TOPIC 1: INTRODUCING YOURSELF & GREETINGS

A greeting (saludo) is a polite (cortés) expression used to acknowledge

(reconocer) someone's presence and show respect or well wishes (buenos
deseos).

● Good morning: Buenos dias!

● Good afternoon: Buenas tardes!
● Good evening: Buenas noches (Cuando llegamos a un lugar)
● Good night: Buenas noches (Cuando nos despedimos)

● I'm doing well, thanks and you? ● Lo estoy haciendo bien, gracias
● I'm alright. ¿y tú?
● Pretty good. ● Estoy bien.
● Not too shabby. ● Bastante bien.
● Not bad. ● No está mal.
● Not so great. ● No tan bien.
● Great. ● Estupendo.
● Could be better. ● Podría ser mejor.
● I feel great. ● Me siento genial.
● Couldn't be better. ● No podría estar mejor.
● Same as always. ● Lo mismo de siempre.
● I feel Fantastic. ● Me siento fantástico.
● Can't complain. ● No me puedo quejar.
● I've been better. ● He estado mejor.
● Never better. ● Nunca mejor.
● I've been busy. ● He estado ocupado.
● I'm on top of the world. ● Estoy en la cima del mundo.
● I'm doing okay. ● Lo estoy haciendo bien.

PRACTICE TIME: Create your own greetings:

○ Write a greeting you would use to someone you meet for the first time.
(English & Spanish)
○ Write a greeting you would use to a friend in the morning. (English &
Spanish)
TOPIC 2: VERB TO BE PRESENT

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
● Brown hair (brown haer) -
● Tall (tol) - Alto/Alta (Above Cabello castaño (Hair with a
average height) brown color)
● Short (shorht) - Bajo/Baja ● Black hair (blak haer) - Cabello
(Below average height) negro (Hair with a very dark
● Thin (thin) - Delgado/Delgada color)
(Slender build) ● Blonde hair (blond haer) -
● Average (a-vər-ij) - Cabello rubio (Hair with a light
Promedio/Promedia (Neither golden color)
especially tall nor short) ● Red hair (red haer) - Cabello
● Muscular (mus-kyoo-ler) - pelirrojo (Hair with a reddish
Musculoso/Musculosa color)
(Well-developed muscles) ● Blue eyes (bloo ays) - Ojos
● Fit (fit) - En forma (Healthy and azules (Eyes with a blue color)
physically fit) ● Brown eyes (brown ays) - Ojos
● Hair (hair) - Cabello (Hair marrones (Eyes with a brown
covering the head) color)
● Long hair (long haer) - Cabello ● Green eyes (green ays) - Ojos
largo (Hair reaching below the verdes (Eyes with a green
shoulders) color)
● Short hair (shorht haer) - ● Glasses (gla-ses) - Gafas (Eye
Cabello corto (Hair not reaching wear used to correct vision)
the shoulders) ● Beard (beerd) - Barba (Facial
● Curly hair (kur-lee haer) - hair growing on the chin and
Cabello rizado (Hair with natural cheeks)
coils or loops)
● Straight hair (strayt haer) -
Cabello liso (Hair that falls
straight without bends)
The Verb "To Be" in the Present Tense:
The verb "to be" is unique in English because it has different forms depending on the
subject (who or what you are talking about). Here's a breakdown:

Structure:

Positive: Subject + be (am, is, are) + complement (adjective, noun phrase)

Negative: Subject + be (am not, isn't, aren't) + complement

Question: Be (am, is, are) + subject + complement?

Examples:

Positive:

● I (subject) am (be) a student. (complement)

● She (subject) is (be) happy. (complement)
● They (subject) are (be) friends. (complement)

Negative:

● He (subject) is not (be not) tall. (complement)

● We (subject) are not (be not) ready. (complement)
● You (singular) aren't (be not) coming. (complement)

Questions:

● Are (be) you (subject) hungry? (complement)

● Is (be) it (subject) raining? (complement)
● Am (be) I (subject) late? (complement)

Contractions:

In spoken English, positive forms often use contractions:

● I'm (I am)
● He's (He is)
● She's (She is)
● We're (We are)
● You're (You are) (singular & plural)
● They're (They are)
Exercise:

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of "to be":

○ I ___ (am) tired.
○ They ___ (are) not coming today.
○ ___ (Is) she a teacher?

2. Complete the sentence: Choose the correct form of "to be" (am, is, are) for
each blank.

● She (is/are) a doctor.

● We (am/are) not going to the party.
● The weather (is/are) beautiful today.
● (Am/Are) you hungry?
● They (is/are) waiting for you.

WH QUESTIONS
Who: Identifies a person (e.g., "Who is your favorite author?")

What: Asks about a thing or event (e.g., "What happened yesterday?")

Where: Refers to location (e.g., "Where are you from?")

When: Inquires about time (e.g., "When did you last eat?")

Why: Seeks reasons or explanations (e.g., "Why are you late?")

Which: Helps choose between options (e.g., "Which book do you recommend?")

How: Asks about the manner or method (e.g., "How did you solve the problem?")
Wh- questions + do/does:

● Wh- words: These words initiate questions and ask about specific
information. They include: who, what, where, when, why, which, and how.
● Do/does: These helping verbs are used depending on the subject (singular or
plural) in the question.
○ Do is used with plural subjects (you - plural, they, we) and some
singular subjects (I, you - singular).
○ Does is used with singular subjects (he, she, it).

Examples:

● What do you see in the picture? (Wh- word + do - asks about what is seen)
● When does the movie start? (Wh- word + do - asks about the starting time)

Spanish examples:

● ¿Dónde vive el perro? (Where does the dog live?) - Wh- word + verb
(conjugated)
● ¿Cuándo llega el autobús? (When does the bus arrive?) - Wh- word + verb
(conjugated)

PRACTICE TIME

1. Fill in the blanks:

3. Short dialogues
● What ____ you see in the (PRONUNCIATION):
mirror?
● A: I can't find my phone. Do you
● When ____ the train leave?
know where it is?
● Where ____ they live?
● B: No, I haven't seen it.
● Who ____ this belong to?
● A: Why are you late?
● Why ____ you want to learn
● B: The traffic was terrible.
English?

2. Turn statements into questions:

4. Find the question that doesn't
● He likes pizza. -> use "do/does":
● The movie starts at 7 pm. ->
● They are going to the beach. -> ● A. What time is it?
● B. Does it rain often here?
● C. She speaks French fluently.
ENGLISH ALPHABET

● A | ey | ● O | oh |
● B | bee | ● P | pee |
● C | see | ● Q | kyoo (as in "queue") |
● D | dee | ● R | ar |
● E | ee | ● S | ess |
● F | ef | ● T | tee |
● G | jee (as in "jeep") | ● U | yoo |
● H | haytch | ● V | vee |
● I | ai | ● W | double-u |
● J | jay | ● X | eks |
● K | kay | ● Y | wy |
● L | el | ● Z | zee
● M | em |
● N | en |

● Later (lay-ter) - Hasta luego

(Informal)
WAYS TO SAY GOOD BYE

● Goodbye (goo-dbye) - Adiós

● So long (soh lahng) - Nos
(Formal)
vemos (Informal)
● Farewell (fair-well) - Adiós
● Cheerio (chi-er-ee-oh) - Adiós
(Formal)
(Informal, mostly British)
● See you later (see yoo lai-ter) -
● Peace out (pees owt) - Adiós
Hasta luego
(Informal slang)
(Semi-formal/Informal)
● I'm off (ahy-m ohf) - Me voy
● See you soon (see yoo soon) -
(Informal)
Hasta pronto (Informal)
● Hit the road (hit theh rohd) -
● Take care (tayk keh-r) - Cuídate
Me voy (slang)
(Friendly/Informal)
● Hasta la vista (hasta lah
● All the best (awl theh best) -
vees-tah) - Hasta la vista (from
Todo lo mejor (Friendly/Formal)
Terminator 2, Informal)
● Talk to you soon (tawk too yoo
soon) - Hablamos pronto
(Friendly/Informal)
● Catch you later (kach yoo
lai-ter) - Nos vemos luego
(Informal)
Past Tense of "To Be"
We use the verb "to be" in the past tense to talk about things that were true at
a time before now. (Usamos el verbo "to be" en presente para hablar de cosas
que eran ciertas en un momento anterior al presente)

There are two forms:

● "Was" (I, he, she, it)

● "Were" (we, you, they)

Examples:

1. I was tired yesterday.

2. You were happy to see me.
3. He was the captain.
4. She was at home.
5. It was raining.
6. We were friends.
7. You were late for school.
8. They were hungry.
9. The cake was delicious. (It describes a state)
10. The movie was scary. (It describes a state)

Exercises

Fill in the blank with the correct form of "was" or "were":

1. I _____ at the park yesterday. (was / were)
2. We _____ having a picnic. (was / were)
3. She _____ reading a book. (was / were)
4. The birds _____ singing. (was / were)
5. You _____ late! (was / were)
6. They _____ playing outside. (was / were)
7. He _____ my teacher last year. (was / were)
8. The pizza _____ delicious! (was / were)
9. The flowers _____ beautiful. (was / were)
10. It _____ a sunny day. (was / were)
MILITARY ALPHABET

____ AS IN____,
___ FOR ____

● A | Alpha | AL-FA
● B | Bravo | BRAH-VO
● C | Charlie | CHAR-LEE
● D | Delta | DELL-TA
● E | Echo | ECH-O
● F | Foxtrot | FOX-TROT
● G | Golf | GOLF
● H | Hotel | HO-TEL
● I | India | IN-DEE-AH
● J | Juliet | JUL-EE-ETT
● K | Kilo | KEY-LO
● L | Lima | LEE-MA

Cardinal vs. Ordinal Numbers

Cardinal numbers: Tell you how many (1, 2, three, four, etc.). Imagine counting
cardinals!
● Ordinal numbers: Tell you position (1st, 2nd, third, fourth, etc.). Imagine
things in order!

Examples:

● I have three (cardinal) apples.

● The winner is in 1st (ordinal) place.

Exercises

A. Choose the correct number (cardinal or ordinal) to complete the sentence.

1. I ate two (cardinal / ordinal) cookies.
2. She came in third (cardinal / ordinal) place.
3. We need five (cardinal / ordinal) more players.
4. Today is the 18th (cardinal / ordinal) of March.
5. There are many (cardinal / ordinal) stars in the sky. (Trick question! "Many" is
not a number)
B. Write a sentence using a cardinal number and another sentence using an
ordinal number.

DAYS OF THE WEEK

The days of the week are seven named periods that make up a week. We use them
to refer to specific moments in time. There are two main categories (Los días de la
semana son siete periodos con nombre que forman una semana. Los usamos para
referirnos a momentos específicos en el tiempo. Hay dos categorías principales):

● Weekdays (UIKDEIS - DIAS DE LA SEMANA): Monday, Tuesday,

Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday - These are typically the work or school
days.
● Weekend (FIN DE SEMANA): Saturday and Sunday - These are days for
rest.

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

The year is divided into twelve named periods called months. Here they are with
their pronunciation in letters:

1. January (JUH-NYU-ER-EE) - The first month of the year.

2. February (FEB-RU-ER-EE) - The second month, often the shortest.
3. March (MAHARCH) - The third month, often associated with spring.
4. April (EY-PRIL) - The fourth month, known for spring showers.
5. May (MAY) - The fifth month, often associated with flowers.
6. June (JOON) - The sixth month, typically the start of summer.
7. July (JU-LY) - The seventh month, known for hot weather in many places.
8. August (AW-GUST) - The eighth month, part of summer in the northern
hemisphere.
9. September (SEP-TEM-BER) - The ninth month, often associated with the
beginning of fall.
10. October (OC-TO-BER) - The tenth month, known for cooler weather and fall
foliage.
11. November (NO-VEM-BER) - The eleventh month, sometimes associated with
Thanksgiving in the US.
12. December (DE-SEM-BER) - The twelfth month, the last month of the year
and often associated with winter holidays.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS, OBJECT PRONOUNS AND
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

English Spanish Description Example Example

(English) (Spanish)

Subject Pronombres These I went to the Yo fui a la

Pronouns (I, sujeto (yo, words store. tienda.
you, he, tú, él, ella, replace the
she, it, we, ello, subject of a
they) nosotros/a sentence.
s, ellos/as)

Possessive Adjetivos These My book is Mi libro es

Adjectives posesivos words red. rojo.
(my, your, (mi, tu, su, indicate
his, her, su, su, ownership
its, our, nuestro/a, in front of a
their) su) noun.

Exercises: Subject Pronouns vs. Possessive Adjectives

1. Fill in the blank: Choose the

2. Match the subject pronoun with
correct word (subject pronoun or
its corresponding possessive
possessive adjective) to complete the
adjective:
sentence.
● I() its
a) They / Their are playing outside.
● You ( ) your
b) The car My/Mine is red. ● He ( ) my
c) We ate Our/Ours lunch early. ● She ( ) her
e) Where is Your/Yours phone? ● We ( ) our
(¿Dónde está tu teléfono?) ( ● They ( ) their
English Spanish Description Example Example
(English) (Spanish)

Object Pronombres These I saw her at Vi a ella en

Pronouns de objeto words the store. la tienda. (A
(me, you, (me, te, replace the (Her is the replaces
him, her, it, lo/la, le, object of a object of the "her"
us, them) lo/la, nos, verb or verb "saw".) because
os, los/las) preposition. Spanish
uses a
preposition
"a" before
the indirect
object
pronoun.)

Exercise on Object Pronouns:

1. Choose the correct object pronoun to complete the sentence.

● I gave the book to (him, he).

● Can you help (me, I) with this task?
● We saw (them, they) at the park yesterday.
● Sarah invited (us, we) to her party.
● The teacher explained the concept to (her, she).
●
The Verb "Have"
The verb "have" has several uses in English. Here's a common one:

● Structure: Subject + has (he, she, it) /have (I, we, you, they) + object
● Function: Shows possession (owns something) or expresses a state (feels a
certain way).

Examples (Possession):

● I have a cat. (It shows I own a cat)

● She has brown hair. (It shows she owns the hair color brown)
● We have a new car. (We own a new car)
Examples (State):

● I have a headache. (It expresses I am feeling a headache)

● They have lunch at noon. (It expresses their usual lunchtime)
● She has a good time. (It expresses she is enjoying herself)

Exercises

A. Choose the correct form of "have" (has/have).

1. I (have) a red bike.

2. We (have) breakfast in the morning.

3. He (has) a big appetite.

4. They (have) a nice house.

5. You (have) a beautiful smile.

B. Complete the sentence using "have" to show possession.

1. My friend ___ (has) a dog. (What kind of dog?)

2. The children ___ (have) many toys. (What toys?)

3. We ___ (have) a garden. (What do you grow in the garden?)

4. She ___ (has) a blue jacket. (What else is she wearing?)

5. They ___ (have) a delicious cake. (What flavor is the cake?)

C. Complete the sentence using "have" to show state.

1. I ___ (have) to go to the dentist tomorrow. (Why?)

2. We ___ (have) a test on Friday. (What subject?)

3. She ___ (has) a cold. (What are her symptoms?)

4. They ___ (have) fun at the party. (Why?)

5. You ___ (have) a great idea! (What is the idea?)

Hobbies with "-ing"

In English, many hobbies are described using verbs ending in "-ing." This "-ing" form
acts like a noun (gerund) and tells you what someone enjoys doing in their free time.

Structure: Subject + enjoys/likes + verb + "-ing"

Examples:

● I enjoy reading books.

● She likes dancing to music.
● We love playing games.
● He enjoys singing karaoke.
● They like hiking in nature.
● You can try cooking new dishes.
● My friend enjoys gardening in her free time.
● I don't like swimming, but I love walking on the beach.
● We can all enjoy watching movies together.
● They love traveling to new places.

Exercises

Complete the sentence using the correct form of the verb with "-ing."

1. I enjoy _________ (play) the guitar.

2. My sister loves _________ (bake) cookies.
3. We don't like _________ (watch) too much TV.
4. He enjoys _________ (work) on his car.
5. They love _________ (go) for walks in the park.

Write 3 sentences about yourself using a verb with "-ing" to describe hobbies
you enjoy.
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are words that point to specific things. They help us show the
distance between the speaker and the thing being referred to.

Structure:

● Singular (near): This + noun (This book) / That + noun (That apple)
● Plural (near): These + noun (These pencils) / Those + noun (Those cars)

Examples:

● This pen is blue. (Points to a pen close to the speaker)

● That car is red. (Points to a car farther away)
● These flowers are beautiful. (Points to flowers close to the speaker)
● Those clouds look like rain. (Points to clouds farther away)
● This is my favorite song. (Refers to something near - maybe on your phone)
● That was a delicious meal. (Refers to something farther away - maybe on the
table)
● Can you pass me these papers? (Points to papers close to the speaker)
● I don't like those shoes. (Points to shoes farther away)

Exercises
A. Choose the correct demonstrative (this, that, these, those).

1. Can you pass me those (this / those) glasses? (The glasses are farther away)
2. This (That / This) is a very interesting book. (The book is close to the speaker)
3. I like these (those / these) flowers you brought. (The flowers are close to the
speaker)
4. That (This / That) movie was funny! (The movie is something you might have
seen recently)
5. These (Those / These) are my friends. (The friends are close to the speaker)

B. Complete the sentence using the correct demonstrative.

1. Look at those (this / those) birds in the tree! (The birds are far away)
2. I can't find my phone. Have you seen it (this / it)? (Focus on finding the phone
nearby)
3. This (That / This) is the best pizza I've ever had! (The pizza is close by)
 4. We can play with these (those / these) toys in the sandbox. (The toys are
close by)
5. That (This / That) house over there is for sale. (The house is farther away)

Indefinite Articles
Indefinite articles ("a" and "an") signal that you're talking about one non-specific
member of a group. They're used when introducing something for the first time or
referring to any member of a category.

Structure:

● a is used before consonant sounds (pen, apple, idea)

● an is used before vowel sounds (an orange, an umbrella, an hour)

Exceptions: Use "an" before a silent "h" (an honor, an heir)

Examples:

● I saw a dog at the park. (Any dog, not a specific one)

● She wants an apple for lunch. (Any apple)
● He needs a new car. (Any car)
● We can buy an ice cream cone. (Any ice cream cone)
● There is a beautiful painting on the wall. (Any beautiful painting)
● I would love an invitation to the party. (Any invitation)
● Can you give me a piece of paper? (Any piece of paper)
● Let's watch a movie tonight. (Any movie)
● I need an umbrella, it's raining! (Any umbrella)
● He wrote an interesting story. (Any interesting story)

Exercises
A. Choose the correct indefinite article (a/an).

1. I want to eat an (a / an) orange.

2. There is a (a / an) interesting book on the table.
3. He drew an (a / an) oval. (Remember the exception for silent "h")
4. We need a (a / an) new lamp for the living room.
5. She bought a (a / an) ice cream cone.

B. Complete the sentence using the correct indefinite article.

1. I saw a (a / an) bird flying in the sky.

2. My favorite color is blue (a / an) blue. (Specify the color as a category)
 3. Can you give me a (a / an) glass of water?
4. We learned about interesting (a / an) interesting fact in class today. (Specify
"fact" as a category)
5. They built a (a / an) snowman in the yard.

Telling Time
There are two ways to tell time in English:
● 12-Hour System: Uses hours (1-12) with AM (morning) or PM
(afternoon/evening).
● 24-Hour System: Uses hours (00-23). (Less common in everyday
conversation)

12-Hour System Structure:

● For times on the hour: It's + hour (o'clock) + AM/PM (It's five o'clock PM)
● For minutes past the hour (under 30): It's + hour + + number of minutes +
past (It's ten past three)
● For minutes past the hour (over 30): It's + number of minutes + past + hour
(It's forty past five)
● For minutes to the hour: It's + number of minutes + to + hour (It's ten to two)

Examples (12-Hour System):

● It's eight o'clock in the morning. (8:00 AM)

● It's three o'clock in the afternoon. (3:00 PM)
● It's five past two. (5:05 PM)
● It's a quarter past seven (7:15 AM) [Quarter = 15 minutes]
● It's twenty past nine. (9:20 AM)
● It's five to ten. (9:55 AM)
● It's half past twelve. (12:30 PM) [Half = 30 minutes]

Exercises (Basic English Level):

A. Choose the way to say the time in English (12-Hour System).

1. 7:00 PM - It's seven o'clock PM / It's seven PM (Correct: It's seven PM)
2. 2:15 AM - It's two fifteen AM / It's a quarter past two (Correct: It's a quarter
past two)
3. 10:30 - It's ten thirty / It's half past ten (Correct: It's half past ten)
4. 4:50 - It's forty five past four / It's ten to five (Correct: It's ten to five)
5. 9:00 - It's nine o'clock / It's nine (Correct: It's nine o'clock)

B. Write the time in words (12-Hour System).

1. Draw a clock showing 3:20 PM. (It's twenty past three)

 2. Draw a clock showing 8:45 AM. (It's a quarter to nine)
3. What time is it? It's 11:00 AM. (It's eleven o'clock)
4. Draw a clock showing 6:00 PM. (It's six o'clock)
5. What time is it? It's 1:55 PM. (It's five to two)

Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is used to ● The sun shines during the day.
talk about habits, routines, and facts (Fact)
that are true in general. ● The Earth is round. (Fact)
● You speak English very well.
Structure: (Present ability)
● Subject + verb (base form) Exceptions:
(for he, she, it, singular nouns,
add -s) ● Verbs ending in -s, -ss, -sh,
● I, you, we, they + verb (base -ch, -x add -es in the third
form) person singular (he, she, it).
(mixes, washes, goes, watches,
Examples: fixes)
● Verbs ending in y after a
● I eat breakfast every morning.
consonant change the y to i and
(Habit)
add -es in the third person
● She likes to read books. (Habit)
singular. (study - studies, try -
● We go to school on weekdays.
tries)
(Routine)

Exercises (Basic English Level)

A. Choose the correct verb form (base form or adds -s).

1. I (walk) to school every day.

2. She (like) to play games.
3. We (watch) TV in the evening.
4. The cat (sleep) all day. (Change sleep to sleeps)
5. You (speak) French?

B. Complete the sentence using the simple present tense.

1. My brother (play) basketball every weekend. (What sport does he play?)

2. We (go) swimming in the summer. (Where do you go swimming?)
3. The teacher (teach) us English. (What subject does the teacher teach?)
4. She (eat) lunch at noon. (What time does she eat breakfast?)
 5. They (live) in an apartment. (Do they have a pet?)

C. Write 3 sentences about yourself using the simple present tense.

Frequency Adverbs
Frequency adverbs tell you how often something happens. Here are some common
ones:

● Always: Every single time (I ● Sometimes: Occasionally (I

always brush my teeth before sometimes watch TV in the
bed.) afternoon.)
● Usually/Generally: Most of the ● Occasionally: Not very often (I
time (I usually eat breakfast at 7 occasionally eat pizza.)
am.) ● Rarely: Not often (I rarely stay
● Often: Many times, but not up past midnight.)
always (I often go to the park on ● Hardly ever/Seldom: Almost
weekends.) never (I hardly ever eat fast
food.)
● Never: Not at any time (I never
drink coffee.)

Structure:

● Frequency adverb + verb (base form) (for he, she, it, singular nouns, add
-s)
● Frequency adverb + can/could + verb (base form) (to talk about habits in
the past or future)

Examples:

● I always wear a seatbelt in the ● I rarely eat candy. (Present

car. (Present habit) habit)
● She usually gets up early. ● You hardly ever watch TV.
(Present habit) (Present habit)
● We often go to the movies. ● We never argue with each
(Present habit) other. (Present habit)
● They sometimes play games ● I could always find my keys in
after school. (Present habit) the morning. (Past habit)
● He occasionally reads a ● She will usually help others.
newspaper. (Present habit) (Future habit)
Exercises
A. Match the frequency adverb to its meaning.

1. never ( ) most of the time

2. sometimes ( ) not at any time
3. often ( ) many times, but not always
4. rarely ( ) not very often
5. always ( ) every single time

B. Complete the sentence using the correct frequency adverb.

1. I often (always / often) eat fruit for breakfast.

2. We sometimes (rarely / sometimes) go out for dinner on Fridays.
3. They never (always / never) forget their homework.
4. She usually (hardly ever / usually) watches the news.
5. He always (rarely / always) says please and thank you.

Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense describes actions happening now or around now.

Structure:

● Subject + be (am, is, are) + verb ending in -ing

Spelling Rules for -ing:

● Most verbs: Just add "-ing" (play -> playing, jump -> jumping)
● Verbs ending in -e: Drop the "-e" and add "-ing" (make -> making, write ->
writing)
● One-syllable verbs with a consonant + vowel + consonant (CVC): Double
the last consonant and add "-ing" (run -> running, stop -> stopping)
Exception: Verbs ending in "-w" (snow -> snowing, grow -> growing)
● Verbs ending in -ie: Change "-ie" to "-y" and add "-ing" (lie -> lying, die ->
dying)
Examples:

● I am eating an apple. (Action happening now)

● She is reading a book. (Action happening now)
● We are playing outside. (Action happening now)
● They are watching a movie. (Action happening now)
● It is raining outside. (Action happening now)
● You are learning English. (Action happening now)
● I am not working today. (Negative - not happening now)
● She is not sleeping. (Negative - not happening now)
● We are not going to the beach. (Negative - not happening now)
● They are not having a party. (Negative - not happening now)

Exercises
A. Choose the correct spelling for the verb with -ing.

1. play + ing = (playing / plaing)

2. write + ing = (writing / writting)
3. run + ing = (running / rurning) (This is an exception to the CVC rule)
4. watch + ing = (watching / wachting)
5. dance + ing = (dancing / danceing)

B. Complete the sentence using the present continuous tense.

1. She is talking (is talking / talk) to her friend on the phone.

2. We are listening (are listening / listen) to music.
3. They are not eating (are not eating / don't eat) breakfast yet.
4. He is watching (is watching / watch) TV.
5. You are learning (are learning / learn) new words in English.

Simple Future Tense: "be going to" vs. "Will"

Both "be going to" and "will" talk about the future, but with a slight difference:

"Be going to" expresses:

● Plans or intentions already made.

"Will" expresses:

● Spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking.

● Predictions based on present evidence.
Structure:

● "Be going to": Subject + be (am, is, are) + going to + verb (base form)
● "Will": Subject + will + verb (base form)

Examples:

● "Be going to" (Plans):

○ I am going to visit my grandparents next week. (Planned visit)
○ She is going to cook dinner tonight. (Planned dinner)
○ We are going to watch a movie later. (Planned movie)
● "Will" (Spontaneous decisions):
○ Look at those clouds! It will rain soon. (Prediction based on seeing
clouds)
○ The phone is ringing. I will answer it. (Spontaneous decision to
answer)
○ You dropped your pen. I will pick it up for you. (Spontaneous decision
to help)
● "Will" (Predictions):
○ The sun will set in the west. (General fact about the sun)
○ She will be happy to see you. (Prediction based on her personality)
○ They will learn a lot in school. (General prediction)

Exercises

A. Choose the correct future tense ("be going to" or "will").

1. I think it will (be going to / will) rain tomorrow. (Prediction)
2. We are going to (will / are going to) have a picnic in the park on Sunday.
(Plan)
3. She will (be going to / will) be 10 years old next month. (Fact)
4. The movie starts at 7 pm. We are going to (will / are going to) be late! (Plan)
5. He will (be going to / will) help you with your homework. (Spontaneous
decision - based on his helpfulness)

B. Complete the sentence using the correct future tense.

1. I am going to (be going to / will) buy a new book. (Plan)

2. They will (be going to / will) probably be home by dinner. (Prediction)
3. We are going to (will / are going to) visit the museum this weekend. (Plan)
 4. She will (be going to / will) need help carrying those groceries. (Prediction)
5. Look at that delicious cake! I will (be going to / will) have a slice.
(Spontaneous decision)

Future Continuous Tense

The future continuous tense describes actions that will be ongoing at a specific time
in the future.

Structure:

● Subject + will be + verb ending in -ing

Time Expressions:

● at + specific time (hour): at 5 pm, at 10 o'clock

● in + time period: in an hour, in two days, in the next week

Examples:

● I will be working on my project at 3 pm tomorrow. (Action ongoing at a

specific time)
● She will be studying for her exam all afternoon. (Action ongoing for a period)
● We will be traveling to Europe next summer. (Action ongoing for a period)
● They will be playing soccer in the park this evening. (Action ongoing for a
period)
● He will be waiting for you at the airport when you arrive. (Action ongoing at a
specific time)
● You will be learning a lot in your new class. (Action ongoing for a period)
● I won't be needing your help tomorrow. (Negative - not ongoing)
● She won't be studying English in the afternoon. (Negative - not ongoing)
● We won't be going to the beach this weekend. (Negative - not ongoing)
● They won't be having a party tonight. (Negative - not ongoing)

Exercises
A. Choose the correct tense (future continuous or simple future).

1. We will travel (will travel / will be traveling) to France next year. (Simple future
- one-time event)
2. She will be studying (will study / will be studying) in the library this afternoon.
(Future continuous - ongoing action)
 3. They will play (will play / will be playing) games all weekend. (Future
continuous - ongoing action)
4. I will be waiting (will wait / will be waiting) for you at the bus stop at 5 pm.
(Future continuous - ongoing action at a specific time)
5. He will go (will go / will be going) to the store later. (Simple future - one-time
event)

B. Complete the sentence using the future continuous tense.

1. They will be practicing (will practice / will be practicing) their play for the
school performance. (What day is the performance?)
2. I will be sleeping (will sleep / will be sleeping) soundly at 10 pm tonight.
3. We will be flying (will fly / will be flying) to Hawaii next vacation. (When is your
vacation?)
4. She will be having (will have / will be having) a birthday party tomorrow
afternoon.
5. You will be working (will work / will be working) on your homework project all
evening.