SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND FAULT CALCULATIONS

Unit - 4 333

P Ia
1
Multi - Pulse converter
Z1eq
Z1eq
Va
1
Vf

Review of Transformer Phase

(b) Shifting:-
Ia
2
OR

Phase Shift in case of star delta

Z
and delta star configuration
Z :-
2eq 2eq Va
2

(c)
Ia
0

Z0eq Z0eq Va
0

(d)

Fig. 13.22 (>), (?) and (@) Thevenin’s equivalent of positive, negative
and zero sequence networks.

13.11 PHASE SHIFT ∆ -Y TRANSFORMERS

The two possible ways of connecting ∆ -Y transformers are shown in below Fig. ( a) and ( b)
The small letters used refer to the star side and capital letters to the delta side of the
transformer. The winding e′e on star side corresponds to the E′E on the delta side. The primed
letters indicate the beginning of the winding and unprimed the finish of the winding.
Figure (c) and (d) give the voltage vector diagram for positive sequence of the connections
in (a) and (b) respectively, neglecting the voltage drop in the transformer. Say vector diagram
(c) is drawn such that Va1 and VCB1 are in phase and the other vectors follow. Similarly, in (d),
Va1 and VBC1 are in phase. If each voltage is expressed in per unit with its own voltage as the
base voltage, VBC1 , Va1 and VA1 in Fig. (c) are equal in magnitude, and therefore,
VA1 = j VBC1 = j Va1
whereas in Fig. (d)
VA1 = – j VBC1 = – j Va1
From the above, it is clear that the line to neutral voltage VA1 on the delta side leads the
line to neutral voltage on star side in Fig. (a) by 90° whereas in Fig. (b) it lags by 90°.

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 334 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

The connection diagram in Figs. (a) and (b) and their corresponding vector diagrams for positive
sequence voltage in Figs. (c) and (d) relate to the usual transformer connection diagrams and
hence if the connection diagram is given, the phase relation between VA1 and Va1 can be
determined by inspection. Referring to Figs. (e) and (f) which are the negative sequence voltage
vector diagrams of Figs. (a) and (b) respectively, we have
For Fig. (e),
VA2 = – j VCB2 = – j Va2
and for Fig. (f ),
VA2 = j VBC2 = j Va2

A f c C f c
E¢ F D¢ D
B E¢
d¢ d F e¢ d
f¢ a f¢ a
E F¢ e¢ e¢
C
D¢ D F¢ E
B e b A e b
(a) (b)
Vc 1 VBC 1 Vc 1
A
B C
VAC 1
VBA 1
VC 1 VA 1 VAB 1 VCA 1
Va 1 Va 1
VB 1
C B
VCB 1 A
Vb 1 Vb 1
(c) (d)

VCB 2 Vb 2 A Vb 2
C B

VAB 2 VCA 2
VAC 2 VBA 2
Va 2 Va 2
B C
A VBC 2 Vc 2
Vc 2
(e) (f)
IA 1 IA 1
IAB1 = IC1 A
Ic 1
ICA 1 IAB 1
IC 1
Ia1 = IBC1
IB 1 C IBC 1 B
Ia 1
IC1
IB 1
Ib1 = ICA1 (g) Ib 1

Fig. Phase shift in ∆ -Y transformer.

It is clear that the phase shift in the negative sequence voltages is in the direction
opposite to the shift in phase of the positive sequence voltage for the same connection diagram.
Since the kVA rating of the transformer on the two sides is the same, if we neglect the
exciting current, resistance and the voltage drop, it is essential that the shift in phase of positive
and negative sequence line currents in passing through a ∆-Y or Y-∆ transformer banks with

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 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND FAULT CALCULATIONS 335

transformer exciting currents neglected must correspond to the shift in phase of line-to-neutral
voltages with the drop neglected.
Referring of Fig. (g) which corresponds to the positive sequence current vector diagram
of Fig. (a), let the currents leave the neutral of the star side and enter the delta side of the
transformer. This means in star, the current goes from e′ to e whereas in delta it goes from E to
E′, i.e., from B to C as indicated by the arrow. Arrows on the delta side are used to indicate
direction of current flow but do not indicate the direction of phase relation with respect to star
currents. Let I a1 be the reference vector and with exciting current neglected I BC1 is in phase
with I a1 . Again expressing the line currents in per unit with its own-current as the base current
I A = – j ICB1 = j I BC = j I a
1 1 1

Similarly for negative sequence current,

I A2 = – j I a2
In fact these current relations can be derived in a different way also. We know that the
total input to the transformer as a unit is zero assuming a lossless transformer, i.e., V1I1 + V2I2
= 0. That is
VA1 I A1 + Va1 I a1 = 0
Now we have from equation (13.56),
VA1 = j Va1
Substituting this relation in equation ,
or j Va1 I A1 + Va1 I a1 = 0
or j I A1 = – I a1
and I A1 = j Ia1
or VA2 I A2 + Va2 I a2 = 0
or – j Va2 I A2 + Va2 I a2 = 0
or – j I A2 = – I a2
I A2 = – j I a2
Similarly for the other connections where VA1 = – j Va1 and VA2 = j Va2 the current
relations can be derived.
It is, therefore, seen that the positive sequence line-to-neutral voltages and line currents
are shifted 90° in phase in the same direction in passing through a Y-∆ or ∆-Y transformer
whereas the corresponding negative sequence quantities are shifted 90° in the direction opposite
to the positive sequence shift.
In case it is desired to know only the magnitude of voltage and currents in a system
during faults, we need not consider the phase shift of 90°. If both magnitude and phase relations
are required then we must consider the 90° phase shift. To solve the short circuit problems in
which the connection of the ∆-Y transformer is not given, any one of the two connections can be
assumed. The only difference in the final results will be the sign of the voltages and currents.
The sign in one case is plus and in the other it will be minus, the magnitudes will remain same.
Example 13.6: A 30 MVA, 13.8 kV, 3-phase alternator has a subtransient reactance of
15% and negative and zero sequence reactances of 15% and 5% respectively. The alternator
supplies two motors over a transmission line having transformers at both ends as shown on
the one-line diagram. The motors have rated inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA both 12.5 kV with

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