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The Internet Homework 2

Data is sent across a network using packet switching which breaks messages into small packets. Packet headers contain information like hop limit and destination address. Checksums in packet trailers allow detecting transmission errors. Routers receive, analyze, and forward packets between networks using dynamic routing while gateways translate between different network protocols.

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30 views3 pages

The Internet Homework 2

Data is sent across a network using packet switching which breaks messages into small packets. Packet headers contain information like hop limit and destination address. Checksums in packet trailers allow detecting transmission errors. Routers receive, analyze, and forward packets between networks using dynamic routing while gateways translate between different network protocols.

Uploaded by

patrickv352
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Homework 2 Packet switching

Unit 10 The Internet

Homework 2 Packet switching and routers

1. Data are sent across a network using a method called packet switching.

a. Explain what is meant by the term ‘packet switching’. [3]


a mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into a number of
parts which are sent independently, over whatever route is optimum for each
packet, and reassembled at the destination

b. A packet contains a header and a trailer.

(i) The header contains a hop limit or Time To Live value. Explain with reference to
the hop limit, how a packet may fail to arrive at its intended destination. [2]
If the packet exceeds the hop limit and has not yet arrived it will have exceeded
the amount of time a packet can live

(ii) A checksum is included in the packet trailer. Explain how the destination node
can use a checksum to detect errors in transmission. [2]

A checksum is a simple type of redundancy check that is used to detect


errors in data. Errors frequently occur in data when it is written to a disk,
transmitted across a network or otherwise manipulated. The errors are
typically very small, for example, a single incorrect bit, but even such
small errors can greatly affect the quality of data, and even make it
useless.

c. Explain why the sender’s address is included in the packet header. [2]

Transmissions over a network can be extremely large in size. To send a large message
in one go would be impractical, as both the sending and receiving node would be tied
up with one communication.
Instead, a method called packet switching is used. With packet switching, messages are
broken up into very small pieces, called packets. Each packet consists of two part

1
Homework 2 Packet switching
Unit 10 The Internet

2. Packets are forwarded from one node to another in a network. These may be routers or
gateways. Briefly describe the difference between a router and a gateway. [1]

1. It is a hardware device which It is a device that is used for


is responsible for receiving, the communication among
analyzing and forwarding the the networks which have a
data packets to other different set of protocols.
networks.
2. It supports the dynamic It does not support dynamic
routing. routing.
3. The main function of a router The main function of a
is routing the traffic from one gateway is to translate one
network to the other. protocol to the other.
4. A router operates on layer 3 A gateway operates upto
and layer 4 of the OSI model. layer 5 of the OSI model.
5. Working principle of a router 5. Working principle of a
is to install routing details for gateway is to differentiate
multiple networks and what is inside the network
routing traffic based upon the and what is outside the
destination address. network.
6. It is hosted on only the It is hosted on dedicated
dedicated applications. applications, physical servers
or virtual applications.
7. The additional features The additional features
provided by a router are provided by a gateway are
Wireless networking, Static network access control,
routing, NAT, DHCP server protocol conversion etc.
etc.

[Total 10 Marks]

2
Homework 2 Packet switching
Unit 10 The Internet

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