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Steam Nozzle

The document discusses steam nozzles, including their introduction, stagnation and critical properties, effects of area change on flow properties, maximum discharge through a nozzle, and choking. It provides information on different types of nozzles, defines stagnation and critical properties, describes how area variation affects subsonic and supersonic flows, and gives examples of calculating exit velocity and dryness fraction for steam through a nozzle.

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Anusha Singh
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56 views22 pages

Steam Nozzle

The document discusses steam nozzles, including their introduction, stagnation and critical properties, effects of area change on flow properties, maximum discharge through a nozzle, and choking. It provides information on different types of nozzles, defines stagnation and critical properties, describes how area variation affects subsonic and supersonic flows, and gives examples of calculating exit velocity and dryness fraction for steam through a nozzle.

Uploaded by

Anusha Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BITS Pilani

Steam Nozzles
In this chapter…

• Introduction

• Stagnation and critical properties

• Effects of area change on flow properties

• Maximum discharge through nozzle

• Choking

2
Introduction

Nozzles are very important part of steam turbines and gas turbines. Other
applications – hydro turbines and jet engine, flow measuring devices like
venturimeter.

High pressure steam is fed to the nozzles where the static pressure head is
converted into velocity thus increasing the momentum which is transferred to
the rotors placed in front of the nozzles.

Types of Nozzles

1) Converging type

2) Diverging type

3) Converging-Diverging type (C-D nozzle or De Laval nozzle)


4
Stagnation properties
Stagnation properties (po,To, ρo etc.) are obtained when the flow is imagined to
be brought to rest (i.e. V = 0) isentropically.
6
Critical properties
Critical properties (p*,T*, ρ* etc.) are obtained when the flow is imagined
to be brought to sonic velocity (i.e. V = a and Ma =1) isentropically.
Effect of area variation on flow
properties
Nozzles and diffuser area
variation

At subsonic speeds (Ma<1) a decrease in area


increases the speed of flow. A subsonic nozzle
should have a convergent profile and a
subsonic diffuser should possess a divergent
profile. The flow behaviour in the regime of
Ma<1 is therefore qualitatively the same as in
incompressible flows.

In supersonic flows (Ma>1), the effect of area


changes are different. A supersonic nozzle
must be built with an increasing area in the
flow direction. A supersonic diffuser must be a
converging channel. Divergent nozzles are used
to produce supersonic flow in missiles and
launch vehicles.
Converging- Diverging Nozzle

11
Isentropic flow through nozzle

12
13
Mass flow rate at exit (Nozzle
discharge)

14
17
Choking in converging nozzle

18
Numerical examples

1) Dry saturated steam at 2 MPa enters a steam nozzle and leaves at 0.2 MPa.
Find the exit velocity of the steam and dryness fraction. Assume isentropic
expansion and neglect inlet velocity.

19
20
Example 2

2) Consider a convergent-divergent nozzle in which saturated steam


enters at 0.8 MPa and leaves the nozzle at 0.15 MPa. Assuming
isentropic expansion and index n = 1.135, find the ratio of cross
sectional area at the exit and the area at the throat for choked
conditions (i.e. for max mass flow)

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