Lecture 5.

BC

Internationalisms and pseudo-internationalisms in business and scientific

communication. Ways of their reproduction.
The structure of the documentary discourse. Classification of documents. Autobiography.
Chronological and Functional Resume. CV

By internationalisms are meant such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source
language by at least three genealogically different languages in the same or similar lingual form and identical
meaning (cf. долар, атом, інтерес, директор, база, стадіон, театр, фізика, etc.). International, however,
may be not only words and phrases/word-groups, but also morphemes - prefixes, suffixes and even inflexions,
root morphemes as the English or Ukrainian words fund фонд, gas ґаз, lord лорд, park парк, pound фунт,
smog смоґ and many others.
Among the most often occurring international affixes in English and Ukrainian are the following:
• Prefixes: anti-/анти-, ех-/екс-, inter-/iнтep-, trans-/транс-, ultrа-/ультра-; as in antibody антитіло,
export (v.) експортувати, international інтернаціональний, transmission трансмісія, ultraviolet
ультрафіолетовий.
• Suffixes: -ar/-ap, -er/-ep, -ist/-ист/-icт, -ssion/-сія, -tion/-ція, etc. as in quasar/квазаp, actor/актор,
volunteer/волонтер, humanist/гуманісі, constitution/конституція, agression/агресія,
humorist/гуморист, etc.
• Inflexions: -um/-ум, (memorandum меморандум), -us/-yc, (radius радіус), -a/-a (formula формула),
etc.

The lexicon of each developed language comprises a very large layer of foreign by origin words, word-
groups/phrases and even a small number of sentences. These lexical and syntactic level units have been
acquired by the borrowing languages to designate notions hitherto unknown in them. The bulk of these
borrowed morphemes, lexemes and syntaxymes are found in many languages of a culturally, historically, and
often geographically common area as Europe, the Middle East or the Far East. They are used to designate
notions belonging to different domains of human knowledge or activity.
Hence, there is distinguished:
a) the social and political terminology comprising the most commonly used political, economic, philo-
sophical, historical, sociological units of lexicon (audit, bank, constitution, parliament, party, president,
barter, sophism, etc.). Here also belong terms designating international law, diplomacy, numerous literary
terms (cf. drama, poet, metaphor, epithet, hyperbole, etc.);
b) natural history/sciences terminology (physics, mathematics, genetics, chemistry) used not only in
special but also in scientific and popular works and in mass media (chemical/physical reaction, genes,
pneumonia, etc.);
c) numerous technical terms (names of machines and their parts: motor, carter, starter, accelerator,
battery), as well as names of different means of transport (bus, metro, taxi) and communication (fax, telegraph,
telex, radio, e-mail), etc.
Translation loan units of lexicon - have also a generally common structural form (of word, word-
combination) but rarely a similarity in their orthographic form or sounding. Loan internationalisms are mostly
different terms designating scientific and technological notions, in the main: brake гальмо, citric acid
лимонна кислота; lead oxide окис свинцю; specific gravity питома вага; surplus value додана вартість;
non-conducting непровідність; agreement узгодження; government керування, juxtaposition прилягання
(gram.), etc.
Along with these two groups of word internationalisms there also exist many stable international
phraseological/idiomatic expressions in each language's lexicon. Their fund is constituted by the so-called
absolute and near equivalents having a common language of origin - Greek, Latin or modern. Absolute and
near international equivalents of this subgroup retain in different languages of a geographical area the same
(or nearly the same) denotative and connotative meaning, the same expressive force and picturesqueness: Heel
of Achilles ахіллесова п'ята; sword of Damocles дамоклів меч; to cross/pass the Rubicon перейти Рубікон;
1
the die is cast жереб кинуто; after us the deluge після нас хоч потоп; the fair sex прекрасна стать; tilt
at windmills «воювати з вітряками» («донкіхотствувати»); the tree of knowledge дерево пізнання, etc.

Identification of International Lexicon Units. As has been noted, the units of genuine international lexicon
are identified on the basis of their common in different languages lexical meaning and identical or only similar
lingual form. Loan internationalisms, on the other hand, are identified mainly on the basis of their common
sphere of use, their lexical meaning, functional significance and partly - structural form.
The identification of genuine or loan internationalisms presents no difficulty so far as the
monosemantic language units are concerned. That is explained by the terminological nature of the signs, which
are used to signify social, political, scientific, technological, cultural and other notions (cf. parliament, theatre,
theory, poet, arithmetic, artillery, botany, phoneme, suffix, theorem, proton, volt, decimal fractions, space
probe, management, motor, computer, internet, electricity, etc.). These internationalisms are monosemantic
words or wordcombinations which constitute a peculiar layer of lexicon in quite different languages. They are
characterized by
- a similarity of their lexical meaning,
- an identity or similarity in their orthographic and sounding form,
- their denotative meaning and sometimes
- by their motivation.

The identification of the international meaning of some lexemes becomes much more difficult, however, when
dealing with polysemantic language signs, which are a common feature in present-day English but less
common in Ukrainian.: a fit of depression/depression fit приступ/припадок депресії; depression of trade
занепад/застій у торгівлі; the structure of the sentence структура речення; a multi-storied structure
багатоповерхова споруда (будова/будівля).

The structural models according to which different logico-grammatical classes of internationalisms are
adopted in English and in Ukrainian mostly differ. On this ground relevant for the identification, as well as
for the translation of any international word, remains its root morpheme, i.e., its sense bearing seme. Taking
this into account, lexemes like anti-trade, arch-enemy, inventor consisting of international affixes and having
common root morphemes are to be treated as non-internationalisms, i.e., as pseudointernationalisms. The
international nature/status of a source language lexeme is considered to be fully retained, when the root
morpheme or at least the sense and lingual form (part of it) can be rendered in the target language.
Consequently, the compounds consisting of a genuine international and a common root morpheme as school-
mate, coal-gas, washing-machine, etc. are to be defined in English as partly international, i.e., mixed-type
lexical units. Similarly in Ukrainian: Газосховище, paдіохвилі, водно-спиртовий.

One way that pseudo-internationalisms are reproduced is through a lack of awareness or understanding of
their true meaning or usage. Many people use these terms simply because they have seen or heard them
used before, without fully understanding their meaning or how they should be used.
Another way that pseudo-internationalisms are reproduced is through the use of literal translations
or direct borrowings from other languages. For example, a phrase such as "to make a brainstorming" might
be used instead of the more appropriate "to brainstorm," simply because it is a direct translation from another
language.
Pseudo-internationalisms can arise for a variety of reasons, including linguistic borrowing,
misinterpretation of foreign terms, and attempts to sound more sophisticated or international. They can be
especially problematic in cross-cultural communication, where different interpretations of language and
terminology can lead to misunderstandings and confusion.
To avoid the use of pseudo-internationalisms in business and scientific communication, it's important
to be aware of their potential pitfalls and to strive for clarity and simplicity in language use. When in doubt,
it's always better to use simple and direct language, rather than trying to sound more sophisticated or
international than necessary. This may involve using simple and direct language, avoiding unnecessary jargon
and technical terms, and ensuring that terminology is clearly defined and understood by all parties.
Another approach is to use established international terminology and standards, such as those
developed by international organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or
2
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). These organizations develop and promote standardized
terminology and symbols for use in specific fields, which can help to avoid confusion and promote clear and
accurate communication across languages and cultures.

Taking into account various peculiarities of meaning and form of international lexemes, several ways of
conveying their meaning can be suggested.
1. Literal Translating of Genuine Internationalisms. Latin: angina анґіна, dentist дантист,
symposium симпозіум, gladiator гладіатор, microscope мікроскоп, rector ректор; Greek: poet поет,
micron мікрон, electron електрон, stadium стадіон, drama драма, theatre театр; Italian: pizza піцца,
concerto концерт, duet дует, solo соло; Spanish: armada армада, tango танґо, El Dorado ельдорадо,
embargo ембарґо, etc.
2. Translating via Transcribing/Conveying the Sounding Structure
English: boom бум, box бокс, jeans джинси, knock-out нокаут, leader лідер, raid рейд, round раунд;
French: boulevard бульвар, bouquet букет, bourgeoisie буржуазія, bureau бюро, drape драп, prize приз,
pince-nez пенсне, etc.
3. Translating by Practical Transcribing.
bachelor бакалавр, cocoa какао, crown корона/крона, dance танець, giant гігант, grade градус,
hocus-pocus фокус, mother-of-pearl перламутр, mosque мечеть, оil олія, outpost аванпост, papal
папський, pound фунт (from German Pfund), etc.
4. Descriptive Translating of International Lexemes
two different realizations:
- the lingual form of the source language lexeme/s can be retained as the main lexeme/s of the target
language word-combination/ sentence: civilizable той (та,те), що піддається цивілізуванню/ цивілізації;
classifiable той (та,те), що піддається класифікації; barony 1.володіння барона; 2.титул барона; golf-
club 1. клуб гравців з ґольфу; 2. ключка для гри в ґольф;
- the lingual form of the internationalism is not or can not be retained in the target language. It happens
when the internationalism has not been adopted yet by the target language. Thus, the noun epilogue is a
genuine internationalism in many European languages but the adjective epilogic derived from it, though
semantically quite pellucid, is unknown in Ukrainian. Besides, some internationalisms can be substituted in
the process of translation with the aim of achieving expressiveness (for the reasons of style) or for the sake of
explaining their denotative meaning: deputize (v) виступати (бути представником) від когось; epilogic
заключний, кінцевий; park (parking) ставити машину на стоянку; percenter лихвар («процентник»);
twopenny нікчемний/ копійчаний (вартий двох пенні).
5. Translating by Way of Synonymous Substitution
Cf. base (Greek) база, фундамент (Lat.); elixir (Arab.+Greek) еліксир, панацея (Greek); Fata Morgana
(Ital.) фата морґана, міраж (Fr.); diagram (Greek) діаграма, графік (Ibid.), схема (Ibid.); fashion (Fr.)
фасон, мода (Fr.+Latin); athletics (Greek) атлетика, гімнастика (Ibid.), ect.

Classification of documents.

3
Among classification signs of the document the most significant one is its content (including the connection
of the information fixed in it with the subject or specificity of activities. This idea is substantiated by A. P.
Zagnitko (Zagnitko & Daniliuk, 2004) who differentiates the following types of documents depending on
classification signs and groups

1.Name. Application, letter, telegram, certificate, instruction, office memorandum, minutes and others.
2. Origin. Office and personal.
3. Place of issue. Internal, external.
4. Purpose. Organizing, instructive, informational, regular, inquiry- informational, accounting-financial,
economic-contractual.
5. Direction. In-coming, out-coming.
6. Form. Standard (standard letters, instructions, regulations, clauses) and individual (non-standard)
(minutes, orders, applications).
7. Period of exercise. Ordinary (without time-limit), urgent, top-urgent.
8. Degree of publicity. For common use, for office use, secret, top-secret.
9. Stages of composing. Bills, originals, copies.
10. Complication (quantity of issues). Simple, complex.
11. Period of keeping. Of temporary (within 10 years), long-term (over 10 years), permanent keeping.
12. Techniques of production. In hand, made by technical means
13. Information carrier / medium. On paper, disk, photo film, magnetic tape, punched tape, diskette,
software

Common features of documents. There are obligatory attributes of any document which we should take into
account both while composing documents and while translating them. These features are suggested by I. G.
Daniliuk (Zagnitko & Daniliuk, 2004):

1. Authenticity (represented facts reflect the real state of affairs);

2. Precision (information cannot be interpreted in any way; neither double nature nor vague commentary of
the text are accepted);
3. Logicality (information is logically organized, without any contradictions; the text contains only necessary
information);
4. Laconic brevity (neither surplus space nor excessive text interpretation is acceptable);

4
5. Argumentation and conviction (regulations, proposals and petitions are properly grounded, they convince
the addressee in sufficient extent to take a proper decision);
6. Emotional neutrality without any manifestation of individual peculiarities of the author’s style;
7. Results prediction (planned consequences that may occur at the end of a document operation, strict
conception of its effectiveness);
8. Structural and compositional preciseness (the structure of a document presupposes a definite plan:
introduction, argumentation, summing up. The main part of a document presents regulations (petition,
proposal, and requirement) on the basis of which this agreement is composed.);
9. Information simplicity (true facts are performed in a simple way, without primitivism);
10. Correspondence to the norms and requirements of the official and business communication (the use
of emotionally neutral morphemes, words or word combinations; the use of words in their logical dictionary
meaning; nouns are used instead of personal pronouns; information is presented on behalf of the third person
singular; absence of subjectivism in the text).

Requisites of documents. Each document as a unity is the aggregate of particular constituents called requisites
which can be both permanent and temporary. Permanent requisites are printed in the document form,
temporary ones are fixed on the document form during the process of its filling-in.

“формуляр” - form (a document with spaces (fields) to be filled in or marked, for a series of documents
similar contents are typical)

form/blank - «бланк». Each establishment, organization, enterprise must have two types of forms/blanks:
а) for letters;
b) for other documents.

A group of requisites and their permanent constituents performed on the document form/blank as a block are
called stamp. State standards stipulate corner- or oblong-shaped stamp form. Oblong-shaped stamp form is
preferable when the name of an establishment consists of a great many words and cannot be put on the stamp
place (that is - there isn’t any space for it). A blank with the corner-shaped stamp form is more preferable
since it is possible to fill in the requisites: “address”, “a special seal of secrecy/document access”, “a special
seal of endorsement”, “resolution” to the right of the stamp, on free space.

The Form (its example) contains the following requisites:

• - The State Coat of Arms;
• - The Emblem of an organization / enterprise;
• - The State Awards;
• - The code of an organization, an enterprise, an establishment;
• - The code of the document form;
• - The name of Ministry, committee or department an establishment is subjected to;
• - The full name of an establishment, an organization or an enterprise – the author of a document;
• - The name of a structural subdivision;
• - Post-code of a post office, post and telegraphic address, telephone number, fax, number of a bank account;
• - The name of a document;
• - Date;
• - Index;
• - Reference to the index and date of the in-coming document;
• - Place of issue;
• - Special seal of secrecy/document access;
• - Addressee;
• - Seal of ratification;
• - Resolution;
• - The title of the text;
• - Control mark;
• - The text (the body of a document);
• - Enclosure Mark;
• - Signature;

5
 • - Special seal of agreement;
• - Visa;
• - Seal;
• - The witness mark of a copy;
• - The executors’ names and surnames, their telephone numbers;
• - The exercise mark of a document and the mark of its forwarding to the file document;
• - Machine carrier / medium mark;
• - The entry mark.

According to encyclopaedic data (A Dictionary of Sociology Gordon Marshall, 1998): personal documents
are defined as documents, used in social science, which record part of a person's life – most frequently in their
own words. The most obvious examples are letters, diaries, biographies and life-histories, but the term can be
stretched to include many other items.

Personal documents can be divided into two categories: Educational and Non-educational.
The educational documents are Certificates of Complete General Secondary Education; Diplomas of Higher
Education (or Graduation Degree / Certificate); Post-Graduation Degree and Doctorate Degree Certificates;
Diplomas and all other professional degree/certificates, etc.
The non-educational documents include Private Certificates, Experience Certificates, Bonafide Certificates,
Birth Certificates, Transfer Certificates, Affidavits, Marriage Certificates, Registration Certificates, Power of
Attorney, Death Certificates, Migration Certificates, Divorce Certificates, Transcript Certificates, Internship,
etc.

Autobiography (or life-history) is a kind of description of a person’s life, a document possessing a specific
structure, it informs of the main biographical facts of a person.

Requisites:

1. The name of the document’s type.

2. The body of the document:
o - Family name, name, patronymic;
o - Date of birth;
o - Place of birth. (Sometimes citizenship is applied to this item).
o - Information about education (a full name of all educational establishments a person graduated from);
o - Information about work (places and appointments are given in succession.
o - Information about civil work;
o - Brief information about family staff (father, mother, husband, wife, children);
o - Current place of residence.
3. Date of writing.
4. Signature.

Here is an example of autobiography in Ukrainian:

The syntactical constructions of autobiography are of elliptical character. The pronoun “I” representing the
author of autobiography is used in the first sentence of the document. The further sentences lack it. While
translating documents of this kind a translator should take into account these particulars.

Compare the above written Ukrainian version of autobiography with the English one.
6
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Janice P. Morgan
I was born and raised in the United Kingdom (UK), where I lived until the summer of 2000. Having made the decision to move to
the United States, much to the chagrin of my parents, I moved to the US and settled in North California. I attended East California
University, majored in Elementary Education, and graduated cum laude. Living in the United States has provided me with
opportunities to grow and develop, both in my personal and professional life.
As a child growing up in the UK, I was fortunate to attend a well-regarded, private boarding school from kindergarten through high
school. The private, all girls school professed a strong educational and ethic philosophy that has remained with me throughout my
life. It is this foundation, along with continued support of my family, educators, and friends that has allowed me to embrace my
dream of teaching children.
The year of 2002 was the best year of my life. In this, my graduation year, I successfully completed my teaching practicum and also
met the man that I would later marry. In 2004, John and I married in the UK, with full attendance by family and friends; it was one
of the most important events in my life. A school time later, in November, 2005, I took another important role in my life, that of
mother. The birth of my daughter, Emma, was a turning point in my life, and I made that conscious decision that it was in her best
interest that I become a stay-at-home mother before embarking on my teaching career. As I had a child of my own to nurture and
care for, I became more aware of children who do not have the support and nurturing they need to realize their fool potential. This
created in me great concern about children and lit the flame of desire to return to my teaching career path. I am now entering the
teaching arena with the renewed idea of what I would like to achieve as an educator.
This September, it is my hope to secure a teaching position and continue with my dream of teaching today’s children. With the
wonderful support of my husband and the life of my daughter, I know that I will become a teacher who young children look up to,
someone who children can trust, who will always “go the extra mile” to ensure their success.
The English example of autobiography is written in a literary manner with the elements of attitudinal character.
It differs from the Ukrainian version which is considered to be more factual rather than descriptive or narrative.
While translating autobiography from Ukrainian into English, a translator cannot develop its content or
“implement” subjective attitude into the target text.
The most frequently used word combinations in autobiography are:
1) to go to the first class 1) піти в перший клас
2) to finish school 2) закінчити школу
3) to enter a university 3) вступити в університет
4) to graduate from the university with a diploma in ... 4) закінчити університет і отримати диплом з
спеціальності...
5) department of ... (historical department) 5) факультет (історії)
6) in the speciality of (to be qualified as) 6) зі спеціальності присуджено кваліфікацію
7) marital status 7) сімейний стан
8) to reside 8) мешкати

Résumé writing. Résumé is an integral part of the process of applying for a job. It is a calling card which is
purposed to attract the interest of the perspective employer. It should describe an applicant’s personality and
demonstrate his / her energy, ambition, and ability to work in teams. It should give the employer a sense that
this candidate should be a good investment for the company. The information in a résumé needs to be well-
organized, result-oriented as well as easy to read. It usually includes personal information, personal and
volunteer experience, special skills, education, accomplishments, and references.

There are two main formats of a résumé: chronological and functional. The most popular with the
beginners is a chronological résumé - a list of education and work experience in it is presented in a reverse
chronological order. This is followed by a statement explaining job responsibilities.

In the functional résumé experience and skills are given under the job title, without dates or places of an
employment. In the functional résumé, emphasis is placed on what you have achieved (or have not) where and
when you achieved it. It is particularly useful if a person has made many changes from one field to another or
previous jobs are unrelated to the current position (Naumenko, 2004: 111−112). After name header there
follows job objective. We may title this part “Objective’, “Job objective”, “Career Objective”. One may call
summary of qualifications “Skills Summary”, “Summary of qualifications”, or “Experience Summary”. An
applicant should write his/her most important and relevant qualifications.

7
Professional experience section can be headed as “Work experience” or “Employment History” and is likely
to take the biggest part of your résumé. This is the section most employers are interested in. Starting with the
present or most recent job, an applicant lists the jobs he/she has held. He/she must give the description of
his/her duties, accomplishments, a sample of something significant that an applicant did. Here we use phrases
instead of complete sentences (for current job responsibilities in the past tense), spell out all kinds of
abbreviations (graphical, initial, abbreviation of words), but for degrees, and contractions, write different
action verbs (I’ll provide you with the list of action verbs below) so none appears more than twice. We should
avoid phrases “responsible for”, “duties included”, headings “position”, “job title” which are obvious and
redundant. Educational background can precede the experience section if:
• you are a recent college/university graduate with little job experience;
• you are changing your career and your education is more relevant and impressive than your work experience.
- It is not necessary to mention the city’s name in the university’s name if they coincide. All honours
are usually mentioned: Bachelor of Arts (or B.A.) in Mass Communication, with honours, 2000,
Boston University.
- Experience of a foreign exchange student is also worth noting. The fact that you studied abroad
shows you enjoy a challenge and are willing to try new experience. For example, One-year foreign
study at Athens University, 2001, Greece.

In Special skills section the name of the course and the date of its accomplishment are included. For example,
CAD software: 2-month training programme, NASA Computer Training Center, Hampton, Va., September
2005.

In Membership and activities section an applicant should focus on the professional or social memberships that
are related to your career. It can be headed “Professional Affiliations”. A list of person’s activities reflects
his/her ability to manage a busy schedule. Their listing should be current and brief.

References can be supplied by a candidate’s former employer, supervisor, teacher, university professor or
colleagues (Naumenko, 2004: 114–121).

Study the English verbs and their corresponding meaning in Ukrainian.

Action verbs English - Ukrainian

1. accomplished 26. monitored 5) звітував

2. administrated 27. motivated 6) замовляв
3. applied 28. negotiated 7) складав
4. arranged 29. operated 8) укладав (угоди)
5. audited 30. ordered 9) керував
6. charted 31. outlined 10) консультував
7. compiled 32. performed 11) читав (лекції)
8. contracted 33. processed 12) розповсюджував
9. controlled 34. provided 13) активно розробляв
10. counselled 35. purchased 14) попередньо оцінював
11. delivered 36. recorded 15) оцінював якість
12. distributed 37. recruited 16) перевіряв
13. elaborated 38. repaired 17) розвивав (торгівлю)
14. estimated 39. reviewed 18) вів картотеку
15. evaluated 40. scheduled 19) керував; обробляв (вантажі,
16. examined 41. searched документи); продавав
17. expanded 42. supervised 20) упроваджував
18. filed 43. supported 21) застосовував
19. handled 44. traced 22) навчав
20. implemented 45. trained 23) підтримував зв'язок
21. instituted 46. verified 24) обслуговував (обладнання)
22. instructed 1) виконав 25) керував
23. liaised 2) керував 26) контролював, відстежував
24. maintained 3) застосовував 27) стимулював
25. managed 4) організовував 28) вів переговори

8
29) працював (на машині) 36) реєстрував 42) очолював
30) замовляв 37) приймав на роботу 43) забезпечував, підтримував
31) описував у загальних рисах 38) ремонтував 44) відстежував
32) виконував 39) перевіряв 45) навчав, тренував
33) обробляв 40) складав розклад 46) перевіряв, контролював
34) забезпечував 41) досліджував
35) купував

The examples of the chronological (Naumenko, 2004: 387) and functional résumés display detailed
information of the applicant’s personal data:

9
Both while making up and translating this kind of official documents an applicant and translator should take
into consideration that the content of résumés is presented by means of elliptical sentences (they, as a rule,
lack any personal pronoun representing the author - Provided daily operational review/quality control of
education accountability...) and functional phrase (Computer and Internet literate).

It is obvious who fulfills them (the author of the résumé). If current activities are described, the Present Simple
and the Present Progressive tenses are used. Certain abilities can be expressed by means of the use of the
Participle I (Possessing strong computer skills). Activities performed in the past are rendered with the help of
the Past Simple Tense (Took part in...). The verbs “to be” in word combinations with the Participle/Adjective
(Currently enrolled in..., directly responsible for...) and “to have” (in the meaning of having some
experience/practice) are not used (5 years’ experience in ..., a successful track record in...).

Résumés contain specialized standardized vocabulary. Here are the most frequent expressions used in
résumé writing:

1. Seeks entry-level/full- time/part-time position.

1. Шукаю роботу, яка не потребує стажу / з повною /
2. Looking for a responsible and challenging
частковою зайнятістю.
management/sales position.
2. Шукаю відповідальну й перспективну роботу у сфері
керування / збуту.
3. Possessing strong computer skills, including
3. Добре володію комп’ютером, детально знаю
detailed knowledge of Word 7.0.
програму Word 7.0.
4. Responsibilities include programming, checking
4. До обов’язків входить програмування, перевірка
system malfunctions, keeping time- sharing
систем обробки даних, складання графіку прийому
records on visitors.
відвідувачів.
5. Directly responsible for supervising two clerical
5. Під моїм безпосереднім керівництвом працюють два
workers.
співробітника.
6. Currently enrolled in ... programme.
6. Наразі працюю в програмі ...
7. Awarded ... degree in ...
7. Присвоєно ступінь ... у галузі...
8. Earned high average grade.
8. Отримав високий бал.

10
9. Took part in student contest in economics. 9. Брав участь у конкурсі студентських робіт з
економіки.
10. Honourably discharged with rank of ... 10. Звільнений у запас з почесним званням ...
11. 5 years’ legal experience in real estate sales. 11. 5 років досвіду роботи юристом з торгівлі
нерухомістю.
12. Worked with local firm for 4 years. 12. Працював у місцевій фірмі 4 роки.
13. Developed and implemented new programmes. 13. Розробляв й упроваджував нові програми.
14. Performed general banking procedures. 14. Виконував основні банківські операції.
15. Trained and experienced in photography, 15. Маю кваліфікацію й досвід роботи фотографа,
investigation, and interviewing techniques. володію методами дослідження й опитування.
16. Responsibilities included assisting customers, 16. До обов’язків входило обслуговування клієнтів,
stocking merchandise, taking inventory. складування товарів, ведення обліку.
17. Duties included ordering, supplies, maintaining 17. До службових обов’язків входили замовлення
records, transcribing orders, greeting and assisting постачань, їхня реєстрація, облік замовлень, прийом й
visitors. обслуговування відвідувачів.
18. Did light typing, filing, and mailing. 18. Дещо друкував, вів картотеку й листування.

Curriculum Vitae (C.V.). Alternatively, one may prepare a Bio-data, CV or Resume and enclose it with a
covering letter. The three terms are loosely used as synonyms but there are finer differences. A separate
covering letter enables us to focus on information not contained in the CV and may be used to buttress one’s
claim vis-à-vis other candidates. An example of CV will be given in the Workshop.

! Resume – the USA

CV – the UK

11