics including surface tension, vapor pressure, and capillary action. Surface tension arises due to intermolecular forces at liquid interfaces and is quantified by the coefficient of surface tension. Capillary action causes liquid surfaces to curve and change pressure in capillaries based on surface tension and contact angle. Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid boils and reaches equilibrium with its vapor phase.

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24 views14 pages

EAH 221-July 20th2009

The document discusses concepts related to fluid mechanics including surface tension, vapor pressure, and capillary action. Surface tension arises due to intermolecular forces at liquid interfaces and is quantified by the coefficient of surface tension. Capillary action causes liquid surfaces to curve and change pressure in capillaries based on surface tension and contact angle. Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid boils and reaches equilibrium with its vapor phase.

Uploaded by

imani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EAH 221

July 20th

FLUID MECHANICS
for
CIVIL Engineers

Dr H Md Azamathulla
Lecturer,REDAC, USM
Surface Tension
• A liquid, being unable to expand freely, will form an
interface with second liquid or GAS.

• Molecules deep with in the liquid repel each other


because of their close packing.

• Molecules at the surface are less dense and attract each


other

• Since half of their neighbors are missing, the mechanical


effect is that the surface is in tension

• We can account adequately for surface effects in fluid


mechanics with the concept of ‘surface tension’
If a cut of length ‘dL’ is made in an interfacial
surface, equal and opposite forces of
magnitude σ dL are exposed normal to the
cut & parallel to the surface , where σ called
co-efficient of surface tension.

σ (F/L) N/m or Pound per feet

Alternative concept :- is to open up the cut to an Area


dA

This requires work to be done of amount σ dA


Thus the co-efficient ‘σ’ can also be regarded as the surface
energy per unit area of the interface, in N.m/m2 or ft . Lbf/ft2

Energy=force. distance
• The two most common interfaces are
water-Air and mercury –Air

• For clear surface at 20o C , the measured


surface tension is

• σ = 0.073 N/m Air –water


• σ = 0.48 N/m Air-mercury

Generally σ decreases with liquid temperature and is zero


at critical point
• If the interface is curved, a mechanical balance
shows that there is a pressure difference across
the interface, the pressure being higher on the
concave side Figure(a)

• The pressure increases in the interior of a liquid


cylinder is balanced by 2 surface tension forces.
• 2RLΔp=2(σL)
• Δp=σ/R
• Pressure changes across a curved interface due
to surface tension

Interior of a liquid cylinder


Interior of spherical droplet
• Here we are not considering the weight of
the liquid in the calculation (Figure b)
• From figure the pressure increases in the
interior of a spherical droplet balances a
ring of ‘surface tension force’
• πR2Δp=2 πRσ

• Δp=2σ/R
• We can use this result to predict the
pressure increases inside a sop bubble,
which has two interfaces with air, an inner
and outer surface of nearly the same
radius ‘R’
• ΔP bubble=2 ΔP droplet=4σ/R
Important effect is the contact
angle ‘θ’
• Contact angle effects at liquid –gas-solid
interface.
• θ <900 the liquid wets
• The solid , θ>900 the liquid is non-wetting
Ex:- water wets soap but does not wet wax.
Water is extremely wetting to clean glass surface, with θ=
00
Like σ , the contact angle ‘θ’ is sensitive to the actual
physicochemical conditions of the solid-liquid interface.
For clean mercury –air glass interface , θ=1300
How surface tension causes a fluid interface to rise or
fall in a capillary tube (Figure)

• Derivation for change in height ‘h’ in a circular tube


of a liquid with surface tension ‘σ’ and contact angle
‘θ’
• The vertical component of the ring surface –tension
force at the interface in the tube must balance the
weight of the column of height ‘h’
• Plz refer Y- is gamma here
• 2πR σ cosθ= γ(πR2h) spec. weight=W/V

• h=2 σ cosθ/ (gammaY) *R


• The capillary height increases inversely with tube
radius ‘R’ and is positive if ‘θ’<900 (wetting liquid)
and negative (capillary depression if ‘θ’>900
Example:- R= 1 mm the capillary rise for a water-Air-
glass interface; θ=00, if θ=1300 ? h=???

• σ=0.073N/m and ρ=1000 Kg/m3

• h=2(0.073)cos00/1000*9.81*0.001
• =0.015 N.Sec2/Kg=0.015 m =15mm
Second case :Mercury –Air Glass interface ‘θ’=1300

σ=0.48 N/m. , ρ=13600Kg/m3

The capillary rise is h= -4.63 mm

When a smaller diameter tube is used to make pressure


measurements . The effect may be corrected.
Vapor pressure
• Is the pressure at which a liquid boils and is in
equilibrium with its own vapor.

• Ca=(Pa-Pv)/(ρV2/g)

• Pa- ambient pressure


• Pv- vapor pressure
• V=Characteristic flow velocity
• ρ=fluid density

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