Hindawi

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Volume 2023, Article ID 5906721, 19 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5906721

Review Article
Advancing 5G Connectivity: A Comprehensive Review of MIMO
Antennas for 5G Applications

Poonam Tiwari ,1 Vishant Gahlaut ,1 Meenu Kaushik ,2 Preeti Rani,1

Anshuman Shastri ,3 and Bhupender Singh 4
1
Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, Rajasthan 304022, India
2
School of Automation, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, Rajasthan 304022, India
3
Centre for Artifcial Intelligence, Banasthali Vidyapith, Radha Kishnpura, Rajasthan 304022, India
4
Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Bhupender Singh; bhupender.sandher@amu.edu.et

Received 12 May 2023; Revised 17 August 2023; Accepted 21 August 2023; Published 31 August 2023

Academic Editor: Rakesh Chowdhury

Copyright © 2023 Poonam Tiwari et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Te review focuses on the emergence of 5G wireless communication and the need for multiple-input multiple-output antennas to
support high-speed communication systems. Te article discusses the advantages of MIMO antennas, including increased channel
capacity and the ability to focus radio frequency energy on specifc users. However, the challenges of creating compact MIMO
antennas with ideal isolation are addressed, including short wavelengths, connection losses, constrained bandwidth, and path
losses in the millimeter-wave range. Design techniques and methods to enhance the performance of conventional antennas for 5G
applications are discussed, along with potential solutions for upcoming challenges. Te article provides an overview of MIMO
antennas for 5G applications, covering frequency bands, system architecture, advantages, challenges, advancements, performance
enhancement techniques, design techniques, and state-of-the-art developments.

1. Introduction a wide range of antennas to better meet the huge growth in

large data rate needs and low-power expenditure devices [3].
Te ffth generation (5G) of wireless communication Several multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas
technology ofers higher data rates, lower latency, increased that work in the spectrum designated by the Federal
network capacity, and a better user experience compared to Communications Commission (FCC) for 5G communica-
its predecessors (3 G and 4 G). One of the most discussed tion have recently been proposed [4].
technologies these days is 5G new radio (NR). Due to the Some of the key features of 5G technologies are as
limited bandwidth available in the microwave sector, along follows:
with high latency and restricted data rates, there is a rapidly
(i) Increased data rates: 5G provides a peak data rate of
increasing demand for more efcient use of this technology.
20 GBps, which is 20 times faster than 4 G
5G NR uses millimeter-wave (mm-wave) especially in
(24–100 GHz) frequency range. Te 5G NR includes smart (ii) Low latency: 5G has a latency of less than
factories, smart cities, smart homes, factual reality, seamless 1 millisecond, which means that there is minimal
connectivity in self-driving cars, and telemedicine [1, 2]. delay between sending and receiving data
5G·mm-wave wireless channel bandwidths will be ten times (iii) Massive network capacity: 5G can connect more
larger as compared to today’s 4 G long-term evolution (LTE) devices per unit area compared to 4 G, enabling it to
20 MHz cellular channels. 5G technologies are reliable with support the increasing number of connected devices
2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

(iv) Improved user experience: with higher data rates,

Smart
lower latency, and greater network capacity, 5G Remote Smart
Factory/ vechiles,
ofers a better user experience compared to previous Sugery/ Offices/
Industrial Transport
Control of Home/
generations of wireless technology remote City/Agric
Automatio &
n Infrastrucu
(v) Enhanced security: 5G uses advanced encryption devices uture
tre
techniques to secure data transmissions, making it
more secure than 4 G Figure 1: 5G services.
(vi) Multigigabit wireless connectivity: 5G enables
multigigabit wireless connectivity for devices,
making it ideal for applications that require high-
speed data transfer, such as virtual reality (VR) and Automotive
Radars
augmented reality (AR)
Internet of Telecommu
Te 5G technology of wireless networking systems will Things nications
ofer consumers “unlimited” data, improved connections, (IoT)
and speedier surfng. Virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/
AR), huge multimedia streaming, user-centric computing, Applications
smart transportation, disaster monitoring, private security of mm-wave
and public safety, emergency services, etc. are examples of antennas Radio
5G services as shown in Figure 1. Imaging Astronomy
Te wireless industry has made revolutionary ad-
vancements in which MIMO antenna design has proven to
be a leader by ofering secure communications. Te an- Remote
tenna has been widely incorporated as a custom design Military
Sensing
used in many commercial, industrial, wireless body area
networks (WBANs), satellite communication, military
and green radio communications applications, etc. [5]. Figure 2: Applications of mm-wave antennas.
Te antennas are critical for the development and de-
ployment of 5G communication systems. IMO antennas
provide a means to achieve high data rates and improved wide lobe patterns, high gain, and high separation between
signal quality in dense urban areas, where traditional antenna elements. MIMO antennas are used to achieve high
antennas may not be able to efectively provide coverage diversity and overcome the efects of multipath fading. At
due to interference and other factors. Additionally, they higher frequency ranges, attenuation and absorption efects
are able to support various frequency bands, such as sub- become more important [12]. To overcome increased at-
6 GHz (refers to medium and low frequency) and mm- mospheric attenuations, high gain antennas are required.
wave frequency bands, utilized in 5G communication Planar MIMO designs are popular due to their simple de-
systems [6]. Figure 2 depicts a few mm-wave applications. sign, compact size, low cost, and ease of fabrication with
However, there are some challenges associated with using other high-frequency devices [13].
mm-wave frequencies, such as the fact that the signals are Recent advancements in wireless communication tech-
highly susceptible to attenuation and can be easily blocked nologies have aided in the creation of massive MIMO (M-
by obstacles such as buildings and trees [7]. To overcome MIMO) scenarios. M-MIMO is a disruptive technology that
these challenges, MIMO systems operating in the mm- is more than a decade old and has been incorporated into the
wave band typically use beamforming and other advanced 5G standard. Researchers are focusing on new methods to
signal processing techniques to improve signal strength improve the technology and make it a vital part of the next
and quality. For the invention of brand-new mm-wave generation of communications networks, such as 6 G [14].
signaling protocols (such as air interfaces), precise M-MIMO is a key technology in upcoming 5G networks,
propagation models are essential [8]. primarily used to boost spectrum utilization and commu-
Te MIMO system promises exceptionally high spectral nication system channel capacity [15]. For example, Blue-
efciency as they deviate in the spatial domain by making tooth (2.480 GHz), Worldwide Interoperability for
equal correspondence channels [9]. For this utilization, functionalities to support multiple wireless standards in the
microstrip antennas are chosen in light of their advantages Microwave Access (Wi-MAX) (3.3–3.7 GHz), Wireless Fi-
such as their minimum expense and simple design. Te delity (Wi-Fi) (2.4–5 GHz), Wireless Local Area Network
designing of MIMO antennas poses several challenges that (WLAN) (5.1–5.825 GHz), Ka-band (33.4–36.0 GHz), Ultra-
subsequently improve antenna performance [10], the main Wideband (UWB) (3.1–10.6 GHz), 5G NR N77
being the composition of nearly packed antenna elements (3.3–4.2 GHz), N79 (4.4–5.0 GHz), N78 (3.3–3.8 GHz), In-
with high isolation and low mutual coupling. As a result, dustrial mm-wave radar sensors (IWR6843) (57–64 GHz),
MIMO antennas are designed in smaller sizes [11]. Antenna IEEE 802.11ad (57–71 GHz) (60 GHz) (V band), and high-
elements used in MIMO systems require a minimum bit speed authorized microwave data links (36–40 GHz) are the
error rate (BER) and maximum channel capacity to achieve various bands utilized [16].
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

Tis research paper’s innovation comes from a number 2. Frequency Bands for 5G MIMO Antennas
of signifcant contributions that set it apart from earlier
works on related subjects that have been published. Te Worldwide wireless operators use low-, mid-, and high-
following novelties are specifcally highlighted in this paper. frequency band spectrum as shown in Figure 3, providing
a 5G experience to meet the consumer’s demand. 5G uses
(i) Tis review paper ofers a thorough analysis of the a combination of these bands to get the beneft of services
spectrum of global frequency bands for 5G MIMO and executes an important role in determining the speed and
antennas. Tis study presents a global view by extent of coverage [17].
analyzing the allocation and utilization of frequency Bands with lower frequencies support longer distances
bands for 5G MIMO systems, whereas previous and are less likely to be blocked by substantial objects but
literature may have touched on certain frequency this is achieved by trading of speed and capacity. Mid-band
bands. It difers from published articles that are spectrum, generally over 3.5 GHz presents a bandwidth of
largely focused on regional or particular frequency (50–100 MHz) to support high-capacity and low-latency
band considerations due to its global perspective. networks. Te high-band mm-wave spectrum can exhibit
(ii) Te review paper discusses the most recent de- the highest performance of 5G applications with
velopments in performance improvement methods a (24–70 GHz) band [18].
for MIMO antennas in 5G networks. It goes beyond Te master international frequency register (MIFR),
generic conversations by ofering a thorough review which falls under the jurisdiction of ITU-R, is a crucial
of cutting-edge techniques. It ofers insightful in- component of international frequency management services
formation for academics and practitioners by ex- [19]. It serves as a permanent database containing spectrum
amining the benefts, drawbacks, and trade-ofs parameters for radio station operations across the globe,
related to various strategies. providing global acknowledgment and anti-interference
(iii) Tis review paper focuses primarily on the estab- protection [20]. Currently, the database holds over 2.6
lishment and optimization of MIMO antennas in million frequency allocations for terrestrial services, with
5G networks, as opposed to other studies that may over 200,000 new allocations added every year, managed by
discuss MIMO antennas in a broader context. It radio communication bureau (BR). Te frequency bands are
explores the particular difculties and opportunities further divided into licensed and unlicensed bands, with
of using MIMO antennas in the context of 5G. over 40 licensed bands globally for LTE, which is still the
(iv) It covers a lot of topics, including design methodol- industry’s primary focus. In addition, the unlicensed spec-
ogies, performance traits, and applications, and pro- trum globally is 2.4 GHz/5.9–7.1 GHz [21].
vides a comprehensive explanation of their function in Te surrounding environment, including obstructions,
5G. Tis enormous overview ofers a consolidated wind, and interference sources, has a substantial efect on the
viewpoint to scholars and practitioners that has not propagation characteristics of the various frequency bands
been fully explored in the previous literature. in wireless communications. Due to the shorter wavelength,
higher frequency bands are more susceptible to attenuation
(v) Te investigation of the state of the art in MIMO and signal degradation, resulting in a smaller coverage area
antennas for 5G networks is a novel feature of this than lower frequency bands. In addition, signal attenuation
review paper. Tis study ofers an up-to-date review is the result of meteorological conditions such as rain, fog, or
of the most recent developments and trends in turbulence, especially at higher frequencies, which afect the
MIMO antenna research and application, even efectiveness and dependability of communication systems.
though previous publications may have covered Specifc frequency bands are also afected by interference
particular topics or methods. A useful starting point from other wireless devices or electromagnetic signals,
for future research and development is provided by resulting in signal degradation, increased noise levels, and
this thorough assessment of the state of the art. reduced signal-to-noise ratios. For wireless communications
Tese contributions diferentiate this review paper from to operate optimally, system architecture, coverage, and
the mentioned published papers. overall performance must be understood and addressed
Tis article provides an overview of MIMO antennas and [22, 23].
their applications in 5G networks. It covers the fundamental In other words, Figure 4 depicts a comprehensive
concepts of MIMO antennas, design considerations, and overview of the frequency allocation of diferent services
performance characteristics. Te paper discusses challenges across various countries worldwide. Tis information is
in implementing MIMO antennas in 5G networks, including essential in ensuring the efcient and efective use of the RF
the need for compact and efcient designs. It also explores spectrum while minimizing interference between diferent
recent advancements in MIMO antenna technology and services [24].
their potential applications in 5G networks.
Te article is structured into ten sections, covering topics 3. MIMO Antenna System
such as frequency spectrum, MIMO antenna functioning,
performance enhancement techniques, mutual coupling Previously, the term “MIMO” was used to refer to the use of
reduction, current state of the art, and future challenges and multiple antennas on both the transmitter and receiver. In
opportunities. recent usage, MIMO generally refers to a practical technique
4 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

High band
Low Band (1 Mid Band (6 (24 GHz‐
GHz) GHz) Millimeter
Wave Band)

Figure 3: 5G frequency band.

64-71 64-71
64-71 GHz
GHz GHz
37- 37.6- 37- 37.5-
37.6 37-40 39
37-40 GHz 40 37.6 42.5
GHz GHz GHz
GHz GHz GHz
27.5- 27.5- 24.5- 24.5- 26.5- 27.5-
26, 28 26, 28 26 28
24-28 GHz 28.35 28.35 27.5 27.5 29.5 29.5
GHz GHz GHz GHz
GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz
Frequency Bands

5.9- 5.9- 5.9-

7.1 7.1 6.4
5 GHz
GHz GHz GHz
4.8-5 4-4.9
4 GHz GHz GHz

3.4- 3.4- 3.46- 3.6- 3.3- 3.4- 3.6- 3.4-

3 GHz 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.6
3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.2
GHz GHz GHz GHz
GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz
600 600 700
<1 GHz
MHz MHz MHz

Countries
Figure 4: Worldwide frequency spectrum.

for sending and receiving multiple data signals over a single 3.1. Massive MIMO Technology. Massive multiple-input
radio channel by means of multipath propagation. MIMO multiple-output (massive MIMO) is a wireless communi-
processes can be divided into three main catego- cation technology that was proposed by Marzetta in 2010. It
ries—precoding, beam forming, and decoding [25]. A was designed to be used in scenarios where time division
general model of the MIMO system is depicted in Figure 5 duplexing (TDD) and multiple cells are present. In massive
where Tx represents multiple transmitting antennas, Rx MIMO, a base station is equipped with a large number of
represents multiple receiving antennas, and H is the channel. antennas, typically 100 or more, which is signifcantly more
Te MIMO communication system performs two functions- than what is used in current communication systems. Tis
signal processing and coding at input side whereas signal enables higher wireless communication capacity and per-
processing and decoding at output side of the system. MIMO formance [27]. Mobile terminals in conventional commu-
channels include an RF component to improve end-to-end nication networks often employ single-antenna reception,
transfer functions. At the transmitter (Tx), data streams where each terminal has just one antenna for signal re-
transmitted from the transmitting channel (TxH) are ception. While the mobile terminals continue to use a single
encoded in a discrete-time complex baseband signal that is antenna for reception, the base station in massive MIMO
fed into the beamforming setup [19]. includes numerous antennas for broadcasting and receiving
Ten, the input signals are distributed in space. Te signals. Multiple users can utilize same time-frequency re-
input signal is converted into discrete-time signals in the source at once due to spatial multiplexing, which is made
continuous-time baseband, after which the input signal is possible by the base station’s usage of multiple antennas [28].
fed into a beamforming network on the receiver side [15]. Tis means that the base station can communicate with
Te receiving channel (RxH) connects the input signal to multiple mobile terminals at the same time, increasing the
the receiver (Rx). Te signal is then converted into overall capacity of the system. Tis has been an active area of
a discrete-time baseband signal, and the signal decoder research and has shown promising results in various sce-
estimates the transmitted signal stream and receives the narios, including TDD and multicell environments [29]. Te
output signal [26]. core massive MIMO paradigm is shown in Figure 6.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 5

RF-Component

Tx Rx

INPUT OUTPUT

Signal Signal
Processing H Beamforming Processing
Beamforming
And And
Coding Decoding

Figure 5: General model of the MIMO system.

User 1

K data stream

User 2
Downlink Channel
Beamforming

User K
BS

Figure 6: Basic model diagram of massive MIMO.

3.1.1. Te Benefts of Massive MIMO data throughput, dependability, or coverage. However,

MU-MIMO expands on this idea by allowing several users to
(i) Improved spectral efciency: by using a large
be serviced simultaneously, considerably enhancing the
number of antennas, massive MIMO can support
system’s overall spectral efciency and user capacity [30].
a higher number of simultaneous connections and
Te highlights of several signifcant benefts are shown in
increase the overall data rate
Figure 7.
(ii) Enhanced link reliability: spatial diversity provided A strong technique that enables a wireless access point (AP)
by multiple antennas helps combat fading and to broadcast many beams of data to several users concurrently
improves the reliability of the wireless link is created when MU-MIMO and multibeam capability are
(iii) Precise beamforming: massive MIMO allows for coupled. Tis is especially benefcial in settings with a high user
highly directional beamforming, enabling better density, such as public spaces, ofce buildings, and sports
signal quality and interference management venues [31]. By ofering high-speed connectivity to numerous
(iv) Interference suppression: by spatially separating sig- users simultaneously, MU-MIMO and multibeam capability
nals from diferent users, massive MIMO can mitigate increase the overall performance of wireless networks. In
interference and improve system performance addition, it lessens the interference and signal degradation
brought on by overlapping transmissions and improving
network dependability and efectiveness [32].
3.2. Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO). A wireless communi-
cation technique called multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO)
3.2.1. Te Benefts of Multiuser MIMO
enables numerous users to send and receive data simulta-
neously over the same frequency channel while utilizing (i) Increased system capacity: MU-MIMO allows the
multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. Te base station to serve multiple users simultaneously,
performance of a single user’s transmission is enhanced in efectively increasing the overall capacity of the
classic MIMO systems by using several antennas to increase wireless system
6 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

(iv) Tese antennas may not be compatible with all

Increased Improved Reduced devices, and their efectiveness may vary depending
Enhanced
spectral user network power on the device’s location and orientation
efficiency experience coverage consumption (v) Tey can experience interference from other wire-
less devices, which can afect the performance of the
Figure 7: Advantages of the MU-MIMO technology.
wireless network

5. Advancements in MIMO Antennas for 5G

(ii) Fair resource allocation: by dividing the available
resources among diferent users, MU-MIMO pro- To overcome the challenges associated with MIMO tech-
vides fairness and improves the user experience nology in 5G, such as radiation losses, poor efciency, re-
(iii) Enhanced network efciency: MU-MIMO reduces stricted bandwidth, and low gain, it is essential to develop
the time required for transmitting data to multiple antennas that fulfll the basic requirements of high gain,
users, leading to improved network efciency and broad bandwidth, and high efciency [35]. Several strategies
reduced latency have been identifed to enhance the performance of MIMO
antennas, as depicted in Figure 10.
Both massive MIMO and multiuser MIMO are key
technologies in modern wireless communication systems. Tey (i) Te optimal placement of MIMO antennas is crucial
enable higher data rates, increased system capacity, better for their performance. To minimize mutual cou-
spectral efciency, and improved overall performance by pling and enhance performance, the antennas
leveraging spatial diversity, beamforming, and interference should be positioned at a distance greater than half
mitigation techniques. Table 1 compares the main distinctions the wavelength of the operating frequency.
between the three MIMO techniques discussed above. (ii) Diversity in MIMO antenna systems enhances re-
liability and mitigates fading efects by utilizing
4. Advantages and Challenges of MIMO physically separated antennas with diferent radia-
Antennas in 5G Applications tion patterns. Tis improves link performance and
reduces the impact of signal degradation.
Figures 8 and 9 highlight signifcant benefts and challenges (iii) Polarization diversity is a technique that enhances
associated with 5G applications, respectively. MIMO antenna performance by utilizing antennas
with diferent polarizations, improving connectivity
4.1. Advantages and system performance.
(iv) Beam shaping is a signal processing technique that
(i) MIMO antennas enable faster data transfer rates by improves MIMO antenna performance by directing
transmitting and receiving multiple data streams the emission pattern towards a specifc direction,
simultaneously over the same frequency band thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and
(ii) With multiple antennas, they allow multiple users to extending the link range.
transmit and receive data simultaneously, in- (v) Interference poses a signifcant challenge in MIMO
creasing the capacity of the wireless network antenna systems. Various methods, such as adaptive
(iii) Tese antennas use multiple antennas to mitigate fltering, antenna selection, and interference can-
the efects of interference and signal fading, cellation, are employed to mitigate interference and
resulting in more reliable communication improve system performance.
(iv) Tey can improve coverage by using beam-forming (vi) Frequency diversity is another approach to en-
techniques to focus the signal in a particular direction hancing MIMO antenna performance. By utilizing
(v) Tey can provide higher spectral efciency by using antennas operating at diferent frequencies, the
the same frequency band to transmit multiple data system can beneft from frequency diversity,
streams [33] resulting in improved link quality and overall sys-
tem performance.

4.2. Major Challenges Combining multiple approaches enhances MIMO an-

tenna performance. Studying and applying these strategies
(i) Designing MIMO antennas with multiple elements improves system reliability and performance [26, 36, 37].
that operate in a compact space can be challenging
(ii) Tese antennas require higher power consumption 6. MIMO Antennas: From Inception to the
due to the use of multiple antennas and signal
processing techniques [34]
Current Research Scenario
(iii) Tey can be expensive to design and manufacture MIMO technology has undergone extensive research and
due to their complex design and additional development, encompassing theoretical studies, experi-
components ments, standardization eforts, and advanced techniques.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7

Table 1: Key diferences between MIMO, Massive MIMO, and MU-MIMO with multibeam capability.
MU-MIMO with multibeam
Features MIMO Massive MIMO
capability
Number of antennas 2 or more Hundreds or more 4 or more
Spatial streams 2 or more Dozens or more Up to 8
Interference control Limited Good Excellent
Beamforming Basic Yes Yes
Deployment Small cell Large cell Large cell
Signal range Short Long Long
Spectral efciency Moderate High Very high
Power consumption Moderate High High

simulations. In the 1990s, the idea of spatial mul-

Higher Data tiplexing was introduced, where multiple data
Rates
streams could be transmitted simultaneously using
MIMO antennas, leading to signifcant improve-
ments in capacity and performance.
Higher Spectral Increased
Efficiency Capacity (ii) Experimental studies (late 1990s–early 2000s): In
Advantages
the late 1990s and early 2000s, experimental studies
were conducted to validate the performance of
MIMO antennas in real-world environments. Te
viability and efciency of MIMO technology were
examined through feld trials, channel measure-
Better Improved ments, and hardware implementations.
Coverage Reliability
(iii) Standardization eforts (early 2000s–mid-2000s): In
the early to mid-2000s, standardization eforts be-
Figure 8: MIMO antennas’ advantages in 5G applications.
gan to develop MIMO-based wireless communi-
cation standards as the potential of this technology
became clear. One example of this is the IEEE
802.11n standard for WLANs, which was in-
Higher
Complex Power Increased
Limited
Interfer
troduced in 2009 and included support for MIMO
Compatib antennas. Tis standardization efort paved the way
Design Consump Cost ence
ility
tion for the widespread adoption of MIMO technology
in consumer electronics, such as Wi-Fi routers.
(iv) Advanced techniques and algorithms (mid-
Figure 9: Challenges of MIMO antennas in 5G applications.
2000s–2010s): Sophisticated methods and algo-
rithms to improve MIMO antennas’ performance
were developed. For the purpose of enhancing
Antenna Placement Beamforming MIMO performance in diverse wireless commu-
nication settings, studies on spatial modulation,
hybrid beamforming, precoding, and other signal
Antenna Diversity Interference Mitigation processing techniques were conducted.
(v) Massive MIMO and 5G (2010s–present): Massive
MIMO, which uses a lot of antennas at the trans-
Polarization Diversity Frequency Diversity mitter and receiver, has attracted a lot of interest
recently as a crucial technology for 5G and future
Figure 10: Strategies for enhancing the performance of MIMO wireless communication systems. Massive MIMO
antennas. may enhance spectral efciency, coverage, and ca-
pacity in upcoming wireless networks, according to
research.
Te evolution of MIMO antennas has led to signifcant
(vi) Application-specifc MIMO (present): In addition,
advancements in capacity and performance for wireless
research on application-specifc MIMO has been
communication systems [15, 38].
growing and focusing on designing MIMO anten-
(i) Early research (late 1970s–1990s): Te concept of nas tailored for specifc use cases, such as Internet of
using multiple antennas for wireless communica- Tings (IoT) devices, wearable devices, vehicular
tion was initially proposed in the late 1970s, and communication, and smart antennas for radar and
early research focused on theoretical studies and sensing applications.
 8

Table 2: Performance enhancement techniques of MIMO antenna with advantages and disadvantages.
Reference Performance
Advantages Disadvantages
no enhancement techniques
Substrate’s low permittivity characteristics ofer a wide bandwidth,
[39], 2020 Substrate selection improved gain, and high efciency. Low permittivity substrate is costly and difcult to procure.
Having high permittivity increases the return loss value.
Optimizes the gain and efciency while greatly improving the
Decoupling/mutual coupling Mutual connection afects antenna design and makes it more
[40, 41] impedance matching.
reduction complex.
Reduced mutual coupling reduces the decrease in antenna size.
Signifcantly increases bandwidth, radiation efciency and return
Te feeding network for such systems is challenging to design and
[42, 43] Multielement loss.
adds a certain amount of complexity.
Efectively decreases back-lobe levels efectively reduce side.
Gain, bandwidth, efciency, and return loss improvements can be
[16, 44] Corrugation Reduces input impedance considerably.
made.
Improved front-to-back ratio increases with stable radiation
As antennas expand in size, the price of manufacturing them also
[20, 24] Dielectric lens pattern. Increased gain, improved back-to-back ratio, stability in
raises.
radiation patterns, and radiation in the front-facing direction.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 9

MIMO Antenna Design

Techniques

Printed antenna Di-electric resonator antenna Reconfigurable Antenna Metamaterial Antenna

Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques

Electromagnetic Band Gap

Decoupling Networks
(EBG) Structure

Neutralization Lines Parasitic Slot Element

Defected Ground Structure Split Ring Resonator

Figure 11: A generic view of designing and reduction techniques for MIMO antennas.

Table 2 presents a summary of diferent performance 7.1. Printed Antenna. Microstrip antennas, also known as
enhancement techniques used in antenna design and their printed antennas (Figure 12), are a type of antenna that are
respective advantages and disadvantages. Tis table high- constructed using a thin conducting metal strip or patch
lights the trade-ofs and complexities involved in each printed on a dielectric substrate. Te substrate is typically
technique, which can aid in making informed decisions made of materials such as fberglass, ceramic, or Tefon,
during the antenna design process. which provide both electrical insulation and mechanical
support. Te conducting strip is usually made of copper or
7. MIMO Antenna Design Techniques Based on aluminum and is designed to resonate at a specifc fre-
Mutual Coupling Reduction quency. Te benefts of microstrip antennas include their
durability, fexibility, compactness, and afordability. Due to
Mutual coupling of closely correlated interelements within their fat and low-profle structure, they are easy to integrate
a MIMO system can have adverse efects on its performance. into a variety of devices and systems, including portable
Consequently, achieving good isolation between closely communication devices and aerospace applications. Tey
coordinated elements is imperative for an efective com- can also be easily manufactured using standard printed
munication system. Te efectiveness of an antenna system is circuit board (PCB) technology, which makes them a cost-
signifcantly impacted by its communication system’s ca- efective choice for both the military and commercial
pacity gain, and thus mutual coupling reduction is a key sectors [48].
consideration in MIMO antenna design, particularly for 5G
communication and wide-band applications. Various
decoupling and design techniques have been developed and 7.2. Dielectric Resonator Antenna. A dielectric resonator
can be efectively employed to achieve superior perfor- antenna (DRA) is a specialized type of antenna commonly
mance. A summary of MIMO antenna design is available in used for microwave and higher-frequency communication.
[45], while specifc antenna designs for mutual coupling It consists of a ceramic block, known as a dielectric resonator
reduction can be found in [46]. that is positioned on top of a metal ground plane. When
One of the most notable features of a multielement radio waves are transmitted through the antenna, they enter
antenna array in the context of MIMO antenna design is the the resonator material and cause standing waves to form
potential infuence of antenna elements situated on the within its interior, bouncing back and forth against its walls.
printed circuit board (PCB). Tus, careful attention must be Te energy from these waves can be transmitted into the
paid to the layout of the antenna system, as detailed in surrounding space as the walls of the resonator are partially
Figure 11. By following proper layout techniques, the ad- permeable to radio waves. Tis unique design makes DRA
verse efects of mutual coupling between closely coordinated a highly efective and efcient antenna for high-frequency
elements can be minimized, resulting in improved perfor- communication applications. For instance, a cylindrical
mance for MIMO communication systems [47]. resonator MIMO antenna is depicted in Figure 13 [49].
10 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Front Back
Figure 12: Printed MIMO antenna.

Figure 14: Reconfgurable antenna.

Figure 15: Metamaterial antenna structure.

Figure 13: Cylindrical dielectric resonator MIMO antenna.

7.3. Reconfgurable Antenna. An antenna that can continu-

ously, controllably, and irreversibly change its frequency and
radiation characteristics is said to be reconfgurable. In terms
of operating frequency, beam pattern, polarization, and other
features, these antennas may perform a variety of tasks. By
regulating a certain switching mechanism by controlling
electrical, mechanical, physical, or optical switches, dynamic Figure 16: Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure.
tuning can be accomplished (Figure 14) [50].
elements between antenna elements. Tis enhances the
7.4. Metamaterial Antenna. Metamaterial antennas utilize antenna’s coupling and bandwidth. Te neutralization line
metamaterials to enhance the performance of electrically small based on the two-element MIMO antenna example is
or miniaturized antenna systems. Tese antennas can signif- depicted in Figure 17 [53].
cantly reduce the size of the antenna while improving other
antenna characteristics, such as bandwidth, gain, and multi-
band frequency functionality. By incorporating metamaterials 7.7. Defected Ground Structure. In the antenna ground
into the design, they can achieve superior performance plane, various geometric features, defects, or slots are
compared to traditional antennas. Figure 15 depicts an example consolidated [54]. Te highest efciency is obtained in
of an antenna structure that utilizes metamaterials [51]. construction with defective ground and the widest band-
width with low mutual coupling. Figure 18 depicts an il-
lustration of a patch antenna with a defected ground
7.5. Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure. It acts as structure (DGS). Te DGS is a design technique used to
a conduit for electromagnetic (EM) waves to be transmitted. enhance the performance of the antenna by introducing
Tis structure ofers high efciency and the low mutual discontinuities in the ground plane underneath the
coupling [52]. A broadband gap-widening scattering pa- patch [55].
rameter is obtained. It is possible to achieve a far-feld gain
pattern in the required direction. Figure 16 depicts an an-
tenna utilizing the EBG structure. 7.8. Decoupling Networks. By including a discrete compo-
nent or transmission line, cross-admittance in the decou-
pling network is changed into a totally fctitious value. Tis
7.6. Neutralization Lines. In order to completely decouple or method makes use of a planar decoupling network that
reduce the efects of mutual coupling, neutralization can be behaves like a resonator to lessen the mutual coupling.
used to transmit EM waves utilizing metallic slits or lumped Decoupling, which can be done by implementing coupled
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 11

Figure 19: Two-element antennas with decoupling structures.

Figure 17: Two-port MIMO antenna with neutralization line.

Top layer Bottom Layer

Figure 18: Defected ground structure of the patch antenna.

resonators and dummy loads to improve isolation, can also

be used to produce pattern diversity for multielement sys-
tems. In Figure 19, an example of a decoupling network for
a patch antenna is illustrated [56]. It is designed to reduce
the coupling between two adjacent patches in a patch an-
Figure 20: Parasitic slot element-based printed antenna.
tenna array. Te network consists of a series of inductors and
capacitors that are strategically placed between the patches
to provide a high-impedance path for the unwanted cou- accommodate resonant wavelengths that are much longer
pling signal. Tis efectively isolates patches, reducing than the diameter of the rings. Te splits in the rings also
mutual coupling and improving the performance of the provide a signifcant amount of capacitance, which allows
antenna array. the resonator to produce resonance at frequencies much
higher than its actual size. Tis is caused by the inverse
7.9. Parasitic Slot Element. A parasitic element is typically connection between capacitance and resonant frequency.
a conductive component, such as a metal rod, that is not Te resonant wavelength of SRRs is signifcantly greater
electrically connected to any other element in an antenna than their physical dimensions due to the interplay be-
system. In Figure 20, an example of a printed antenna tween the SRRs’ geometry, resonant frequency, and other
utilizing a parasitic slot element is depicted [57]. inherent characteristics. Tis phenomenon occurs due to
Te use of a parasitic slot element in the antenna design the complex nature of the SRRs’ interconnections and
ofers several benefts. For instance, it can help improve the requires careful consideration when designing and ana-
antenna’s directivity, gain, and bandwidth. Te parasitic slot lyzing their behavior. Te antenna in Figure 21 is based on
element is usually placed near the radiating element and SRR [57].
operates by altering the electric feld distribution around the Table 3 contrasts various MIMO antennas based on the
radiating element. Tis alteration results in a change in the methods applied to improve their properties, including, but
radiation pattern of the antenna, thereby enhancing its not limited to, bandwidth, efciency, isolation, correlation,
performance. and diversity. Te techniques used to enhance these pa-
rameters may include various design elements and confg-
urations, such as antenna size, shape, and number of
7.10. Split-Ring Resonator. Split-ring resonators (SRRs) are elements. Tis table also presents information on the ap-
created by etching two circular metallic rings onto a di- plications of each MIMO antenna, such as cellular com-
electric substrate. Tese rings can be either square or circular munication, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication, among
and have gaps at their opposing ends. Te splits in the rings others. By comparing these diferent MIMO antennas and
create structural inhomogeneities that allow the SRRs to their characteristics, researchers and engineers may fnd it
12 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

CommScope, TESSCO, ZTE Corporation, PCTEL, Wilson

Electronics, Taoglas, and Qorivo.
Te frst commercial MIMO system was developed by
Iospan Wireless Inc. in 2001, and since then, several com-
panies such as Intel and Broadcom have been introducing
novel communication techniques based on MIMO tech-
nology to enhance the performance of wireless LAN
networks [72].
Te development of MIMO systems was driven by the
need to improve wireless communication performance by
exploiting the spatial diversity and multipath propagation
characteristics of radio waves. To achieve this, specialized
companies such as Shenzhen VLG Wireless Technology Co.
Ltd. [73] specializes in the design and production of an-
tennas for various applications, including MIMO antennas,
GNSS antennas, IoT antennas, combo antennas, and an-
Figure 21: Antenna based on a split-ring resonator. tenna accessories.
Chinmore Industry Co., Ltd. focuses on R&D, pro-
benefcial to choose the most suitable MIMO antenna for duction, and marketing of MIMO antennas, cable assem-
their specifc application needs. blies, and RF connections [74]. REMO electronics ofers
It is clear from the literature survey that there is a trade- a diverse range of indoor antennas, including MIMO an-
of between bandwidth and gain. Te gain is rather modest tennas, for various wireless networks such as GSM, LTE, 4G,
for spanning a large bandwidth. Furthermore, the antenna is 3G, CDMA, and 5G [75].
radiating poorly, resulting in an increase in mutual coupling Airgain, Inc. is a leading supplier of advanced antenna
between distinct MIMO elements. As a result, antenna size systems to consumers, businesses, and the automotive in-
must be kept as compact as possible which raises a signif- dustries [76]. Teir objective is to provide a minimum 30%
cant challenge for the antenna designers. Researchers are over-the-air (OTA) throughput boost over rival antenna
able to achieve gains of 30–35 dBi, improve bandwidth by systems by collaborating with reputable original equipment
70%, and make several structural changes by utilizing newer manufacturers (OEMs) and original design manufacturers
technologies. (ODMs) to enhance their industrial Internet of Tings (IoT)
experience. As a leading MIMO antenna manufacturer,
8. State of the Art Airspan Networks Inc. designs, develops, and manufactures
a wide range of MIMO antennas for various wireless
Te development of MIMO technology began in 1996, communication applications, including fxed wireless access
when it was discovered that colocated antennas could (FWA), mobile broadband, smart cities, IoT, and more.
increase the capacity of wireless communication systems Teir MIMO antennas are used by wireless operators, service
through multidimensional signal processing and natural providers, enterprises, and governments around the
multipath propagation. Tis discovery led to the devel- world [77].
opment of MIMO orthogonal frequency division mul- Huawei, a transnational Chinese company, is a world
tiplexing (OFDM) fxed wireless links, which leader in 5G antenna technology [78]. Tey ofer a broad
demonstrated error-free operation over six miles with portfolio of multiband antennas, multibeam antennas, smart
only 1 watt of transmitted power. Tis breakthrough antennas, combined amplifers, and other supporting
paved the way for MIMO-based cellular wireless tech- components for electronics and telecom infrastructure.
nologies, which were later adopted by LTE mobile net- Taoglas Limited, located in Ireland, is a top provider of
works and Wi-MAX [71]. custom antenna design, device confguration optimization,
MIMO technology has been a game-changer in the world and car antennas for IoT. Tey ofer mm-wave and sub-
of wireless communication. It was developed in the late 6 GHz 5G antennas for both indoor and outdoor applica-
1990s and early 2000s by several companies, including Airgo tions in a range of form factors [79].
Networks, which was acquired by Qualcomm in 2006 [72]. Panorama Antennas Ltd., situated in the UK, manu-
In 2004, this company unveiled True MIMO, the frst factures wireless antennas from 2 G to 5G frequencies, in-
MIMO-enabled Wi-Fi device on the market. Tis was cluding indoor 5G antenna options, multipurpose, wide-
a pioneer in the development of MIMO technology for band, and MIMO directional antennas [80].
wireless networking. Tey used spatial multiplexing, which Ericsson is a Swedish multinational networking and
increases data speeds and reliability by allowing many data telecommunications company that provides a range of
streams to be broadcast concurrently across a single- products and services for 5G networks. Teir massive
frequency band. MIMO antenna is designed to improve network capacity
Other businesses have also created MIMO antennas for and coverage. Teir antenna supports frequency ranges from
5G devices with great performance, capacity, and coverage, 1.7 to 2.7 GHz and is designed to support both 4G and 5G
including Laird Connectivity, Kathrein, Rosenberger, networks [81].
 Table 3: Comparison of existing MIMO antennas with respect to design techniques, specifcations, and applications.
Reference Types of Techniques to
Feeding method Design parameters Applications
nos. antenna enhance bandwidth/isolation
(i) Resonant frequency: 2.6 GHz
(ii) BW: 2.5–2.7 GHz
(iii) Isolation >8 dB (i) USB dongles design
[58] Meander line monopoles Decoupling technique Coaxial feed
(iv) Dimension: 10 mm × 20 mm (ii) Wireless communication
(v) Envelope correction coefcient
(ECC): 0.025
(i) Resonant frequency: 3.1-10.6 GHz
(ii) BW: ≥10 dB(wideband)
(iii) Isolation >15 dB (i) Portable UWB
[59] Planar-monopole antennas Protruding ground stubs Microstrip-feed
(iv) Dimension: 26 mm × 40 mm applications
(v) Gain: 0.9–6.5 dBi
(vi) ECC: 0.025
(i) Mobile terminals
(i) Resonant frequency: 1.62-2.92 GHz
(ii) GSM1900,
(ii) BW: 1.3 GHz
(iii) GSM1800,
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

S-shaped monopole (iii) Isolation: >40 dB

[60] Neutralization line and decoupling Microstrip-feed (iv) UMTS,
antenna (iv) Dimension: 100 mm × 60 mm
(v) LTE2500,
(v) Gain: 5 dBi
(vi) LTE2300 and 2.4 GHz,
(vi) ECC: 0.009
(vii) WLAN
(i) Resonance frequency: multiband
between 1.5 and 2.7 GHz
(ii) Isolation: >13 dB
(i) GSM, LTE, mm wave
Rectangular and circular (iii) Gain: 6.622 dBi
[61] Radiator strip and ground plane Coaxial-feed bands
patch antenna 6.01 dBi at 28 GHz
(ii) 5G mobile applications
(iv) 7.35 dBi, and 2.2 GHz, and 1.5 GHz
(v) SAR: 1.5 G Hz value is 0.205 W/kg,
2.2 GHz it is 0.471 W/kg
(i) Resonance frequency: 2–9.5 GHz
(ii) BW: 7.5 GHz
(iii) Isolation: >40 dB
Circular monopole and
[62] Pattern diversity Microstrip-feed (iv) Total efciency: 70% (i) Mobile applications
quarter loop
(v) Dimension: 110 mm × 60 mm
(vi) Gain: 1.5 dBi
(vii) ECC: 0.03
(i) Resonance frequency: (5.7 – 6.2 GHz)
and (3.2–3.8 GHz),
(ii) BW: 5.2–5.4 GHz (i) Wi-MAX
Counter facing F-shaped
[63] Elliptical slot and parasitic strip Microstrip-feed (iii) Isolation: >20 dB (ii) WLAN
monopole antenna
(iv) Dimension: 30 mm × 26 mm (iii) Applications
(v) Gain: 1.5 and 2.8 dBi
(vi) ECC: 0.03
13
 Table 3: Continued.
14

Reference Types of Techniques to

Feeding method Design parameters Applications
nos. antenna enhance bandwidth/isolation
(i) Resonance frequency: (3.01
–12.5 GHz)
(ii) BW: 3.03–10.74 GHz
(iii) Isolation: >20 dB
[64] Circular disk monopole Rectangular ground surface Coplanar waveguide feed (i) Mobile communication
(iv) Dimension:
81 mm × 87 mm × 1.6 mm
(v) Gain: 5 to 9 dBi
(vi) ECC: <0.1
(i) Resonance frequency: 5.25–5.3 GHz
(ii) BW: 0.5 GHz
(iii) Isolation: >25 dB (i) WiMAX
[65] Patch antenna I-shape DGS and T-shape DGS Coaxial-feed (iv) Dimension: (ii) Wi-Fi
60 mm × 50 mm × 1.46 mm (iii) 5G services
(v) Gain: 7.88 dBi
(vi) ECC: 0.03
(i) Resonance frequency: 2.4 GHz
(ii) BW: 2.3–2.6 GHz
[66] T-shape antenna T-shape slot Coaxial probe feed (i) ISM band
(iii) Isolation: >25 dB
(iv) Dimension: 35 mm × 45 mm
(i) Resonance frequency: 7.3 GHz and
8.2 GHz
(ii) BW: (5.2–6 GHz), (7.9–8.2 GHz)
(dual band) (i) UWB applications
F-shape monopole antenna Folded U-shaped slot and
[67] Microstrip-feed (iii) Isolation: >25 dB (ii) X-band uplink/downlink
radiators mushroom type EBG structure
(iv) Dimension: satellite communications
20.8 mm × 20.8 mm × 19 mm
(v) Gain: 7 dBi
(vi) ECC: >0.5
(i) Resonance frequency: 4.4 GHz
(ii) BW: 23–33 GHz and 37.75–41 GHz
Partial ground with bent corners and
(iii) Isolation: >20 dB
[68] Olympeak-shaped structure a square slot on the middle in Microstrip-feed (i) 5G applications
(iv) Dimension:
ground
48 mm × 12 mm × 0.8 mm
(v) Gain: 5.7 dBi
(i) BW: 1.95 and 2.7 GHz and
4.2–4.3 GHz
Open-circuited feed line
Fractal-based patch (ii) Isolation: >10 dB
[69] Sierpiński triangle fractal through a coplanar (i) 5G applications
antenna (iii) Dimension:
waveguide
40 mm × 30 mm × 1.67 mm
(iv) Gain: 5.5 dBi
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
 Table 3: Continued.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Reference Types of Techniques to

Feeding method Design parameters Applications
nos. antenna enhance bandwidth/isolation
(i) Resonance frequency: 28 GHz and
38 GHz
(ii) BW: 3.05GHz and 2.41 GHz
(iii) Isolation: >30 dB (i) 5G millimeter-wave
[70] Crescent-shape patch DGS with circular slot Inset-feed
(iv) Dimension: applications
33 mm × 33 mm × 0.203 mm
(v) Gain: 8.14 dB and 8.04 dB at 28 GHz
and 38 GHz
15
16 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

ZTE is a Chinese multinational telecommunications performance and reducing the cost of MIMO an-
equipment and systems company that provides products and tenna manufacturing.
services for 5G networks. Teir massive MIMO antenna is (iii) Enhancing performance: While MIMO antennas
designed to improve network capacity and coverage. Teir can improve 5G communication, there is always
antenna supports frequency ranges from 1.8 to 2.6 GHz and room for improvement. Research is always open to
is designed to support both 4G and 5G networks [82]. investigate how to further enhance the performance
of MIMO antennas by improving their efciency or
9. Future Opportunities and Challenges reducing their mutual coupling.
(iv) Compatibility with new frequency bands: As 5G de-
MIMO systems ofer a variety of advantages, including velops further, other frequency bands might be added.
cochannel interference reduction, diversity gain, and array It might be worth looking into how MIMO antennas
gain. Array gain boosts coverage and quality of service can be made functional in these new frequency ranges
(QoS), while diversity gain, multiplexing gain, and while still performing satisfactorily.
cochannel interference reduction increase spectral efciency
(v) Regulatory challenges: Regulatory issues, particu-
and cellular capacity, respectively. Above all, the MIMO
larly those involving spectrum allotment and in-
system demonstrated itself to be the fnest future technology
terference, may afect the adoption of 5G and
for LTE systems when combined with OFDM technology
MIMO antennas. It may be worth looking into ways
[83]. Te MIMO technology can greatly improve network
to overcome these obstacles, such as by developing
capacity and coverage in indoor environments, such as
MIMO antennas that are less susceptible to in-
shopping malls, airports, and stadiums. Tey can also be
terference or by developing better interference
used to provide high-quality video streaming services, such
mitigation strategies.
as 4K and 8K video, to mobile devices. Te use of massive
MIMO technology can enable the deployment of 5G net- Te prospective outlook for MIMO antennas in the
works in rural and remote areas where it is not economically context of 5G communication appears highly promising but
feasible to build wired infrastructure [84]. MIMO can be there are still many challenges that need to be addressed.
applied in smart cities, where it can facilitate the deployment Research in this area will likely continue for many years to
of various IoT applications, such as smart parking, smart come. One of the challenges in MIMO technology is the
lighting, and smart waste management. MIMO can also be need for accurate channel state information (CSI), which can
used in drone communication and control systems, enabling be difcult to obtain in a dynamic wireless environment.
high-bandwidth communication and real-time control [85]. MIMO systems also require a signifcant amount of pro-
For MIMO and mm-wave channel measurements, antennas cessing power and memory, which can be a challenge for
hold signifcant challenges to deal with certain parameters low-cost and low-power devices [87]. Te high density of
such as a multitude of scenarios, wider bandwidth, high- antennas in massive MIMO systems can lead to increased
frequency band, gain, and efciency [86]. Tese technologies power consumption and thermal management issues.
can greatly enhance wireless access and throughput in MIMO systems can also sufer from intersymbol in-
various 5G scenarios including high-speed train (HST) and terference (ISI), which occurs when signals from diferent
vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Tus, sixth- antennas interfere with each other. In mm-wave frequencies,
generation (6 G) MIMO antennas in wireless communica- the attenuation and signal blockage due to obstacles and
tions are predicted to come on the scene in the future. atmospheric conditions can signifcantly afect the perfor-
MIMO antennas will be used in IoT, M2M communications, mance of MIMO systems [88].
and network-enabled cars, healthcare, smart utilities, etc.
In the future, the requirements for higher data rates 10. Conclusion
will rise, and this demand can be overcome by MIMO
technology that will provide higher data rates for con- MIMO, massive MIMO, and MU-MIMO with multibeam
sumers, possibly 10 times higher than 4G and 5G capability are essential for 5G communication systems,
capabilities. ofering advantages such as increased spectral efciency,
improved capacity, and higher data rates. However, they also
(i) Integration with other 5G technologies: MIMO face challenges such as high-power consumption, mutual
antennas are just one component of the larger 5G coupling, and interference, which can be overcomed with
communication system. In the future, how to op- various strategies such as antenna decoupling and adaptive
timize MIMO antenna design to work seamlessly modulation. MIMO antenna design techniques based on
with other 5G technologies, such as beamforming mutual coupling reduction are crucial for improving an-
and massive MIMO may be investigated. tenna performance. Te state of the art in MIMO antennas
(ii) Miniaturization and cost reduction: While MIMO for 5G communication is rapidly evolving, and future re-
antennas can ofer signifcant benefts to 5G com- search should focus on developing low-cost, compact
munications, their size and cost may make them MIMO antennas that exhibit good radiation and electro-
impractical in some situations. Some diferent ways magnetic properties and can cover the entire 5G frequency
may be looked at for miniaturizing MIMO antenna range. Miniaturization of antenna arrays is also necessary to
designs while maintaining or improving their improve isolation and reduce multipath interference.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 17

Overall, the development of advanced MIMO antenna Millimeter-Waves MIMO Antenna with Wideband Charac-
technologies is critical for achieving the full potential of 5G teristic,” in Proceedings of the IEEE First International Con-
wireless communication systems. ference on Microwave, Antenna and Communication (MAC),
pp. 1–6, Prayagraj, India, August 2023.
[14] I. Ahmad, H. Sun, U. Rafque, and Z. Yi, “Triangular slot-
Data Availability loaded wideband planar rectangular antenna array for
No data were used to support this study. millimeter-wave 5G applications,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 7,
p. 778, 2021.
[15] W. A. Ali and A. A. Ibrahim, “A compact double-sided MIMO
Conflicts of Interest antenna with an improved isolation for UWB applications,”
AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communica-
Te authors declare that there are no conficts of interest.
tions, vol. 82, pp. 7–13, 2017.
[16] A. Patil and R. S. Bhadade, A Literature Survey on MIMO
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