1

Chemical Phenomena in the Environment UANL

STAGE REPORT
Stage Status Observations

1
Chemical reactions
& its
representation

2
Aqueous
solutuions

3
Acid-base
solutions

4
Chemical organic
compounds

TEAM MEMBERS:

ELEMENT:
2
 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

STAGE 1 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS & THEIR REPRESENTATION

Dimension 1. Recovery
Date: Status:

Requirement Activity

1. Answer the following questions

a) What is the difference between a physical and a chemical change?

b) Name three examples of physical changes and three of chemical changes that take place
in the environment.

c) Name at least three exmples of chemical changes in an industrial process.

Dimension 2. Comprehension
Date: Status:

Requirement Activity

1. Answer the following questions:

a) What is a chemical reaction?

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

b) In a chemical reaction, what are the reactants and the products?

c) Mentions the evidence of chemical reactions.

d) What is a chemical equation?

e) Indicate in the following chemical reactions the reactants and products, and the evidence
of the chemical reaction.

2 Cu (s) + O2 (g) → 2 CuO↓ green

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) +H2O (l) + E

2Na (s) +2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) +H2↑

NaCl (aq) + Ag(NO)3 (aq) → AgCl↓ (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

f) What does the stoichiometric coefficient represent in a chemical equation?

g) What is the process of balancing a chemical equation?

h) What are the symbols used in a chemical reaction and what do they mean?

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

2. Balance the following equations.

a) H2 + O2 H2O

b) C + Fe2O3 Fe + CO

c) H2SO4 + NaOH H2O + Na2SO4

d) Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + CO2

e) NH4 I + Cl2 NH4Cl + I2

f ) MnO2 + CO Mn2O3 + CO2

g) Mg3N2 + H2 O Mg(OH)2 + NH3

h) C3H5(NO3)3 CO2 + H2O + N 2 + O2

i ) FeS + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2

j) Cu(NO3)2 CuO + NO2 + O2

k) NO2 + H2 O HNO3 + NO

l) Al + H2SO4 Al2SO4 + H2

m) HCN + O2 N2 + CO2 + H2O

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

3. Assuming a balanced chemical equation: 7Al2(SO4)3

(a) How many atoms of aluminium are present?
(b) How many atoms of sulfur are present?
(c) How many atoms of oxygen are present?
(d) How many atoms in total are present?

4. Classify such as: synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement.

a) H2 + O2 H2O

b) C + Fe2O3 Fe + CO

c) H2SO4 + NaOH H2O + Na2SO4

d) Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + CO2

e) NH4 I + Cl2 NH4Cl + I2

f) H2 + Br2 HBr

g) Al + C Al4C3

h) Ba(ClO3)2 BaCl2 + O2

i) CrCl3 + AgNO3 Cr(NO3)3 + AgCl

j) H2O2 H2O + O2

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

5. Use the reactivity serie to predict which of the following chemical reactions occur
spontaneously. Where the reaction does not occur write “no chemical reaction” as
product.

a) Ag(s) + H2SO4(aq) →

b) Cl2(g) + NaBr(aq) →

c) Mg(s) + ZnCl2(aq) →

d) Pb(s) + AgNO3(aq) →

e) Cu(s) + FeCl3(aq) →

f) H2(g) + Al2O3(aq) →

g) Al(s) + HBr(aq) →

h) I2(s) + HCl(aq) →

6. Complete the following concept map with the classification of chemical reactions
according to mass and energy exchange

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL
Dimension 3. Analysis
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

1. Investigate the chemical reactions that represent three important processes in everyday life

Process Process description Chemical equations

Photosynthesis
& Respiration

Steel production

Combustion of heptane &

octane:
Combustion of
gasoline

2. Complete the chart

Reaction Description & Example
Mass exchange
Chemical Behavior
exchange
Energy

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

Dimension 4. Application
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

LABORATORY PRACTICE: EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A) Introduction

The characteristic properties of a substance that get related to the way it changes its composition or the
way it interacts with other substances, are known as chemical properties and are reflected when the
substance suffers a chemical change.
The process that implies a chemical change where one or more substances are consumed while new
substances are formed is called chemical reaction. Consequently, naming the chemical reactions is
including the chemical properties of substances involved in the change process. In this practice you will
recognize, by experimental evidence, some chemical properties of the substances

B) MATERIAL AND REACTANTS

Materials Reactants
Burner Sodium (caution!)
Beaker Zinc
Test tubes Magnesium
Test tube clamps Copper
Spatula HCl 6M (caution!)
Silver nitrate 0.1M
barium chloride 0.1M
Sodium sulphate 0.1M
Potassium iodide 0.1M

C) EXPERIMENTATION:
Follow the steps described in your Learning Guide. (Page 30).

D) OBSERVATIONS

Reaction Observations
1

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

E. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

Chemical Chemical Equation Evidence Type of reaction

reaction

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

E) CONCLUSION:

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

MOLAR RATIO & STOICHIOMETRY

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a molar ratio?

2. What do you need to convert grams of any compound into moles of the same compound?

3. Calculate the number of moles from the following substances:

a) 25 g of KNO3

b) 56 g of NaOH

c) 5.4 × 102 g of (NH4)2C2O4

d) 2.1 Kg of NaHCO3

e) 525 mg of ZnCl2

f) 9.8 × 1024 molecules of CO2

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

4. Calculate the mass in grams of the following substances:

a) 2.55 moles of Fe(OH)3

b) 125 Kg of CaCO3

c) 10.5 moles of NH3

d) 72 moles of HCl

5. Use the following combustion reaction of isopropyl alcohol:

2 C3H7OH +9 O2 6 CO2 +8 H2O

Write the molar ratio between:

a) CO2 and C3H7OH

b) C3H7OH and O2

c) O2 and CO2

d) H2O and C3H7OH

(e) CO2 and H2

f) H2O and O2

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

6. For: MnO2(s) +HCl(aq) → Cl2(g) +MnCl2(aq) +H2O(l) (Not balanced)

(a) How many moles of HCl react with 1.05 moles of MnO2?

(b) How many moles of MnCl2 are produced when 1.25 moles H2O are formed?

7. According with the following equations: How many grams of sodium hydroxide are produced from
500g of calcium hydroxide?

Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 → 2 NaOH + CaCO3

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

8. In a blast furnace, iron (III) oxide reacts with coke (carbon), and cast iron and carbon monoxide
𝛥
are produced. Fe2O3 + 3 C → 2 Fe + 3 CO

(a) How many kilograms of iron are produced from 125Kg of Fe2O3?

(b) How many moles of iron are obtained from 2.5 x 1023 atoms of carbon?

9. Gaseous ethane, C2H6 burns in air (reacts with the oxygen of the air) to produce carbon dioxide
and water. 2C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

(a) How many moles of O2 are necessary for the complete combustion of 15 moles of ethane?

(b) How many grams of de CO2 are produced for each 8 g of H2O formed?

(c) How many grams of CO2 are produced during the combustion of 75.0 g of C2H6?

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 Stage 1 – Chemical reactions & their representation UANL

(d) If 2.75 moles of H2O are produced, how many grams of CO2 are produced at the same time?

(e) How many grams of O2 are necessary to have a complete reaction of 25 moles of C2H6?

(f) How many grams of C2H6 are necessary to produce 125 g of water?

(g) How many molecules of H2O are obtained from 10 g of oxygen gas?

Learning Evidence Stage 1

Date: Status:

NEXUS
7 POINTS

Follow directions of your learning guide on page 40.

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

STAGE 2 – AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Dimension 1. Recovery
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

Exploring knowledge about disolutions.

Answer the following questions

a) What are solutions or dissolutions?

b) What solutions do you know?

c) What does the term solubility mean?

d) What do the terms concentrated and diluted mean?

e) What is an aqueous solutions?

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

Dimension 2. Comprehension
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

SOLUTIONS

Answer the following questions.

a) What are the components of a solution and how do you identify each of them?

b) Describe the properties of a solution

c) What are the factors that determine the physical state of a solution?

d) How is solubility defined?

e) How are the solutions classified according to the solubility of the solute in the solven?

f) Why does hexane dissolve benzene but no sodium chloride? Explain.

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS

1.-Write true or false.

1._____ In a solution, the dispersing phase is the solvent.
2._____ The most common solvent also known as universal solvent is the water.
3._____ Solvent determines the physical state of the solution.
4._____ A homogeneous mixture is uniform in all its parts and its components are not separated by
sedimentation.
5.____ Solute is the largest component in a solution.
6.____ Solute and solvent, both can be solids, liquids, and gases.
7._____A solution is a mixture of one phase where its components are solute and solvent.
8._____ A characteristic of solutions is tha they can be separated by physical means.
9._____ Preparing coffee, water is the solute and coffee, and sugar are the solvents.
10.____ Homogeneous mixture is formed by two or more phases.
11.____ Composition of a solution is always the same.
12. _____ In a liquid solution, solute and solvent are miscible.

FACTORS AFFECTIG SOLUBILITY

1. Complete the following chart (use your textbook page 47).

FACTOR DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

2. Complete the following table with the classification of solutions according to the concentration
(use your textbook pages 47 & 48).

CLASSIFICATION TYPE DESCRIPTION

Diluted
Qualitative
Concentrated

Quantitative
SOLUTIONS
Unsaturated

Saturated

Oversaturated
(supersaturated)

Dimension 3. Analysis
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

1. Use the following graph to answer

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

Determine what the saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions are:

a. 2.5g of CuSO4 in 50 mL of water at 20 oC ___________________
b. 70g of NH4Cl in 100mL of water at 60 oC __________________
c. 1g of Ce2(SO4)3 in 60mL of water at 20 0C __________________
d. 40g of NaCl in 100mL of water at 100°C___________________

2. According to solubility rules (textbook page 50), predict for each of the following compounds
whether they will be soluble or insoluble in water at room temperature.
1. PbI2 5. KOH
2. Al(NO3)3 6. Mg(OH)2
3. CaS 7. CaSO4
4. BaCO3 8. Cu3(PO4)2

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Units to express concentrations
FORMULAS:

m/m% =

m/v% =

v/v% =

ppm = ppm =

M= M=

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

CALCULATIONS OF CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

1. Calculate the percentage in mass for each of the following solutions.

a. 50g of NaCO3 that dissolve in 150g of water

b. 30g of KCl in 150g of solution.

2. Calculate the percentage in volume for each of the following solutions.

a. 50mL of methanol in enough water to obtain 250mL of solution.

b. 75mL of H2O2 dissolved in distilled water until completing 500mL of solution

3. Calculate the percentage in mass-volume of 30g of NaNO3 in 400mL of solution.

4. Calculate parts per million of:

a. Mercury is a toxic element, whose presence in the water of rivers and streams in the form of methyl-
mercury accumulates in the flesh of fish and reaches the human food chain. A sample of 100g of fish
showed that contains 5mg of mercury. What is the concentration of this element in ppm?

b. One of the multiple applications of cadmium is as mosaic or tile coating. The analysis of the coating
of this material determined an amount of 0.25% of this metal. What is the concentration of this element
in ppm?

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

5. Calculate molarity:
a. Solution prepared with 2.4 mol of hydrochloric acid adding water until completing 1.5mL of solution.

b. Solution made with 150g of sucrose in 2L of solution. (Molar mass of sucrose is 342g/mol)

6. In some hospitals, it is recommended to five a glucose solution at 5%m/v orally to newborn infants
to prevent hypoglycemia. If a child is given 250mL per day of this solution, how much glucose will
have received in a week?

7. A bottle of wine presents on its label information about its alcohol content, indicating that it is of
13.5%v/v. If a man takes 500mL of that wine, how much alcohol will he ingest?

Dimension 4. Application
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

IMPORTANCE OF WATER

TYPES OF WATER
Natural Source Salt Content
SURFACE WATER SUBTERRANEAN HARD WATER SOFT WATER
WATER

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

1. Describe the steps to purify water.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2. Elaborate a concept map with the information about “Water pollution” located in your textbook on page
63 up to 65.

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 Stage 2 – Aqueous Solutions UANL

Learnign Evidence
Date: Status:

Nexus
7 POINTS

Follow directions of your learning guide on page 56

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

STAGE 3 – ACID-BASE SOLUTIONS

Dimension 1. Recovery
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

a) What is an acid and what is a base (alkali)?

b) What food or materials do you know with acidic and basic characteristics?

c) What is the reason of the acidity in the digestive system? How do you neutralize it?

d) What is acid rain?

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

Dimension 2. Comprehension
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

1. Complete the following chart with the concepts of acid – base from Arrhenius,
Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories.

LEWIS THEORY
ARRHENIUS THEORY BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY

ACID

BASE

2. Write the definition of strong and weak acid and base

WEAK STRONG
ACIDS & BASES

3. Complete the with the definition.

IONIZATION

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

Dimension 3. Analysis
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

1. What is the meaning of the expression pH?

2. What is the mathematical expression for its calculation?

3. What do the terms acidity, basicity, and neutrality mean?

4. Name two examples of biological importance of pH to the body.

5. Name two examples of industrial importance of pH.

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

6. Underline acids and circle bases and complete the chart. (Some substances are not
acids and bases).

NaCl, Ca (OH) 2, HgCl, HCl, H2SO4,MgO, Al (OH) 3, Mg (OH) 2, H2CO3, CO2, BaO, CaO, LiBr,
KOH, NaHCO3, H2S, NH4OH, HNO3, NaOH, H3PO4.

ACIDS BASES
STRONG WEAK STRONG WEAK

7. Build the pH scale where you identify the regions of acidity, basicity, and neutrality.

8. Investigate the pH of the following substances and locate all of them in the pH scale.

pH pH pH
(a) Gastric juice (e) Tomato juice (i) Cow’s milk
(b) Lemon juice (f) Orange juice (j) Distilled water
(c) Vinegar (g) Black coffee (k) Human blood
(d) Carbonated soda (h) Urine (l) Saliva

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

9. Solve the problems.

i. Calculate the pH of dissolutions with the following H+ concentrations:
a) 0.01 M

b) 1.0 M

c) 6.5 X 10 -9 M

d) 1 X 10 -7 M

e) 0.50 M

f) 0.00010 M

ii. Calculate the pH of the following substances:

a) Orange juice: [H+]: 3.7 X 10 -4 M
b) Vinegar: [H+] 2.8 X 10 -3 M
c) Black coffee: [H+]= 5.0 X10 -5 M
d) Lime water: [H+]= 3.4 X 10-11 M

10. Complete the chart with advantages and disadvantages of pH determination

methods.

pH determination Advantages Disadvantages

method
Acid-base indicators

Hydronium paper

Potentiometer

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

Dimension 4. Application
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

Answer the following questions:

a) When is the rain considered as acidic?

b) What are the compounds that in contact with water cause acid rain?

c) What are the main sources of these compounds?

d) What effects does acid rain produce on the planet? Mention 5 examples.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

LABORATORY PRACTICE: IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDS AND BASES

THROUGH A NATURAL INDICATOR

OBJECTIVE: Determine the pH of everyday products using two different

indicators, red cabbage, and hydronium paper.

FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS FROM YOUR LEARNING GUIDE. (PAGE 70-71)

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 Stage 3 – Acid-Base Solutions UANL

INDICATOR COLOR pH aprox.

RED CABBAGE
Bright red 1-2
Red 3-4
Reddish violet 5-6
Violet 7
Greenish blue 8-9
Blue 10-11
Yellow 12-14

RESULTS CHART

Color observed Color observed

Everyday Is it an acid
with hydronium pH with red cabbage pH
Product or base?
paper indicator
Household cleaner

Milk
Lemonade
Distilled water
Vinegar
Mineral water
Magnesia milk
Dissolved coffee

CONCLUSION

Learnign Evidence
Date: Status:

Nexus
7 POINTS

Follow directions of your learning guide on pages 72-73

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

STAGE 4 – CHEMICAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Dimension 1. Recovery
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

1. Exploring knowledge about petroleum. Answer the following questions:

a) Do you know what oil is made of? What is its origin?

b) What is petrochemistry?

c) What are the hydrocarbons? What do you know about them? Where do they come from?

d) Mention some uses and applications of oil.

e) How does the oil industry contribute to environmental pollution?

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

Dimension 2. Comprehension
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

1. Organize the information in the following tables.

A) Define the concept of Organic Chemistry:

B) Characteristics of carbon atom

Carbon
Electronic configuration Tetravalency Hybridizations

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

C) Properties of inorganic and organic compounds

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

TYPE OF BOND

SOLUBILITY IN WATER

MELTING POINT

BOILING POINT

PHYSICAL STATE

DENSITY

CONCATENATION

ISOMERISM

EXAMPLES

Describe the following concepts.

Isomerism:

Concatenation:

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS

Semideveloped
Types of formulas of organic compounds

Structural
Developed
Types
of
formulas
Condensed
Molecular

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

NOMENCLATURE. NAMING HYDROCARBONS

ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES AROMATICS

Concept

General
Formula
1) 1) 1) 1)
Systematic Nomenclature Rules (IUPAC) :

2) 2) 2) 2)

3) 3) 3) 3)

4) 4) 4) 4)
Excamples (4) of names and formulas:

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

ALKYL OR ARYL RADICAL R-

ALKANE Definition
R-H
FORMULA AND NAME
METHANE
CH4
ETHANE
CH3-CH3

PROPANE
CH3-CH2-CH3

Dimension 3. Analysis
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

Documentary Research
1. What is the biological importance of organic compounds? Explain 3 examples.

Examples:

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

2. What are the two major polluting sources in which organic compounds are present?

3. What is the environmental impact of the use of hydrocarbons as fuels?

Soil:

Air:

Water:

Fauna & flora:

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

Dimension 4. Application
Date: Status:

Requirement
Activity

PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS

1. Identify the type of formula (developed, semi-developed, or molecular)

C3H8

2. Classify as alkane, alkene, alkyne & aromatic

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

3. Classify (as alkane, alkene, alkyne & aromatic) and name the following substances
according to the nomenclature rules.

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Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

41
 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

4. Identify the following hydrocarbons as alkane, alkene, alkyne and aromatic

hydrodcarbon.

a. H3C-CH=CH-CH3 ____________________

b. CH3-CH2-CH3______________________

c. ________________

d. CHΞC-C-CH3___________________
│
CH3

_______________________

e.

5. Continue practicing and write the name of the following organic compounds.

a. CH3-CH-CH-CH2-CH3____________________

CH3

b. _____________________

c. CH3-CH2-C=CH-CH3_____________________
│
CH3

d. CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3____________________
│
CH3
e. ______________________

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

6. It is a product obtained from ethylene which pollutes the planet.

a. CH4 b) CO2 c) Plastic d) Gasoline

7. It is the method used to separate the petroleoum fractions.

a. Filtration b) Extraction c) Refining d) Disolution

8. They are the representative fractions of gasoline

a)C5H12 to C12H26 b) CH4 to C4H10 c)C13H32 to C18H38 d) C10H18 to C12H26

9. Identify the formulas of organic compounds

a) CH4, CO2 b) CH3, CH2-OH, C6H6O6 c) Ca (OH)2, C6H6 d) CaCl2, CH3 – CH3

10. From the following properties, choose those for organic

compounds.

1) They are fuels

2) They show isomerism
3) They produced aqueous solutions
4) They can form chains of atoms joined through covalent bonds. (Concatenation)
5) They are soluble in water.

a) 1,2 and 3 b)1,2 and 4

c) 3,4 and 5 d)1,2 and 5

Write the semideveloped formula of the following organic compounds:

1) 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexamethylheptane 2) 2-ethyl-2,7-dimethyloctane

3) 2-butene 4) 4,5-dimethyl-2-hexyne

5) Methylbenzene

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 Stage 4 – Chemical Organic Compounds UANL

Learnign Evidence
Date: Status:

Nexus
7 POINTS

Follow directions of your learning guide on page 87.

44
 lLP – Integrative Learning Product UANL

Integrative Learnign Product

Date: Status:

Nexus
12 POINTS

Follow directions provided by your teacher.

Portfolio of Chemical Phenomena in the Environment

45
 Chemical Phenomena in the Environment - Assessment UANL

Learning Nexus
Evidence Points
Stage1. Chemical 7
reactions & their
representation Exam Points
Stage 2. Aqueous 7 1st Partial 10
solutions Middle Term 15
Stage 3. 7 2nd Partial 10
Acid-Base Global 25
solutions
Stage 4. 7
Organic
Compounds
ILP. Integrative 12
Learning Product

Portfolio of Chemical Phenomena in the Environment

46
 NOTES Y ANNEX UANL

Portfolio of Chemical Phenomena in the Environment

47
 NOTES Y ANNEX UANL

PERIODIC TABLE
(ATOMIC MASS)

Portfolio of Chemical Phenomena in the Environment 48