EBD_7751

464 PHYSICS

18
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Current Electricity

Its SI unit is Am–2

It is the rate of flow of charge through any cross section. Current density can also be related to electric field as
dq r
i.e. I = r r E
dt j = sE =
Conventionally, the direction of flow of positive charge is taken r
as the direction of electric current. It is a scalar quantity and its where s is conductivity of the substance & r is specific
S.I. unit is ampere (A). resistance of the substance.
Keep in Memory r
J is a vector quantity and its direction is same as that of E .
(i) Current carriers in conductor are electrons, (valence e–s) Dimensions of J are [M°L–2T°A]
ions in electrolytes, electrons & holes in semiconductor
and positive ions /electrons in gases. Keep in Memory
(ii) Charge of electron = 1.6 × 10–19c (i) Electric current is a macroscopic physical quantity where
(iii) 1 ampere = 6.25 × 1018 electrons/sec as current density is a microscopic physical quantity.
(iv) Though direction is associated with current (opposite to
the motion of electrons), but it is not a vector quantity as it (ii) For a given conductor current does not change with change
does not follow rules of vector addition. in cross-sectional area.
(v) For a current to flow through a cross-section, there must be uuur
a net flow of charge through that cross-section.
In a metal like copper there are around 1028 free electrons
DRIFT VELOCITY Vd ( )
per m3 moving randomly in all direction with speeds of the When the ends of a conductor are connected to the two terminals
order of 106 m/s even in the absence of electric field. But of a battery, an electric field is set up in the conductor from the
since the number of electrons passing through a cross- positive terminal to the negative terminal. The free electrons in
section from left to right is equal to the number of electrons
the conductor experiences a force opposite to the direction of
passing from right to left in a given time, therefore the net
charge flow is zero and hence the electric current is zero. the electric field and hence get accelerated. However this process
(vi) A conductor remains uncharged when current flows in it. of acceleration is soon interrupted by collision with ions of solid.
i.e. Net charge in a current carrying conductor is zero. The average time for which each electron is accelerated before
suffering a collision is called the mean free time or mean
CURRENT DENSITY
relaxation time.
Current density at a point inside a conductor is defined as the Thus, the free electrons within the metal, in addition to its random
amount of current flowing per unit cross sectional area around motion acquire a small velocity towards the positive end of
that point of the conductor, provided the area is held in a
conductor. This velocity is called drift velocity. It is given by
direction normal to the direction of current.
ur
I r eEt
i.e. Current density, J = vd = – ,
A m
If area is not normal to current, then area normal to current is A' = where e is the charge and m is the mass of electron.
A cos q (see the figure) ur
A' E is the electric field established in conductor and t is the
A average relaxation time.
r r
q Negative sign is because the directions of E and vd (for electron)
q J are opposite.
V
E=
I r r r rr l
J= or I = J A cos q or I = J . A = ò J . A
A cos q
 Current Electricity 465

4. Variation of drift velocity :

l
+ E – E 1 V
Vd = = ; Vd µ E
Vd e– I ne ne l
J when length is doubled, vd becomes half and
when V is doubled, vd becomes twice.
Example 1.
The current in a wire varies with time according to the
+V – relation i = 4 + 2t2
where V is the potential difference across ends of the conductor How many coulomb of charge pass a cross-section of wire
of length l. The uniform current I, flowing through the conductor in time interval t = 5s to t = 10s?
is given by Solution :
I = n e A vd
dq
where n = number of free electrons per unit volume, i= Þ dq = i dt Þ dq = (4 + 2 t2 ) dt
A = area of cross-section, vd = drift velocity dt
ur r 10
In vector form, Þ J = - nev d
10 é 3ù
The negative sign is because the direction of drift velocity of t
r On integrating q = ò (14 + 2t 2 )dt = ê14t + 2 ú
electron is opposite to J . êë 3 úû
5 5
Mobility - Drift velocity per unit electric field is called mobility. = 603.33 C
It is denoted by µ. Example 2.
r
Vd r æ 4 A ö ˆ
m=
E The current density at a point is J = çè 2 ´ 10 2 ÷ø j . Find
m
Its S.I. unit is m2/volt-sec. r
the rate of charge flow through a cross-sectional area S
Keep in Memory such that
r
1. Drift velocity is very small, it is of the order of 10–4m/s (i) S = (2cm 2 )ˆj ,
which is negligible as compared to thermal speed of e–s at r r
room temperature (;105 m/s) (ii) S = (4cm 2 ) ˆi and (iii) S = (2iˆ + 3jˆ cm 2 )
2. The drift velocity is given by
Solution :
J The rate of charge flow = current
vd = ,
ne r r
i = JdS
I
where, J = current density =
A (i) Current i = (2 ´ 104 A / m 2 ) ˆj.(2 ´ 10 -4 m 2 )ˆj = 2A
e = electronic charge = 1.6 × 10–19 C
n = the number of free electrons per unit volume [using ˆj.jˆ = 1]
3. The number of free electrons per unit volume (n) can be
determined by the following relation : (ii) Current i = (2 ´ 10 4 A / m 2 ) ˆj.(4 cm 2 ) iˆ = 0
No. of free e – per atom M [using ˆj.iˆ = 0]
n= and volume= .
Volume N0 d
ˆ ´ 10 -4 m 2 = 6A
(iii) Current i = (2 ´ 104 A / m2 ) ˆj.(2iˆ + 3j)
N d
n = 0 ´ x,
M
where N0 = Avogadro number OHM’S LAW AND ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
d = density of the metal When a potential difference is applied across the ends of a
conductor, a current I is set up in the conductor.
M = molecular weight
According to Ohm’s law “Keeping the given physical conditions
and x = number of free electrons per atom such as temperature, mechanical strain etc. constant, the current
3. For steady current : (I) produced in the conductor is directly proportional to the
I I I potential difference (V) applied across the conductor”.
J= ; E= ; Vd = i.e., I µ V or I = KV ... (1)
A sA neA
where K is a constant of proportionality called the conductance
This means that for a given material and steady current in
of the given conductor.
case of non-uniform cross-section of material
Alternatively, V µ I or V = RI ... (2)
1 1 1 where the constant R is called the electrical resistance or simply
J µ ; E µ ; Vd µ
A A A resistance of the given conductor.
 EBD_7751
466 PHYSICS

From above two eqs. it is clear that R = 1/K. (ii)Resistance is the property of object while resistivity is
If a substance follows Ohm’s law, then a linear relationship exists the property of material.
between V & I as shown by figure 1. These substance are called Materials and their resistivity
Ohmic substance. Some substances do not follow Ohm’s law,
Material Resistivity (r) (at 0°c)
these are called non-ohmic substance (shown by figure 2) (in W m)
Diode valve, triode valve and electrolytes, thermistors are some
(i) Silver 1.6 × 10–8
examples of non-ohmic conductors.
(ii) Copper 1.7 × 10–8
V V (iii) Aluminium 2.8 × 10–8
(iv) Tungsten 5.2 × 10–8
I (v) Platinum 10.6 × 10–8
(vi) Manganin 42 × 10–8
q (vii) Carbon 35 × 10–6
I (viii) Germanium .46
Ohmic conductor Non-linear conductor
or linear conductor or non-ohmic conductor (ix) Silicon 2300
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 (x) Glass ~ 1013
(xi) Mica ~ 2 × 1015
Slope of V-I Curve of a conductor provides the resistance of the
conductor COMMON DEFAULT
l
V Since R = r Þ Rµl
slope = tan q = A
I It is incorrect to think that if the length of a resistor is doubled
The SI unit of resistance R is volt/ampere = ohm (W) its resistance will become twice.
Electrical Resistance If you look by an eye of physicist you will find that when l
On application of potential difference across the ends of a change, A will also change. This is discussed in the following
conductor, the free e–s of the conductor starts drifting towards article.
the positive end of the conductor. While drifting they make Case of Reshaping a Resistor
collisions with the ions/atoms of the conductor & hence their On reshaping, volume of a material is constant.
motion is obstructed. The net hindrance offered by a conductor i.e., Initial volume = final volume
to the flow of free e–s or simply current is called electrical or, Ai li = Af lf ... (i)
resistance. where li, Ai are initial length and area of cross-section of resistor
It depends upon the size, geometry, temperature and nature of and lf, Af are final length and area of cross-section of resistor.
the conductor. If initial resistance before reshaping is Ri and final resistance
after reshaping is Rf then
Resistivity : For a given conductor of uniform cross-section A
and length l, the electrical resistance R is directly proportional to l
r i
length l and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area A Ri Ai l A
= = i ´ f ... (ii)
Rf l l f Ai
l rl RA r f
i.e., R µ or R = or ρ = Af
A A l 2
r is called specific resistance or electrical resistivity. R i æ li ö
From eqs. (i) and (ii), =ç ÷ Þ R µ l2
R f çè lf ÷ø
m
Also, r = This means that resistance is proportional to the square of the
ne 2t
length during reshaping of a resistor wire.
The SI unit of resistivity is ohm - m. 2
R i æ Af ö 1
1 Also from eqs. (i) and (ii), = çç ÷÷ Þ R µ
Conductivity(s) : It is the reciprocal of resistivity i.e. s = . R f è Ai ø A2
r
This means that resistance is inversely proportional to the square
The SI unit of conductivity is Ohm–1m–1 or mho/m. of the area of cross-section during reshaping of resistor.
Ohm’s law may also be expressed as, J = sE Since A = p r2 (for circular cross-section)
where J = current density and E = electric field strength 1
\R µ 4
ne 2 t r
Conductivity, s = where n is free electron density, t is where r is radius of cross section.
m
Effect of Temperature on Resistance and Resistivity
relaxation time and m is mass of electron.
Resistance of a conductor is given by Rt = R0 (1 + aDt)
(i) The value of r is very low for conductor, very high for
insulators & alloys, and in between those of conductors & Where a = temperature coefficient of resistance and Dt = change
insulators for semiconductors. in temperature
 Current Electricity 467

For metallic conductors : If r1 and r2 be resistivity of a SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATION OF RESISTORS
conductor at temperature t1 and t2, then
Resistances in Series
r2 = r1 (1 + a D T) R1 R2
where a = temperature coefficient of resistivity and When a number of resistances are
where DT = t2 – t1 = change in temperature joined end to end so that same current
The value of a is positive for all metallic conductors. flows through each, resistor when some I V1 V2
\ r2 > r1 potential difference is applied across V
In other words, with rise in temperature, the positive ions of the the combination, the conductor are
metal vibrate with higher amplitude and these obstruct the path said to be connected in series.
of electrons more frequently. Due to this the mean path decreases The equivalent resistance in series is given by
and the relaxation time also decreases. This leads to increase in (Req)s = R1 + R2 + ...+ Rn
resistivity.
Equivalent resistance of same
1 -1 R1 R2
Please note that the value of a for most of the metals is K resistances connected in series
273
is always greater than the V1 V2
For alloys : In case of alloys, the rate at which the resistance
greatest of individual resistance.
changes with temperature is less as compared to pure metals.
For example, an alloy manganin has a resistance which is Potential division rule in series
30-40 times that of copper for the same dimensions. combination :
V
Also the value of a for manganin is very small » 0.00001°C–1.
VR1 VR 2
Due to the above properties manganin is used in preparing wires V1 = ; V2 =
for standard resistance (heaters), resistance boxes etc. R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
Please note that eureka and constantan are other alloys for which
Resistances in Parallel
r is high. These are used to detect small temperature, protect
picture tube/ windings of generators, transformers etc. Two or more resistors are said to be connected in parallel if the
For semiconductors : The resistivity of semi-conductors same potential difference exits across all resistors.
I1 R1
decreases with rise in temperature. For semi conductor the value
I
of a is negative.
R2
m I2
r=
ne 2 t
With rise in temperature, the value of n increases. Please note
that t decreases with rise in temperature. But the value of increase V
in n is dominating for the value of r in this case. The equivalent resistance is given by
For electrolytes : The resistivity decreases with rise in
1 1 1 1
temperature. This is because the viscosity of electrolyte decreases = + + ... +
with increase in temperature so that ions get more freedom to (R eq )p R1 R 2 Rn
move.
The equivalent resistance in a parallel combination is always less
For insulators : The resistivity increases nearly exponentially
than the value of the least individual resistance in the circuits.
with decrease in temperature. Conductivity of insulators is almost
zero at 0 K. Current division rule in parallel combination
Superconductors : There are certain materials for which the IR 2 IR1
resistance becomes zero below a certain temperature. This I1 = ; I2 =
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
temperature is called the critical temperature. Below critical
temperature the material offers no resistance to the flow of e–s. In a given combination of resistors, when you want to detect
The material in this case is called a superconductor. The reason whether the resistances are in series or in parallel then see that if
for super conductivity is that the electrons in superconductors the same current flows through two resistors then these are in
are not mutually independent but are mutually coherent. This series and if same potential difference is there across two resistors
coherent cloud of e–s makes no collision with the ions of super- then these are in parallel potential diff across each resistor is the
conductor and hence no resistance is offered to the flow of e–s
same & is equal to the applied potential difference.
For example, R = 0 for Hg at 4.2 K and R = 0 for Pb at 7.2 K. These
substances are called superconductors at that critical temperature. HOW TO FIND EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE ?
Super conductors ar e used (a) in making very strong Successive Reduction
electromagnets, (b) to produce very high speed computers This method is applicable only when the resistors can be clearly
(c) in transmission of electric power (d) in the study of high
identified as in series or parallel. Let us take some example to find
energy particle physics and material science.
resistance between ends A and B
 EBD_7751
468 PHYSICS

3W 3W 33 W 3W

6W 3W
Ex. (i) 3W = 6W 6W 3W = 6W
6W
3W 33 W 3W
6W 66 W 6W

A 3W B AA 33 W B
B 3W B A 3W B
6W
3W 3W 2W
= =
A 3W B A 3W B
7
10 10
5
Ex. (ii) 3 5 5
5 5
10 = 10 = A B
= =
A B A B A B
10 A B 10
10 10

Ex. (iii) =
= =

Ex. (iv) = = =

Please note that all points on the circumference are at same potential as there is no resistance on circumference.

Ex. (vi) Infinite series : one unit to the sum of infinite units, then it will be
approximately the same.
r r
X´r
B \ X = 2r +
to ¥ r r X+r
r r A Solve the equation as a normal algebraic equation to find
X.
Using Symmetry of the Circuit
We observe that there is a repetitive unit extending to infinity Axis symmetry :
on left hand side. We assume that the equivalent resistance
Ex.(i) The circuit shown in figure is symmetrical about XAEBY
of all the unit except one (shown dotted) is equal to X ohm.
axis. This is because the upper part of the axis is the mirror
The equivalent circuit will be as shown below.
image of lower part (resistors and current direction both)
B C
r
r
r r r
X r r
X A E B Y
r r
r A r
The equivalent resistance across A and B is D
X´r \ IAC = IAD;ICB = IDB ;
R AB = r + +r IAE = IEB ( Q VC < VE < VD wheatstone
X+r
Please note that RAB can be taken as X because if you add bridge principle)
 Current Electricity 469

Þ ICE = IED = 0 The diagram given above is symmetrical but the positions
Therefore the circuit can be redrawn. It is now easier to find of the resistances are shifted. Let I be the current in the
resistance between X and Y. circuit from A. The same leaves the circuit at C. Let current
in AB, AD and AE be I1 , I2 and I3 respectively. Since the
C
same current flows in AE and EC, the detached equivalent
r r circuit can be drawn as
r r B

X A E B Y 10 W
I1
5W
2.5 W

r r X I A I2 E D Y
2.5 W I1
5W
D I3 10 W

Ex.(ii) The circuit shown is symmetrical about axis XY. Therefore C

VB = VH ; VC = VI = VG; VD = VF
5W 5W
C
Keep in Memory
r r D
B Equivalent resistance between A and B of the resistors connected
r r as shown in the figure
r r
X A r r I r r EY
R1 R2
H r r F
A B
G
Therefore the circuit can be redrawn as R2 R1
r r
r Wheatstone bridge
r r r
B C R 1 (R1 + 3R 2 )
X
D
I R AB =
H r R 2 + 3R 1
r G r F r Y
r r
3. Path symmetry :
Ex.(iii) The circuit is asymmetric about the dotted line All paths from one point to another which have the same
\ IBG = IGC; IFG = IGE and IAG = IGB setting of resistances have the same amount of currents.
Example :
B C B C
r I1 I1 I
I1
A r r r
r D I A I1 D

X r r r r Y
r G I – 2I1

F r E I – 2I1
F
Therefore the equivalent circuit is G

B r C E H
r Twelve wires each having resistance r are joined to form a cube.
A r r r We have to find the equivalent resistance across A and B.
D
X r r r r Y By path symmetry, IAB = IBC = IAD = IDC = I
r \ IAE = I– 2I1 Þ IGC = I– 2I1,
F E Since current in AB = current in BC
2. Shifted symmetry : Þ IBF = 0
Also IAD = IDC Þ IDH = 0
B The equivalent circuit will be as shown. The resistance now clearly
visible as in series and in parallel.
R1 R2
2.5 W r
I1 I2 r I
I3 5 W 5W r
I r
X I A E C Y r
I2 2.5 W I1
r
R2 R1 r
r
r
D r
 EBD_7751
470 PHYSICS

4. Star -delta connection : IA = IB = IC = ID = 1 amp

B VA = VB = +5V
r1 B
VC = VD = 0V
Rb This means that a potential drop of 5V takes place across
A r2 =
A Ra the resistor
r3 Rc 3. O Incorrect : If two resistances are not in series then it
C is in parallel and vice-versa.
C
r1r3 r1r2 r2 r3 P Correct : The above thinking is incorrect. We may
Ra = ; Rb = ; Rc = ; have resistances which are neither in series nor in
r1 + r2 + r3 r1 + r2 + r3 r1 + r2 + r3
parallel.
B
B r
Rb 1
Colour Coding for Carbon Resistor and their Standard
Ra
= A r2 Values –
A (i) It is a system of colour coding used to indicate the values
Rc r3 of resistors.
C (ii) For the fixed, moulded composition resistor, four colour
C
bands are printed on one end of the outer casing as shown
R R + R b R c + R cR a
r1 = a b ; below.
Rc
4
R a R b + R b R c + R cR a 3
r2 = ; 1
2
Ra
R a R b + R b R c + R cR a
r3 = ;
Rb
Using delta to star conversion Tolerence

3W 2W 2W Multiplier
= Significant
2W 2W 9W 9W
digits
3W 3W 9W
2W 2W (iii) The colour bands are always read left to right from the end
X Y X Y that has the bands closest to it.
If none of the above method works then we may use Kirchhoff’s (iv) (a) The first and second colour bands, represent the first
method which will be discussed later and second significant digits respectively, of the
resistance value.
COMMON DEFAULTS
(b) The third colour band is for the number of zeros that
1. Resistors are not just in series or in parallel if they look so follow the second digit.
geometrically, e.g. the resistors in the diagram are not in (c) In case the third band is gold or silver, it represents a
parallel but in series. multiplying factor of 0.1 or 0.01.
A (d) The fourth band represents the manufacture’s
tolerance. It is a measure of the precision with which
the resistor was made.
(e) If the fourth band is not present, the tolerance is
assumed to be ± 20%.
B
These resistors across A and B are in series, as same current (v) Standard value of colour codes for carbon resistors
passes through them.
Colour Digit Multiplier Tolerance
2. This is a common thinking that current which comes out
from the positive terminal of a battery is used up till it reaches Black 0 100 = 1
the negative terminal. But infact the current remains the Brown 1 101 = 10
same in a branch. In fact a potential drop takes place across Red 2 102
a resistor. Orange 3 103
B 5W C
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105
1 amp 1 amp
Blue 6 106
Violet 7 107
A +5V 0V D
 Current Electricity 471

Grey 8 108 ELECTRIC POWER

It is defined as the rate at which work is done in maintaining
White 9 109
the current in electric circuit.
Gold – 0.1 ± 5% Electric power, P = VI = I2 R = V2 / R watt or joule/second.
Silver – 0.01 ± 10% Electric energy : The electric energy consumed in a circuit is
No colour – – ± 20% defined as the total work done in maintaining the current in an
electric circuit for a given time.
To learn the above table of colour codes of resistors let us Electric energy = VIt = Pt = I2 Rt = V2 t / R
learn this interesting sentence : The S.I. unit of electric energy is joule (denoted by J)
BB ROY of Great Britain has a Very Good Wife. where 1 joule = 1 watt × 1 second = 1 volt × 1 ampere × 1 sec.
In the above sentence the capital letters have the following In household circuits the electrical appliances are connected in
meaning : parallel and the electrical energy consumed is measured in kWh
(kilo watt hour).
B Þ Black B Þ Brown 1 kWh (1 B.O.T. unit) = 1000 Wh = 3.6 × 106 J
R Þ Red O Þ Orange
Keep in Memory
Y Þ Yellow G Þ Green
V Þ Violet G Þ Grey For Series Combination :
W Þ White 1. If resistances (or electrical appliances) are connected in
Remember the colour in the above order and the series, the current through each resistance is same. Then
corresponding digits from 0 to 9 and also the multiplier with power of an electrical appliance
the power to 10 from 0 to 9. P µ R and V µ R (Q P = i 2 Rt )
Commercial resistors are of two types It means in series combination of resistances, the potential
(a) Wire round resistor made by winding of wires of an difference and power consumed will be more in larger
alloy manganins, constantan and nichrome. resistance.
(b) Carbon resistors have low cost and are compact. 2. (i) When the appliances of power P 1, P2, P3 ... are
THERMISTOR connected in series, the effective power consumed
A thermistor is a heat sensitive resistor usually made up of (P) is
semiconductor. The oxides of various metals such as mickel, 1 1 1 11
iron, copper etc. temperature coefficient of thermistor is –ve but = + +
...+ i.e., the effective power is
P P1 P2 P3 Pn
is usually large, of the order of 0.04/ºC.
The V–I curve of thermistor is as shown. less than the power of individual appliance.
(ii) If n appliances, each of equal resistance R, are
connected in series with a voltage source V, the power
dissipated Ps will be
I
V2
Ps = ... (i)
nR
3. When two lamps of different wattage are connected in series
in a house the lamp of lower wattage glows more brightly.
V For Parallel Combination :
1. If resistances (i.e. electrical appliances) are connected in
Thermistors are used for resistance thermometer in very low parallel, the potential difference across each resistance is
temperature measurement of the order of 10K and to safeguard
same. Then P µ 1 / R and I µ 1 / R .
electronic circuits against current jumps because initially
It means in parallel combination of resistances the current
thermistors has high resistance when cold and its resistance
and power consumed will be more in smaller resistance.
drops appreciably when it heats up. 2. When the appliances of power P1, P2, P3.... are in parallel,
JOULE’S LAW OF HEATING the effective power consumed (P) is
It states that the amount of heat produced in a conductor is directly P = P1 + P2 + P3 ... +Pn
proportional to the i.e. the effective power of various electrical appliances is
(i) square of the current flowing through the conductor, more than the power of individual appliance.
(q, T – constt) i.e. H µ i2 3. If n appliances, each of resistance R, are connected in parallel
(ii) resistance of the conductor (i, T – constt.) with a voltage source V, the power dissipated Pp will be
i.e. HµR V2 nV 2
PP = = ... (ii)
(iii) time for which the current is passed (i, R, – constt) (R / n ) R
i.e., Hµt From eqns. (i) and (ii),
i 2 RT PP
Thus H = i2 RT joule = cal = n 2 or PP = n2 PS
4.2 PS
 EBD_7751
472 PHYSICS

This shows that power consumed by n equal resistances in 14. A lead-acid secondary cell is discharged if the relative
parallel is n2 times that of power consumed in series if density of electrolyte drop to 1.18 and e.m.f. of 1.8V.
voltage remains same. 15. Hot wire galvanometer is based on heating effect of current.
4. In parallel grouping of bulbs across a given source of voltage, Its deflection q is directly proportional to the heating effect
the bulb of greater wattage will give more brightness and will (i.e. I2). It works on A.C. as well as D.C.
allow more current through it, but will have lesser resistance 16. Two wires of same material and same length but having
and same potential difference across it. different diameters connected in parallel produce more heat
5. For a given voltage V, if resistance is changed from R to than when connected in series. i.e., Hparallel>Hseries.
R/n, power consumed changes from P to nP. 17. If t1and t2 be the time taken by two heaters to boil a given
P = V2 / R; when R´ = R/n, mass of a liquid, then the time taken to boil the same amount
then P´ = V2 / (R/n) = n V2 / R = nP. of the liquid, when both heaters are connected in parallel is
6. Filament of lower wattage bulb is thinner than that of higher given by
wattage bulb i.e. filament of 60 watt bulb is thinner than
that of 100 watt bulb. t1t2
tp <
7. If I is the current through the fuse wire of length l, radius r, t1 ∗ t2 .
specific resistance r and Q is the rate of loss of heat per 18. If t1and t2 be the time taken by two heaters to boil a given
unit area of a fuse wire, then at steady state, amount of a liquid, then the time taken to boil the same
I 2rl amount of the liquid, when both heaters are connected in
I2R = QA or = Q ´ 2prl series is given by
pr 2
ts = t1 + t2 .
2p 2 Q 3 19. If I be the current at which a fuse wire of radius R blows,
or I2 = r Þ I a r 3/ 2
r
Hence current capacity of a fuse is independent of its length
I2
then 3 constant. i.e., for two fuse wires of radii R1and R2
and varies with its radius as r3/2. R
8. If t1 and t2 are the time taken by two different coils for and maximum bearing current I1, and I2, we have
producing same heat with same supply, then
(i) If they are connected in series to produce same heat, I12 I22
3
< .
time taken, t = t1 + t2 R1 R23
(ii) If they are connected in parallel to produce same heat,
20. If the two resistors R1and R2 are first connected in series
t1 t 2 and then parallel then the ratio of heat produced in the two
time taken is, t =
t1 + t 2 cases (series to parallel) is given by
9. When a bulb glows the temperature of the filament is of the
Hs (R1 ∗ R2 )2
order of 3000K. <
10. To avoid lengthy calculations use P = I2R in series Hp R1 R2

V2 21. If two resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel and a

combination and P = in parallel combination and current is passed in them such that heat produced in them
R
is H1 and H2 respectively, then
P = VI when we want to find power of a device and V and I
H1 R
are known. < 2.
11. The resistance of an appliance, can be formed by rated H2 R1
2
Vrated Example 3.
voltage and power is R =
Prated The temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire is
Now this resistance does not change (remember resistance 0.00125ºC–1.At 300 K its resistance is one ohm. At what
depends only on the parameters of resistors and not on the temperature the resistance of the wire will be 2 ohm?
voltage across it or the current flowing through it, if we Solution :
neglect the changes occurring due to change in From formula Rt = R0 (1 + µDt)
temperature). R 300 = R 0 (1 + a ´ 27) = 1
12. The maximum current that can be safely passed through an
Prated
R t = R 0 (1+ µ D ´ t) = 2
appliance (a resistor) is I = .
Vrated 1 + 27 a 1
\ =
13. Bulbs get fused sometimes when switched on. This is 1 + at 2
because with the rise in temperature the resistance increases or 2 + 54a = 1 + at
and power decreases (P = V2 / R). Therefore the bulb glows Þ 2 + 54(0.00125) = 1 + (0.00125)t
brighter in the beginning and get fused. \ t = 854ºC = 1127 K
 Current Electricity 473

Example 4. Solution :
A cylindrical copper rod is reformed to twice its original 8W, 16W, and 16W resistances are connected in parallel.
length with no change in volume. The resistance between Their equivalent resistance is given by R’
its ends before the change was R. Now its resistance will 1 1 1 1 2 +1+ 1 4
be = + + = =
(a) 8 R (b) 6 R R ' 8 16 16 16 16
(c) 4 R (d) 2 R \ R’ = 4W.
Solution : (c) This is in series with 20W. So upper part of AB has a resistance
4 + 20 = 24 W ...(1)
r l1 ...(1) For lower part, 9W and 18W resistances are connected in
R=
pr12 parallel. Their equivalent resistance R” is given by
Now the rod is reformed such that 1 1 1 2 +1 3
= + = = Þ R ¢¢ = 18 / 3 = 6W
l2 = 2l1 and pr12l 1 = pr22l 2 (no change in volume) R ¢¢ 9 18 18 18
This is in series with 6W. So the resistance of lower part of
or (r12 / r22 ) = (l 2 / l 1 ) AB is 6 + 6 = 12W ...(2)
The upper and lower parts of AB are in parallel. Hence the
rl2 equivalent resistance between A and B is given by
\ R2 = ...(2)
pr22 1 1 1 1+ 2 3
= + = = Þ R = 24/3 = 8W
From eqns. (1) and (2), we get R 24 12 24 24
R l r2 l l 1 1
< 1 ≥ 22 < 1 ≥ 1 < ≥ Example 7.
R2 l 2 r1 l2 l2 2 2 A wire has a resistance of 10W. It is stretched by one-tenth
\ R2 = 4 R of its original length. Then its resistance will be
Example 5. (a) 10W (b) 12.1W
A copper wire is stretched to make 0.1% longer. What is (c) 9W (d) 11W
the percentage change in its resistance? Solution : (b)
Solution : Here volume remains constant. Thus
rl V1 = V2 Þ l1 ´ A1 = l 2 ´ A2
The resistance R of a wire is given by R = , where
A
r = specific resistance 102
(pr12 )
pr12 l = pr22 (11l / 10) or pr2 =
Let d and m be the density and mass of the wire, respectively 11
then A l d = m or A = m/ld {Q When wire is stretched by 1/10 of its original length,
r l ´l d r l2 d æ r d ö 2 the new length of wire becomes (11l/10)}
\ R= = =ç ÷´ l
m m èmø l2
Let the new resistance be R2. Then R2 = r .
Taking log, of both sides, we get A2
æ rd ö
loge R = log e ç ÷ + 2e loge l æ 11 ö
r.ç l ÷
è mø
10 ø (11 / 10)rl
R2 = è =
dR 2 dl æ rd ö pr22 (10 / 11)pr12
Differentiating = çèQ = constant ÷
ø
R l m
dR æ dl ö (11 / 10) é rl ù (11 / 10) 121
´100 = 2ç ´100 ÷% = 2 ´ (0.1) = (10 / 11) ê 2 ú = (10 / 11) ´10 = = 12.1W
R è l ø p
ëê 1 ûú
r 10
\ Percentage change in resistance = 2×(0.1) % = 0.2%
So the resistance increases by 0.2%. Example 8.
What will be the equivalent resistance between the two
Example 6.
Determine the equivalent resistance of the arrangement points A and D of fig?
10W 10W 10W
of resistances shown in fig between the points A and B. A C
8W R1 R2
16W R6 10W R3 10 W
R5 R4
16W 20W B D
A B 10W 10W 10W
Solution :
9W Resistances R2 and R3 are in series.
6W
18W
\ R' = R2 + R3 = 10 + 10 = 20 W
 EBD_7751
474 PHYSICS

Similarly, R5 and R6 are in series. Using r = r0 [1 + a (Dt)] , the resistivity r at a temperature

\ R'' = R5 + R6 = 10 + 10 = 20 W
80°C will be
Further, R' and R'' are in parallel
r = 1.6 ´ 10-8 W - m [1 + (4.1 ´ 10 -3 °C -1 ) (80°C)]
R ¢R ¢¢ 20 ´ 20
\ R ¢¢¢ = = = 10W
R ¢ + R ¢¢ 20 + 20 = 2.1 ´ 10 -8 W - m
Resistance between A and D = R1 + R'''+ R4 =
10 + 10 + 10 = 30W Example 12.
Example 9. A bulb has voltage rating of 220 V and power rating of
A wire 1 m long has a resistance of 1 W. If it is uniformly 40 W. How can this bulb be made to glow with normal
stretched, so that its length increases by 25%, then its brightness if a voltage source of e.m.f. 330 V is available?
resistance will increase by Solution :
Here V = 220 V; P = 40 W
(a) 25% (b) 50%
(c) 56.25% (d) 77.33% V 2 (220) 2
Resistance of the bulb, R = = = 1210 W
Solution : (c) P 40
330
New length, l¢ = l + 25 l = 125 l ; Current in the circuit, I =
1210 + S
100 100 Potential difference across the bulb,
Let new area of cross-section = A ¢ . Then æ 330 ö
IR = ç 1210
A l d = A ¢ l¢ d or A¢ = A l / l¢ (Volume is constant) è 1210 + S ÷ø
330 ´ 1210
æ 125 ö 100 As per question, 220 =
or A¢ = A ´ l / ç ´ l÷ = A 1210 + S
è 100 ø 125 On solving, we get S = 605 W
Hence to glow bulb, a resistance of 605W should be
rl r l¢ connected in series.
R= and R ¢ =
A A¢ Example 13.
If two bulbs of wattage 25 and 30 W, each rated at 220
volts are connected in series with a 440 volt supply, which
æ 125 ö
rç ÷ l r l 125 2 bulb will fuse?
è 100 ø æ ö Solution :
R'= = ç ÷ = 1.5625 R
æ 100 ö A è 100 ø (220) 2
ç ÷ A Resistance of 25 W bulb, R1 =
è 125 ø W;
25
% increase in resistance 25
Current I1 = A
220
æ R¢ - R ö æ 1.5625 - 1 ö
=ç ÷ ´ 100 = ç ÷ ´ 100 = 56.25% (220) 2
è R ø è 1 ø Resistance of 30 W bulb, R 2 = W,
30
Example 10 : 30
A wire has a resistance of 16.0 ohm. It is melted and drawn Current I 2 = A
220
to a wire half its initial length. What will be the new When bulbs are connected in series, effective resistance is
resistance of the wire ?
é1 1ù 11
Solution : R = R 1 + R 2 = ( 220) 2 ê + ú = 220 ´ 220 ´ W
ë 25 30 û 150
l¢ 1 When supply voltage is 440 V, then current is
The factor by which the length is changed is n = =
l 2 440 440 ´150 27.27
I¢ = = = A
The new resistance R' is given by R 220 ´ 220 ´ 11 220
2 As I¢ > I1 but less than I 2 , hence the bulb of 25 watt will
æ 1ö
R ¢ = R (n 2 ) = 16 W ç ÷ = 4W fuse.
è 2ø Example 14.
Example 11 : What will happen when 40 W, 220 V lamp and 100 W,
The resistivity of silver at 0°C is 1.6 × 10–8 W-m. If its 220 V lamp are connected in series across 440V lamp?
temperature coefficient of resistance is 4.1 × 10–3 °C–1, Solution :
find the resistivity of silver at 80°C. Resistance of first lamp,
Solution : R1 = 220 × 220 / 40 = 1210 W.
Resistance of second lamp,
Here, r 0 = 1.6 × 10–8 W-m, a = 4.1 × 10–3 °C–1 and R2 = 220 × 220 /100 = 484 W.
Dt = 80°C Total resistance in series = 1210 + 484 = 1694 W.
 Current Electricity 475

Current in the circuit when supply voltage is 440 V will be,

440
I= = 0.26 A + –
1694 +
H.P L.P
Voltage drop across R1 = 0.26 × 1210 = 314.6 V
Voltage drop across R2 = 0.26 × 484 = 112.84V
Therefore 40 W bulb will fuse because lamp can tolerate +
only 220 V. H.P L.P
Example 15.
For this to happen, work is done by some agency in the emf
A fuse wire with a radius of 1 mm blows at 1.5 A. If the fuse
device. The energy required to do this work is chemical energy
wire of the same material should blow at 3.0 A, the radius
of the wire must be (as in a battery), mechanical energy (as in electric generator),
temperature difference (as in a thermopile).
(a) 41/3 mm (b) 2 mm The emf is thus given by the formula
(c) 0.5 mm (d) 8.0 mm.
Solution : (a) dW
E=
The temperature of the wire increases to such a value at dq
which, the heat produced per second equals heat lost per
J
second due to radiation i.e. The S.I unit of emf is < volt(V)
C
æ rl ö
I 2 çç 2 ÷÷ = H ´ 2 p r l ,
Keep in Memory
è pr ø
where H is heat lost per second per unit area due to radiation. 1. Electromotive force is not a force but a potential difference.
I 12 r13 2. E.m.f. can be defined as the work done in moving a charge
Hence, I 2 µ r 3 so = once around a closed circuit.
I 22 r 23
Internal Resistance (r)
or r 2 = r1 (I 2 / I 1 ) 2/ 3 < 1≥(3.0/1.5)2/3 < 41/3 mm.
The potential difference across a real source of emf is not equal
to its emf. The reason is that the charge which is moving inside
Example 16 the emf device also suffers resistance. This resistance is called
A fuse wire with a circular cross section and having internal resistance of the emf device.
diameter of 0.4 mm blows with a current of 3 amp. The
value of the current for which another fuse wire made of E
the same material but having circular cross-section with + r –
diameter of 0.06 mm will blow is I
(a) 3 amp. (b) 3 ´ (3/2) amp.

(c) 3×(3/2) amp. (d) 3 ´ (3/2) 3/ 2 amp.

I R
Solution : (d) p.d V
2 3
For a fuse wire I µ r
E = IR + Ir = V + Ir
I12 r13 Þ V = E – Ir
\ =
I 22 r23
Keep in Memory
0.04 0.06
where r1 = = 0.02 cm and r2 = = 0.03 cm.
2 2 1. For a cell
3 3
Circuit Mode Expression
(3) 2 æ 0.02 ö æ 2ö
\ =ç ÷ =ç ÷
I 22 è 0. 03 ø è 3ø (i) Discharging V = E – Ir \V <E
3 3/ 2
æ 3ö æ 3ö
or I 22 = (3) 2 ç ÷ or I 2 = 3 ´ ç ÷ (ii) No current V= E
è 2ø è 2ø
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE
OF A CELL (iii) I
Charging V = E + Ir \V >E
An emf (electromotive force) device has a positive terminal (at
high potential) and a negative terminal (at low potential). This 2. Emf is the property of a cell but terminal potential difference
device is responsible for moving positive charge within itself depends on the current drawn from the cell.
from negative terminal to positive terminal.
 EBD_7751
476 PHYSICS

Short Circuiting 1 2 n
1
When the terminals of an emf device are connected with a E r E r E r

conducting path without any external resistance then

2
A E r E r E r B

I
m
r r r
r E E E

Equivalent emf EAB = nE

E
nr
Equivalent resistance =
m
E Where n = no. of cells in a row. and
E = Ir Þ I=
r M = no. of rows
Since internal resistance has a very small value, therefore a very If this equivalent cell is attached to an external resistance R
high current flows in the circuit producing a large amount of then
heat. This condition is called short circuiting. nr
m
During short circuiting, the terminal potential nE
difference is zero.
COMBINATION OF CELLS
Series Combination of Cells R
æ nr ö
E1 E2 En nE = I ç R + ÷ Þ I = nmE
è mø mR + nr
A r1 r2 rn B
Keep in Memory
Equivalent Emf EAB = E1 + E2 + ... + En
Equivalent internal resistance, RAB = r1 + r2 + ....... + rn (i) The condition for maximum current through external resistance
R
Parallel Combination of Cells
m r
nr = mR Þ = Þ R = nr/m
E1 n R
In other words, when external resistance is equal to total
r1 internal resistances of all the cells.
E2 nE mE
The maximum current Imax = or
A r2 B 2R 2r
(ii) Maximum power dissipation for the circuit shown in fig.
En
E r
rn

Equivalent emf

E1 E 2 E
+ + ........+ n
r1 r2 rn R
E AB =
1 1 1 E 2R
2
Power P = I 2 R = æç
+ + ..... E ö
r1 r2 rn ÷ R=
èR+rø (R + r ) 2
Equivalent internal resistance dP
For maximum power across the resistor, =0
1 1 1 1 dR
= + + .........+ On solving, we get R = r
R AB r1 r2 rn
This is the condition for maximum power dissipation.
Mixed Grouping of Cells : (iii) If identical cells are connected in a loop in order, then emf
between any two points in the loop is zero.
If the cells are connected as shown below then they are said to (iv) If n identical cells are connected in series and m are wrongly
be in mixed grouping. connected then Enet = nE – 2mE
 Current Electricity 477

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS Example 18.

(i) 1st law : The mass of the substance liberated or deposited Two cells P and Q connected in series have each an emf of
at an electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional 1.5 V and internal resistances 1.0 Wand 0.5W respectively.
to the quantity of charge passed through the electrolyte. Find the current through them and the voltages across
i.e., mass m µ q = Zq = Z It, their terminals.
where Z = electrochemical equivalent (E.C.E.) of substance. Solution :
(ii) 2nd law : When the same amount of charge is passed For a single closed loop, consisting of cells and resistors
through different electrolytes, the masses of the substance the current i flowing through it is given by
liberated or deposited at the various electrodes are E1=1.5V r1=1.0
proportional to their chemical equivalents P
m1 E
i.e. = 1
m 2 E2
SE i i
where m1 and m2 are the masses of the substances liberated i=
or deposited on electrodes during electrolysis and E1 and Sr + Sri
Q
E2 are their chemical equivalents.
Faraday's Constant E2=1.5V r2=0.5
Faraday constant is equal to the amount of charge required to 1.5 + 1.5V
\ i= = 2.0 A
liberate the mass of a substance at an electrode during electrolysis, 1.0 + 0.5W
equal to its chemical equivalent in gram (i.e. one gram equivalent) The voltage across the cell P is
One faraday (I F) = 96500 C/gram equivalent. Vp = E1 - ir1 = 1.5V - 1.5 (1.0)V = zero
Keep in Memory and across cell Q is
VQ = E 2 - ir2 = 1.5V - 1.5 (0.5)V = 0.75V
1. If r is the density of the material deposited and A is the area
of deposition, then the thickness (d) of the layer deposited Example 19.
If electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen is ZH kg/coul-
m ZIt equivalent and chemical equivalent of copper is W, then
in electroplating process is d = = .
rA rA determine the electrochemical equivalent of copper.
2. The back e.m.f. for water voltameter is 1.67 V and it is 1.34 V Solution :
for CuCl2 electrolytes voltameter with platinum electrodes. Z Cu W
3. 96500 C are required to liberate 1.008 g of hydrogen. =
ZH WH
4. 2.016 g of hydrogen occupies 22.4 litres at N.T.P.
5. E.C.E. of a substance = E.C.E. of hydrogen × chemical We know that, WH = 1
equivalent of the substance. \ ZCu = W.ZH

Example 17. Example 20.

Upon a six fold increase in the external resistance of a circuit, Find the mass of silver liberated in a silver voltameter
the voltage across the terminals of the battery has increased carrying a current of 1.5A, during 15 minutes. The electro
from 5 V to 10 V. Find the e.m.f. of battery. chemical equivalent of silver is 1.12× 10–6 kg/C.
Solution : Solution :
V = E – Ir. Here, m = ?, i = 1.5 A, Z = 1.12× 10–6 kg/C
and t = 15 × 30s
E Using m = Zit
V =E- ´r
(R + r) Mass of silver liberated is
E æ kg ö æ 1.5C ö
E- ´r =5 ...(1) m = ç1.12 ´ 10-6 ÷ ç ÷ (450s)
(R + r ) è Cøè s ø
= 7.6 × 10–4 kg = 0.76 g
æ R ö
or E ç ÷=5 ...(2) Example 21.
èR+rø In a water voltameter, the act of passing a certain amount of
E current for a certain time produces of 1.2 g H2 at STP. Find
E- ´ r = 10 ...(3) the amount of O2 liberated during that period.
( 6R + r )
Solution :
æ 6R ö Since the same current flows through both the electrodes of
or E ç ÷ = 10 ...(4) a water voltameter, so the amount of oxygen and hydrogen
è 6R + r ø liberated (for the same charge) will be directly proportional
Dividing eqn. (2) by eqn. (4), we get 2r = 3R to their respective equivalent weights.
E´ r By Faradays’ second law of electrolysis,
Putting values in eqn. (3), we get E - = 10
4r + r mO 2 8
i.e., = or mO 2 = çæ 8 ÷ö m H = 8 ´ 1.2g = 9.6g
Solving we get E = 12.5 V mH2 1 è 1ø 2
 EBD_7751
478 PHYSICS

SEEBECK/THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT PELTIER EFFECT

When an electric circuit is composed of two dissimilar metals It states that if current is passed through a junction of two
and the junctions are maintained at different temperature, then different metals the heat is either evolved or absorbed at that
an emf is set up in the circuit. This effect is known as junction. It is the reverse of seebeck effect.
thermoelectric or seebeck effect. The quantity of heat evolved or absorbed at a junction due to
Thermocouple: It is a device in which heat energy is converted Peltier effect is proportional to the quantity of charge crossing
that junction.
into electrical energy. Its working is based on seebeck effect. It
Peltier Coefficient (p) :
has two junctions of two dissimilar metals.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy evolved or absorbed
Cu
per second at a junction of two different metals when a unit
current is passed through it.
T1 T2 The Peltier heat evolved or absorbed at a junction of a
Fe thermocouple = pI t
where I = current passing through the junction for time t.
Some of the elements forming thermo-electric series dE
\ p =T
Sb, Fe, Zn, Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, Al, Hg, Pt, Ni, Bi dT
(i) Lead (Pb) is thermo-electrically neutral where T and (T + dT) are the temperature of cold and hot junctions
(ii) At the cold junction, current flows from the element occuring of a thermocouple and dE is the thermo emf produced.
earlier into the element occuring later in the series.
p dE
For example: In Cu–Fe thermo–couple, current flows from \ = = S (Seebeck coefficient)
T dT
Cu to Fe at hot junction.
Neutral Temperature (Tn) THOMSON EFFECT
It is that temperature of hot junction for which the thermo emf If a metallic wire has a non uniform temperature and an electric
produced in a thermocouple is maximum. current is passed through it, heat may be absorbed or produced
in different sections of the wire. This heat is over and above the
It depends upon the nature of the material of thermocouple but is
joule heat I2Rt and is called Thomson heat. The effect is called
independent of temperature of cold junction.
Thomson effect.
Temperature of Inversion (Ti) If a charge DQ is passed through a small section of given wire
It is that temperature of hot junction for which the thermo emf having temperature difference DT between the ends,
becomes zero and beyond this temperature, the thermo emf in a Thomson heat, DH = s DQ DT
thermocouple reverses its direction. where s is constant for a given metal at a given temperature.
It depends upon the nature of the material of thermocouple and Thomson emf, s DT, is defined as s DT = DH/DQ.
temperature of cold junction
s is positive if heat is absorbed when a current is passed
Let To, Tn, T i be the temperature of cold junction, neutral
temperature and temperature of inversion then from low temp. to high temperature. s is numerically equal to P.D.
developed between two points of the conductor differing in temp.
Tn - T0 = Ti - Tn or Tn = (Ti + To ) / 2
by 1ºC.
Keep in Memory
1. The actual emf developed in a thermocouple loop is the
Thermo emf

algebraic sum of the net Peltier emf and the net Thomson
emf developed in the loop.
sA(T–T0)
O To Tn Ti A
Temp. difference (pAB)T
With temperature difference T between hot and cold junctions,
the thermo-e.m.f. is given by B (pAB)T0
E = aT + bT2
where a and b are Seebeck co-efficients T sB(T–T0) T0
At Tn, (dE/dT) = 0 EAB = (pAB )T - (pAB )To + s A (T - To ) - s B (T - To )
\ Tn = – a/2b and Ti = – a/b, when To = 0 2. If S, p and s are the Seebeck coefficient, Peltier coefficient,
S = dE/dT is called thermo-electric power. and Thomson coefficient respectively then it is found that
 Current Electricity 479

Solution :
dE p
(i) S= =
dT T é T 2 T Tr T Tr Tr2 ù
E = k êT T0 - - - Tr T0 + - ú
ëê 2 2 2 2 úû
d2E d æ dE ö TdS
(ii) s = -T = -T ç ÷=-
dT 2 dT è dT ø dT dE é T T ù
Hence = k êT0 - T - r + r ú = k ( T0 - T )
3. For Peltier effect or Thomson effect, the heat evolved or dT ë 2 2û
absorbed is directly proportional to current. But for Joule's At temperature T = T0 /2,
law of heating, the heat produced is directly proportional to Thermoelectric power = k (T0 - T0 / 2) = k T0 / 2.
the square of the current flowing through it.
KIRCHOFF’S LAWS AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
4. Thermo-emf set up in a thermocouple when its junctions
Many practical combination of resistors cannot be reduced to
are maintained at temperature T1 and T3 (i.e. E TT3 ) is equal simple series, parallel combinations. For example the resistors in
1
the figure are neither in series nor in parallel.
to the sum of the emfs set up in a thermocouple when its
junctions are maintained first at temperature T1 and T2 (i.e. e
a R1
T T
E T2 ) and then at T2 & T3 (i.e. E T32 ) i.e. E T3 = E T2 + E T3 R5 R1
1 T1 T1 T2
f d
It is called law of intermediate temperature. E R2
b R2
Example 22. I2 I1
The temperature of inversion of a thermocouple is 620ºC c
and the neutral temperature is 300ºC. What is the I
temperature of cold junction ? The use of Ohm’s law is not sufficient to solve such problems.
Solution : Kirchoff’s laws are used in such cases.
Let Ti,Tn and Tc be the temperature of inversion, neutral
temperature and temperature of cold junction We will often use the term junction and loop, so let us first
respectively, then understand the meaning of these words. A junction in a circuit
Ti – Tn = Tn – Tc is a point where three or more conductors meet. A loop is a
\ 620 – 300 = 300 – Tc Þ 320 = 300 – Tc closed conducting path. In the above figure e, f, d, c are junctions.
\ Tc = 300 – 320 = – 20ºC a, b, are not junctions. The various loops are efde, cdfc, eabcf
Example 23. and eabcde.
The temperature of cold junction of a thermocouple is 0ºC (i) Kirchoff’s junction law : (Based on conservation of
and the temperature of hot junction is TºC. The thermo charge) At any junction, the sum of currents entering the
e.m.f. is given by E = 16 T – 0.04 T2 m volt junction must be equal to the sum of currents leaving it.
Find (a) the neutral temperature and (b) the If this is not so, charges will accumulate at the junction.
temperature of inversion This cannot happen as this would mean high/low potential
Solution : maintained at a point in a wire without external influence.
Given that E = 16T – 0.04T2
When we apply this rule at junction c, we get I = I 1 + I2
dE (ii) Kirchoff’s loop law : (Based on energy conservation)
\ = 16 - 2 ´ 0.04T
dT The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any
(a) At neutral temperature, dE/dT = 0 closed loop of a circuit must be zero.
\ 16 – 2×0.04 Tn = 0 or 16 = 0.08 Tn Sign convention for using loop law. If we move a loop element
16 (resistor, emf device, capacitor, inductor etc.) in the direction of
or Tn =
= 200º C increasing potential, we take the potential difference positive
0.08
(b) At the temperature of inversion, E = 0 and vice-versa.
\ 16 Ti – 0.04 Ti2 = 0 or 16 – 0.04 Ti = 0 Travel
or 16 = 0.04 Ti – + p.d = +E
E
16
\ Ti = = 400º C Travel
0.040 p.d = –E
Example 24. +E –
One junction of a certain thermocouple is at a fixed H.P. L.P.
temperature Tr and the other junction is at a temperature p.d = – IR
T. The electromotive force for this is expressed by, I R
Travel
é 1 ù
E = k (T - Tr ) êT0 - (T + Tr ) ú . L. P. H.P
ë 2 û p.d = +IR
R I
At, temperature T = T0/2. Determine the thermoelectric
power. Travel
 EBD_7751
480 PHYSICS

Problem Solving Tactic for Using Kirchoff’s Law + E2 – I1R4 – (I1 + I2) R3 = 0
(i) Draw a circuit diagram large enough to show all resistors, For loop afeda, moving the loop in clockwise direction we get –
emf device, capacitors, currents clearly. E1 – I2 R1 – I2R2 – (I1 + I2)R3 = 0
(ii) Take into account the resistance of voltmeter/ammeter/
Node method to apply Kirchoff’s law (Open loop method)
internal resistance of a cell (if given).
(iii) Assume the direction of current in all branches. It may be Step 1 : We select a reference node and assume its potential
noted here that one branch has only one direction of to be (zero/x)V
current. Step 2 : We calculate the voltage of other selected points w.r.t.
It is best to use junction law simultaneously while drawing the reference node
currents. This helps to reduce the number of unknown Step 3: We find some independent node (whose voltage is
quantities. not known). We apply Kirchoff’s law to find the
relevant values.
E2 a E1 Example 25.
b f
R2 I2 Find current through branch BD
loop
loop R1 A 1W B 2W
n R3 C
direction
dir
I1+ I2 5V
15V
c d I2 R e
3W
R4 I1 2
Fig 1

D
E2 a E1 Solution :
b f
I1 I2
Let VD = 0V
\ VA = +5V and VC = + 15 V
R3 R1 Let the voltage of B = VB
Applying Kirchhoff’s junction law at B
I3 5 - VB 15 - VB 0 - VB
+ + = 0 Þ VB = 6.82 Volt
c R4 I1 d R2 I2 e 1 2 3
Fig 2 6.82 - 0
Current through BD = = 2.27 A
3
In the above circuits we arbitrarily assumed the direction Example 26.
of current I1 in branch abcd as anti-clockwiswe and the Calculate the currents I1, I2 and I3 in the circuit shown in
direction of current I2 in branch afed as clockwise. figure.
In figure 1 we have two unknown currents (I1, I2) whereas
figure 2 we have three unknown currents (I1, I2 and I3).
The first figure is a better option for solving problems. In
figure 1 we used junction rule at d simultaneously while
labelling currents.
(iv) In a branch containing a capacitor, the current is zero when
d.c is applied and steady state conditions are achieved.
(v) Now we need as many independent equations as there are
conditions unknowns. If we have to find a particular Solution :
unknown, we should ensure that, the unknown appears in Junction rule at C yields
one of the equations made by us. I1 + I2 – I3 = 0 i.e., I1 + I2 = I3 .... (1)
while loop for meshes a and b yields respectively :
(vi) For making equations choose the loop and travel the loop –14 – 4I2 + 6I1 – 10 = 0
completely. We may travel the loop in clockwise or anti- i.e., 3I1 – 2I2 = 12 .... (2)
clockwise direction. While using second law use sign and, 10 – 6I1 – 2I3 = 0
conventions properly. i.e., 3I1 + I3 = 5 .... (3)
(vii) Solve the equations formed to find the unknown quantities. Substituting I3 from equation (1) in (3)
If any value of current comes out to be negative then that 4I1 + I2 = 5
particular current is in the opposite direction to that Solving equations (2) and (4) for I1 and I2, we find
assumed. I1 = 2A and I2 = –3A
And hence equation (1) yields, I3 = –1A
Applications The fact that I2 and I3 are negative implies that actual
Let us use second law in the loop abcda of figure 1 taking the direction of I2 and I3 are opposite to that shown in the
loop in anti-clockwise direction starting from a. circuit.
 Current Electricity 481

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 1
The condition for balanced wheatstone bridge D
EAB = (pAB )T - (pAB )To + s A (T - To ) - s B (T - To )
A r B r C r

B 2

P Q
P Correct In the diagram, the three resistors are in parallel.
A G C The potential at A is equal to the potential at C.
Current flows in wire 1 but there is no potnetial
R S drop across A and C.
O Incorrect If potential difference between the points is zero,
D there is zero current between the two points.
P Coorect There is no p.d. between A and C still current
E flows in segment 1.
P R Example 27.
P Q
= also = Calculate the effective resistance between A and B in the
Q S R S following network.
Note that when battery and galvanometer of a Wheatstone bridge 3W
is interchanged, the balance position remains undisturbed, while
sensitivity of the bridge changes. 2W
In the balanced condition, the resistance in the branch BD may D B
A
be neglected C 7W 6W C
Example : Resistance connected to BC may be neglected.
Solution : 4W
2W
2W The circuit can be redrawn as
A
B 2W C 2W D;
C
2W
P=2W Q=3W

2W 2W
A 7W B
2W
2W A B
R=4W S=6W
2W
D
In a Wheatstone bridge, the deflection in a
galvanometer does not change, if the battery and the P R 2
galvanometer are interchanged Here = = so bridge is balanced
Q S 3
Measuring temperature with the help of Wheatstone bridge So the resistance between c and d is non useful.
P Q Equivalent resistance = (P + Q) (R + S)
At balancing =
R + DR S(1 + aDT ) (P + Q)(R + S) (2 + 3)(4 + 6)
R eq = =
P+Q+ R +S 2 + 3+ 4+ 6
P Q 5 ´ 10 10
= = W
15 3
G
Even if not able to observe balanced wheatstone bridge try
to observe symmetry in network and use plane cutting
R
S

method.
DR Example 28.
When P = Q then DR = S a DT [Q R » S] Find the potential difference between the points A and B
in fig.
DR 5W 5W B
\ DT =
Sa
COMMON DEFAULT
O Incorrect If the current flows in a wire, there has to be a 5W + –2V 5W
potential difference. The potential drop takes
place only when current passes through a
resistor. A 5W 5W
 EBD_7751
482 PHYSICS

Solution : POTENTIOMETER :
The upper three resistances of the cell are in series. Their Principle : The p.d. across a resistance wire is directly
equivalent resistance is 15W. Similarly lower three proportional to its length provided I, r and A are constant.
resistances are in series. Their equivalent resistance is also
l
15W. The upper and lower equivalent resistances are V = IR = I r
A
connected in parallel. So, resultant resistance of the circuit
is given by Þ V a l [ I, r and A are constant]
Working : PQ is the resistance wire of potentiometer generally
1 1 1 2 15 made up of constantan or nichrome. One end P is connected to
= + = or R = W
R 15 15 15 2 the positive terminal of the battery B while negative terminal is
connected to Q through a Rheostat (Rh) and key (K). This is the
2 4 main circuit.
Current from the cell, i = = amp.
(15 / 2) 15 A cell whose emf has to be measured is also connected to the
potential wire in such a way that the positive terminal is connected
In order to calculate potential difference between points A
with P and negative terminal is connected to a galvanometer and
and B, see fig.
then to a jockey (J) which is free to slide along the wire
B K Rh
2V
5W 5W 5W
E C A
A
F D
5W 5W B 5W
A C
P
IB J Q
Half of the current goes to each part i.e., current in each
part is (2/15) amp. Consider the loop AEFDCA, we have IE
E
2 2 2 There is a potential drop along PQ.
VAB = - ´ 5 + ´ 5 + ´ 5 = VA - VB The potential drop per unit length along PQ is called potential
15 15 15
gradient.
2 2 2 4 When the jockey is pressed on some point, current flows from E
= ´ 5 = volt or VA = 2 - ´ 5 = volt ,
15 3 15 3 to P (Þ). Also current that comes from B after reaching P divides
into two parts. One part moves towards A and the other towards
2 2 2 E (®). Three cases may arise.
VB = 2 - ´ 10 = volt so VAB = VA - VB = volt
15 3 3 (a) IB > IE. This happens when VPC > E. One side deflection in
galvanometer
METER BRIDGE OR SLIDE WIRE BRIDGE
(b) IB = IE. This happens when VPC = E, Zero deflection in
Principle: Based on balanced Wheatstone bridge principle.
galvanometer
Use : To find unknown resistance
(c) IB < IE . This happens when VPA < E. Other side defection
Working : Let P be the unknown resistance.
in galvanometer

P Q
• At null point since no current flows through E therefore it is
said to be in the condition of open circuit.
• More is the length of potentiometer, higher is the sensitivity of
100– l potentiometer and smaller is the potential gradient.
l
• Potentiometer will work only when B > E. Also the positive
G
terminal of the batteries is connected at P. If any of the above
conditions is not followed, we do not get a null point.

E1 l1
Uses : (i) Comparison of emfs of cells E = l
2 2
At balance point
P Q ælö
= (ii) To find internal resistance of a cell r = ç ÷ R
l 100 - l
è l' ø
Q is known and l can be calculated. emf can be measured by potentiometer and not voltmeter.
 Current Electricity 483

Example 29.
Copper strip
A 10 m long wire AB of uniform area of cross-section and
20W resistance is used as a potentiometer wire. This wire 100 x
is connected in series with a battery of 5V and a resistor
of 480W. An unknown emf is balanced at 600 cm of the G Copper
wire as shown in the figure. A B strip
1 2
5V 480 W

r
E
600 cm Sol. Q Wheatstone bridge is in balanced condition
A J B
100

G 100 x
E

Calculate :
(i) The potential gradient for the potentiometer wire
(ii) The value of unknown emf E
1 2
Solution :
(i) V = 5V 480 W I 100x
100 100 + x l1
so = and Q l = 2
I l1 l2 2

A B Þ x = 100 W
Applying Ohm’s law MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
V = I (RAB + 480) Galvanometer
5 It is an instrument used to detect small currents in a circuit.
5 = I (20 + 480) [RAB = 20 W (given)] Þ I = = 0.01A
The current required for full scale deflection in the galvanometer
500
Potential gradient of potentiometer wire is called full scale deflection current and is denoted by Ig.
Current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
VAB 0.2
< < < 0.02Vm,1 It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer,
l AB 10
when unit current flows through it.
(ii) With reference to the current given in question, the emf E
and the potential drop across AJ should be equal for the q NBA
Current sensitivity, IS = = and its unit is rad A–1
balancing : E = (potential gradient of potentiometer wire) I C
× balancing length = 0.02 × 6 = 0.12 V Current sensitivity can be increased either by decreasing C i.e.
Example 30.
restoring torque per unit twist or increasing B.
A uniform potential gradient is established across a
potentiometer wire. Two cells of emf E1 and E2 connected Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer
to support and oppose each other are balanced over It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when
l1 = 6m and l2 = 2m. Find E1/E2. a unit voltage is applied across the two terminals of the
Solution : galvanometer.
E1 + E2 = xl1 = 6x and E1 – E2 = 2x
q q NBA
E1 + E 2 6 E1 2 Voltage sensitivity VS = = = , its unit is rad V–1
= or = V IR CR
E1 - E 2 2 E2 1
Example 31. Ammeter
In a practical wheatstone bridge circuit as shown, when Ammeter is used to measure current in a circuit. Ammeter is
one more resistance of 100 W is connected is parallel with always connected in series in the circuit as shown.
unknown resistance ‘x’, then ratio l1 / l 2 become ‘2’. l1 I
A
is balance length. AB is a uniform wire. Find the value of' R ext
x'.
 EBD_7751
484 PHYSICS

Conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter

When ammeter/voltmeter is connected in the circuit,
A the current or voltage indicated by these is less than the actual
values in their absence.
Ig
G Example 32.
I I A galvanometer of coil resistance 20 ohm, gives a full
scale deflection with a current of 5 mA. What arrangements
I – Ig S should be made in order to measure currents upto 1.0 A ?
For this, we connect a small resistance S (called shunt) in Solution :
parallel with the galvanometer. The upper limiting value of current to be measured is to be
Mathematically, Ig × G = (I – Ig) S increased by a factor
where I is the maximum current which ammeter can measure. G is 1.0A
the resistance of galvanometer and Ig is the current of full scale n= = 200
5A
deflection in galvanometer. S is shunt.
\ Resistance of the shunt required will be
The resistance of the ammeter will be
G 20W
1 1 1 G´S S= = » 0.1 W
= + RA = n - 1 200 - 1
RA G S G+S
Hence, a shunt of resistance 0.1 W should be connected
Since shunt is a small resistance. Therefore the resistance of
in parallel across the galvanometer coil.
ammeter is very small.
Example 33.
The above arrangement is made so that when we connect
A voltmeter having 100 W resistance can measure a
ammeter in series to measure current, it does not change the
original current to a large extent. The change is infact very small. potential difference of 25V. What resistance R is required
Also since galvanometer is a sensitive device and cannot take to be connected in series, to make it read voltage upto
large currents, this arrangement serves the purpose. Most of 250 V ?
the current entering the ammeter passes through the shunt as Solution :
current always prefer low resistance path. The upper limiting value of voltage is to be increased by a
An ideal ammeter is one which has zero resistance. factor
The range of ammeter can be increased but cannot be decreased 250V
below Ig. n= = 10
25V
Voltmeter
\ Resistance, R = (n – 1) G = (10 – 1) 100 = 900 W
Voltmeter is used to measure potential difference across a
Keep in Memory
resistor. Voltmeter is always connected in parallel across a
resistor. 1. In order to increase the range of a voltmeter n times, its
Conversion of a galvanometer into a voltmeter total resistance should also be increased by n times. So
the resistance to be connected in series is
Voltmeter (V) R = (n – 1) G.
V
2. In order to increase the range of an ammeter n times, the
G value of shunt resistance to be connected in parallel is
R
Ig S = G / (n – 1)
3. For galvanometers with their coil in uniform magnetic field B

I a Rext b Cq
I=
V NAB sin a
For this, we connect a large resistance R in series with the C = torsional rigidity of suspension wire.
galvanometer. For galvanometer with concave pole-pieces – radial
The potential difference which has to be measured is across the magnetic field is produced, a = 90°
external resistance i.e. across points a and b.
I = (C / NAB)q or I = Kq
Let it be V. Then
V = Ig (G + R) All galvanometers used in practice have concave
where V is the maximum potential difference that the voltmeter pole-pieces, for making the radial magnetic field.
can measure and R is the large resistance connected in series
with the galvanometer Example 34.
The resistance of the voltmeter will be RV = G + R A galvanometer has a resistance of 30 W and current of
Since R is a large resistance. Therefore resistance of 2 mA is needed to give full scale deflection. What is the
voltmeter is very large. resistance needed and how is it to be connected to convert
An ideal voltmeter is one which has infinite resistance. the galvanometer
The range of voltmeter can be increased and decreased. (a) into an ammeter of 0.3 ampere range
(b) into voltmeter of 0.2 volt range
 Current Electricity 485

Solution : The voltmeter gives full scale deflection for potential

difference V. Its resistance is G
æ S ö
(a) We know that i g = ç ÷i
èS+G ø Hence Ιg = (V / G)
Substituting the given values, we get
nV
\ R= - G = n G - G = (n - 1) G
-3 æ S ö (V / G)
2 ´10 = ç ÷ ´ 0.3
è S + 30 ø Example 36.
Solving it, we get S = (30/149) W In the circuit shown in fig., Find the reading of voltmeter.
So, a resistance of (30/149) W must be connected in + –
parallel with the galvanometer.
2V,r = 0
æ V ö V 80W
(b) In this case, i g = ç ÷ or R = - G V
èR+Gø ig
20W 80W
0.2
\ R= - 30 = 100 - 30 = 70 W Solution :
2 ´10 -3 The equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by
So, a resistance of 70 W must be connected in series
with the galvanometer. 654 80 ´ 80
R eq. = 20 + = 20 + 40 = 60W
80 ´ 80
Example 35.
A voltmeter has a resistance of G ohm and range V volt.
V
What will be the value of resistance used in series to Current through the circuit I = =(2/60) = (1/30) amp
convert it into voltmeter of range nV volt? R
Solution : Reading of voltmeter
= current × RT
V
We know that, R = -G
Ιg 1 æ 80 ´ 80 ö 40
= ´ç ÷= = 1.33 V
30 è 80 + 80 ø 30
 CONCEPT MAP
486

Colour coding of
On length ()l and Resistance R = AB
area of cross-section (A) Resistance (R)Obstruction × C ± D% A, B – First
to flow offered of electrons
R µ lü two significant figures
ï l of resistance C-multiplier
1 ýR = r
µ ï A D-tolerance
Aþ Ohm's law if the physical
r = resistivity Dependence of conditions remain same,
resistance Grouping of resistance
current I µ V Þ V = IR
R-electric resistance
On temperature
Rt = R 0(1 + µt)
Series grouping of Parallel grouping of
Conductivity (s) resistances Equivalent resistances Equivalent
Reciprocal of resistance Current density (J) Electric Current (I) The time resistance, Rs= R 1 + resistance,
1 Current per unit cross rate of flow of charge (Q) R2 +...+ Rn 1 1 1 1
s= sectional area (A) = + +...+
r through any cross-section R P R1 R 2 Rn
r I E Q
J= =r I= t
A
Drift velocity (Vd ) Mobitity (m)
2nd law Loop Average uniform velocity Drift velocity per
lst law Junction law rule Algebraic CURRENT ELECTRICITY acquired by free electrons unit electric field
Algebraic sum of sum of changes in i V
Vd = m= d
all the current potential around neA E
meeting at a junction any closed loop is
is zero i.e. S I = 0 zero.
Electric cell source of energy that
maintains continuous flow of charge Groupings of cells
in a circuit

Kirchhoff's laws Potentiometer used to

Cells in series Cells in parallel Cells in series
(i) Compare emfs Current in thecircuit and parallel i.e.
Current in the
E1 l1
= circuit, I = ne current I = e mixed Current inne
E 2 l2 R + nr r the circuit, I =
Balanced condition R+ nr
of wheatstone bridge (ii) Find internal m +R
P R resistance of cell m
Electrical energy
=
Q S æE ö H µ I2 ü Jule's heating law
r = ç –1÷ S
èV ø ï 2
µ R ý H = I Rt; Electrical
Meter Bridge Based on V2
µ t ïþ power P =
P R l R R
Wheatstone bridge = Þ =
PHYSICS

Q S 100 – l S

EBD_7751
 Current Electricity 487

1. The emf developed by a thermocouple is measured with (c) the potential draws no current during measurement.
the help of a potentiometer and not by a moving coil (d) range of the voltmeter is not as wide as that of the
millivoltmeter because potentiometer.
(a) the potentiometer is more accurate than the voltmeter 8. The infinity resistance plug in a post-office box has
(b) the potentiometer is more sensitive than voltmeter (a) an air gap only
(c) the potentiometer makes measurement without (b) a resistance coil of infinite resistance
drawing any current from the thermocouple (c) largest resistance available in box
(d) measurement using a potentiometer is simpler than (d) resistance of the coil 5000 W
with a voltmeter 9. In an household electric circuit, which of the following is/
2. Three copper wires of lengths and cross sectional areas are are correct?
(l, A), (2 l, A/2) and (l/2, 2A). Resistance is minimum in (A) All electric appliances drawing power are joined in
(a) wire of cross-sectional area A/2 parallel
(B) A switch may be either in series or in parallel with the
(b) wire of cross-sectional area A appliance which it controls
(c) wire of cross-sectional area 2A (C) If a switch is in parallel with an appliance, it will draw
(d) same in all the three cases power when the switch is in the ‘off’ position (open)
3. When a current I is set up in a wire of radius r, the drift (D) If a switch is in parallel with an appliance, the fuse will
blow (burn out) when the switch is put ‘on’ closed.
velocity is vd. If the same current is set up through a wire of
(a) A, D (b) A, C, D
radius 2 r, the drift velocity will be (c) B, C, D (d) A, B, D
(a) 4 vd (b) 2 vd 10. Two identical fuses are rated at 10 A. If they are joined
(c) vd/2 (d) vd/4
(A) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20 A
4. In the given circuit, as the sliding contact C is moved from
(B) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 5 A
A to B
(C) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 10 A
V (D) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20 A
Select the correct options.
C
A B (a) A, B (b) A, C
(c) B, D (d) B, C, D
A
11. The resistance of the coil of an ammeter is R. The shunt
(a) the readings of both the ammeter and the voltmeter required to increase its range n-fold should have a
remain constant resistance
(b) the reading of both the ammeter and the voltmeter R R
increase (a) (b)
n n -1
(c) the reading of the ammeter remains constant but
that of the voltmeter increases R
(c) (d) nR
(d) the reading of the ammeter remains constant but n +1
that of the voltmeter decreases 12. A cell of internal resistance r is connected across an
5. Potentiometer measures potential more accurately because external resistance nr. Then the ratio of the terminal voltage
(a) it measures potential in open circuit to the emf of the cell is
(b) it uses sensitive galvanometer for null deflection
(c) it uses high resistance potentiometer wire 1 1 n n -1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(d) it measures potential in closed circuit n n +1 n +1 n
6. Coils in the resistance boxes are made from doubled up 13. A battery of e.m.f. 10 V and internal resistance 0.5 W is
insulated wires connected across a variable resistance R. The value of R
(a) to cancel the effect of self induction for which the power delivered in it is maximum is given by
(b) to nullify the heating effect (a) 0.5 W (b) 1.0 W (c) 2.0 W (d) 0.25 W
(c) to nullify the Peltier effect
14. An ammeter has a resistance of G ohm and a range of I amp.
(d) to reduce effective length of the wire The value of resistance used in parallel to convert it into an
7. For measuring voltage of any circuit, potentiometer is ammeter of range nI amp is
preferred to voltmeter because
(a) nG (b) (n – 1)G
(a) the potentiometer is cheap and easy to handle.
(b) calibration in the voltmeter is sometimes wrong . (c) G/n (d) G/(n – 1)
 EBD_7751
488 PHYSICS

15. A current source drives a current in a coil of resistance R1 21. A 4 ohm resistance wire is bent through 180º at its mid point
for a time t. The same source drives current in another coil and the two halves are twisted together. Then the resistance
of resistance R2 for same time. If heat generated is same, is
find internal resistance of source. (a) 1 W (b) 2 W (c) 5 W (d) 8 W
22. Is it possible that any battery has some constant value of
R1R 2 e.m.f but the potential difference between the plates is zero?
(a) (b) R1 + R 2
R1 + R 2 (a) No
(b) Yes, if another identical battery is joined in series.
(c) zero (d) R 1R 2 (c) Yes, if another identical battery is joined in
opposition in series.
16. Two electric bulbs whose resistance are in the ratio 1 : 2 are (d) Yes, if another similar battery is joined in parallel.
arranged in parallel to a constant voltage source. The 23. Which of the following in electricity is analogous to
powers dissipated in them have the ratio momentum mv in dynamics ?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 (a) IV (b) I L (c) QL (d) IQ
17. Who among the following scientists made the statement ? 24. You are given a resistance coil and a battery. In which of
“Chemical change can produce electricity”. the following cases is largest amount of heat generated ?
(a) Galvani (b) Faraday (a) When the coil is connected to the battery directly
(b) When the coil is divided into two equal parts and
(c) Coulomb (d) Thompson
both the parts are connected to the battery in parallel
18. Which of the following is not reversible ? (c) When the coil is divided into four equal parts and all
(a) Joule effect (b) Peltier effect the four parts are connected to the battery in parallel
(c) Seebeck effect (d) Thomson effect (d) When only half the coil is connected to the battery
19. In which of the following the power dissipation is 25. The electric resistance of a certain wire of iron is R. If its
proportional to the square of the current ? length and radius are both doubled, then
(a) Peltier effect (b) Joule's effect (a) the resistance and the specific resistance, will both
remain unchanged
(c) Thomson effect (d) None of the above
(b) the resistance will be doubled and the specific
20. When current is passed through a junction of two dissimilar resistance will be halved
metals, heat is evolved or absorbed at the junction. This (c) the resistance will be halved and the specific
process is called resistance will remain unchanged
(a) Seebeck effect (b) Joule effect (d) the resistance will be halved and the specific
(c) Petlier effect (d) Thomson effect resistance will be doubled

1. A given resistor has the following colour scheme of the 5. A primary cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 volt. When short-circuited
various strips on it : Brown, black, green and silver. Its it gives a current of 3 ampere. The internal resistance of the
value in ohm is cell is
(a) 1.0 ´ 10 4 ± 10% (b) 1.0 ´ 105 ± 10% (a) 4.5 ohm (b) 2 ohm
(c) 0.5 ohm (d) (1/4.5) ohm
(c) 1.0 ´ 10 6 ± 10% (d) 1.0 ´ 10 7 ± 10% 6. Two wires A and B of the same material, having radii in the
2. If R1 and R2 are respectively the filament resistances of a ratio 1 : 2 and carry currents in the ratio 4 : 1. The ratio of
200 watt bulb and a 100 watt bulb designed to operate on drift speed of electrons in A and B is
the same voltage (a) 16 : 1 (b) 1 : 16
(a) R1 is two times R2 (b) R2 is two times R1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
(c) R2 is four times R1 (d) R1 is four times R2 7. A torch bulb rated as 4.5 W, 1.5 V is connected as shown in
3. A conductor carries a current of 50 m A. If the area of cross- fig. The e.m.f. of the cell, needed to make the bulb glow at
section of the conductor is 50 mm2, then value of the current full intensity is
density in Am–2 is 4.5 W,
(a) 0.5 (b) 1 1.5V
(c) 10–3 (d) 10–6 2E/9
4. A cell when balanced with potentiometer gave a balance
length of 50 cm. 4.5 W external resistance is introduced in E/9
the circuit, now it is balanced on 45 cm. The internal 0.33 W
resistance of cell is E/3
(a) 0.25 W (b) 0.5 W E, r = 2.67 W
(a) 4.5 V (b) 1.5 V
(c) 1.0 W (d) 1.5 W (c) 2.67 V (d) 13.5 V
 Current Electricity 489

8. A flow of 107 electrons per second in a conducting wire 19. If the resistance of a conductor is 5W at 50º C & 7W at
constitutes a current of 100º C, then mean temperature coefficient of resistance (of
material) is
(a) 1.6 ´ 10 -26 A (b) 1.6 ´ 10 26 A
(a) 0.013/ ºC (b) 0.004/ ºC
(c) 1.6 ´ 10 -12 A (d) 1.6 ´ 1012 A (c) 0.006/ ºC (d) 0.008/ ºC
9. A 100-W bulb and a 25-W bulb are designed for the same 20. If negligibly small current is passed though a wire of length
voltage. They have filaments of the same length and 15 m & resistance of 5W, having uniform cross section of
material. The ratio of the diameter of the 100-W bulb to that 6 × 10–7 m2, then coefficient of resistivity of material is
of the 25-W bulb is (a) 1×10–7W–m (b) 2×10–7W–m
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 –7
(c) 3×10 W–m (d) 4×10–7W–m
(c) (d) 1 : 2 21. A potentiometer consists of a wire of length 4m and
2 :1
resistance 10W. It is connected to a cell of e.m.f. 3V. The
10. In a metre bridge, the balancing length from the left end potential gradient of wire is
(standard resistance of one ohm is in the right gap) is found to (a) 5V/m (b) 2V/m
be 20 cm. The value of the unknown resistance is
(c) 5V/m (d) 10V/m
(a) 0.8 W (b) 0.5 W
22. The four wires from a larger circuit intersect at junction A
(c) 0.4 W (d) 0.25 W as shown. What is the magnitude and direction of the
11. An electric fan and a heater are marked as 100 W, 220 V and current between points A and B ?
1000 W, 220 V respectively. The resistance of heater is 4A
(a) equal to that of fan (b) lesser than that of fan
(c) greater than that of fan (d) zero A B
5A
]
12. In a neon gas discharge tube Ne+ ions moving through a
cross-section of the tube each second to the right is 2.9 × 6A
1018, while 1.2 × 1018 electrons move towards left in the (a) 2 A from A to B (b) 2A from B to A
same time; the electronic charge being 1.6 × 10–19 C, the (c) 3A from A to B (d) 2A from B to A
net electric current is 23. Potentiometer wire of length 1 m is connected in series with
(a) 0.27 A to the right (b) 0.66 A to the right 490W resistance and 2 V battery. If 0.2 mV/cm is the potential
(c) 0.66 A to the left (d) zero gradient, then resistance of the potentiometer wire is
13. A capacitor of 10m F has a pot. difference of 40 volts across (a) 4.9 W (b) 7.9 W (c) 5.9 W (d) 6.9 W
it. If it is discharged in 0.2 second, the average current 24. The deflection in a galvanometer decreases from 25 divisions
to 5 divisions when a resistor of 20W is connected in series.
during discharge is
Find resistance of galvanometer.
(a) 2 m A (b) 4 m A
(a) 4 W (b) 5 W (c) 6 W (d) 7 W
(c) 1 m A (d) 0.5 m A
25. A galvanometer of 50 ohm resistance has 25 divisions. A
14. The amount of charge Q passed in time t through a cross-
current of 4 × 10–4 ampere gives a deflection of one division.
section of a wire is Q = 5 t2 + 3 t + 1. To convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter having a range
The value of current at time t = 5 s is of 25 volts, it should be connected with a resistance of
(a) 9 A (b) 49 A (a) 2450 W in series. (b) 2500 W in series.
(c) 53 A (d) None of these (c) 245 W in series. (d) 2550 W in series.
15. A wire X is half the diameter and half the length of a wire Y 26. In the equation AB = C, A is the current density, C is the
of similar material. The ratio of resistance of X to that of Y is electric field, Then B is
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 (a) resistivity (b) conductivity
16. 2, 4 and 6 S are the conductances of three conductors. (c) potential difference (d) resistance
When they are joined in series, their equivalent conductance 27. A dynamo develops 0.5 A at 6 V. The energy which is
will be
generated in one second is
(a) 12 S (b) (1/12) S
(a) 0.083 J (b) 3 J
(c) (12/11) S (d) (11/12) S
17. 2, 4 and 6 S are conductances of three conductors. When they (c) 12 J (d) None of these
are joined in parallel, their equivalent conductance will be 28. In an electroplating experiment, m g of silver is deposited
(a) 12 S (b) (1/12) S when 4 A of current flows for 2 minutes. The amount in g of
(c) (12/11) S (d) (11/12) S silver deposited by 6 A of current for 40 seconds will be
18. Two identical cells connected in series send 1.0A current (a) 4 m (b) 2 m (c) m/2 (d) m/4
through a 5 W resistor. When they are connected in parallel, 29. A steady current of 5 A is maintained for 45 minutes. During
they send 0.8 A current through the same resistor. What is this time it deposits 4.572 g of zinc at the cathode of voltameter.
the internal resistance of the cell? E.C.E. of zinc is
(a) 0.5 W (b) 1.0 W (c) 1.5 W (d) 2.5 W (a) 3.387 × 10–4 g/C (b) 3.387 × 10–4 kg/C
–4
(c) 3.384 × 10 kg/C (d) 3.384 × 10–3 kg/C
 EBD_7751
490 PHYSICS

30. What is the equivalent resistance between the points A (a) 8 minutes (b) 10 minutes
and D in given figure? (c) 12 minutes (d) 15 minutes
40. An electric lamp is marked 60 W, 220 V. The cost of kilo
watt hour of electricity is Rs. 1.25. The cost of using this
lamp on 220 V for 8 hours is
(a) Re 0.25 (b) Re 0.60
(c) Re 1.20 (d) Re 4.00
(a) 10 W (b) 20 W 41. If current flowing in a conductor changes by 1% then power
consumed will change by
(c) 30 W (d) 40 W
(a) 10% (b) 2% (c) 1% (d) 100%
31. Two wires of same metal have the same length but their
cross-sections are in the ratio 3 : 1. They are joined in series. 42. If nealy 105 coulomb are liberated by 1gm equivalent of
The resistance of the thicker wire is 10 W. The total aluminium, then amount of aluminium (equivalent weight 9)
resistance of the combination is deposited through electrolysis in 20 minutes by a current
(a) 5/2 W (b) 40/3 W of 50 ampere will be :
(c) 40 W (d) 100 W (a) 0.6 gm. (b) 0.09 gm (c) 5.4 gm (d) 10.8 gm
32. The resistance of a wire at room temperature 30°C is found 43. Three equal resistors, connected across a source of e.m.f.
to be 10 W. Now to increase the resistance by 10%, the together dissipate 10 watt of power. What will be the power
temperature of the wire must be [ The temperature coefficient dissipated in watts if the same resistors are connected in
of resistance of the material of the wire is 0.002 per °C] parallel across the same source of e.m.f.
(a) 36°C (b) 83°C (c) 63°C (d) 33°C (a) 10 (b) 10/3 (c) 30 (d) 90
33. A potentiometer wire, 10 m long, has a resistance of 40W. It 44. A wire of radius r and another wire of radius 2r, both of
is connected in series with a resistance box and a 2 V storage same material and length are connected in series to each
cell. If the potential gradient along the wire is 0.1 m V/cm, other. The combination is connected across a battery. The
the resistance unplugged in the box is ratio of the heats produced in the two wires will be
(a) 260 W (b) 760 W (a) 4.00 (b) 2.00 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.25
(c) 960 W (d) 1060 W 45. The electrochemical equivalent of a metal is 3.3 × 10–7 kg
34. If R1 and R2 are the filament resistances of 200 W and a 100 per coulomb. The mass of the metal liberated at the
W bulb respectively both designed to run at the same cathode when a 3 A current is passed for 2 seconds will
voltage, then be
(a) R2 is four times of R1 (b) R1 is four times of R2 (a) 19.8 × 10–7 kg (b) 9.9 × 10–7 kg
(c) R2 is two times of R1 (d) R1 is two times of R2 (c) 6.6 × 10 kg–7 (d) 1.1 × 10–7 kg
35. Two heating wires of equal length are first connected in 46. An electrical cable of copper has just one wire of radius 9
series and then in parallel to a constant voltage source. mm. Its resistance is 5 ohm. This single copper wire of the
The rate of heat produced in two cases is (parallel to series) cable is replaced by 6 different well insulated copper wires
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1 each of radius 3 mm. The total resistance of the cable will
36. Two identical batteries each of e.m.f. 2 V and internal now be equal to
resistance 1 W are available to produce heat in an external
(a) 7.5 ohm (b) 45 ohm
resistance by passing a current through it. The maximum
power that can be developed across R using these batteries (c) 90 ohm (d) 270 ohm
is 47. In an experiment to measure the internal resistance of a cell,
(a) 3.2 W (b) 2.0 W (c) 1.28 W (d) 8/9 W by a potentiometer, it is found that the balance point is at a
37. A heater of 220 V heat a volume of water in 5 minutes time. length of 2 m, when the cell is shunted by a 5 W resistance
A heater of 110 V heats the same volume of water in and is at a length of 3 m when the cell is shunted by a 10 W
(a) 5 minutes (b) 8 minutes resistance. The internal resistance of the cell is then
(c) 10 minutes (d) 20 minutes (a) 1.5 W (b) 10 W
38. The internal resistance of a primary cell is 4W. It generates (c) 15 W (d) 1 W
a current of 0.2 A in an external reistance of 21 W. The rate 48. To get maximum current in a resistance of 3 ohms, one can
of chemical energy consumed in providing the current is use n rows of m cells (connected in series) connected in
(a) 0.42 J s–1 (b) 0.84 J s–1 parallel. If the total number of cells is 24 and the internal
(c) 1 J s–1 (d) 5 J s–1 resistance of a cell is 0.5 ohms then
39. Water boils in the electric kettle in 15 minutes after switching (a) m = 12, n = 2 (b) m = 8, n = 3
on. If the length of heating wire is decreased to 2/3 of its (c) m = 2, n = 12 (d) m = 6, n = 4
initial value, then the same amount of water will boil with 49. Each of the resistance in the network shown in fig. is equal
the same supply voltage in to R. The resistance between the terminals A and B is
 Current Electricity 491

56. A 4 m long wire of resistance 8 W is connected in series

L with a battery of e.m.f. 2 V and a resistor of 7 W. The internal
resistance of the battery is 1 W. What is the potential
gradient along the wire?
R R R (a) 1.00 V m–1 (b) 0.75 V m–1
A (c) 0.50 V m–1 (d) 0.25 V m–1
R

R B 57. The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased by 100%.

K M Due to the consequent decrease in diameter the change in
the resistance of the wire will be
(a) R (b) 5 R (a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 300% (d) 200%
(c) 3 R (d) 6 R 58. Two resistances R1 and R2 are made of different materials.
50. Four resistors are connected as shown in fig. A 6 V battery The temperature coefficient of the material of R1 is a and
of negligible resistance is connected across terminal AC. that of material of R2 is – b . The resistance of the series
The potential difference across terminals B, D will be combination of R1 and R2 will not change with temperature
6V R1
+ – if equal to
R2
B C D E
A a a +b a 2 + b2 b
5W 15 W 30 W 10 W (a) (b) (c) (d)
b a -b 2ab a
59. Current I1 in the following circuit is
(a) 0 V (b) 1.5 V 30W
(c) 2 V (d) 3 V
51. A non-conducting ring of radius R has charge Q distributed I1 40W 40V
unevenly over it. If it rotates with an angular velocity w, the
equivalent current will be I3
I2
(a) zero (b) Qw
w w 40W 80V
(c) Q (d) Q (a) 0.4A (b) – 0.4 A (c) 0.8 A (d) – 0.8 A
2p 2 pR
60. Null point with 1V cell comes out to be 55 cm and with
52. All the edges of a block with parallel faces are unequal. Its R = 10 W it is 50 cm. What is the internal resistance of the
longest edge is twice its shortest edge. The ratio of the cell ?
maximum to minimum resistance between parallel faces is 2V
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 100 cm
(d) indeterminate unless the length of the third edge is 1V
specified
R
53. In the network shown below, the ring has zero resistance.
The equivalent resistance between the point A and B is (a) 0.5W (b) 0.4W (c) 1W (d) 0.2W
(a) 2R 61. Three resistances are connected to form a T-shape as shown
3R in the figure. Then the current in the 4K resistor is:
(b) 4R 3R A +2V 2K 8K – 4V
B
(c) 7R R
3R
4K
(d) 10R
54. The belt of an electrostatic generator is 50 cm wide and – 8V
travels at 30 cm/sec. The belt carries charge into the sphere (a) 0.93mA (b) 1.42mA
at a rate corresponding to 10–4 ampere. What is the surface (c) 2.5mA (d) 1.57mA
density of charge on the belt. 62. The equivalent resistance between A and B is
A
(a) 6.7 ´10 -5 C m -2 / s (b) 6.7 ´10 -4 C m -2 / s R R

(c) 6.7 ´10 -7 C m -2 / s (d) 6.7 ´10 -8 C m -2 / s B R

55. A wire has a resistance 12 W. It is bent in the form of a
circle. The effective resistance between two points on any R R
diameter is
8R 5R 3R 7R
(a) 6 W (b) 3 W (c) 12 W (d) 24 W (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 8 8 8
 EBD_7751
492 PHYSICS

63. Determine the current in 2W resistor. 68. The numerical value of charge on either plate of capacitor C
2W shown in figure is
3W (a) CE
1W CER1
(b)
R1 + r
6V 2.8 W
C R2
CER 2 ||
(c)
(a) 1 A (b) 1.5 A (c) 0.9 A (d) 0.6 A R2 + r
R1
64. Twelve resistors each of resistance 16 W are connected in
the circuit as shown. The net resistance between AB is CER1
(d) E
R2 + r r

69. In the circuit shown, the internal resistance of the cell is

negligible. The steady state current in the 2W resistor is

(a) 0.6 A

(b) 0.9 A
(a) 1 W (b) 2 W (c) 3 W (d) 4 W
65. A battery of e.m.f E and internal resistance r is connected (c) 1.2 A
to a variable resistor R as shown. Which one of the
following is true ?
E r (d) 1.5 A
70. In the network shown, each resistance is equal to R. The
R equivalent resistance between adjacent corners A and D is

(a) R
(a) Potential difference across the terminals of the battery
is maximum where R = r 2
(b) R
(b) Power delivered to resistor is maximum when 3
R= r
(c) Current in the circuit is maximum when R = r 3
(d) Current in the circuit is maximum when R >> r (c) R
66. There is an infinite wire grid with cells in the form of 7
equilateral triangles. The resistance of each wire between
neighbouring joint connections is R0. The net resistance 8
(d) R
of the whole grid between the points A and B as shown is 15
71. Resistances 1 W, 2 W and 3 W are connected to form a
A B triangle. If a 1.5 V cell of negligible internal resistance is
connected across the 3 W resistor, the current flowing
through this resistor will be
R0 R0 R0
(a) R0 (b) (c) (d) (a) 0.25 A (b) 0.5 A
2 3 4 (c) 1.0 A (d) 1.5 A
67. Twelve indentical resistors each of value 1 W are connected
72. Seven resistances, each of value 20 W, are connected to a 2
as shown. Net resistance between C and D (R) is
V battery as shown in the figure. The ammeter reading will
C
be
7
(a) R= W
6 G
4 2V
(b) R= W A E
3 B
F A
(c) R =1 W
H
3 (a) 1/10 A (b) 3/10 A
(d) R= W
4 (c) 4/10 A (d) 7/10 A.
D
 Current Electricity 493

73. In the circuit shown below, if the resistance of voltmeter is 80. The thermo e.m.f. E in volts of a certain thermocouple is
4 kW, then the error in the reading of voltmeter will be found to vary with temperature T of hot junction while cold
junction is kept at 0ºC
T2
E = 40 T -
20
The neutral temperature of the couple is
(a) 100ºC (b) 200ºC (c) 400ºC (d) 800ºC
81. Two bulbs of 500 W and 200 W are manufactured to operate
on 220 V line. The ratio of heat produced in 500 W and 200
(a) 50% (b) 68% (c) 17% (d) 33.3% W, in two cases, when firstly they are connected in parallel
74. In the circuit , the galvanometer G shows zero deflection. If and secondary in series will be
the batteries A and B have negligible internal resistance,
the value of the resistor R will be 5 2 5 5 2 5 2 2
(a) : (b) : (c) : (d) :
2 5 2 2 5 2 5 5
500 W
G 82. A wire of resistance 20 W is covered with ice and a voltage
2V of 210 V is applied across the wire, then rate of melting the
12V R
ice is
B A
(a) 0.85 g/s (b) 1.92 g/s
(c) 6.56 g/s (d) All of these
(a) 100 W (b) 200W 83. Two identical batteries, each of e.m.f. 2 volt and internal
(c) 1000 W (d) 500 W resistance 1.0 ohm are available to produce heat in a
resistance R = 0.5 W, by passing a current through it. The
75. A fuse wire with a radius of 1 mm blows at 1.5 A. If the fuse
maximum power that can be developed across R using these
wire of the same material should blow at 3.0 A, the radius of
batteries is
the wire must be
(a) 41/3 mm (b) 2 mm 1W 2V
(c) 0.5 mm (d) 8.0 mm
76. A 4 m F conductor is charged 50 volts and then its plates 1W 2V
are joined through a resistance of 1 k W. The heat produced
in the resistance is
(a) 0.16 J (b) 1.28 J (c) 0.64 J (d) 0.32 J
77. The thermo e.m.f. of a thermocouple is given by
E = 2164 t – 6.2 t2. The neutral temperature and a temperature 0.5W
of inversion are
(a) 1.28 W (b) 2.0 W (c) 8/9 W (d) 3.2 W
(a) 349, 174.5 (b) 174.5, 349
84. The thermo e.m.f. of a thermocouple is 25mV/ºC at room
(c) 349, 698 (d) 698, 349
78. One junction of a certain thermocouple is at a fixed temperature. A galvanometer of 40 ohm resistance, capable
temperature Tr and the other junction is at a temperature T. of detecting current as low as 10–5 A, is connected with the
The electormotive force for this is expressed by, thermocouple. The smallest temperature difference that can
be detected by this system is
é 1 ù (a) 12ºC (b) 0ºC (c) 20ºC (d) 16ºC
E = k (T - Tr ) êT0 - (T + Tr ) ú
ë 2 û 85. Two different metals are joined end to end. One end is kept
At temperature T = T0/2, the thermo electric power is at constant temperature and other end is heated to a very
(a) k T0/2 (b) k T0 high temperature. The graph depicting the thermo e.m.f. is

k T02 1 2
(c) (d) k (T0 - Ti )
2 2
79. The e.m.f. developed in a thermo-couple is given by (a) (b)
1
E = a T + bT2 T T
2
where T is the temperature of hot junction, cold junction
being at 0ºC. The thermo electric power of the couple is
b
(a) a+ T (b) a + b T (c) (d)
2
a T 2 b T3
(c) + (d) a / 2 b
2 6
 EBD_7751
494 PHYSICS

86. The cold junction of a thermocouple is maintained at 10ºC. 96. In the circuit shown in figure, the 5W resistance
No thermo e.m.f. is developed when the hot junction is develops 20.00 cal/s due to the current flowing through it.
maintained at 530ºC. The neutral temperature is The heat developed in 2 W resistance (in cal/s) is
(a) 260ºC (b) 265ºC (c) 270ºC (d) 520ºC
87. Three equal resistors connected across a source of e.m.f.
together dissipate 10 watt of power. What will be the power
dissipated in watts if the same resistors are connected in
parallel across the same source of e.m.f.?
(a) 23.8 (b) 14.2 (c) 11.9 (d) 7.1
10 97. A heating coil is labelled 100 W, 220 V. The coil is cut in half
(a) 10 (b) (c) 30 (d) 90
3 and the two pieces are joined in parallel to the same source.
88. An electric heating element in vacuum is surrounded by a The energy now liberated per second is
cavity at constant temperature of 227ºC; it consumes 60W (a) 25 J (b) 50 J (c) 200 J (d) 400 J
of power to maintain a temperature of 727ºC. What is the 98. Five resistances have been connected as shown in the
power consumed by the element to maintain a temperature figure. The effective resistance between A & B is
of 1227º C?
(a) 101 W (b) 304 W (c) 90 W (d) 320 W 3W 4W
89. Silver and copper voltameters are connected in parallel A 7W B
with a battery of e.m.f 12 V. In 30 minute 1 g of silver and
6W 8W
1.8 g of copper are liberated. The energy supplied by the
battery is (a) 14/3W (b) 20/3W
[ ZAg = 11.2 × 10–4gc–1; ZCu = 6.6 × 10–4 gc–1] (c) 14W (d) 21W
(a) 720 J (b) 2.41 J 99. If specific resistance of a potentiometer wire is 10–7Wm
(c) 24.12 J (d) 4.34 × 104 J current flowing through it, is 0.1 amp and cross sectional
90. A 5–ampere fuse wire can withstand a maximum power area of wire is 10–6 m2, then potential gradient will be
of 1 watt in the circuit. The resistance of the fuse wire is (a) 10–2 volt/m (b) 10–4 volt/m
–6
(c) 10 volt/m (d) 10–8 volt/m
(a) 0.04 W (b) 0.2 W (c) 5 W (d) 0.4 W
91. In the Seebeck series Bi occurs first followed by Cu and Fe 100. If 25W, 220 V and 100 W, 220 V bulbs are connected in
among other. The Sb is the last in the series. If z1 be the series across a 440 V line, then
thermo emf at the given temperature difference for Bi – Sb (a) only 25W bulb will fuse
thermocouple and z, be that for Cu-Fe thermocouple, which (b) only 100W bulb will fuse
of the following is true? (c) both bulbs will fuse
(a) z1 = z2 (b) z1 < z2 (c) z1 > z2 (d) None of these
(d) Data is not sufficient to predict it. 101. An electric kettle has two heating coils. When one of the
92. 50 electric bulbs are connected in series across a 220 V coils is connected to an a.c. source, the water in the kettle
supply and the illumination produced is I1. 5 bulbs are boils in 10 minutes. When the other coil is used the water
fused. If the remaining 45 are again connected in series, boils in 40 minutes. If both the coils are connected in parallel,
the illumination produced is I2. Which of the following is the time taken by the same quantity of water to boil will be
true ? (a) 15 min (b) 8 min (c) 4 min (d) 25 min
(a) I1 = I2 (b) I1 < I2 (c) I1 > I2 102. Two 220 volt, 100 watt bulbs are connected first in series
(d) It will depend on the resistance of each bulb. and then in parallel. Each time the combination is connected
93. A leclanche cell supplies a current of one ampere for ten to a 220 volt a.c. supply line. The power drawn by the
minutes. The electreochemical equivalent of hydrogen = combination in each case respectively will be
0.00001014 gram per coulomb. The mass of hydrogen (a) 50 watt, 200 watt (b) 50 watt, 100 watt
liberated is : (c) 100 watt, 50 watt (d) 200 watt, 150 watt
(a) 0.00625 g (b) 0.01248 g 103. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current
(c) 0.01872 g (d) 0.02496 g. of 0.2 A through a resistance of 10 W is
94. Three equal resistors connected across a source of e.m.f. (a) 0.5 W (b) 0.8 W
together dissipate 10 watt of power. What will be the power (c) 1.0 W (d) 0.2 W
dissipated in watt if the same resistors are connected in parallel 104. Five equal resistances each of resistance R are connected
across the same source of e.m.f.? as shown in the figure. A battery of V volts is connected
(a) 10/3 (b) 10 (c) 30 (d) 90 between A and B. The current flowing in AFCEB will be
95. Two 1000 W heaters when connected in parallel across C
2V 3V
220 V supply produced heat QP in time t. If they are (a) (b)
connected in series across the same power supply the heat R R
R
produced in the same time is QS. What is QP/QS? V V R F
R
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25. (c) (d) A
R 2R R B
D E
R
 Current Electricity 495

105. A battery is charged at a potential of 15V for 8 hours when (c) (d)
the current flowing is 10A. The battery on discharge e V
supplies a current of 5A for 15 hour. The mean terminal V
voltage during discharge is 14V. The “Watt-hour”
efficiency of the battery is
(a) 87.5% (b) 82.5% (c) 80% (d) 90% 0
R 0
106. When three identical bulbs of 60 watt, 200 volt rating are R
connected in series to a 200 volt supply, the power drawn 113. A milli voltmeter of 25 milli volt range is to be converted
by them will be into an ammeter of 25 ampere range. The value (in ohm) of
(a) 20 watt (b) 60 watt (c) 180 watt (d) 10 watt necessary shunt will be
107. In India electricity is supplied for domestic use at 220 V. It (a) 0.001 (b) 0.01
is supplied at 110 V in USA. If the resistance of a 60 W (c) 1 (d) 0.05
bulb for use in India is R, the resistance of a 60 W bulb for 114. In the circuit shown the cells A and B have negligible
use in USA will be resistances. For VA = 12V, R1 = 500W and R = 100W the
(a) R/2 (b) R (c) 2R (d) R/4 galvanometer (G) shows no deflection. The value of VB is
108. For the network shown in the figure the value of the current
R1
i is
G
9V
(a)
35
18V VA R VB
(b)
5
5V
(c) (a) 4 V (b) 2 V
9
5V
(c) 12 V (d) 6 V
(d) 115. If voltage across a bulb rated 220 Volt-100 Watt drops by
18
2.5% of its rated value, the percentage of the rated value by
109. In producing chlorine by electrolysis 100 kW power at 125
which the power would decrease is
V is being consumed. How much chlorine per minute is
(a) 20% (b) 2.5%
liberated? (E.C.E. of chlorine is 0.367×10–6 kg / C)
(a) 1.76 × 10–3 kg (b) 9.67 × 10–3 kg (c) 5% (d) 10%
(c) 17.61 × 10 kg–3 (d) 3.67 × 10–3 kg 116. A wire of resistance 4 W is stretched to twice its original
110. In the circuit shown in the figure, if potential at point A is length. The resistance of stretched wire would be
taken to be zero, the potential at point B is (a) 4 W (b) 8 W
(c) 16 W (d) 2 W
R1 D 2V
117. The resistance of the four arms P, Q, R and S in a
1A B
Wheatstone’s bridge are 10 ohm, 30 ohm, 30 ohm and 90
ohm, respectively. The e.m.f. and internal resistance of the
2A cell are 7 volt and 5 ohm respectively. If the galvanometer
R2
resistance is 50 ohm, the current drawn from the cell will be
(a) 0.2 A (b) 0.1 A
A (c) 2. 0 A (d) 1. 0 A
1V 1A C 2A
(a) –1V (b) + 2V Directions for Qs. (118 to 125) : Each question contains
(c) –2V (d) + 1V STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
111. The power dissipated in the circuit shown in the figure is 30 (ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
Watts. The value of R is (a) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
R
(a) 20 W correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
(b) 15 W
5W a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) 10 W (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) 30 W 10V (d) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
112. Cell having an emf e and internal resistance r is connected 118. Statement 1 : When a battery is short-circuited, the terminal
across a variable external resistance R. As the resistance R voltage is zero.
is increased, the plot of potential difference V across R is Statement 2 : In the situation of a short-circuit, the current
given by
is zero
(a) (b) 119. Statement 1 : A current flows in a conductor only when
e e
V there is an electric field within the conductor.
V
Statement 2 : The drift velocity of electron in presence of
electric field decreases.
0 0
R R
 EBD_7751
496 PHYSICS

120. Statement 1 : Voltmeter is much better than a potentiometer 123. Statement 1 : Resistance of 50W bulb is greater than that
for measuring emf of cell. of 100 W.
Statement 2 : A potentiometer draws no current while Statement 2 : Resistance of bulb is inversely proportional
measuring emf of a cell. to rated power.
121. Statement 1 : When current through a bulb decreases by 124. Statement 1 : 40 W tube light give more light in comparison
0.5%, the glow of bulb decreases by 1%. to 40 w bulb.
Statement 2 : Glow (Power) which is directly proportional Statement 2 : Light produced is same from same power.
to square of current. 125. Statement 1: In a simple battery circuit, the point of the
122. Statement 1 : Long distance power transmission is done lowest potential is negative terminal of the battery.
at high voltage. Statement 2: The current flows towards the point of the
Statement 2 : At high voltage supply power losses are higher potential, as it does in such a circuit from the negative
less. to the positive terminal.

Exemplar Questions (c) The first portion of 50 cm of wire itself should have a
1. Consider a current carrying wire (current I) in the shape of potential drop of 10 V
a circle. (d) Potentiometer is usually used for comparing resistances
(a) source of emf and not voltages
(b) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the 5. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular cross-section
surface of wire 1
of 1cm × cm is connected to a battery across opposite
(c) the charges just behind a given segment of wire which 2
push them just the right way by repulsion faces. The resistance will be
(d) the charges ahead (a) maximum when the battery is connected across 1 cm ×
2. Two batteries of emf e1 and e2(e2 > e1 ) and internal 1
resistances r1 and r2 respectively are connected in parallel cm faces
as shown in figure. 2
(a) Two equivalent emf eeq of the two cells is between e1 (b) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm ×
and e2, i.e., e1 < eeq < e2 1 cm faces
(b) The equivalent emf eeq is smaller than e1 (c) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm ×
(c) The eeq is given by eeq = e1 + e2 always 1
(d) eeq is independent of internal resistances r1 and r2 cm faces
2
e1 (d) same irrespective of the three faces
r1
6. Which of the following characteristics of electrons
A B determines the current in a conductor?
r2 (a) Drift velocity alone
e2
(b) Thermal velocity alone
3. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge, (c) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity
student chooses the standard resistance S to be 100W. He (d) Neither drift nor thermal velocity
finds the null point at l1 = 2.9 cm. He is told to attempt to
improve the accuracy. NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
Which of the following is a useful way? 7. A wire of resistance 4 W is stretched to twice its original
(a) He should measure I1 more accurately length. The resistance of stretched wire would be [2013]
(b) He should change 5 to 1000W and repeat the experiment (a) 4 W (b) 8 W
(c) He should change S to 3W and repeat the experiment (c) 16 W (d) 2 W
(d) He should given up hope of a more accur ate
8. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current
measurement with a meter bridge
of 0.2 A through a resistance of 10 W is [2013]
4. Two cells of emfs approximately 5 V and 10 V are to be
accurately compared using a potentiometer of length 400 (a) 0.5 W (b) 0.8 W
cm. (c) 1.0 W (d) 0.2 W
(a) The battery that runs the potentiometer should have 9. The resistance of the four arms P, Q, R and S in a
voltage of 8V Wheatstone’s bridge are 10 ohm, 30 ohm, 30 ohm and 90
(b) The battery of potentiometer can have a voltage of 15 ohm, respectively. The e.m.f. and internal resistance of the
V and R adjusted so that the potential drop across the cell are 7 volt and 5 ohm respectively. If the galvanometer
wire slightly exceeds 10 V resistance is 50 ohm, the current drawn from the cell will be
 Current Electricity 497

(a) 0.2 A (b) 0.1 A [2013] 15. Two cities are 150 km apart. Electric power is sent from one
(c) 2. 0 A (d) 1. 0 A city to another city through copper wires. The fall of
potential per km is 8 volt and the average resistance per km
10. A 12 cm wire is given a shape of a right angled triangle ABC
is 0.5 W. The power loss in the wires is : [2014]
having sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm as shown in the figure.
(a) 19.2 W (b) 19.2 kW
The resistance between two ends (AB, BC, CA) of the
(c) 19.2 J (d) 12.2 kW
respective sides are measured one by one by a multi-meter.
16. The resistances in the two arms of the meter bridge are 5W
The resistances will be in the ratio of [NEET Kar. 2013]
and RW, respectively. When the resistance R is shunted
A with an equal resistance, the new balance point is at 1.6 l1.
The resistance ‘R’ is : [2014]
3 cm 5 cm

5W RW
B C
4 cm
(a) 3 : 4 : 5 (b) 9 : 16 : 25
(c) 27 : 32 : 35 (d) 21 : 24 : 25 G
11. Two rods are joined end to end, as shown. Both have a
cross-sectional area of 0.01 cm2. Each is 1 meter long. One A B
l1 100 – l1
rod is of copper with a resistivity of 1.7 × 10–6 ohm-centimeter,
the other is of iron with a resistivity of 10–5 ohm-centimeter. (a) 10W (b) 15W
How much voltage is required to produce a current of 1 (c) 20W (d) 25W
ampere in the rods? [NEET Kar. 2013] 17. Across a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross section
V a constant potential difference is applied. The quantity
which remains constant along the conductor is : [2015]
(a) current (b) drift velocity
(c) electric field (d) current density
18. A potentiometer wire has length 4 m and resistance 8W.
The resistance that must be connected in series with the
Cu Fe wire and an accumulator of e.m.f. 2V, so as to get a potential
(a) 0.117 V (b) 0.00145 V gradient 1 mV per cm on the wire is [2015]
(c) 0.0145 V (d) 1.7 × 10–6 V (a) 40 W (b) 44 W
12. Ten identical cells connected in series are needed to heat a (c) 48 W (d) 32 W
wire of length one meter and radius ‘r’ by 10ºC in time ‘t’. 19. A, B and C are voltmeters of resistance R, 1.5 R and 3R
How many cells will be required to heat the wire of length respectively as shown in the figure. When some potential
two meter of the same radius by the same temperature in difference is applied between X and Y, the voltmeter readings
time ‘t’? [NEET Kar. 2013] are VA, VB and VC respectively. Then [2015]
(a) 10 (b) 20
B
(c) 30 (d) 40
13. A potentiometer circuit has been set up for finding the A
X Y
internal resistance of a given cell. The main battery used C
across the potentiometer wire, has an emf of 2.0 V and a
negligible internal resistance. The potentiometer wire itself (a) VA ¹ VB = VC (b) VA = VB ¹ VC
is 4m long, When the resistace R, connected across the (c) VA ¹ VB ¹ VC (d) VA = VB = VC
given cell, has values of 20. A circuit contains an ammeter, a battery of 30V and a
(i) infinity (ii) 9.5W resistance 40.8W all connected in series. If the ammeter has
The balancing lengths’, on the potentiometer wire are found a coil of resistance 480W and a shunt of 20W, the reading in
to be 3 m and 2.85 m, respectively. The value of internal the ammeter will be: [2015 RS]
resistance of the cell is [2014] (a) 0.25 A (b) 2A
(a) 0.25W (b) 0.95W (c) 1 A (d) 0.5 A
21. Two metal wires of identical dimension are connected in
(c) 0.5W (d) 0.75W
series. If s1 and s2 are the conductivities of the metal wires
14. In an ammeter 0.2% of main current passes through the respectively, the effective conductivity of the combination
galvanometer. If resistance of galvanometer is G, the is : [2015 RS]
resistance of ammeter will be : [2014]
s1 + s 2 s1 + s 2
1 499 (a) (b)
(a) G (b) G 2s1s2 s1s 2
499 500
1 500 s1s 2 2s1s2
(c) G (d) G (c) (d) s + s
500 499 s1 + s 2 1 2
 EBD_7751
498 PHYSICS

22. A potentiometer wire of length L and a resistance r are 24. A potentiometer wire is 100 cm long and a constant potential
connected in series with a battery of e.m.f. E0 and a resistance difference is maintained across it. Two cells are connected
in series first to support one another and then in opposite
r1. An unknown e.m.f. E is balanced at a length l of the direction. The balance points are obtained at 50 cm and 10
potentiometer wire. The e.m.f. E will be given by: [2015 RS] cm from the positive end of the wire in the two cases. The
ratio of emf's is : [2016]
E0r l E 0l (a) 5 : 1 (b) 5 : 4
(a) . (b)
(r + r1 ) L L (c) 3 : 4 (d) 3 : 2
25. A potentiometer is an accurate and versatile device to make
LE 0 r LE 0 r electrical measurements of E.M.F. because the method
(c) (d) involves [2017]
(r + r1 )l lr1
(a) Potential gradients
23. The charge flowing through a resistance R varies with time (b) A condition of no current flow through the
galvanometer
t as Q = at – bt2, where a and b are positive constants. The
(c) A combination of cells, galvanometer and resistances
total heat produced in R is: [2016] (d) Cells
26. The resistance of a wire is 'R' ohm. If it is melted and
a 3R a 3R stretched to 'n' times its original length, its new resistance
(a) (b)
6b 3b will be :- [2017]
R
a 3R a 3R (a) (b) n2R
(c) (d) n
2b b R
(c) (d) nR
n2
 Current Electricity 499

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 Þ R 2 ( R 1 - R 2 ) = R 1R 2 ( R 1 - R 2 )
1. (c)
l Þ R= R 1R 2
2. (c) Rµ ;
A P1 R 2 2
So, the resistance of the wire will be minimum when 16. (c) P = V 2 / R or P µ 1 / R \ = = .
P2 R 1 1
the area of cross-section is maximum and length is
17. (a) Galvani made the statement “Chemical change can
minimum.
produce electricity”.
3. (d) I = n A e vd or vd µ 1/ p r 2 18. (a) Joule effect H = I2RT
4. (c) As we more from A to B the potential difference across When current flows heat is produced. But, by heating
AC increases and hence the reading of voltmeter also conduction current cannot produced.
increases. But currnet flowing through ammeter 19. (b)
remains almost constant. 20. (c)
5. (a) r l ¢ r ( l / 2) 1
6. (a) 7. (c) 21. (a) R = r l / A; R ¢ = = = R.
8. (a) A¢ 2A 4
9. (b) 10. (b) 22. (c)
23. (b) m @ L, v @ I
Ig R IgR
11. (b) S= ÞS= R=
nI g - I g (n - 1)I g n -1 rl
24. (c) R=
A
12. (c) Internal resistance = r, External resistance = nr.
Let terminal voltage = V When wire is cut into 4 pieces and connected in
parallel.
Er
then V = E - Ir Þ V = E - R
(n + 1)r R eff. = Þ PC = 16P
16
nE V n
V= Þ = V 2 V2 V2 V2
n +1 E n +1 PA : PB : PC : PD :: : : :
13. (a) According to maximum power theorem, the power in R R / 4 R / 16 R / 2
the circuit is maximum if the value of external resistance
is equal to the internal resistance of battery. r l1
25. (c) R= , now l2 = 2l1
A1
Ig I G
14. (d) S= ´G = ´G = A 2 = p(r2)2 = p (2r1)2 = 4p r12 = 4A1
I - Ig ( nI - I ) ( - 1)
n
r(2 l1 ) r l R
15. (d) Let internal resistance of source = R \ R2 = = =
4A1 2A 2
V
Current in coil of resistance R1 = I1 = \ Resistance is halved, but specific resistance
R + R1
remains the same.
V
Current in coil of resistance R 2 = I 2 = EXERCISE - 2
R + R2
1. (c) Numbers attached for brown, black, green and silver
Further, as heat generated is same, so are 1, 0, 5, ± 10%. Therefore the resistance of given
resistor
I12 R1t = I 2 2 R 2 t
= 10 ´ 10 5 W ± 10% = 1.0 ´ 10 6 W ± 10%.
2 2
æ V ö æ V ö V2 V2
or çç ÷÷ R1 = çç ÷÷ R 2 R1 = and R 2 =
2. (b)
è R + R1 ø è R + R2 ø P1 P2

Þ R1 (R + R 2 ) 2 = R 2 (R + R1 ) 2 R 2 P1 200
\ = = =2 ( Q V = constant)
R1 P2 100
2
Þ R R1 + R 1R 22 + 2RR 1R 2
R 2 = 2 R1
2 2
= R R 2 + R 1 R 2 + 2RR 1 R 2 ?
 EBD_7751
500 PHYSICS

3. (b) Current density J = I/A

1 1 1
-6 -6 -2 16. (c) R1 = W; R 2 = W; R 3 = W
= 50 ´16 / 50 ´10 = 1 Am 2 4 6
4. (a)
5. (c) r = E / I = 1.5 / 3 = 0.5 ohm. In series; R s = R1 + R 2 + R 3 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 11
6. (a) Current flowing through the conductor, 2 4 6 12
I = n e v A. Hence
1 æ 12 ö
2 \ ss = =ç ÷
4 nevd1 p(1) vd 4 ´ 1 16 R s è 11 ø
= or 1 = = .
1 nevd p(2) 2 vd 2 1 1
2 17. (a) R1 = 1 / 2 W, R 2 = 1 / 4 W; R 3 = 1 / 6 W

(1.5) 2 1 1 1 1
7. (d) Resistance of bulb R b = = 0.5 W In parallel; = + + = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12
4.5 R p R1 R 2 R 3
E E
Current drawn from battery = = 1
2.67 + 0.33 3 \ sp = = 12 S
Rp
2 E 2E
Share of bulb = ´ = 18. (d) Case (I) : E + E = (r + r + 5) 1 or 2 E = 2 r + 5 ...(i)
3 3 9
æ r´r ö ær ö
æ 2E ö
2 Case (II) : E = ç + 5 ÷ ´ 0.8 or E = ç + 5 ÷ 0.8
\ ç ÷ ´ 0.5 = 4.5 or E = 13.5 V.. è r + r ø è 2 ø
è 9 ø
or E = 0.4 r + 4.0 ...(ii)
8. (c) I = q / t = 10 7 ´1.6 ´10 -19 / 1 = 1.6 ´ 10 -12 A Multiplying (ii) by 2 and equating with (i), we get
3
R1 V 2 / P1 P2 2 r + 5 = 0.8 r + 8 or 1.2 r = 3 or r = = 2.5
9. (b) = = 1.2
R 2 V 2 / P2 P1
19. (a) [Hint Þ Rt = Ro (1 + a t)]
5W = R0 (1 + a × 50) and 7W = R0 (1 + a × 100)
rl / p(d1 / 2) 2 d 2 100W
= = 2 = 5 1 + 50a 2
rl / p(d 2 / 2) 2 d12 25W or = or a = = 0.0133/ °C
7 1 + 100a 150
d 2 10 2
Þ = = 20. (b) (Hint Þ r = R .A = Coefficient of resistivity)
d1 5 1
l
P l
10. (d) = or P = l ´ Q = 20 ´ 1 = 0.25W. 21. (a) Hint : Potential gradient =
Pot.Difference VA - VB
=
Q (100 - l ) 100 - l 80 length of wire l
11. (b) As R µ V2/P or R µ 1/P, so resistance of heater is less 22. (c) Kirchhoff’s junction rule states that the algebraic sum
than that of fan. of all currents into and out of any branch point is zero :
SI = 0. By convention, the sign of current entering a
12. (b) Current, I = (2.9 ´ 1018 + 1.2 ´1018 ) × 1.6 × 10–19 junction is positive and current leaving a junction is
towards right. negative.
4A + 5 A – 6A + IAB = 0, therefore IAB = – 3A. The wire
q CV (10 ´ 106 ) ´ 40 between points A and B carries a current of 3A away
13. (a) Current I = = = = 2 ´ 10 -3 A
t t 0. 2 from the junction.
23. (a) Pot. gradient = 0.2mV/cm
dQ
14. (c) I = = 10t + 3
dt 0.2 ´ 10 - 3
= = 2 ´ 10 - 2 V / m
At t = 5s, I = 10 × 5 + 3 = 53 A 10 - 2

rl l Emf of cell = 2×10–2×1m = 2 ´ 10 - 2 V = 0.02 V

15. (c) R= or R µ .
( p D 2 / 4) D2 As per the condition of potentiometer
0.02 (R + 490) = 2 (R) or 1.98 R = 9.8
Rx l D y2 ly / 2 D y2 2 9.8
= x2 ´ = ´ = Þ R= = 4.9 W
R y Dx ly (D y / 2)2 l y 1 1.98
 Current Electricity 501

24. (b) Case (I) : When resistor is not connected 32. (b) Rt = R0 (1 + at)
Using V = IR Þ V = 25 (R G ) .............. (i) Initially, R0 (1 + 30a) = 10 W
Finally, R0 (1 + at) = 11 W
Case (II) : When resistor is connected
11 1 + at
V = 5(20 + R G ) = 100 + 5 R G ............. (ii) \ =
10 1 + 30a
From (i) and (ii), 20 R G = 100 Þ R G = 5 W or, 10 + (10 × 0.002 × t) = 11 + 330 × 0.002
25. (a) Rg = 50W, Ig = 25 × 4 × 10–4W = 10–2 A
1.66
Range of V = 25 volts or, 0.02t = 1 + 0.66 = 1.066 or t = = 86°C.
0.02
V = Ig(HR + Rg)
33. (b) Potential gradient along wire
V
\ HR = - R g = 2450W potential difference along wire
Ig =
length of wire
R
A B I ´ 40
or, 0.1 ´10 -3 = V / cm
1000
Ig HR Rg
1
26. (a) J = sE Þ J r = E or, Current in wire, I= A
400
J is current density, E is electric field
so B = r = resistivity. 2 1
or, = or R = 800 - 40 = 760 W
27. (b) Energy produced = V I t = 6 × 0.5 × 1 = 3.0 J. 40 + R 400
28. (c) Mass of substance deposited 34. (c) As R= V2/P or R µ 1/P
m = Z I t = Z ´ 4 ´ (2 ´ 60) = 480 Z and so R2/R1 = P1 /P2 = 200/100 = 2
m ¢ = Z ´ 6 ´ 40 = 240 Z or m ¢ = m / 2. or R2 = 2 R1.
29. (a) Electrochemical equivalent, 35. (b) If R is the resistance of each wire, total resistance in
m 4.572 series = R + R = 2 R; and total resistance in parallel
Z= = = 3.387 ´ 10 -4 g/C.
Ι t 5 ´ 45 ´ 60 R´R R
= = .
30. (c) The effective circuit will be as shown in the figure. R +R 2
Heat produced per second (= V2/R) will be four times
in parallel than in series.
36. (b) For maximum current, the two batteries should be
connected in series. The current will be maximum when
external resistance is equal to the total internal
resistance of cells i.e. 2 W. Hence power developed
across the resistance R will be
Effective resistance of R2 and R4 in series, 2
æ 2E ö 2´2 ö
R' = 10 + 10 = 20 W. 2
= I R = çç ÷÷ R = æç ÷ ´ 2 = 2 W.
Effective resistance of R3 and R5 in series, è R + 2 r ø è +2ø
2
R'' = 10 + 10 = 20 W
Net total resistance of R' and R'' in parallel is V2t
37. (d) Heat produced, H = . When voltage is halved,
20 ´ 20 R
R1 = = 10W.
20 + 20 the heat produced becomes one fourth. Hence time
\Total resistance between A and D taken to heat the water becomes four time.
= 10 + 10 + 10 = 30 W. 38. (c) Chemical energy consumed per sec
31. (c) Resistance of a wire = rl / A. = heat energy produced per sec.
For the same length and same material,
= Ι2 (R + r) = (0.2)2 (21 + 4) = 1Js -1 .
R 2 A1 3
= = or, R 2 = 3R1
R1 A 2 1 V2 V2
39. (b) H= ´ 15 ´ 60 = ´t
The resistance of thick wire, R1 = 10 W R (2/3)R
The resistance of thin wire = 3R1 = 3 × 10 = 30 W.
Total resistance = 10 + 30 = 40W. 2
or t = ´ 15 ´ 60 = 600 s = 10 minutes.
3
 EBD_7751
502 PHYSICS

40. (b) Energy consumed per day = P × t = 60 × 8 = 480 watt mr

hour = 480/1000 = 0.48 kWh or unit of electricity. It is minimum for R = ...(2)
n
Hence the cost = 0.48 × 1.25 = Re 0.60. So maximum current in external circuit is
41. (b) As P = Ι 2 R, so P1 = (1.01 Ι)2 R = 1.02 I 2 R = 1.02 P. mE ...(3)
I=
It means % increase in power 2R
m
æP ö here R =3, r = 0.5 so equation (2) become =6
= ç 1 - 1÷ ´ 100 = 2%. n
è P ø so n = 2, m = 12
42. (c) (Hint : m = Z it, where Z is electro chemical equivalent) 49. (a) The equivalent circuit is shown in fig. Since the
Wheatstone’s bridge is balanced, therefore no current
43. (d) (Hint : P = V2/R)
will flow through the arm KL. Equivalent resistance
l between
44. (a) H = I2 Rt. Here R1 = r and AKM = R + R = 2 R
p r2
Equivalent resistance between ALM = R + R = 2 R
The two resistances are in parallel. Hence equivalent
l H1 resistance between A and B is given by
R 2 =r That is, R1 = 4R2. Hence, =4
p ( 2r )
2 H2
K

45. (a) m = ZIt.

R R
46. (a) Let the resistance of single copper wire be R1. If r is
the specific resistance of copper wire, then A M B
R
r´l r´l
R1 = = 2 ...(1)
A1 p r1 R R

When the wire is replaced by six wires, let the

L
resistance of each wire be R2. Then

r´l r´l 1 1 1 2 1
R2 = = 2 = + = =
A2 ...(2) R¢ 2 R 2 R 2 R R
p r2
i.e., R ¢ = R
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get 50. (a) The given figure is a circuit of balanced Wheatstone’s
bridge. Point B and D would be at the same potential
R1 r2 2 5 (3 ´103 ) 2 i.e., potential difference between these points is zero.
= or =
R 2 r12 R 2 (9 ´10 -3 ) 2 ; R 2 = 45 W 51. (c) With each rotation, charge Q crosses any fixed point
P near the ring. Number of rotations per second = w/2p.
These six wires are in parallel. Hence the resistance of
Qw
the combination would be R 2 = 7.5 W \ charge crossing P per second = current =
2p
47. (b) In case of internal resistance measurement by 52. (b) Let the edges be 2l, a, and l, in decreasing order.
potentiometer,
V1 l1 {E R 1 /(R1 + r )} R 1 (R 2 + r) 2l 2r l r
= = = R max = r = , R min = r = ;
V2 l 2 {E R 2 /(R 2 + r )} R 2 (R1 + r) al a 2 la 2 a

Here l 1 = 2 m, l 2 = 3 m, R1 = 5 W and R 2 = 10 W R max

= 4.
2 5 (10 + r ) R min
\ = or 20 + 4 r = 30 + 3 r or r = 10 W
3 10 (5 + r ) 53. (a) As the ring has no resistance, the three resistances of
48. (a) Let, we connect 24 cells in n rows of m cells, then if I is 3R each are in parallel.
the current in external circuit then
1 1 1 1 1
mE
...(1) Þ = + + = Þ R¢ = R
I= R ¢ 3R 3R 3R R
mr / n + R
For I to be maximum, (mr + nR) should be minimum. \ between point A and B equivalent resistance
= R+ R = 2R
 Current Electricity 503

-30I1 + 40 - 40I1 - 40I 2 = 0

54. (b) J = I / A = 10-4 /(0.30 ´ 0.50).
or , - 70I1 - 40I 2 = -40
-4 -2 -4 -2
= 6.7 ´ 10 C m / s = 6.7 ´10 Am or, 7I1 + 4I2 =4 … (iv)

55. (b) Resistance of the wire of a semicircle = 12/2 = 6W and 40I1 + 40I 2 - 40 - 80 + 40I 2 = 0
For equivalent resistance between two points on any or , 40I1 + 80I 2 = 120 or , 4I1 + 8I 2 = 12
diameter, 6W and 6W are in parallel. or , 2I1 + 4I 2 = 6..............(v )
or
(iv ) - (v ) gives 5I1 = -2 I1 = -0.4 A
If a wire of resistance R is bent in the form of a circle,
60. (c) Length of wire = 100cm.
the effective resistance between the ends of a diameter
= R/4. 2V = voltage of battery, 1V = voltage of a cell
When current flows along wire electric potential falls
2 1 continuously along wire.
56. (d) Current in the potentiometer, I = = A.
8 + 7 +1 8
V 2V
1 100cm
Voltage drop across potentiometer wire = ´ 8 = 1 V
8 A B
\ Potential gradient of potentiometer wire E 1V
1
= = 0.25 V / m
4

E
R1 æ l1 ö
2
R æ 1ö
2 Potential gradient = fall in potential length, K =
57. (c) = Þ = ç ÷ l
R 2 èç l 2 ø÷ R ¢ è 2ø because in null point position, E = V
Þ R ¢ = 4R or DR = 3R E1 l1 R1
\ = = ..............(1)
\ % change in resistance of wire E 2 l2 R 2

3R For internal resistance, E = E1, r = E 2

= ´100 = 300%,
R E = iR + ir
58. (d) R1 + R2 = Constant, R1 will increase, R2 will decrease. æE ö
E - V = ir (Q i = V / R ) r = ç - 1÷ R
èV ø
R1aD T - RbDT = 0 Þ R1aDT = R 2bD T
æl ö æ 55 ö æ 5 ö
R b Þ r = çç 1 - 1÷÷R . = 10ç - 1÷ = 10ç ÷ =1W
\ 1 = l
è 2 ø è 50 ø è 50 ø
R2 a
61. (d) Let potential of X be x.
59. (b) 30W Now current from AX and BX will pass through XC.
A B
I1 40W 40V
C +2V 2K X 8K –4V
F
I2 I3 A B
40W
E D
80V 4K
Applying 1st law of Kirchoff’s, I3 = I1 + I2 … (i) –8V
Applying 2nd law of Kirchhoff C
in Mesh ABCFA
-30I1 + 40 - 40I3 = 0 … (ii) so 2 - x + -4 - x = x + 8
2 8 4
in Mesh FCDEF
40I3 - 40 - 80 + 40I2 = 0 … (iii) -4 - x x x x
2- x + = + 4 - x -1 - = + 2
4 2 4 2
putting I3 from (i) in (ii) and (iii) we get
 EBD_7751
504 PHYSICS

5x x 7x 12 R/3
- - =3 - = 3 Þ or x = -
4 2 4 7

12 R/3 R/3
- +8
7 44 11
So current in 4K will be = = = 1.57 A
4 28 7
A R/3 B
62. (b) The equivalent circuit can be redrawn as 3R R
´
R2
R R Rnet between AB = 3 3 = = 4W
3R R 4R
R R +
3 3
A· · B º ·
R R 2R
R R E E
65. (b,c) I = =
R + r ( R - r )2 + 2 R r
R R
5R / 8
º º º I is maximum when R = r
2R / 3
R 5R / 3 P = I 2 R , when I is max, P is also max.

63. (c) At steady state the capacitor will be fully charged and Pmax = I 2max R .
thus there will be no current in the 1W resistance. So 66. (c) By principle of symmetry and superposition,
the effective circuit becomes I R
2´ ´ R 0 = I R eq. Þ R eq. = 0
2W 6 3

I1 I
A B (Current in AB is due to division in current entering
6
I2 3W
I
at A and current is due to current returning from
I 6
infinity of grid).
6V 2.8W 67. (d) Current in arm AE and FB is zero.
So,
Net current from the 6V battery,
A
6 6 3
I= = = = 1.5A
æ 2 ´ 3 ö 2.8 1.2 + 2.8 2
ç ÷+ E
è 2+3ø 1

Between A and B, voltage is same in both resistances, C G H D

2I1 = 3I 2 where I1 + I 2 = I = 1.5 F

Þ 2I1 = 3(1.5 - I1 ) Þ I1 = 0.9A B

64. (d) R
68. (b) Current in branch of capacitor is zero.
Rnet = R + r
R
E
I= potential across capacitor is equal to
R+r
R potential across resistance R1.
R R
R R E
R R V1 = R 1 So charge = CV = ECR1
R R1 + r 1 R+r
69. (b) Given Capacitance of the capacitor, C = 0.2 µF and
R
e.m.f. of cell, E = 6V.
B Reactance of a capacitor for a cell, which is a DC source,
A
is infinity. Therefore, no current flows in 4W resistance.
 Current Electricity 505

Resistances 2 W and 3 W (both in upper arm) are

1 1 1 2
connected in parallel. Therefore, their equivalent = + = or R = 1.5 W.
R 3 3 3
resistance ( R ¢ ) = 2 ´ 3 = 1.2W \ Current in the circuit is I = V/R = 1.5/1.5 = 1A.
2+3 Since the resistance in arm ACB = resistance in arm AB
Now, R ¢ and 2.8 W are in series combination. = 3 W, the current divides equally in the two arms. Hence
Therefore, equivalent resistance of the circuit, the current through the 3 W resistor = I/2 = 0.5 A.
R = R ¢ + 2.8 = 1.2 + 2.8 = 4 W 72. (c) 73. (d)

E 6 74. (a) 500W

Current drawn in the circuit, I = = = 1.5A A
R 4
i
Therefore, potential difference across 2 W resistance, 2V
V = IR = 1.5 × 1.2 = 1.8 V R
12V
V 1.8
Thus, current in 2 W resistance ( I1 ) = = = 0.9A
2 2
70. (d) The equivalent circuit is as shown in figure.
The resistance of arm AOD (= R + R) is in parallel to 10 1
12 – 2 = (500W) i Þ i = =
the resistance R of arm AD. 500 50

12 1
Again, i = =
500 + R 50
Þ 500 + R = 600 Þ R = 100 W
75. (a) The temperature of the wire increases to such a value
at which, the heat produced per second equals heat
lost per second due to radiation i.e.

æ rl ö
I 2 çç 2 ÷÷ = H ´ 2 p r l , where H is heat lost per
è pr ø

Their effective resistance R1 = 2R ´ R = 2 R second per unit area due to radiation. Hence, I 2 µ r 3
2R ´ R 3
The resistance of arms AB, BC and CD is I12 r13
so = or r2 = r1 (I 2 / I1 )2 / 3
2 8 I 22 r23
R2 = R + R + R = R
3 3 = 1´ (3.0 / 1.5) 2 / 3 = 41/ 3 mm.
The resistance R1 and R2 are in parallel. The effective
1
resistance between A and D is 76. (d) The energy stored in the capacitor = CV 2 ; This
2
2 8 energy will be converted into heat in the resistor.
R´ R
R1 ´ R 2 3 3 = 8 R. 77. (b) At neutral temperature, dE/dt = 0;
R3 = =
R1 + R 2 2 8 15 so 2164 – 6.2 × 2 × tn = 0
R+ R
3 3 or tn = 174.5ºC.
71. (b) Equivalent resistance between A and B = series At temperature of inversion, E = 0
combination of 1 W and 2 W in parallel with 3 W Þ 2164 ti – 6.2 t i2 = 0 Hence ti = 349ºC.
resistor..
é T 2 TTr TT T 2 ù
78. (a) E = k ê TT0 - - - Tr T0 + r + r ú
ë 2 2 2 2 û

dE é T T ù
Hence = k êT0 - T - r + r ú = k (T0 - T )
dT ë 2 2û
At temp.T = T0 /2,
thermoelectric power = k (T0 – T0 /2) = k T0 /2.
 EBD_7751
506 PHYSICS

dE R
79. (b) Thermo-electric power S = = a + bT \ Equivalent resistance R ¢ =
dT 3

V 2 30R
T2 \ Power = = = 90 W
80. (c) Given E = 40T – . At neutral temperature, R¢ R / 3
20
H
dE T 88. (d) P= = s (T14 - T2 4 )
= 0 or 40 - = 0 or T = 400o C. t
dT 10
T1 = 727 + 273 = 1000 K, T2 = 227 + 273 = 500 K,
H P t P 500 5 P = 60 watt
81. (a) In parallel, 1 = 1 = 1 = =
H 2 P2 t P2 200 2 In the second case, T1' = 1227 + 273 = 1500 K,
T2 ' = 500 K, P' = ?
H1 I 2 R 1 t R 1 V 2 /P1
In series, = = =
H 2 I 2 R 2 t R 2 V 2 /P2 P¢ (1500)4 - (500) 4 (500)4 [3 4 - 1] 80
= =
P (1000)4 - (500)4 (500)4 [2 4 - 1] Þ 15
P2 200 2
= = = .
P1 500 5 80
Þ P' = 60 ´ = 320 watt.
15
V2 t 89. (d) mCu = ZCuICut
82. (c) H = m L = V 2 t / RJ or m =
JRL mAg = ZAgIAgt

(210) 2 ´ 1 m Cu m Ag
= = 6.56 g / s. I = I Cu + I Ag = +
4.2 ´ 20 ´ 80 Z Cu t Z Ag t

1´1 ém
83. (b) Total internal resistance of two cells = = 0.5 W . m Ag ù
1+1 Pt = Energy = VIt = V ê Cu + ú
Since internal resistance of coil is equal to external ëê Z Cu Z Ag ûú
resistance (= 0.5 W), hence power developed is
maximum by cells in circuit. é 1.8 1 ù
= 12 ê -4
+ -4 ú
2 ë 6.6 ´ 10 11.2 ´ 10 û
Current through R = = 2A
0.5 + 0.5 =12 × 104 [0.362] = 4.34 × 104J.
Power = (2) 2 ´ 0.5 = 2 W. 90. (a) P 1
R = 2 = = 0.04W
I 25
Vg 4 ´10 -4
84. (d) Vg = R g I g = 40´10-5 V ; q = = = 16º C. 91. (c)
V 25 ´10 - 6
92. (b) Resistance of 45 bulbs in series is less than that of 50
85. (d) At the heighest point O bulbs. Since illumination is proportional to the heat
æ V2 t ö
produced çç R ÷÷ , therefore it will be more with 45
E­ è ø
bulbs.
B A 93. (a) m = ZIt = 0.0000104 × 1 × 600 g
temperature
E= maximum and A shows temperature of inversion R
94. (d) Rs = 3R and R P =
at which emf changes in sign. 3
86. (c) Neutral temperature,
q + q 0 530 + 10 V2
qn = i = = 270º C. PS = = 10W and
2 2 3R
87. (d) In series, Equivalent resistance = 3R PP = V2 /(R / 3) = 3V2/R = 9PS = 90 W.
95. (a) PP = P1 + P2 and PS = P1 P2 / (P1 + P2)
V2 V2
Power = Þ 10 = Þ V2 = 30R Heat produced = Pt.
3R 3R

1 1 1 1 3 Q P Pp 2000 W
In parallel, = + + = Hence, = = = 4.
R¢ R R R R QS PS 500 W
 Current Electricity 507

96. (b) Let I1 be the current throug 5 W resistance, I2 through 103. (a)
(6 + 9) W resistance. Then as per question, 104. (d) A balanced Wheatstone’s bridge exists between
A & B. Req = R
I12 ´ 5 = 20 or, I1 = 2A.
current through circuit is V/R
Potential difference across C and D = 2 × 5 = 10V current through AFCEB = V/2R
10 2 105. (a) Efficiency is given by
Current I 2 = = A.
6+9 3 output Power 5 ´ 15 ´ 14
h= = = 8.75 or 87.5 %
Heat produced per second in 2 W input Power 10 ´ 8 ´ 15

2
æ8ö 1 1 1 1 1 3
= I2 R ç ÷ ´ 2 = 14.2cal / s. 106. (a) = + + or = Þ Peq = 20 watt.
è 3ø Peq P1 P2 P3 Peq 60
97. (d) Power of heating coil = 100 W and voltage
(V) = 220 volts. When the heating coil is cut into two V2 V 2 (220) 2 4(110) 2
107. (d) P= ÞR = = = ;
equal parts and these parts are joined in parallel, then R P 60 60
the resistance of the coil is reduced to one-fourth of (110) 2 R
the previous value. Therefore energy liberated per R¢ = =
60 4
second becomes 4 times i.e., 4 × 100 = 400 J.
108. (d) It is balanced Wheatstone bridge. Hence bridge 4W
98. (a) Hint : The wheatstone bridge is balanced, when can be eliminated.
3 4 V 5V
P/Q = R/S, In the this case= , so bridge is balanced 6 ´ 9 18
6 8 \ R eq = = \ I = R = 18
6+9 5 eq
& 7W resistance is not effective)
P 100 ´103 105
V - VB i ´ r 0.1 ´ 10-7 109. (c) I = = A= A
99. (a) Potential gradient = A = = V 125 60
l A 10-6
E.C.E. = 0.367 × 10–6 kg C –1
-2 Charge per minute
= 10 V/m
100. (a) As for an electric appliance R = (Vs2 /P) , so for same 105 ´ 60 6 ´106
= (I × 60) C = C= C
specified voltage Vs , 125 125

R 25 100 6 ´ 106
= = 4 i.e, R = 4R with R
25 100 = R \ Mass liberated = ´ 0.367 ´10-6
R100 25 125
Now, in series potential divides in proportion to
resistance. 6 ´ 1000 ´ 0.367 ´10-3
=
125
R1 4
So, V1 = V i.e., V25 = 5 ´ 440 = 352V = 17.616 × 10–3 kg
(R1 + R 2 ) 110. (d) Current from D to C = 1A
\ VD – VC = 2 × 1 = 2V
R2 1
and, V2 = V i.e., V100 = ´ 440 = 88V VA = 0 \ VC = 1V, \ VD – VC = 2
(R 1 + R 2 ) 5
Þ VD – 1 = 2 \ VD = 3V
From this it is clear that voltage across 100 W bulb \ VD – VB = 2 \ 3 – VB = 2 \ VB = 1V
(= 88 V) is lesser than specified (220 V) while across 25 111. (c) The power dissipated in the circuit.
W bulb (=352 V) is greater than specified (220 V), so
25 W bulb will fuse. V2
P= ...(i)
10 ´ 40 400 Req
101. (b) Time = = = 8 min
10 + 40 50 v = 10 volt
1 1 1 1 5+ R
102. (a) Power µ = + =
Resistance Req R 5 5R
In series combination, Resistance doubles
Hence, Power will be halved. æ 5R ö
Req = çè ÷
In parallel combination, resistance halved 5 + Rø
Hence, power will be double. P = 30 W
 EBD_7751
508 PHYSICS

Substituting the values in equation (i) Since deflection in galvanometer is zero so current
will flow as shown in the above diagram.
(10) 2
30 = VA 12 12
æ 5R ö current I = = =
çè ÷ R1 + R 500 + 100 600
5 + Rø
15 R 12
= 10 Þ 15R = 50 + 10R So VB = IR = ´ 100 = 2V
5+ R 600
5R = 50 Þ R = 10 W 115. (c) Resistance of bulb is constant
112. (c) The current through the resistance R
V2 Dp 2DV DR
æ e ö P= Þ = +
I =ç R p V R
è R + r ÷ø
The potential difference across R Dp
= 2 × 2.5 + 0 = 5%
p
æ e ö
V = IR = ç R
è R + r ÷ø
rl
116. (c) Resistance R =
I e r A
Q l¢ = 2 l
A
\ A¢ =
2

R 2l
\ R¢ r A = 4R = 4 × 4 W = 16 W
2
e e
V= V Therefore the resistance of new wire becomes 16 W
æ rö 117. (a) Given : V = 7 V
çè1 + ÷ø P Q
R r = 5W
0
R
when R = 0, V = 0, 40 ´ 120
R = ¥, v = e Req = W 5W
40 + 120
Thus V increases as R increases upto certain limit, but
it does not increase further. 7V
V 7
113. (a) Galvanometer is converted into ammeter, by connected I= =
R 40 ´ 120
a shunt, in parallel with it. 5+
40 + 120
G
I 7 1
= = = 0.2 A.
5 + 30 5
118. (c) In the case of a short-circuited battery, the current

S E (emf of the battery)

I= ¹0
r (internal resistance)
GS VG 25 ´ 10-3 Terminal voltage V = IR = I (i) = I (0) = 0
==
G+ S I 25 where R = external resistance = 0
GS 119. (c) Before the presence of electric field, the free electrons
= 0.001W move randomly in the conductor, so their drift velocity
G+S
Here S << G so S = 0.001 W is zero and therefore there is no current in the
conductor. In the presence of electric field, each
114. (b) R1 electron in the conductor experience a force in a
G
direction opposite to the electric field. Now the free
R VB electrons are accelerated from negative and to the
VA
positive end of the conductor and hence a current
starts to flow from the conductor.
 Current Electricity 509

120. (d) Potentiometer is preferred for measurement of emf of

é 2.9 ù
cell. Potentiometer draws no current from cell while R = Sê
ë 97.1 úû
voltmeter draws some current, therefore emf measured
by voltmeter is slightly less than actual value of emf So, here, R : S = 2.9 : 97.1 implies that the S is nearly 33
of cell. Further the potentiometer is used with a times to that of R. In orded to make this ratio 1 : 1 it is
galvanometer which is set to null reading when the 1
necessary to reduce the value of S nearly times
experiment is performed. The method of null reading 33
avoids many errors. i.e., nearly 3 W,
121. (a) Glow = Power (P) = I2R 4. (b) The potential drop across wires of potentiometer
should be more than emfs of primary cells. Here,
dP æ dI ö values of emfs of two cells are given as 5V and 10V, so
\ = 2ç ÷ = 2 ´ 0.5 = 1%
P è I ø the potential drop along the potentiometer wire must
be more than 10V. So battery should be of 15V and
2
æ Pö about 4V potential is droped by using variable
122. (a) Power loss = i²R = ç ÷ R resistance.
è Vø
[P = Transmitted power] l
5. (a) As we known that the resistance of wire is R = r
A
V2 1 For maximum value of R, l must be higher and A should
123. (a) P= ; Rµ (same rated voltage)
R P be lower and it is possible only when the battery is
124. (c) In tube light majority portion of radiation comes under æ1ö
connected across area of cross section = 1cm ´ ç ÷cm.
visible region while bulb radiation consists of visible, è2ø
ultraviolet, infrared radiation giving less visible part. 6. (a) We know that the relationship between current and
125. (c) Positive terminal of a battery is point of highest drift speed is
potential and current flows from highest to lowest I = ne Avd
potential i.e. from +ve to –ve potential. Where, I is the current and Vd is the drift velocity.
So, I µ Vd
EXERCISE - 3 Hence, only drift velocity determines the current in a
Exemplar Questions conductor.
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
1. (b) As we know, electric current per unit area
I rl
I/A, is called current density j i.e., j = 7. (c) Resistance R =
A A
The SI units of the current density are A/m2. Q l¢ = 2 l
The current density is also directed along E and is A
also a vector and the relationship is \ A¢ =
2
j = sE
Current density changes due to electric field produced 2l
\R= r = 4R = 4 × 4 W = 16 W
by charges accumulated on the surface of wire. A
2. (a) As we know the equivalent emf (eeq) in the parallel 2
combination Therefore the resistance of new wire becomes 16 W
e r +e r 8. (a) Given : emf e = 2.1 V
eeq = 2 1 1 2 I = 0.2 A, R = 10W
r1 + r2
Internal resistance r = ?
So according to formula the equivalent emf eeq of the
From formula.
two cells in parallel combination is between e1 and e2.
e – Ir = V = IR
Thus (e1 < eeq < e2). 2.1 – 0.2r = 0.2 × 10
3. (c) Adjusting the blance point near the middle of the 2.1 – 0.2 r = 2 or 0.2 r = 0.1
bridge, i.e.. when l1 is close to 50 cm. requires a suitable
choice of S, R is unknown resistance : 0.1
Þ r= = 0.5 W
0.2
R Rl1
Since, = e 2.1
S R (100 - l1 ) ALTERNATE : i = Þ 0.2 =
r+R r + 10
R l1 é l ù
= or R = S ê 1 ú 1
S 100 - l 100 - l Þ 2.1 = 0.2 r + 2 Þ r = = 0.5 W
1 ë 1û 2
 EBD_7751
510 PHYSICS

9. (a) Given : V = 7 V 14. (c) As 0.2% of main current passes through the
r = 5W
998
P Q galvanometer hence I current through the
1000
shunt.
998I
1000 S
5W

7V

40 ´ 120 G
Req = W I 2I
40 + 120 1000
V 7
I= = æ 2I ö æ 998I ö G
R 5+
40 ´ 120 ç ÷G = ç ÷S Þ S =
è 1000 ø è 1000 ø 499
40 + 120
Total resistance of Ammeter
7 1
= = = 0.2 A. æ G ö
5 + 30 5 ç ÷G
10. (c) Resistance is directly proportional to length SG è 499 ø G
R= = =
S+G æ G ö 500
1 1
= +
1 (4 + 5) + 3 ç ÷+G
= è 499 ø
R AB 3 4 + 5 (3)(4 + 5)
15. (b) Total resistance R = (0.5 W/km) × (150 km)
3 ´ (4 + 5) 27 = 75 W
RAB = =
3 + (4 + 5) 12 Total voltage drop = (8 V/km) × (150 km)
Similarly, = 1200 V

4 ´ (3 + 5) 32 (DV)2 (1200) 2
RBC = = Power loss = = W
4 + (3 + 5) 12 R 75
= 19200 W = 19.2 kW
5 ´ (3 + 4) 35 16. (b) This is a balanced wheatstone bridge condition,
RAC = =
5 + (3 + 4) 12
5 l1 5 1.6l1
\ RAB : RBC : RAC = 27 : 32 : 35 = and =
R 100 - l1 R / 2 100 - 1.6l1
11. (a) Copper rod and iron rod are joined in series.
Þ R = 15 W
l æ lö 17. (a) Here, metallic conductor can be considered as the
\ R = RCu + RFe = (r1 + r2) çèQ R = r ÷ø
A A combination of various conductors connected in
From ohm’s law V = RI series. And in series combination current remains
= (1.7 × 10–6 × 10–2 + 10–5 × 10–2) ¸ 0.01 × 10–4 volt same.
= 0.117 volt (Q I = 1A)
12. (b) Resistance is directly proportionl to length of the wire.
As length is doubled so mass is doubled and i
resistance is doubled.
We have
V
(10E )2 (nE )2 t 18. (d) Total potential difference across potentiometer wire
= t mS DT , Now= (2m)S DT
R 2R = 10–3 × 400 volt = 0.4 volt
1mv
n2 E 2t 102 E 2t potential gradient =
Þ =2 cm
2R R v
Þ n = 20 = 10–3 v/cm = 10–1 m
13. (c) Internal resistance of the cell,
Let resistance of RW connected in series.
æ E-Vö æ l1 - l 2 ö
r= ç ÷R = ç ÷R 2V
è V ø è l2 ø
i
æ 3 - 2.85 ö +0.4V
=ç ÷ ´ (9.5) W = 0.5 W
è 2.85 ø RW 8W
 Current Electricity 511

2 10 –1 ´ 4 1 V
So, = = 22. (a) EMF, E = Kl where K = potential gradient
R +8 8 20 L
Þ R + 8 = 40 or, R = 32 W
V iR æ E 0 r ö l
19. (d) Effective resistance of B and K= = =ç
L L è r + r1 ÷ø L
R B × R C 1.5R ´ 3R 4.5R 2
= = = =R
R B + R C 1.5R + 3R 4.5R E 0 rl
So, E = Kl =
i.e., equal to resistance of voltmeter A. (r + r1 )L
1.5R 23. (a) Given: Charge Q = at – bt2

A B ¶Q a
\ Current i= = a – 2bt {for i = 0 Þ t= }
¶t 2b
R C From joule's law of heating, heat produced
3R dH = i2Rdt
In parallel potential difference is same so, a /2b
VB = VC and in series current is same
So, VA = VB = VC
H= ò ( a - 2bt )2 Rdt
0
20. (d) From circuit diagram
a
20W
( )3 2b a 3R
H = a - 2bt R =
-3 ´ 2b 0 6b
A 24. (d) When two cells are connected in series i.e., E 1 + E2
480W the balance point is at 50 cm. And when two cells are
40.8W connected in opposite direction i.e., E1 – E2 the balance
point is at 10 cm. According to principle of potential
E1 + E 2 50
=
E = 30V E1 - E 2 10

480 ´ 20 2E1 50 + 10 E1 3
Resistance of ammeter = = 19.2W. = =
480 + 20 Þ Þ
2E 2 50 - 10 E2 2
Total resistance R = 40.8 + 19.2 = 60W
25. (b) Reading of potentiometer is accurate because during
V
Reading in the ammeter i = taking reading it does not draw any current from the
R
circuit.
30
= = 0.5A rl
40.8 + 19.2 26. (b) We know that, R =
21. (d) In figure, two metal wires of identical dimension are A
connected in series
rl 2
or R = Þ R µ l2
A s2 Volume
s1
According to question l2 = nl1
l l 2 2
R2 n l1
l l leq = 2
Req = + = R1 l1
s1A s2 A seq Aeq
R2
= n2
2l l æ s1 + s2 ö or,
R1
= ç ÷
seq A A è s1s 2 ø
Þ R2 = n2R1
2s1s2
\ seq = s + s
1 2