Term paper

Sub:
Topic: Laser in industries

Submitted to: Kant Sir

Submitted by: Niti Suraj Kumar. R.No.A41 SECTION-OE151 Reg. No-10900782

Abstract:
First of all, In my project, I have written about the laser. A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal coherence, unattainable using other technologies. Then after, I have written about its various application in various areas. Then I wrote about its application in science and industrial area.Laser has lots of application in industry.I have discussed some of them.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report on, Laser in industries to Lovelo

Professional University, which is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the course

code, p h y - 8 0 3 is the result of the work carried out by me, under the guidance of MR. Niti Kant, Professor of Lovely Professional University.

I further submit that this project work has not been submitted to the Lovely Professional University before or for any other purpose.

Acknowledgement:
I take immense pleasure in thanking Prof. NITI KANT, our beloved teacher for having permitted me to carry out this project work. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Internal Guide, faculty members of LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY for her able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me in completing the project work, in time. who had been a source of inspiration and for his timely guidance in the conduct of our project work. Words are inadequate in offering my thanks to the Project Trainees and Project Assisatants for their encouragement and cooperation in carrying out the project work. Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, my friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project.

Suraj Kumar Email ID:surajkmr92@gmail.com

Introduction:
First of all, A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through
a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal coherence, unattainable using other technologies. Many scientific, military, medical and commercial laser applications have been developed since the invention of the laser in the 1958. The coherency, high monochromaticity, and ability to reach extremely high powers are all properties which allow for these specialized applications.

Lasers in Science and Industry are:

Astronomy, Geography, and Surveying Laser Toolbox Technology Measuring Distances with Lasers Properties of Laser Light Drilling and Burning Holes with Light Welding and Cutting with Lasers Fighting Crime with Lasers

Industrial and commercial

Lasers used for visual effects during a musical performance.

Levelling of ceramic tiles floor with a laser device Cutting and peening of metals and other material, welding, marking, etc. Guidance systems (e.g., ring laser gyroscopes) Rangefinder / surveying, LIDAR / pollution monitoring, Digital minilabs

Barcode readers Laser engraving of printing plate Laser bonding of additive marking materials for decoration and identification, Laser pointers Laser accelerometers Holography Bubblegrams Photolithography Optical communications (over optical fiber or in free space) Optical tweezers Writing subtitles onto motion picture films. Space elevator, a possible solution transfer energy to the climbers by laser or microwave power beaming 3D laser scanners for accurate 3D measurement. Laser line levels are used in surveying and construction. Lasers are also used for guidance for aircraft. Extensively in both consumer and industrial imaging equipment. In laser printers: gas and diode lasers play a key role in manufacturing high resolution printing plates and in image scanning equipment. Diode lasers are used as a lightswitch in industry, with a laser beam and a receiver which will switch on or off when the beam is interrupted, and because a laser can keep the light intensity over larger distances than a normal light, and is more precise than a normal light it can be used for product detection in automated production. Laser alignment Additive manufacturing

In consumer electronics, telecommunications, and data communications, lasers are used as the transmitters in optical communications over optical fiber and free space.

To store and retrieve data in optical discs Laser lighting displays (pictured) accompany many music conc

Astronomy, Geography, and Surveying :

One of the most important scientific uses for lasers is that of an advanced measuring tool. The potential of these devices to give precise figures for very long distances was shown in 1969 when the Apollo 11 astronauts became the first men ever to walk on the moon. Before blasting off on their return flight they left behind a bizarre-looking mirror. A short time later scientists on Earth claimed that the strange mirror had revealed to them the distance from Earth to the moon, a figure that was accurate to within the length of a person's finger. This moon mirror was neither mysterious nor magical, though it would have seemed so to many people only a few years before. In reality, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists had instructed the astronauts on exactly how to position the mirror as part of a plan to measure the Earth-to-moon distance with a laser beam. Before lasers existed, scientists already had a fairly good idea of how far away the moon is. But "fairly good" is not good enough in science. Scientists want their measurements to be as exact as possible, and bouncing a laser beam off the mirror promised to give

U.S. astronaut Buzz Aldrin stands on the moon's surface. There, the astronauts placed a special mirror designed to reflect back a laser beam sent from Earth. them more accurate figures than ever before. The experiment used the simple formula

The scientists already knew the speed of light, so they knew what the rate of travel was. When the beam bounced off the mirror, it returned to Earth and registered on special sensors. These recorded how long the beam took to make a round trip, and scientists then knew the time factor in the equation. After some simple multiplication, they finally had the most accurate measurement of the Earth-to-moon distance possible. Knowing this has enabled them to learn much about the relationship between Earth and its natural satellite. For instance, researchers have repeated this laser-mirror experiment every year since 1969. They have found that the moon is moving away from Earth at a rate of about one and a half inches (four centimeters) a year. Measuring distance by means of lasers and mirrors works just as well on Earth as it does in space. Every day, surveyors use lasers to measure the distances between houses, roads, and mountains. A device called a range finder utilizes the same principle as the moon mirror; a surveyor aims a laser beam at a reflective target and the beam bounces back to the range finder, which records the time of the round-trip and uses this figure to calculate the exact distance to the target. This method is more accurate and also much faster than older surveying methods, which required many calculations with poles and telescopes that had to be lined up with one another. Erecting skyscrapers, excavating tunnels and canals, laying pipelines, drilling wells, leveling farmland (making it flatter and easier to exploit) are only a few of the many other projects made easier by precise laser measurements. Such measurements also have led to more exact and reliable maps; using lasers, mapmakers have now charted almost every square mile of Earth's surface.

Fighting Crime with Lasers :

The toolbox laser can even be used, along with other scientific tools such as DNA testing, to fight crime. A laser beam can scan a computerized record of millions of criminals' fingerprints, for instance, and in a few seconds pick out one that matches a print found at a crime scene. Laser beams can also detect extremely minute and very old traces of perspiration and other human body secretions. In the 1990s the FBI investigated a man they believed to be a former German Nazi in World War II. He denied the charge. But then the FBI obtained a postcard written by the Nazi in 1942, and a laser was able to find traces of body oils on the card; the oils were identical to those of the suspect, who was found guilty and imprisoned. In another example of lasers acting as detectives, some people are recovering stolen gems thanks to a system called laser identification. An ID marking is carved into the gem by a laser that creates a thin and accurate beam. This beam, which is so tiny it can cleanly drill more than two hundred holes in the head of a pin, carves or etches microscopic numbers, words, people's names and addresses, or entire messages on any material, no matter how smooth or hard. This includes precious gems like emeralds and diamonds. The result is an ID marking so tiny that no one, including a thief, can detect it with the naked eye. Many other valuable items are now marked in this manner by laser beams.

Almost every day several new uses are found for toolbox lasers. The devices are still rather expensive, so

In addition to marking guns with tiny ID numbers, lasers can be used to detect finger-prints on handguns and other weapons. they are not yet normally found in home toolboxes. But this situation will surely change. As laser research continues, ways will be found to produce these tools more simply and cheaply. In the near future a laser hanging above the basement workbench may become a common sight.

Laser cutting:
Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to be used by schools, small businesses and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser, by computer, at the material to be cut. The material then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas,leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials. There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The CO2 laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttriumaluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in application.

Measuring Distances with Lasers :

Lasers can measure enormous distances with great accuracy. A laser beam travels at a constant speed (the speed of light). The time it takes a laser beam to travel from its source, reflect off an object, and return to the source, will indicate the exact distance between the source and the object. Lasers perform some toolbox jobs better and faster because of some unusual properties of laser light itself. In the first place, laser light is extremely bright, so bright that laser operators always wear protective glasses. The light is so intense because its energy is very concentrated; there are a great number of photons in a relatively small beam.

LIDAR:
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR) is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. LIDAR technology has application in geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, remote sensing and atmospheric physics,as well as in airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry and LIDAR contour mapping. The acronym LADAR (Laser Detection and Ranging) is often used in military contexts. The term "laser radar" is sometimes used, even though LIDAR does not employ microwaves or radio waves and therefore is not radar in the strict sense of the word.

Minilab:
A minilab is a small photographic developing and printing system, as opposed to large centralized photo developing labs. Many retail stores use minilabs (or digital minilabs) to provide on-site photo finishing services. With the increase in popularity of digital photography, the demand for film development has decreased. This means that the larger labs capable of processing 30 or 40 thousand films a day are going out of business, and more retailers are installing minilabs. In Kodak and Agfa minilabs films are processed using C41b chemistry and the paper is processed using RA-4. Using these chemical processes films can be ready for collection in as little as 20 minutes, depending on the machine capabilities and the operator. A typical minilab consists of two machines, a film processor and a paper printer/processor. In some installations, these two components are integrated into a single machine. In addition, some digital minilabs are also equipped with photo ordering kiosks.

Space elevator:
A space elevator is a proposed non-rocket spacelaunch structure (a structure designed to transport material from a celestial body's surface into space). Many elevator variants have been suggested, all of which involve travelling along a fixed structure instead of using rocket-powered space launch, most often a cable

that reaches from the surface of the Earth on or near the equator to geostationary orbit (GSO) and a counterweight outside of the geostationary orbit. Discussion of a space elevator dates back to 1895 when Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed a free-standing "Tsiolkovsky Tower" reaching from the surface of Earth to geostationary orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) up. Like all buildings, Tsiolkovsky's structure would be under compression, supporting its weight from below. Since 1959, most ideas for space elevators have focused on purely tensile structures, with the weight of the system held up from above. In the tensile concepts, a space tether reaches from a large mass (the counterweight) beyond geostationary orbit to the ground. This structure is held in tension between Earth and the counterweight like a guitar string held taut. Space elevators have also sometimes been referred to as beanstalks, space bridges, space lifts, space ladders, skyhooks, orbital towers, or orbital elevators. While some variants of the space elevator concept are technologically feasible, current technology is not capable of manufacturing tether materials that are sufficiently strong and light to build an Earth-based space elevator of the geostationary orbital tether type. Recent concepts for a space elevator are notable for their plans to use carbon nanotube or boron nitride nanotube based materials as the tensile element in the tether design, since the measured strength of carbon nanotubes appears great enough to make this possible.[2] Technology as of 1978 could produce elevators for locations in the solar system with weaker gravitational fields, such as the Moon or Mars.

For human riders on an Earth-based elevator, adequate protection against radiation would likely need to be provided, depending on the transit time through the Van Allen belts. At the transit times expected for early systems, radiation due to the Van Allen belts would, if unshielded, give a dose well above permitted levels.[4]

3D scanner:
A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (i.e. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital, three dimensional models. Many different technologies can be used to build these 3D scanning devices; each

technology comes with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitized are still present: for example optical technologies encounter many difficulties with shiny, mirroring or transparent objects. Collected 3D data is useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games. Other common applications of this technology include industrial design, orthotics and prosthetics, reverse engineering and prototyping, quality control/inspection and documentation of cultural artifacts. The purpose of a 3D scanner is usually to create a point cloud of geometric samples on the surface of the subject. These points can then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a process called reconstruction). If color information is collected at each point, then the colors on the surface of the subject can also be determined. 3D scanners are very analogous to cameras. Like cameras, they have a cone-like field of view, and like cameras, they can only collect information about surfaces that are not obscured. While a camera collects color information about surfaces within its field of view, a 3D scanner collects distance information about surfaces within its field of view. The "picture" produced by a 3D scanner describes the distance to a surface at each point in the picture. This allows the three dimensional position of each point in the picture to be identified.

Optical communication:
Optical communication is any form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium. An optical communication system consists of a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications, however, other types of optical waveguides are used within computers or communications gear, and have even formed the channel of very short distance (e.g. chip-to-chip, intra-chip) links in laboratory trials. The transmitters in optical fiber links are generally lightemitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes. Infrared light, rather than visible light is used more commonly, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths with less attenuation and dispersion. The signal encoding is typically simple intensity modulation, although historically optical phase and frequency modulation have been demonstrated in the lab. The need for periodic signal regeneration was largely superseded by the introduction of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, which extended link distances at significantly lower cost. Free Space Optics (FSO) systems are generally employed for 'last mile' communications and can function over distances of several kilometers as long as there is a clear line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information. IrDA is an example of low-data-rate, short distance free-space optical communications using LEDs.

Drilling and Burning Holes with Light :

A laser beam excels as an industrial drill because it can be focused into a tiny bright point. Of course, ordinary light can be focused in a similar way. For instance, a magnifying glass held up to the sun will focus the sun's rays into a tiny, very bright point, a point that is also hot enough to burn a leaf or ignite a piece of paper. Now consider collimated laser light, which is hundreds of times more directional than ordinary light. It can be focused to produce a beam of light, much hotter than the surface of the sun, that can cut cleanly through a thick metal bar in a few millionths of a second. One of the more important uses of the laser drill in industry is in the production of copper wire. The wire is formed by forcing copper metal into a small round hole that a laser has drilled into a diamond. The hard diamond acts like a mold, and the much softer copper squeezes out the other end in the form of wire. The old method of drilling holes in industrial diamonds was very time-consuming and expensive. Since the only naturally occurring material hard enough to cut through a diamond is another diamond, workers had to use diamond drills. But diamonds are expensive. Furthermore, the drilling process took several hours, so a worker could drill only two or three holes in a workday. In contrast, a laser beam drills holes in diamonds at the speed of light. One worker using one laser can bore hundreds or even thousands of holes in a single hour. And the same method is used for drilling holes in other gems that are used as moving parts in watches.

These tiny diamond dies used in telephone lines have been drilled with laser beams. Such small holes could not be cut in diamonds without lasers.

Though it might seem surprising, lasers are also effective in boring holes in very soft materials. Some of these materials are easily stretched or torn by ordinary methods. An excellent example is the common baby bottle nipple. A laser beam burns a perfectly round hole in the top of the nipple without disturbing any of the surrounding rubber. Similarly, lasers are used to drill tiny holes in the soft plastic valves of spray cans (such as those of hair spray or glass cleaner). One such laser can punch over a thousand valve holes in one minute.

References: 1).www.wikipedia.com 2).www.scribd.com 3).www.sciencedaily.com