BOOK REVIEWS- common academic writing style that analyzes and critiques recently published books, appearing in academic

journals, scholarly
publications, and media, and serving various important roles.

Articles Review - type of academic writing that provides a critical evaluation of a scholarly article or research paper.

The purpose of Article

 Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the article's argument or methodology.

 Consider the article's contribution to the field and its relevance to current research or debates.
 Provide your own critical assessment of the article, discussing its impact, originality, and significance.
 Offer suggestions for how the article could be improved or expanded.

The Purpose of Academic Book Reviews

 Describe and summarize the contents of a book

 Analyze the book's strengths, weaknesses, contributions, etc.
 Situate the book in the context of existing literature on the topic
 Evaluate the book's significance, originality, arguments, use of evidence
 Recommend whether others should read the book or not

STEP’S IN MAKING A BOOK REVIEW

1.Use formal, scholarly, and unbiased language

2.Broken into clear sections (intro, summary, analysis, conclusion)
3.Include direct quotes and citations to support analysis
4.Structure varies, but common elements include:
5.Overview of the book's main ideas
6.Critical analysis section
7. Identifying book contributions/ limitations
8.Relating book to broader scholarly conversations
9.Concluding with a clear recommendation

STEPS IN WRITING AN ARTICLE REVIEW

1.Understand what an article review is

An article review is written for an audience knowledgeable in the subject and involves summarizing the main ideas, arguments, and
findings of the article, followed by a critique of its contributions and effectiveness in the field. It goes beyond mere opinion, requiring
engagement with the text and incorporation of ideas, theories, and research from one's studies. The review responds solely to the
author's research and usually does not introduce new research, although exceptions may be made to correct inaccuracies. Overall, an
article review serves to both summarize and evaluate the article.

2. Think about the organization of the review article.

Before reviewing an article, establish the review's structure. Summarize the main points, discuss positives, and identify any contradictions
or gaps. Identify contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the text. Determine if there is enough data or research included to support
the author's claims. This will help you understand how to read the article so that you can write an effective review.

3.Preview the article.

To effectively understand an article, start by reviewing its title, abstract, introduction, headings, opening sentences of each paragraph,
and conclusion. Then, read the first few paragraphs and the conclusion to grasp the author's arguments and main points. Proceed to read
the entire article, focusing on the big picture of the overall argument. Take note of unfamiliar words, concepts, and questions. Research
these to ensure a thorough understanding, delving into their context for clarity.

4.Write an outline of your evaluation.

Review each item in the article summary to determine whether the author was accurate and clear. Create a list of strengths and
weaknesses. The strength of the article may be that it presents a clear summation of a particular issue. Its weakness may be that it does
not offer any new information or solutions. Use specific examples and references.
 5.Come up with a title. This title should reflect the focus of your review. Decide between a declarative title, descriptive title, or
interrogative title.

if you choose Declarative– it’s a states main findings or conclusions of the article. Descriptive – describes the subject of the article, but
leaves out the findings/conclusion. Interrogative – the subject of the article takes the form of a question.

if you choose Descriptive titles– it state’s the subject, topic, design, purpose or methods of the project. For example: 'Effects of natural
forest and tree plantations on leaf-litter frog assemblages in Southern Brazil.

if you choose Interrogative– the subject of the article takes the form of a question. The use of questions in titles can create interest by
making the reader immediately wonder what the answer might be. It is also a concise way of presenting the research topic.

6.Cite the article

Under the title, place a complete citation of the article in the proper style. Go to the next line to begin your essay. Don't skip a line
between the citation and first sentence.

7.Identify the article

Start your review by referring to the title and author of the article, the title of the journal, and the year of publication in the first
paragraph.

8.Write the introduction

The introduction of the article review will have the identification sentence. It will also mention the central themes of the article and the
arguments and claims of the author. You also need to state the author's thesis.

9.Summarize the article.

Express the main points, arguments, and findings of the article in your own words, referring to your summary for assistance. Show how
the article supports its claims. Make sure to include the article's conclusions. This may be done in several paragraphs.

10.Conclude the article review

In a paragraph, summarize the main points of the article, as well as your opinions about its significance, accuracy, and clarity. If relevant,
also comment on implications for further research or discussion in the field.

Proofread- Reread the review. Look for grammar, mechanics, and usage mistakes. Make sure to cut any extra, unneeded information.

Literature review

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to
identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic.

Purpose- A literature review is a critical analysis of existing research and scholarly articles on a specific topic. This serves multiple
purposes such as

•Identifying the current state of knowledge on a topic,

•Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies,

•Identifying research gaps and unanswered questions,

•Providing a theoretical framework for a research study, and

•Supporting or challenging existing theories or hypotheses

Importance in Research

These helps researchers to Understand the existing body of knowledge and research on a topic,
Identify gaps in the literature that can be addressed in their own research,
Avoid duplication of previous studies,
Develop a theoretical framework or conceptual model, and lastly
Support their research with evidence and citations from credible sources

Types of Literature Review

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research and literature on a specific topic. There are several types of literature
reviews, each with its own purpose and approach. Understanding the different types can help researchers choose the most appropriate method for
their study.

Systematic review – A comprehensive and structured review that follows a predefined protocol to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant
studies. It aims to provide an unbiased and rigorous summary of the existing evidence on a specific research question.

Narrative Review – A qualitative review that provides a descriptive summary of the literature on a particular topic. It focuses on providing an
overview of the main findings and themes in the existing literature, often including expert opinions and interpretations.

Meta-Analysis – A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple studies on a specific topic. It uses quantitative methods to calculate a
pooled effect size, providing a more precise estimate of the overall effect than individual studies. Meta-analyses can help identify patterns and
trends in the literature.

Scoping Review – An exploratory review that aims to map the existing literature on a broad research question or topic. It provides an overview of
the available evidence, identifies research gaps, and highlights areas for future research.

Critical Review – A detailed and evaluative review that assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature. It involves a critical analysis
of the research methods, findings, and conclusions of individual studies, and may include a synthesis of conflicting evidence.

PROJECT PROPOSAL
• A project proposal is a written document outlining everything stakeholders should know about a project including the timeline, budget,
objectives, and goals. Project proposal are documents that are written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or
equipment selling.

Objectives
• To identify the unique features of a project proposal and explain what makes them effective
• To describe the steps in writing a project proposal
• To explain how purpose and audience affect the content of a project proposal.
• To organize and format the parts of a project proposal.
• To produce a persuasive project proposal.

Formatting the project proposal

-Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal is about 2-4 pages long. Formal proposal has 5 or more pages.

1. Introduction – this provides the background necessary for understanding the project. This is done by discussing the following :
• Rationale – this identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it.
• Objectives – Reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of results.
• Benefits – shows what the reader or target audience can gain from the proposal.

2. Project description – gives specific information about the project itself. It indicates how the project will address the identified through
the following parts:
• Methodology – details the different the project will take on such as manpower and resources to be utilized and the expected output.
• Schedule – the task duration and expected start and end dates of each activity in the project.
• Budget – presents an analysis of all the cost anticipated in the project, which can be itemalized or shown as a whole, depending on the
needs of the project.

Some guidelines in writing the proposal:

1. GATHERING DATA- One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being well-researched. A proposal needs concrete data to back-
up its claim so it can become more credible.

2. ORGANIZING DATA- A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is clearly organized. You can use the parts of the proposal
to guide you in your organization or use an outline to structure your disccussions more effectively
 3. WRITING THE PROPOSAL – Once you have gathered and organized the data, draft your proposal by filling out the parts of the proposal
with the relevant data.

4. REVISING THE PROPOSAL – Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you send it out. A good proposal
will be comprehensive and will put your organization in the best light.

TYPES OF PROJECT PROPOSALS

1. SOLICITED: You’ll send solicited proposals in response to a request for proposal (RFP). An RFP announces a project in detail and ask for
bids from qualified teams.
2. UNSOLICITED : you’ll send unsolicited proposal without an RFP, meaning no one asked your proposal.
3. INFORMAL: You may have client send you an informal request for a project proposal, in which case you can respond with your project
pitch. Because this isn’t an official RFP, the rules less concrete.
4. . RENEWAL: In this type of project proposal, the goal is to emphasize past results your team has produced for the client and persuade
them you can produce future results.
5. CONTINUATION: You’ll send continuations as a reminder to a stakeholder letting them know the project is beginning. In this project
proposal, you’ll simply provide information about the project instead of persuading the stakeholder.
6. .SUPPLEMENTAL: Similar to continuation proposal. In this type of proposal, you’re letting the stakeholder know the project is beginning,
while also asking for additional resources.

RESEARCH REPORT
a research report is a wellcrafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. it is an important
document that serves as a first-hand account of a research process, and it is typically considered an object and accurate source of information

in many ways, a research report can be considered as a summary of the research process that clearly highlights findings, recommendations, and
oether important details. reading a well-written research report should provide you with all the information you need about the core areas of the
research process.

FEATURES OF A RESEARCH REPORT

-It is detailed presentation of research processes and findings, and it usually includes tables and graphs.
- It is written in a formal language.
-A research report is usually written in the third person.
-It is informative and based on first-hand variable information.
- It is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points.
-It always includes recommendations for future actions.

Importance of research report KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER:

one of the reasons for carrying out research is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and this is made possible with a research report. A
research report serves as a means to effectively communicate the findings of a systematic investigation to all and sundry.

Structure and examples of Research Report

TITLE:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION:
LITERATURE REVIEW:
AN ACCOUNT OF INVESTIGATION:
FINDINGS:
DISCUSSION:
CONSLUSION:
REFERENCES ANDAPPENDICES :
DEFINE YOUR AUDIENCE:
INCLUDE SIGNIFICANCEFINDINGS :
INCLUDE ILLUSTRATIONS:
CHOOSE THE RIGHT TITLE:
PROOFREAD THE REPORT: