Sir John Hunt

Science Department
Topic 1: Atomic Structure & Periodic Table Mastery Booklet
(Chemistry Paper 1)

Name: ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..

Teacher: Mr Gardiner

Date given: 11th November 2019

Date due: 25th November 2019

These booklets are a consolidation of your learning. They should be

used in the following way – You should attempt the questions WITHOUT
looking at the answers. Then mark your questions with green pen and
add any missing marks you missed. You should then present the
completed document to your teacher to show WITHIN TWO weeks of
receiving the booklet.
THESE BOOKLETS WILL IMPROVE YOUR GRADES…!!

Page 1 of 26
Q1

There are eight elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.

(a) Figure 1 shows a lithium atom.

(i) What is the mass number of the lithium atom in Figure 1?

Tick (✔) one box.

(1)

(ii) What is the charge of an electron?

Tick (✔) one box.

–1

+1

(1)

(iii) Protons are in the nucleus.

Which other sub-atomic particles are in the nucleus?

Tick (✔) one box.

ions

molecules

neutrons

Page 2 of 26
 (1)

(b) What is always different for atoms of different elements?

Tick (✔) one box.

number of neutrons

number of protons

number of shells

(1)

(c) Figure 2 shows the electron arrangements of three different atoms, X, Y and Z.

These atoms are from elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.

Which atom is from an element in Group 3 of the periodic table?

Tick (✔) one box.

Atom X

Atom Y

Atom Z

(1)

(d) Figure 3 shows the electron arrangement of a different atom from an element in the second row of the periodic table.

(i) Give the chemical symbol of this element.

______________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 26
 (1)

(ii) Why is this element unreactive?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q2.
There are eight elements in the second row (lithium to neon) of the periodic table.

(a) Figure 1 shows an atom with two energy levels (shells).

(i) Complete Figure 1 to show the electronic structure of a boron atom.

(1)

(ii) What does the central part labelled Z represent in Figure 1?

____________________________________
(1)

(iii) Name the sub-atomic particles in part Z of a boron atom.

Give the relative charges of these sub-atomic particles.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 4 of 26
(b) The electronic structure of a neon atom shown in Figure 2 is not correct.

Explain what is wrong with the electronic structure shown in Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
This question is about atoms.

(a) What does the number 19 represent in ?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) How many atoms are present in one mole of fluorine atoms?

Tick (✔) one box.

2.03 × 1026

2.06 × 1023

Page 5 of 26
 6.02 × 1023

6.02 × 1026

(1)

(c) The plum pudding model of the atom was replaced by the nuclear model.

The nuclear model was developed after the alpha particle scattering experiment.

Compare the plum pudding model with the nuclear model of the atom.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) An element has three isotopes.

The table shows the mass numbers and percentage of each isotope.

Isotope 1 Isotope 2 Isotope 3

Mass number 24 25 26

Percentage (%) 78.6 10.1 11.3

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of the element.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative atomic mass = ____________________

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 6 of 26
Q4.

A student investigated the law of conservation of mass.

The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of the products is equal to the mass of the reactants.

This is the method used.

1. Pour lead nitrate solution into a beaker labelled A.

2. Pour potassium chromate solution into a beaker labelled B.
3. Measure the mass of both beakers and contents.
4. Pour the solution from beaker B into beaker A.
5. Measure the mass of both beakers and contents again.

When lead nitrate solution and potassium chromate solution are mixed, a reaction takes place.

This is the equation for the reaction:

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) ⟶ PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

(a) What would the student see when the reaction takes place?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Mass in g

Beaker A and contents before mixing 128.71

Beaker B and contents before mixing 128.97

Beaker A and contents after mixing 154.10

Beaker B after mixing 103.58

Show that the law of conservation of mass is true.

Use the data from the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 7 of 26
(c) What is the resolution of the balance used to obtain the results in the table?

Tick (✔) one box.

0.01 g 0.1 g 1g 100 g

(1)

(d) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2

Relative atomic masses (Ar): N = 14 O = 16 Pb = 207

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass = ____________________

(2)

(e) The formula of potassium chromate is K2CrO4

The charge on the potassium ion is +1

What is the formula of the chromate ion?

Tick (✔) one box.

CrO4+

CrO42+

CrO4−

CrO42−

(1)

(f) Another student also tests the law of conservation of mass using the same method.

The student uses a different reaction.

This is the equation for the reaction.

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCI(aq) ⟶ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)

Explain why this student’s results would not appear to support the law of conservation of mass.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 26
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you answer these questions.

(a) Many chemists have contributed to the development of the periodic table.

John Newlands was one of the first chemists who attempted to classify elements in
a systematic way based on atomic weight. In 1866 he suggested that there was a
repeating pattern of elements with similar properties every eighth element.
Part of Newlands’ periodic table is shown below.

H Li Be B C N O

F Na Mg Al Si P S

Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe

Co, Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se

Br Rb Sr Ce, La Zr Di, Mo Ro, Ru

Many chemists in 1866 did not accept Newland’s; periodic table.

By Conget at nl.wikipedia [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports Newlands’ ideas.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

Page 9 of 26
 (1)

(ii) Suggest two reasons why many chemists in 1866 did not accept Newlands’ ideas.

1.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

2.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(2)

(b) Chlorine, bromine and iodine are Group 7 elements.

A student investigated the reactivity of these elements.

The student added:

• aqueous chlorine to potassium bromide and potassium iodide solutions

• aqueous bromine to potassium chloride and potassium iodide solutions

• aqueous iodine to potassium chloride and potassium bromide solutions.

The student’s results are shown below.

Solution Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide

Chlorine Solution turned Solution turned

orange-brown brown

Bromine No reaction Solution turned

brown

Iodine No reaction No reaction

(i) Use these results to state and explain the trend in reactivity of these Group 7 elements.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 10 of 26
(ii) Complete the equation below, which represents the reaction between chlorine and potassium bromide.

Cl2 + 2KBr ____ + 2KCl

(1)

(iii) In terms of electronic structure, state why chlorine, bromine and iodine are in Group 7.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Lithium, sodium and potassium are Group 1 elements.

Group 1 elements become more reactive down the group.

Explain why in terms of electronic structure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
In 1866 John Newlands produced an early version of the periodic table.

Part of Newlands’ periodic table is shown below.

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H Li Be B C N O

F Na Mg Al Si P S

Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe

Newlands’ periodic table arranged all the known elements into columns in order of their atomic weight.

Newlands was trying to show a pattern by putting the elements into columns.

(a) Iron (Fe) does not fit the pattern in column 7.

Give a reason why.

Page 11 of 26
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev produced his version of the periodic table.

Why did Mendeleev leave gaps for undiscovered elements in his periodic table?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(1)

(c) Newlands and Mendeleev placed the elements in order of atomic weight.

Complete the sentence.

The modern periodic table places the elements in order of

______________________ .
(1)

(d) Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in Group 1 of the modern periodic table.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q7.
This question is about the halogens (Group 7).

(a) How do the boiling points of the halogens change down the group from fluorine to iodine?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(1)

(b) Sodium bromide is produced by reacting sodium with bromine.

Sodium bromide is an ionic compound.

(i) Write down the symbols of the two ions in sodium bromide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Chlorine reacts with sodium bromide solution to produce bromine and one other product.

Page 12 of 26
Complete the word equation for the reaction.

chlorine + sodium bromide bromine + ______________

(1)

(iii) Why does chlorine displace bromine from sodium bromide?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(1)

(iv) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.

Suggest which halogen could react with sodium chloride solution to produce chlorine.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q8.
This question is about atomic structure and elements.

(a) Complete the sentences.

(i) The atomic number of an atom is the number of _______________________

(1)

(ii) The mass number of an atom is the number of ________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why an atom has no overall charge.

Use the relative electrical charges of sub-atomic particles in your explanation.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Explain why fluorine and chlorine are in the same group of the periodic table.

Give the electronic structures of fluorine and chlorine in your explanation.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom of a non-metal.

Page 13 of 26
What is the chemical symbol of this non-metal?

Tick ( ) one box.

Ar O S Si

(1)

(e) When elements react, their atoms join with other atoms to form compounds.

Complete the sentences.

(i) Compounds formed when non-metals react with metals consist of

particles called _________________________ .

(1)

(ii) Compounds formed from only non-metals consist of

particles called ____________________ .

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q9.
Cells contain chemicals which react to produce electricity.

(a) Why can a rechargeable cell be recharged?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(1)

(b) Give two factors that affect the voltage produced by a cell.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 14 of 26
(c) Balance the half-equation for the reaction occurring at an electrode in one type of hydrogen fuel cell.

H2 + OH− ⟶ H 2O + e−
(1)

(d) Why is the fuel cell in Question (c) described as an alkaline fuel cell?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(1)

(e) Another type of fuel cell uses methanol instead of hydrogen.

The diagram represents the reaction in this fuel cell.

The table shows the bond energies for the reaction.

C–H C–O O–H O=O C=O

Bond energy in kJ / mol 412 360 464 498 805

Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

Use the diagram and the table above.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

Page 15 of 26
 Overall energy change = ____________________ kJ / mol
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q10.
An atom of aluminium has the symbol

(a) Give the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom of aluminium.

Number of protons _____________________

Number of neutrons _____________________

Number of electrons _____________________

(3)

(b) Why is aluminium positioned in Group 3 of the periodic table?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(1)

(c) In the periodic table, the transition elements and Group 1 elements are metals.

Some of the properties of two transition elements and two Group 1 elements are shown in the table below.

Transition elements Group 1 elements

Chromium Iron Sodium Caesium

Melting point 1857 1535 98 29

in °C
CrO FeO Na2O Cs2O
Formula of Cr2O3 Fe2O3
oxides CrO2 Fe3O4

CrO3

Use your own knowledge and the data in the table above to compare the chemical and physical properties of transition
elements and Group 1 elements.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 26
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
(6)

(Total 10 marks)

Page 17 of 26
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) (i) 7
1

(ii) –1
1

(iii) neutrons
1

(b) number of protons

1

(c) atom Y
1

(d) (i) Ne
allow neon
1

(ii) has a full outer shell

allow in Group 0
allow a noble gas

or

full outer energy level

allow the shells are full

or

has 8 electrons in its outer shell

ignore in Group 8
1
[7]

Q2.
(a) (i) electronic structure 2,3 drawn
allow any representation of electrons, such as, dots, crosses, or numbers (2,3)
1

(ii) nucleus
1

(iii) protons and neutrons

do not allow electrons in nucleus
1
(relative charge of proton) +1
allow positive
1

Page 18 of 26
 (relative charge of neutron) 0
allow no charge/neutral
1
ignore number of particles

(b) too many electrons in the first energy level or inner shell
allow inner shell can only have a maximum of 2 electrons
1

too few electrons in the second energy level or outer shell

allow neon has 8 electrons in its outer shell or neon does not have 1 electron in
its outer shell
allow neon has a stable arrangement of electrons or a full outer shell
1

neon does not have 9 electrons or neon has 10 electrons

allow one electron missing
allow fluorine has 9 electrons
1
ignore second shell can hold (maximum) 8 electrons or 2,8,8 rule or is a noble
gas or in Group 0
max 2 marks if the wrong particle, such as atoms instead of electrons
if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for the electronic structure of neon is
2,8
[8]

Q3.
(a) mass number
allow the number of protons + neutrons
1

(b) 6.02 × 1023

1

(c) Level 2 (3-4 marks):

Scientifically relevant features are identified; the ways in which they are similar / different is made clear.

Level 1 (1-2 marks):

Relevant features are identified and differences noted.

Level 0
No relevant content.

Indicative content

similarities
• both have positive charges
• both have (negative) electrons
• neither has neutrons

differences

plum pudding model nuclear model

Page 19 of 26
 ball of positive charge (spread throughout)
positive charge concentrated at the centre

electrons spread throughout (embedded in the

electrons outside the nucleus
ball of positive charge)

no empty space in the atom most of the atom is empty space

mass spread throughout mass concentrated at the centre

4

(d)

or
(24 × 0.786) + (25 × 0.101) +
(26 × 0.113)
1
= 24.3
1
an answer of 24.3 scores 2 marks
[8]

Q4.
(a) precipitate / solid formed
allow colour change
1

(b) total mass before = 257.68 g

total mass after = 257.68 g
1

so the mass of products equals

the mass of the reactants
1

(c) 0.01 g
1

(d) 207 + (2 × 14) + (6 × 16)

or
207 + 2 × [14 + (3 × 16)]
1

= 331
1
an answer of 331 scores 2 marks

(e) CrO42−
1

(f) carbon dioxide is a gas

allow a gas is produced
1

Page 20 of 26
 the gas escapes during the reaction
1

(so) the mass at the end is less than expected

1
[10]

Q5.
(a) (i) a correct link between any two named elements eg same group / column
same properties / number of outer electrons
allow some link between any two elements in the same group (in both
Newlands and or the modern periodic table)
1

(ii) any two from:

ignore statements about lack of evidence / proof

• elements still being discovered

or
no gaps for undiscovered elements

• some boxes have 2 elements in them

• metals and non-metals in same column / mixed up

accept some elements in same column have different properties.
allow any sensible suggestion about misplaced elements eg
copper in group 1 elements

• pattern for first 16 or so elements only

allow did not work for all elements
2

(b) (i) Cl > Br > I

accept reactivity / it decreases down the group

or

I < Br < Cl
1

Cl has 2 reactions, Br has 1 reaction, I doesn’t react

owtte
allow Cl has most / more reactions and I has least / less reactions (must be clear
about where Br fits in)
1

(ii) Br2
allow multiples / fractions if correctly completed and balanced
1

(iii) (they) have 7 outer electrons

allow (they) have 7 electrons in highest occupied (energy) level / shells / rings

Page 21 of 26
 1

(c) outer / last / final must be mentioned once in correct context,

otherwise max 2 marks comparative required on all three points
accept converse ie less reactive up group

down group (atom / elements) bigger

or

outer electrons (level / shell /ring) further from nucleus / centre

ignore more electrons

or

more shells / level / rings

do not accept more outer shells for this mark
1

force(s) / attraction(s) are weaker

allow electron(s) attracted less easily
allow electron(s) less under influence (of nucleus)

or

more shielding

or
1

attracts less
do not accept magnetic / gravitational / intermolecular forces

electron(s) lost more easily

allow electron(s) more likely to be lost
allow easier to give away
1
[10]

Q6.
(a) (iron) is a metal
accept transition element
allow (iron) had different properties (to oxygen and sulfur)
ignore electrons
1

(b) so that elements with similar properties could be placed together

allow to make the pattern fit
ignore undiscovered elements
1

(c) atomic number(s)

allow proton number(s)

Page 22 of 26
 1

(d) all have one electron in the outer shell (highest energy level)
allow same number of electrons in the outer shell (highest energy level)
1

(so they) have similar properties

or
react in the same way
allow specific reactions e.g. with water
1
[5]

Q7.
(a) increase
1

(b) (i) Na+ and Br−

both required
1

(ii) sodium chloride

allow NaCl
do not allow sodium chlorine
1

(iii) chlorine is more reactive than bromine

allow converse argument
allow symbols Cl, Cl2, Br and Br2
allow chlorine / it is more reactive
do not allow chloride or bromide
1

(iv) fluorine
allow F / F2.
do not allow fluoride.
1
[5]

Q8.
(a) (i) protons
allow “protons or electrons”, but do not allow “protons and electrons”
1

(ii) protons plus / and neutrons

1

(b) (because the relative electrical charges are) −(1) for an electron and +(1) for a proton
allow electrons are negative and protons are positive
1

Page 23 of 26
 and the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons
if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for the charges cancel out
1

(c) (the electronic structure of) fluorine is 2,7 and chlorine is 2,8,7
allow diagrams for the first marking point
1

(so fluorine and chlorine are in the same group) because they have the same number of or 7
electrons in their highest energy level or outer shell
if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for have the same / similar properties
1

(d) S
1

(e) (i) ions

1

(ii) molecules
1
[9]

Q9.
(a) the chemical reaction is reversible
1

(b) any two from:

• type of electrode
• electrolyte
• concentration of electrolyte
• temperature
2

(c) H2 + 2OH− → 2H2O + 2 e−

allow multiples
1

(d) contains OH− ions

1

(e) (bonds broken)

((6 × 412) + (2 × 360) + (2 × 464) + (3 × 498)) = 5614

1

(bonds made)
((4 × 805) + (8 × 464)) = 6932
1

(overall energy change)

(6932 − 5614) = −1318 (kJ / mol)
allow ecf from marking point 1 and / or marking point 2
1
an answer of 1318 (kJ / mol) scores 3 marks

Page 24 of 26
 [8]

Q10.
(a) 13 (protons)
The answers must be in the correct order.
if no other marks awarded, award 1 mark if number of protons and electrons
are equal
1

14 (neutrons)
1

13 (electrons)
1

(b) has three electrons in outer energy level / shell

allow electronic structure is 2.8.3
1

(c) Level 3 (5–6 marks):

A detailed and coherent comparison is given, which demonstrates a broad knowledge and understanding of
the key scientific ideas. The response makes logical links between the points raised and uses
sufficient examples to support these links.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A description is given which demonstrates a reasonable knowledge and understanding of the key scientific
ideas. Comparisons are made but may not be fully articulated and / or precise.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Simple statements are made which demonstrate a basic knowledge of some of the relevant ideas. The
response may fail to make comparisons between the points raised.

0 marks:
No relevant content.

Indicative content

Physical
Transition elements
• high melting points
• high densities
• strong
• hard
Group 1
• low melting points
• low densities
• soft

Chemical
Transition elements
• low reactivity / react slowly (with water or oxygen)
• used as catalysts
• ions with different charges
• coloured compounds
Group 1

Page 25 of 26
• very reactive / react (quickly) with water / non-metals
• not used as catalysts
• white / colourless compounds
• only forms a +1 ion
6
[10]

Page 26 of 26