Department of Computer Engineering

Academic Term: July-November 2023

Rubrics for Lab Experiments

Class : B.E. Computer Subject Name: Distributed Computing

Semester : VIII Subject Code : CSC801

5
Practical No:

Title: To implement group communication

13/3/24
Date of Performance:
9225
Roll No:
Sankalp Rane
Name of the Student:

Evaluation:

Performance Below average Average Good Excellent Marks

Indicator
On time Not submitted(0) Submitted Early or on time ---
Submission (2) after deadline submission(2)
(1)
Test cases and Incorrect The expected The expected Expected output is
output output (1) output is output is Verified obtained for all test
(4) verified only a for all test cases cases. Presentable and
for few test but is easy to follow (4)
cases (2) not presentable (3)
Coding The code is not The code is The code is -
efficiency (2) structured at all structured but structured
(0) not efficient (1) and
efficient. (2)
Knowledge(2) Basic concepts Understood Could explain the Could relate the theory with
not clear the basic concept with real world
(0) concepts (1) suitable example application(2)
(1.5)
Total

Signature of the Teacher :

Lab 5
Aim: To implement group communication
Lab Outcome:

Develop test and debug using Message-Oriented Communication or RPC/RMI

based client-server programs.

Theory:
Group communication is a paradigm for multi-party communication that is based
on the notion of groups as a main abstraction. A group is a set of parties that,
presumably,want to exchange information in a reliable, consistent manner. For
example:
• The participants of a message-based conferencing tool may constitute a group.
Ideally, in order to have meaningful communication, each participant wants to
receive all communicated messages from each other participant. Moreover, if one
message isa response to another, the original message should be delivered before
the response.(In this example, if two participants originate messages independently
at about the same time, the order in which such independent messages are
delivered is not important)
• The set of replicas of a fault-tolerant database server may constitute a group.
Consider updating messages to the server. Since the contents of the database
depend on the history of all update messages received, all updates must be
delivered to all replicas. Furthermore, all updates must be delivered in the same
order. Otherwise, inconsistencies may arise.
Group Communication Primitives
Group communication is implemented using middleware that provides two sets of
primitives to the application:
● Multicast primitive (e.g., post): This primitive allows a sender to post a message
to the entire group.
● Membership primitives (e.g., join, leave, query_membership): These primitives
allow a process to join or leave a particular group, as well as to query the group for
the list of all current participants.
Three types of group communication:
● One to many (single sender and multiple receivers)
In this scheme, there are multiple receivers for a message sent by a single sender.
The one-to-many scheme is also known as multicast communication. A special
case of multicast communication is broadcast communication, in which the
message is sent to all processors connected to a network.
● Many to one (multiple senders and single receiver)
➔ Multiple senders send messages to a single receiver.
➔ The single receiver may be selective or nonselective.

➔ A selective receiver specifies a unique sender; a message exchange

takes place
only if that sender sends a message.
➔ A nonselective receiver specifies a set of senders, and if anyone sender
in the
set sends a message to this receiver, a message exchange takes place - an
important issue related to the many-to-one communication scheme is
nondeterminism
● Many too many (multiple senders and multiple receivers) ➔
Multiple senders send messages to multiple receivers.
➔ An important issue related to many-to-many communication scheme is
that of
ordered message delivery
➔ Ordered message delivery ensures that all messages are delivered to all
receivers
in an order acceptable to the application. This property is needed by many
applications for its correct functioning.
➔ Ordered message delivery requires message sequencing.

➔ The commonly used semantics for ordered delivery of multicast

messages are
absolute ordering, consistent ordering, and causal ordering.

Steps to run the Single Client Server Communication application

1. Start GossipServer program. It will be ready to accept connections from
the GossipClient.
2. On another terminal start the GossipClient program and send some message
to GossipServer.
3. GossipServer will display the output.

Server.java
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class GossipServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12345);
System.out.println("GossipServer is running and ready to accept
connections...");

while (true) {
Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("Client connected from: " +
clientSocket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress());

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
String message;
while ((message = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println("Message from client: " + message);
}

clientSocket.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
 }
}

Client.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class GossipClient {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 12345);
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new
OutputStreamWriter(socket.getOutputStream()), true);
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

while (true) {
System.out.print("Enter message (or 'exit' to quit): ");
String message = scanner.nextLine();
if (message.equalsIgnoreCase("exit")) {
break;
}
writer.println(message);
}

socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:

Multi :
Steps to run the Multi Client Server Communication application
1. Start Server program. It will be ready to accept connections from the
Master.
2. On another terminal start the Master program followed by the Slave and
send some message from the Master to the Slave.
3. Multiple Slaves can be started to depict group communication.

Server.java
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

public class MultiClientServer {

private static final int PORT = 12345;
 private static Set<Socket> clients = new HashSet<>();

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(PORT);
System.out.println("Server is running and ready to accept
connections...");

while (true) {
Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
clients.add(clientSocket);
System.out.println("New client connected: " +
clientSocket);

ClientHandler clientHandler = new

ClientHandler(clientSocket);
new Thread(clientHandler).start();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

public static void broadcastMessage(String message) {

for (Socket client : clients) {
try {
client.getOutputStream().write(message.getBytes());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

static class ClientHandler implements Runnable {

private Socket clientSocket;

public ClientHandler(Socket clientSocket) {

this.clientSocket = clientSocket;
}
 @Override
public void run() {
try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
String message;
while ((message = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println("Message from client: " + message);
broadcastMessage(message);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

MasterClient.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class MasterClient {

private static final String SERVER_HOST = "localhost";
private static final int SERVER_PORT = 12345;

public static void main(String[] args) {

try (Socket socket = new Socket(SERVER_HOST, SERVER_PORT)) {
OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

while (true) {
System.out.print("Enter message to send to slaves (or
'exit' to quit): ");
String message = scanner.nextLine();
if (message.equalsIgnoreCase("exit")) {
break;
 }
outputStream.write(message.getBytes());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

SlaveClient.java
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.Socket;

public class SlaveClient {

private static final String SERVER_HOST = "localhost";
private static final int SERVER_PORT = 12345;

public static void main(String[] args) {

try (Socket socket = new Socket(SERVER_HOST, SERVER_PORT);
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()))) {

while (true) {
String message = reader.readLine();
if (message == null) {
break;
}
System.out.println("Received message from server: " +
message);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:

Conclusions :
1. Implemented group communication using Java.
2. Understood and learnt the three types of group communication.

Postlab Questions:
1.Explain group communication.
Group communication, also known as multicast communication, refers to the
process of transmitting data from one sender to multiple receivers simultaneously
within a network. In group communication, the sender sends a single message, and
the message is received by all members of the group who are interested in
receiving it.

Some key aspects of group communication:

1. Single Transmission, Multiple Receivers: In group communication, a single
message is transmitted by the sender, and this message is received by multiple
receivers simultaneously. This contrasts with unicast communication, where a
separate message is sent to each individual receiver.

2. Membership and Group Management: Group communication typically involves

defining and managing groups of receivers who are interested in receiving certain
types of messages. Members join or leave groups dynamically, and there may be
mechanisms in place to manage group membership and access control.

3. Efficiency: Group communication is often more efficient than sending

individual messages to each receiver, especially when the number of receivers is
large. By sending a single message to a group, network bandwidth and resources
are conserved compared to sending multiple individual messages.

4. Scalability: Group communication can scale to accommodate a large number of

receivers. As the number of receivers increases, the overhead associated with
message delivery remains relatively constant, making group communication
suitable for multicast applications such as live streaming, online gaming, and
distributed simulations.

5. Reliability and Ordering: Group communication systems may provide reliability

and ordering guarantees to ensure that messages are delivered to all group
members and in the correct order. Techniques such as acknowledgments,
retransmissions, and sequence numbers may be used to achieve these guarantees.

6. Applications: Group communication finds applications in various domains,

including real-time collaboration tools, multiplayer online games, content
distribution networks, distributed computing, and distributed systems management.

Overall, group communication enables efficient, scalable, and reliable

communication between multiple participants or entities within a network. It
facilitates collaboration, coordination, and information sharing among group
members and is a fundamental building block in many distributed and networked
systems.
2.Explain types of group communication.
Group communication can be categorized into several types based on various
criteria. Here are some common types of group communication:

1. Unstructured Group Communication:

- In unstructured group communication, there is no predefined organization or
hierarchy among group members.
- Communication flows freely among group members without any formal
structure or rules.
- Examples include casual conversations among friends, social media
interactions, and online forums where participants contribute without following a
specific agenda.

2. Structured Group Communication:

- Structured group communication involves a predefined organization or
hierarchy among group members.
- Communication follows specific rules, protocols, or formats, and there may be
designated roles or positions within the group.
- Examples include formal meetings, conferences, workshops, and collaborative
projects with assigned tasks and responsibilities.

3. Broadcast Communication:
- In broadcast communication, a single sender transmits a message to multiple
receivers simultaneously.
- All receivers receive the same message, and there is no interaction or exchange
of messages between receivers.
- Broadcast communication is commonly used in scenarios such as broadcasting
television and radio programs, public announcements, and multicast messaging in
computer networks.

4. Interactive Group Communication:

- Interactive group communication involves two-way communication between
the sender and multiple receivers.
 - Receivers have the ability to respond, interact, and engage with the sender or
other group members.
- Examples include live discussions, video conferencing, online chat rooms, and
multiplayer online games where participants communicate in real-time.

5. Asynchronous Group Communication:

- Asynchronous group communication allows group members to communicate
and exchange messages at different times.
- Participants do not need to be present simultaneously, and messages can be
posted, read, and responded to at the convenience of each member.
- Examples include email threads, discussion boards, and collaborative document
editing tools where users can contribute asynchronously.

6. Synchronous Group Communication:

- Synchronous group communication requires all group members to be present
and actively engaged in communication simultaneously.
- Communication occurs in real-time, and participants interact and exchange
messages in a coordinated manner.
- Examples include live video conferences, instant messaging sessions, and
virtual meetings where participants communicate synchronously.

7. Closed Group Communication:

- Closed group communication involves communication within a restricted or
private group where membership is limited and controlled.
- Only authorized members have access to the communication channels, and
messages are not accessible to outsiders.
- Examples include private chat groups, secure messaging platforms, and closed-
door meetings within organizations.

8. Open Group Communication:

- Open group communication allows participation from anyone who wishes to
join the group without restrictions on membership.
- Communication channels are open to the public, and messages are accessible to
anyone interested in the topic or discussion.
 - Examples include public forums, open-access mailing lists, and social media
groups with no membership restrictions.