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13 views35 pages

Topic2 Part2 ME4204

Uploaded by

19jclatoza
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ECE 425

Control Systems Terminology


OBJECTIVES
◆ Discuss block diagrams
◆ Discuss block diagrams of continuous (analog) feedback
control systems
◆ Discuss terminology of the closed-loop block diagram
◆ Discuss Modern Control systems and examples
EXAMPLES

Problem 2.3 Draw an open-loop and a closed-loop block diagram for the
voltage divider network of Problem 1.11
EXAMPLES
SOLUTION:

For open-loop the formula is

For closed-loop the formula is


EXAMPLES

Problem 2.4
a) Draw a block diagram for the electric switch.

Solution:
EXAMPLES
Problem 2.4
b) Draw simple block diagrams for the control systems in Examples 1.2
(. A thermostatically controlled heater or furnace )

Solution:
For the thermostatically controlled furnace of Example 1.2, the thermostat can
be chosen as the summing point, since this is the device that determines
whether or not the furnace is turned on. The input is a reference temperature,
The output is the actual temperature of the room or enclosure.
EXAMPLES
2.4 c) Draw simple block diagrams for the control systems in Examples 1.3 (The
seemingly simple act of pointing at an object with a finger requires a biological control
system consisting chiefly of the eyes, the arm, hand and finger, and the brain. )

Solution:
The eyes – is the summing point in human pointing system.
input – object direction ,
output –pointed direction
Plant – Arm, hand , finger
Feedforward element - Brain
EXAMPLES
2.4 d) Draw simple block diagrams for the control systems in Examples 1.4 (Perspiration
system. ) use nervous system as summing point, input –normal skin temp, output – actual
skin temp
Controller-sweat glands, plant -skin

Solution:
EXAMPLES
BLOCK DIAGRAMS OF FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS EXAMPLES
Draw a simple block diagram for the feedback control system of Examples
1.7 and 1.8, (airplane with an autopilot)

Plant - the airplane, including its control surfaces


and navigational instruments.
controller - the autopilot mechanism
summing point - is the comparison device
Feedback linkage - may be simply represented by
an arrow from the output to the summing point
EXAMPLES

Solution:
EXAMPLES
SERVOMECHANISM EXAMPLES
A) Draw a schematic and a block diagram from the following description of a position
servomechanism whose function is to open and close a water valve.
A schematic diagram (Fig. 2-38) is easily drawn from the preceding description.
Mechanical connections are shown as dashed lines.
EXAMPLES
Solution :
Block diagram
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
b) Draw a block diagram for the elementary speed control system (velocity
servomechanism) given in Fig. 2-40.
EXAMPLES
Solution :
Block diagram
EXAMPLES
Examples of Modern Control Systems
• A simplified model showing several of the important control variables of a large boiler-generator system
is shown in Figure 1.13. This is an example of the importance of measuring many variables, such as
pressure and oxygen, to provide information to the computer for control calculations.
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS
• A natural stage in the evolutionary process of modern engineering design is
encompassed in the area known as mechatronics
• coined in Japan in the 1970s
• is the synergistic integration of mechanical, electrical, and computer systems.

• Feedback control is an integral aspect of modern mechatronic systems. One


can understand the extent that mechatronics reaches into various disciplines by
considering the components that make up mechatronics.
Examples of Modern Control Systems
• The key elements of mechatronics are
(1) physical systems modeling,
(2) sensors and actuators,
(3) signals and systems,
(4) Computers and logic systems, and
(5) software and data acquisition
Examples of Modern Control Systems

• An exciting area of future mechatronic system development in which control


systems will play a significant role is the area of alternative energy production and
consumption.
• Hybrid fuel automobiles and efficient wind power generation are two examples of
systems that can benefit from mechatronic design methods.
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Hybrid fuel vehicles
• Recent research and development has led to the next-generation hybrid fuel
automobile, depicted in Figure 1.19
Examples of Modern Control Systems
-The control systems must regulate the performance of the engine, including fuel-air
mixtures, valve timing, transmissions, wheel traction control, antilock brakes, and
electronically controlled suspensions, among many other functions.
-On the hybrid fuel vehicle, there are additional control functions that must be satisfied.
Especially necessary is the control of power between the internal combustion engine
and the electric motor, determining power storage needs and implementing the battery
charging, and preparing the vehicle for low-emission start-ups.
-The overall effectiveness of the hybrid fuel vehicle depends on the combination of
power units that are selected (e.g., battery versus fuel cell for power storage).
Ultimately, however, the control strategy that integrates the various electrical and
mechanical components into a viable transportation system strongly influences the
acceptability of the hybrid fuel vehicle concept in the marketplace
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Wind power The second example of a mechatronic system is the advanced wind power generation system. Energy
derived from wind to power

PILILLA WIND FARM/Rizal


Photo: courtesy of @Poor traveler
Examples of Modern Control Systems

Embedded computers

• Many contemporary control systems are embedded control systems.


• Embedded control systems employ on-board special-purpose digital
computers as integral components of the feedback loop
EXAMPLES
Figure 1.21 illustrates a student-built rover constructed around the Compact RIO by National Instruments, Inc.
that serves as the on-board embedded computer.
EXAMPLES
THE FUTURE EVOLUTION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Smart grid control systems

A smart grid is as much a concept as it is a physical system. In essence, the concept


is to deliver power more reliably and efficiently while remaining environmentally
friendly, economical, and safe .A smart grid can be viewed as a system comprised
of hardware and software that routes power more reliably and efficiently to homes,
businesses, schools, and other users of power.
EXAMPLES

Smart grids are distribution networks that measure and control


usage.
OFFLINE/ ACTIVITY 1

1. Draw a block diagram for the human walking system. (Input-desired walk
direction , output-actual walk direction, control –brain, summing point-eyes,plant –legs and feet)

2. Draw a block diagram for the human reaching system described in


Problem 1.4.
(Input-object position , output-hand position, control –brain, summing point-eyes, plant
–arm and hand)

3. Draw a block diagram for the water-filling system(Input-reference water


level , output-?, control elements–stopper valve, plant –container, feedback
elements-float, cord and associated linkage)
OFFLINE/ ACTIVITY 1

4. Watch the supplementary videos.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FurC2unHeXI&t=232s
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVjIIi9fkY
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1pgaJHiiew&t=235s
REFERENCES

1. Modern Control Systems 12th Edition by Richard C. Dorf/Robert H. Bishop


2. Control system by Distefano
3. Control system Engineering by Nise

Supplementary videos
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FurC2unHeXI&t=232s
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NVjIIi9fkY
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1pgaJHiiew&t=235s

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