Roll a pencil on a table and analyze

what you have witnessed.

A. Explain why the pencil rolled off the desk onto
the floor.

B. What happened to the pencil after it hit the

floor?

C. Eventually the pencil came to a complete stop.

Why do you think that happened?
2
 CHAPTER 7
Calculated Moves

3
Big Idea:
Motion, Force, and Universal Gravitation

4
Theme Focus:
The laws of physics are universal.

5
Force is a push or a pull exerted by one
body on another. One of its effects is the
change in the state of motion of the body
on which it acts. In the photo, a soccer
player applies force on the ball with his
foot.

6
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Compare and contrast Aristotle’s and Galileo’s views

on motion.

2. Explain the different types of motion based on the

position-versus-time graph and the velocity-versus-
time graph

3. Describe the condition under which each of the five

kinematic equations can be applied

4. Solve problems on uniformly accelerated motion,

including free fall

5. Solve problems using Newton’s laws of motion and

apply them to explain the observed motion of objects
7
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

6. Explain some safety features in modern vehicles in

terms of the principles on motion

7. Describe and analyze the gravitational force acting

on an object

8. Cite and explain the contributions of scientists to the

present understanding of mass, momentum, and
energy conservation

9. Solve one-dimensional collision problems using the

law of conservation of momentum.

8
A Closer Look
How’s My Driving

Carbon dioxide is one of the major greenhouse gases

that contribute to global warming, which in turn leads
to climate change. In 2009, approximately 23 percent
of the global carbon dioxide emission came from the
transport sector. Several measures have been
undertaken to prevent further increase in carbon
dioxide emission. Car manufacturers now incorporate
innovative technologies for efficient engine
management and fuel consumption in modern
vehicles.
9
A Closer Look

The Philippines was the first country in Asia to take a

major step to mitigate greenhouse gas emission
through the use of biofuels. Republic Act 9367, better
known as the Biofuels Act of 2006, requires all oil
companies to incorporate biofuels in all liquid fuels for
motor and engines. It mandates the use of at least five
percent bioethanol in gasoline fuel and one percent
biodiesel in diesel engine fuel. Since 2003, emission
testing has also been made mandatory for all
registered vehicles and smoke belchers are
apprehended.

10
A Closer Look

Aside from regulating greenhouse gas emission, the

public is also called upon to practice road safety. The
“How’s my driving?” decal or label followed by a phone
number is commonly seen on the back of a truck or a
public utility vehicle. It is intended to encourage the
public to report erratic behavior of drivers on the road.
A person’s style of driving could also have a significant
impact on the environment.

11
Values:

Show appreciation for the work of others

Promote cooperation among members of a group or a

team

Comply with traffic rules and regulations for road

safety

Advocate ecodriving

12
 Was viewed Aristotle
Motion differently by

Is described in terms of Galileo

Developed the ideas used in

displacement Velocity acceleration
formulating
Newton’s laws
define Of Motion
are
Law of inertia
Uniformly
Uniform
Accelerated
motion
motion Law of acceleration

Can be represented by Law of interaction

Velocity-time Displacement- Works in accordance with the

graph time graph
Law of conservation
Of momentum
Law of universal
gravitation
13
 Lesson 7.1
Kinematics of Translation

14
Main Idea:
Motion can be described qualitatively and
quantitatively

15
Essential Question:
How can the motion of an object be
observed, described and measured?

16
Position

It refers to the location of an object with respect to a

frame of reference.

17
Frame of reference
It is a system that allows an observer to specify
quantitatively where and when something is
observed.

It may be a physical entity, such as the ground, a

room, or a building to which the motion or position
of an object is being referred.

18
Example:
While riding a hot air balloon, the passenger sees
the hot air balloon pilot at rest.

To the spectators below, both the passenger and the

pilot are moving.

Two Frames of reference

1. The passenger’s frame of reference is the hot air
balloon.
2. The spectators’ below is the ground.

19
20
The study of motion can be divided into
two:

1. Kinematics
It describes motion in terms of displacement,
velocity, and acceleration

2. Dynamics
It relates force and motion.

21
Translation
It is the term used in physics for motion in a
straight line.

It is commonly described by three quantities:

displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

The origin of the Cartesian coordinate system is

considered as the start of the motion.

Position, velocity, and acceleration to the origin is

taken as positive; the left of the origin is negative.

22
Scalar quantities
Are those that can be described completely by their
magnitude and appropriate unit.

Vector quantities
Are completely described by their magnitude,
appropriate unit, and direction.

23
Distance versus Displacement
Distance (d)
It is the length of the path taken by the body in
moving from its initial to final position.
It is a scalar quantity.

Displacement (d)
It is a vector with direction pointing from the initial
to the final position and a magnitude or length equal
to the straight-line distance from the initial to the
final position.
It is a vector quantity.

24
25
Speed and Velocity

Speed
It is a measure of how fast a body moves.
It is a scalar quantity.

26
2 Types of Speed

1. Average speed ( v ) is the total distance traveled

by a body per unit time of travel. In symbols,

v= d = d – d0
t t – t0

Where d and t are the position and time

intervals, respectively; d and t are the final position
and time; and d0 and t0 are the initial position and
time. If d0 = 0, then d = d. Similarly, if t0 = 0,
then t = t. Thus,
v= d
t

27
2. Instantaneous speed (v) of a body is its speed at a
particular time, with t being extremely small.

It is indicated by a speedometer.

28
Velocity (v) is the displacement of a body per unit
time.
It is a vector quantity.

Average velocity is the total displacement per unit

time.

v=d
t

29
The instantaneous velocity of a body is its velocity at
an instant of time. Throughout this chapter, speed
and velocity will mean instantaneous speed and
instantaneous velocity, respectively.

30
Self-check:

What is the difference between distance and

displacement? between speed and velocity?

31
Sample Problem 7.1

Leo traveled 25.0 km from their house to a shopping

mall to meet a friend. Upon reaching the mall, his
friend texted that he cannot come. Sadly, Leo went
back home following the same path. (a) What was
the total distance Leo traveled? (b) What was his
displacement? If the entire trip took Leo 0.75 h, what
were his (c) average speed and (d) average velocity?

Given: distance from Leo’s house to the shopping

mall = 25.0 km
time of travel for the round trip = 0.75 h

32
Solution:

a. Let d be the total distance Leo traveled.

d = 25.0 km + 25.0 km = 50.0 km

b. Consider the displacement from Leo’s house to

the mall as directed to the right and therefore
positive. Hence, the displacement from the mall to
Leo’s house is directed to the left and is negative.

d = 25.0 km – 25.0 km = 0

Leo’s displacement is zero because he went back to

where he started.

33
Solution:

c. v = total distance = 50.0 km = 67 km/h

Total time 0.75 h

d. Since the total displacement is zero, Leo’s

average velocity is equal to zero.

34
Practice Exercise 7.1

Angelo jogged 10 times in 30 min around a

circular track with a radius of 50 m. Find his
average speed and average velocity.

35
Acceleration (a)
It refers to the change in velocity with respect to
time.
It is a vector quantity.

36
Velocity can change in three ways:

a. change in speed, which may be either an

increase or a decrease

b. change in direction

c. change in both speed and direction

37
A body is said to be accelerating when it is
moving with changing speed, with constant
speed but with changing direction, or with
changing speed and changing direction.

a= v = v – v0
t t

38
Self-check

When is a body said to be accelerating?

39