CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY: FROM

COLONIAL ERAS TO PHILIPPINE REPUBLICS

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter presents the Selected Primary Sources in Philippine History: from Colonial
Eras to Philippine Republics. Section 1.The First Voyage around the World talks about
historical expedition that leads to the discoveries of the world and the expansion of Spanish
empire. Section 2. Kartilla ng Katipunan sheds light on Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan
which enumerates the guidelines that new members of the Katipunan have to follow. Tha
Kartilya served as the guide of the Katipunan. It contains 14 “teachings” that the members
were required to follow. Section 3. 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence authored by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista which mentions the different important aspects of the actual
declaration such as national anthem and the waving of the national flag. Section 4. Political
Caricatures used during American Eras though the Philippines was in a better condition under
Americans compared to the Spaniards, freedom was not immediately accorded to the
Filipinos. The use of these cartoons was a way of expressing of Filipinos commentaries with
the American rule. Section 5. President Corazon C. Aquino’s Speech. The speech was
delivered before the U.S. Congress on September 18. 1986, in recognition of the peaceful
EDSA revolution and paved the way of her presidency.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Analyze the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary sources.
2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding
Philippine history.

3. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.

Lesson Outline
1. The First Voyage around the World
2. Kartilla ng Katipunan
3. Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine
4. Political Caricatures of the American Era
5. President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress Sept 18, 1986

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS OF UNLOCKING OF DIFFICULTIES

Communist Insurgency – act of putting down rebellion
Dictatorship – one-man rule; a ruler with unrestricted powers
Kartilya- Katipunan’s code of conduct
KKK- Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan
Martial Law - military government by which ordinarily laws are suspended
Martial Rule – when government is under the control of one man who is backed by the
military; civil liberties are suspended as well as the normal functions of the legislative
and judicial bodies.
Mock Battle – sham; not for real battle
Nation – ethnic and racial concept
Revolution – the forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of the new system
Treason – violation by a subject to a sovereign or state
LESSON 1: FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
A Brief Summary of the First Voyage Around the World by Magellan by Antonio
Pigafetta

This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators of the
sixteenth century. One of them was Italian nobleman Antonio Pigafetta, who accompanied
Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the world. Pigafetta’s work instantly
became a classic that prominent literary men in the West like William Shakepeare, Michel de
Montaigne, and Giambattista Vico referred to the book in their interpretation of the New
World. Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the
precolonial Philippines. His account was also a major referent to the events leading to
Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his death in the hands
of Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan, and in the departure of what was left of
Magellan’s fleet from the islands.
Examining the document reveals several insights not just in the character of the
Philippines during the precolonial period, but also on how the fresh eyes of the Europeans
regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people, and culture. Locating Pigafetta’s
account in the context of its writing warrants a familiarity on the dominant frame of mind in the
age of exploration, which pervaded Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Students of
history need to realize the primary sources used in the subsequent written histories depart
from certain perspectives. Thus, Pigafetta’s account was also written from the perspective of
Pigafetta himself and was a product of the context of its production. The First Voyage Around
the World by Magellan was published after Pigafetta returned to Italy.
For this chapter, we will focus on the chronicles of Antonio Pigaffeta as he wrote his
firsthand observation and general impression of the Far East including their experiences in
the Visayas. In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached whathe called the Ladrones Islands or
the “Islands of the Thieves.”
He recounted:
“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are
poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of what we called these three islands
the Ladrones Islands.”
The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands. These islands are
located south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east
of Philippines. Ten days after they reached Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta reported that they
reached what Pigafetta called the isle of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan decided to land in
another uninhabited island for greater security where they could rest for a few days. Pigafetta
recounted that after two days, March 18, nine men came to them and showed joy and
eagerness in seeing them. Magellan realized that the men were reasonable and welcomed
them with food, drinks, and gifts. In turn, the natives gave them fish, palm wine (uraca), figs,
and two cochos. The natives also gave them rice (umai), cocos, and other food supplies.
Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination the palm tree which bore fruits called cocho,
and wine. He also described what seemed like a coconut.
His Description reads:
“This palm produces a fruit named cocho, which is as large as the head, or thereabouts:
its first husk is green, and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads, with which
they make the cords for fastening their boats. Under this husk there is another very hard, and
thicker than that of a walnut. They burn this second rind, and make with it a powder which is
useful to them. Under this rind there is a white marrow of a finger’s thickness, which they eat
fresh with meat and fish, as we dobread, and it has the taste of an almond, and if anyone
dried it he might make bread of it (p. 72).”
Pigafetta characterized the people as “very familiar and friendly” and willingly showed
them different islands and the names of these islands. The fleet went to hummunu Island
(Homonhon) and there they found what Pigafetta reffered to as the “Watering Place of Good
Signs.” It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote that they found the first signs of gold in the
island. They named the island with the nearby islands as the archipelago of St Lazarus. They
left the island, then on March 25 th, Pigafetta recounted that they saw two balanghai
(balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzava/Mazaua. The leader, who Pigafetta referred
to as the king of the balanghai (balangay), sent his men to the ship of Magellan. The
Europeans entertained these men and gave them gifts. When the king of the balangay offered
to give Magellan a bar of gold and a chest of ginger, Magellan declined. Magellan sent the
interpreter to the king and asked for money for the needs of his ships and expressed that he
came into the islands as a friend and not as an enemy. The king responded by giving
Magellan the needed provisions of food in chinaware. Magellan exchange gifts of robes in
Turkish fashion, red cap, and gave the people knives and mirrors. The two then expressed
their desire to become brothers. Magellan further showed the king his other weapons,
helmets, and artilleries. Magellan also shared with the king his charts and maps and shared
how they found the islands.
After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother who was also a king of
another island. They went to this island and Pigafetta reported that they saw mines of gold.
The gold was abundant that parts of the ship and of the house of the secondking were made
of gold. Pigafetta described this king as the most handsome of all the men that he saw in this
place. He was also adorned with silk and gold accessories like a golden dagger, which he
carried with him in a wooden polished sheath. This king was named Raia Calambuu, King of
Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua), and the first king was Raia Siagu. On March 31 st,
which happened to be Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by
the shore. The king heard of this plan and sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with the
other king. Pigafetta reported that both kings participated in the mass. He wrote:
“…when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but
they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us,
and adored our Lord with joined hands.”
After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in place.
Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and the crown were the signs of his emperor and
that he was ordered to plant it in the places that he would reach. Magellan further explained
that the cross would be beneficial for their people because once other Spaniards saw this
cross, then they would know that they had been in this land and would not cause them
troubles, and any person who might be held captives by them would be released. The king
concurred and allowed for the cross to be planted. This Mass would go down in history as the
first Mass in the Philippines, and the cross would be the famed Magellan’s Cross still
preserved at present day.
After seven days, Magellan and his men decided to move and look for islands where
they could acquire more supplies and provisions. They learned of the islands of
Ceylon(Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu) and intended to go there. Raia Calambu offered to
pilot them in going to Cebu, the largest and the richest of the islands. By April 7 th of the same
year, Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu. The king of Cebu, through Magellan’s
interpreter, demanded that they pay tribute as it was customary, but Magellan refused.
Magellan said that he was a captain of a king himself and thus would not pay tribute to other
kings. Magellan’s interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that Magellan’s king was the
emperor of a great empire and that it would do them better to make friends with them than to
forge enmity. The king of Cebu consulted his council. By the next day, Magellan’s man and
the king of Cebu, together with other principal men of Cebu, meth in an open space. There,
the king offered a bit of his blood and demanded that Magellan do the same. Pigafetta
recounts:
“Then the king said that he was content, and as a greater sign of affection he sent him a
little of his blood from his right arm, and wished he should do the like. Our people answered
that he would do it. Besides that, he said that all the captains who came to his country had
been accustomed to make a present to him, and he to them, and therefore they should ask
their captain if he would observe the custom. Our people answered.
The following day, Magellan spoke before the people of Cebu about peace and God.
Pigafetta reported that the people took pleasure in Magellan’s speech. Magellan then asked
the people who would succeed the king after his reign and the people responded that the
eldest child of the king, who happened to be a daughter, would be the next in line. Pigafetta
also related how the people talked about, how at old age, parents were no longer taken into
account and had to follow the orders of their children as the new leaders of the land. Magellan
responded to this by saying that his faith entailed children to render honor and obedience to
their parents. Magellan preached about their faith further and people were reportedly
convinced. Pigafetta wrote that their men were overjoyed seeing that the people wished to
become Christians through their free will and not because they were forced or intimidated.
On the 14th of April, the people gathered with the king and other principal men of the
islands. Magellan spoke to the king and encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning all
of the idols and worship the cross instead. The king of Cebu was then baptized as a Christian.
Pigafetta wrote:

“To that the king and all his people answered that thy would obey the commands of
the captain and do all that he told them. The captain took the king by the hand, and they
walked about on the scaffolding, and when he was baptized he said that he would name him
Don Charles (Carlos), as the emperor his sovereign was named; and he named the prince
Don Fernand (Fernando), after the brother of the emperor, and the King of Mazavva, Jehan:
to the Moor he gave the name of Christopher, and to the other each a name of his fancy.”

After eight days, Pigafetta counted that all of the island’s inhabitant were already
baptized.. He admitted that they burned a village down for obeying neither the king nor
Magellan. The Mass was conducted by the shore every day. When the queen came to the
Mass one day, Magellan gave her an image of the Infant Jesus made by Pigafetta himself.
The king of Cebu swore that he would always be faithful to Magellan. When Magellan
reiterated that all of the newly baptized Christians need to burn their idols, but the natives
gave excuses telling Magellan that they needed the idols to heal a sick man who was a
relative to the king. Magellan insisted that they should instead put their faith in Jesus Christ.
They went to the sick man and baptized him. After the baptismal, Pigafetta recorded that the
man was able to speak again. He called his a miracle.
On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went to
see Magellan and asked him for a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight the chief
named Silapulapu (Lapulapu). Such chief, according to Zula, refused to obey the king and
was also preventing him from doing so. Magellan offered three boats instead and expressed
his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight the said chief. Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactan
in daylight. They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number
1,500. The battle began. Pigafetta recounted:

“When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number, drawn up
in three squadrons attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front. The captain then divided
his men in two bands. Our musketeers and crossbow-men fired for half an hour from a
distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and arrows, though they passed through their
shields made of thin wood, and perhaps wounded theirarms, yet did not stop them. The
captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to. The islanders seeing that the shots of
our guns did them little or no harm would not retire, but shouted more loudly, and springing
from one side to the other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew nearer to us,
throwing arrows, Javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones, and even mud, so that we could
hardly defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron at the captain-general.”

Magellan died in that battle. The natives, perceiving that the bodies of the enemies
were protected with armors, aimed for their legs instead. Magellan was pierced with a
poisoned arrow in his right leg. A few of their men charged at the natives and tried to
intimidate them by burning an entire village but this only enraged the natives further. Magellan
was specifically targeted because the natives knew that he was the captain general. Magellan
was hit with a lance in the face. Magellan retaliated and pierced the same native with his
lance in the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it because of his wounded
arm. Seeing that the captain has already deteriorated, more natives came to attack him. One
native with a great sword delivered a blow in Magellan’s left leg, brought him face down and
the natives ceaselessly attacked Magellan with lances, swords, and even with their bare
hands. Pigafetta recounted the last moments of Magellan:

“Whilst the Indians were thus overpowering him, several times he turned round
towards us to see if we were all in safety, as though his obstinate fight had no other object
than to give an opportunity for the retreat of his men.”

Pigafetta also said that the king of Cebu who was baptized could have sent help but
Magellan instructed him not to join the battle and stay in the balangay so that he would see
how they fought. The king offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and amount in
exchange of Magellan’s body but the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan’s body as
a memento of their victory.
 Magellan’s men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain. Pigafetta also told how
Magellan’s slave and interpreter named Henry betrayed them and told the king of Cebu that
they intended to leave as quickly as possible. Pigafetta alleged that the slave told the king
that if he followed the slave’s advice, then the king could acquire the ships and the goods of
Magellan’s fleet. The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men. The king
invited these men to a gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he would
send for the King of Spain. Pigafetta was not able to join the twenty-four men who attended
because he was nursing his battle wounds. It was only a short time when they heard cries
and lamentations. The natives had slain all of the men except the interpreter and Juan
Serrano who was already wounded. Serrano was presented and shouted at the men in the
ship asking them to pay ransom so he would be spared. However, they refused and would not
allow anyone to go to the shore. The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano. They left Cebu
and continued their journey around the world.

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 1

Name: ________________________________________Date: _________________

Course/Block: _________________________________Schedule: ______________

INSTRUCTIONS: Write an essay depicting the significance of Magellan’s expedition to the

world and to the Philippines.

THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN

On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano’s
house at No. 72 Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila.
They decided to form a secret revolutionary society called Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the sons of the
People), otherwise known as K.K.K or Katipunan, dedicated to national independence
through armed revolution.These men were, and one or two others.
The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or
Katipunan is arguably the most important organization formed in the Philippine History.
While anti-colonial movements, efforts, and organizations had already been established
centuries prior to the foundation of the Katipunan, it was only this organization that envisioned
A united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards for the total
independence of the country from Spain.
Previous armed revolts had already occurred before the foundation of the Katipunan, but
none of them envisioned a unified Filipino nation revolting against the colonizers.
Diego Silang was known as an Ilocano who took up his arms and led one of
the longest running revolts in the country. Silang, however, was mainly
concerned about his locality and referred to himself as El Rey de Ilocos (the
King of Ilocos.
The imagination of the nation was largely absent in the aspirations of the local revolts before
Katipunan,
The propaganda movements led by the Ilustrados like Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose Rizal did not envision a total separation of
the Philippines from Spain.
But only demanded equal rights, representation, and protection from the abuses of the friars.
Katipunan created a complex structure and defined value system that would guide the
organization as a collective aspiring for a single goal.
 One of the most important Katipunan documents was the “Kartilya ng Katipunan.”
 KARTILLA-BASIC TEACHING
 The original title of the document was “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.”
or “Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of the Country”
 -The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896.
  Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement.
 He was a law student at the Universidad de Santo Tomas.
 Despite his youth, Bonifacio recognized the value and intellect of Jacinto that upon
seeing that Jacinto’s Kartilya was much better than the Decalogue he wrote, he
favored that the Kartilya be distributed to their fellow Katipuneros.
 Jacinto became the secretary of the organization and took charge of the short-lived
printing press of the Katipunan.
Bonifacio wrote a Decalogue or ten commandments titled Katungkulan Gawain ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay guidelines for good
citizenship.
 The rules include love of God, love of country and one’s fellowmen; diligence in work;
sharing of one’s means with poor; punishment of scoundrels and traitors; and the
guarding of the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.
It was Andres Bonifacio who first formulated a code and to whom the Dekalogo ng Katipunan
was attributed. But it was not published: instead, it was said that upon reading the Kartilya
drafted by Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio decided that it was superior to his Dekalogo, and adopted
it as the official primer of the Katipunan.
 On 15 April 1897, Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of the Katipunan in
Northern Luzon. Jacinto was 22 years old.
 He died of Malaria at a young age of 24 in the town of Magdalena, Laguna.

THE TEACHING OF KATIPUNAN “KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN”

The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct. It contains fourteen rules
that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave, and which specific values should he
uphold. Generally, the rules stated in the Kartilya can be classified into two. The first group
contains the rules that will make the member an upright individual and the second group
contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men.
I. Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang matayog at banal na layunin ay punong walang
lilim, o kung hindi man ay nakalalasong damo.
(Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow, if
not a poisonous weed.
II. Ang gawang magaling na may pagyayabang o may paghahangad na makasarili ay
hindi na tunay na kabaitan.
(A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not a desire to do good is not
kindness.)
III. Tunay na kabanalan ang pagkakawang-gawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang pagiging
tama sa kilos, gawa, at salita.
(True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s fellow men in adjusting every
movement, deed, and word to true Reason.)
IV. Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y pantay-pantay; mangyayaring ang
isa’y hihigitan sa dunong, yaman, sa ganda; ngunit hindi mahihigitan ang kanyang pagkatao.
(All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may be superior to another in
knowledge, wealth and beauty but cannot be superior in being.)
V. Mas pinahahalagahan ng taong marangal ang kanyang puri kaysa pansariling
kapakinabangan; sa taong tampalasan, inuuna ang sariling pakinabang.
(He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean prefers profit to honor.)
VI. Huwag mong tignan ang babae na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang at karamay sa
mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang kanyang (pisikal na)
kahinaan, at alalahanin ang iyong inang pinagmulan at nag-aruga sa iyong kasanggulan.
(Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away time but as a helper and partner in the
hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness, and remember the mother who brought you
into this world and who cared for you in your childhood.)
VII. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
(To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.)
VIII. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala ay maibabalik; ngunit
panahong nagdaan na ay di na muling magdaraan.
(Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again.)
IX. Ipagtanggol ang inaapi at labanan ang nang-aapi.
(Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.)
X. Ang taong matalino’y nag-iingat sa bawat sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang dapat
ipaglihim.
(An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that
must be guarded.)
XI. Sa matinik na daan ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang gabay ng mga asawa’t mga anak; kung
ang umaakay ay tungo sa masama, sa kasamaan din hahantong ang inaakay.
(In the thorny part of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who guides moves
toward evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil.)
XII. Ang hindi mo ibig gawin sa iyong asawa, anak, at kapatid ay huwag mong gagawin sa
asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iyong kapwa.
(What do you not want done to your wife, daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife,
daughter, and sister of another.
XIII. Hindi makikita sa pagiging hari ang halaga ng tao, hindi rin sa tangos ng ilong at puti ng
mukha, ni sa pagiging pari na kinatawan ng Diyos, hindi sa taas ng katayuan sa lipunan;
totoong tao at mataas na uri, siyang laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi sariling wika,
yaong may magandang asal, may isang salita, may dangal at puri, yaong hindi nagpapaapi at
hindi nang-aapi; yaong marunong magmahal at magmalasakit sa bayang kanyang sinilangan.
XIII. (The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of nose and
the whiteness of the skin, nor in being the priest representing God, nor in the exalted position
on this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the words, is possessed of an
upright character; who is true to his word; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress
and does not help those who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his
birth.)
XIV. Sa paglaganap ng mga aral na ito, maningning na sisikat at sasabog ang matamis na
liwanag ng araw ng kalayaan dito sa abang kapuluan ng nagkaisang magkakalahi’t
magkakapatid, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagod, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang
matutumbasan. Kapag napag-aralan na ang lahat ng ito, at naniwala siyang kaya nang gawin
ang mga magiging tungkulin, maaari nang punan ang pormularyo ng pagsapi.
XIV. (When these doctrines spread and the Sun of beloved liberty shines with brilliant
effulgence in this unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays upon the united people and brothers in
everlasting happiness, the lives, labors, and sufferings of those who are gone shall be more
than recompensed.)

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 2

Name: ________________________________________Date: _________________

Course/Block: _________________________________Schedule: ______________

INSTRUCTIONS: The fourteen (14) points presented in the Kartilya ng Katipunan. Select two
from them and explain their significance in maintaining a peaceful and orderly community.

LESSON 3: DOCUMENTS OF THE 1898 DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE

INDEPENDENCE

Background of the Author

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista (also known as “Don Bosyong”) was born on December 17,
1830 in Biñan Laguna to Gregorio Enriguez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira. He studied Law
at the University of Sto. Thomas and earned his degree in 1865 (at 35 years old).
He solicited funds to finance the campaign for reforms in the Philippines and became a
member of the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios, and La Propaganda. He was
arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago by the Spaniards as he was suspected of being
involved in the Philippine Revolution but managed to defend himself and was eventually
released.
He became the first adviser of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898, and, contrary to popular
belief, it was Bautista, and not Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippines flag before the jubilant
crowd during the proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite. On July 14, 1898,
he was elected as president of the Philippines in the Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac and
was later appointed judge of the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan. He died on December
4, 1903 (72 years old) from a fatal fall from a horse-drawn carriage.
Historical Background of the Document
In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out as a result of U.S. intervention in the
Cuban War of Independence. The U.S. attacked Spain’s Pacific Possession. Which led to its
involvement in the Philippine Revolution.
Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay aboard the U.S.S. Oympia
and led the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy.
In May 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay ensued. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the
Philippines from Hong Kong, bringing with him the first Philippine flag sewn by Marcela
Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herbosa. Upon arriving in Manila, Aguinaldo
proceeded to his mansion in Kawit, Cavite to rally all Filipinos to unite and fight against the
Spaniards in the historic battle cry of the “Hour of Liberation.” Together with the Americans,
the Filipino assaulted the Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay. However, the said battle was
perceived to be a mock battle as arrangements were already made between the Americans
and the Spaniards, that the latter would hand over the Philippines including Guam and Puerto
Rico to the former. Such arrangements were already finalized in the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
After the Battle of Manila Bay, there were still skirmishes between Filipinos and Spaniards in
various provinces in the Philippines. The Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence
(Acta de la Proclamation de la Independencia de Pueblo Filipino) written by Bautista had the
intention to encourage Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards. Aguinaldo formally declared
Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. It was symbolically accompanied
by the playing of the Philippine national anthem composed by Juan Felipe with lyrics by Jose
Palma from his poem Filipinas. At the same time. Ambrosio Bautista read the Act of
Declaration of Philippine Independence in Spanish. The United States of America, however,
never recognized this declaration.
Acta de la Proclamation de la Independencia de Pueblo Filipino was among the documents
lost during the height of the pilferage of historical documents in the 1990s. the centennial
anniversary of Philippine independence heightened the demand for such documents in the
black market. The document was finally returned to the National Library in 1994 after a
professor from the University of the Philippines, Milagros Guerrero, negotiated for its return.

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 3

Name: ________________________________________Date: _________________

Course/Block: _________________________________Schedule: ______________

Instructions: The Philippine flag is embedded with different symbolisms. The following are
the features of the Philippine flag. On the space provided, write the meaning of each feature
or symbol.
 1. White triangle - symbolizing unity, freedom, people's democracy, and sovereignty
2. Three stars – Symbolizes Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
3. Eights rays of the sun – Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Morong, Laguna,
Batangas and Nueva Ecija
4. Colors: Blue, Red and White - a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing liberty, equality
and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace, truth, and justice; and a horizontal
red stripe for patriotism and valor.

I. Instructions: Give three reasons why the Acta de la Proclamation de la

Independencia de Pueblo Filipino is important to the grand narrative of Philippine
history.

LESSON 4: POLITICAL CARICATURES

Background of the Authors

During the American era, political cartoons gained popularity as a form of expression. Many
artists made use of cartoons as political commentaries to expose the ills of the American
colonial government. Alfred McCoy provided an analysis of the pressing problems and issues
of American colonialism manifested in political cartoons. Together with Alfredo Reyes Roces,
an artist, they compiled many political cartoons by Filipino artists depicting the Philippines
during American rule.
Alfredo McCoy was born on June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA. He earned his BA in
European Studies from Columbia College in 1968. He finished his MA in Asian Studies at the
University of California in Berkeley in 1969 and his PhD in Southeast Asian History at Yale
University in 1977. He studied Philippine political caricatures to understand the social and
political contexts of the Philippines during the American period and later worked with Alfredo
Roces, his co-author of Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era.
Though McCoy did not create any political caricatures, his interest in them urged him to
compile such caricatures from various sources to produce a single collection.
Alfredo Reyes Roces was born on April 29, 1923. He was a painter, an essayist, and a
versatile artist who is considered to be a prominent figure in the Philippine art. His paintings
started with a figurative style but soon began to amalgamate expressionism, Fauvism, and
impressionism.
Severed newspapers in Manila like The Independent and The Philippines Free Press and
Bag-Ong Kusog, a leading periodical in Cebu, included political cartoons in their editorials.
The Philippine Free Press was founded in 1906 by Judge W. A. Kincaid but and was taken
over by McCullough Dick due to bankruptcy. The newspaper was published in both Spanish
and English. It featured investigative articles regarding the country’s development. It had a
personal tone since it was not tied to a particular political party. It also advocated integrity,
democracy and Philippine national progress.

A commentary on the unprecedented cases of

colorum automobile in the city streets.
The Philippine Free Press published this
commentary when fatal accidents involving
colorum vehicles and taxis occurred too often
already.

Lipag-Kalabaw was launched in the same year as Philippine Free Press. It was published in
Tagalog and Spanish containing satiric cartoons. All throughout its publication, it maintained
anonymity by not having a masthead and by having the artists and writers use pen names.
This gave artists and writers agency on how they wanted to express themselves.
It was published by Lipang Kalabaw on 24 August
1907.
In the picture, we can see uncle Sam rationing
porridge to the politicians and members of
Progresista Party (sometimes known as the
Federalista Party) while memebers of Nationalista
Party look on and wait for their turn.
This cartoon depicts the patronage of the United
States being coveted by politicians from either of
the party.
The Independent was founded in 1915 by the Father of Cebuano Letters, Vicente Sotto, one
of the militant and aggressive advocates of immediate independence. It was a weekly
newspaper published in English and Spanish which served as a forum for the discussion of
political issues. It was also where Fernando Amorsolo began his career as the “angriest of
Manila’s political cartoonists.”
 Published
in the

Independent on May 20, 1916.

It shows a politician from Tondo, named Dr. Santos, passing his crown to his brother-in-law
Dr. Barcelona.
A Filipino guy (the guy who is wearing a salakot and barong tagalog) was trying to stop
Santos, telling the latter to stop giving Barcelona the crown because it is not his to begin with.

In Cebu, one popular newspaper was the Bag-Ong Kusog which literally means “New
Force.” Bag-Ong Kusog was known for highlighting the conditions in Cebu prior to the war. It
often talked about the differences between the Spanish and American colonial governments.
This newspaper depicted the breakdown of hallowed customs and social practices due to
American influence. It focused on criticism of co-education introduced by the Americans,
which endangered the virtue of women.

This cartoon depicts a cinema. A blown-up police

officer was at the screen saying that couples are
not allowed to the neck and make love in the
theater. Two youngsters looked horrified while an
older couple seemed amused.

Historical Background of the Political Cartoons

The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was characterized by strict censorship resulting
in a lack of political liberty and minimal avenues for expressing political; views. Spanish
censorship banned non-religious publications, thus compelling newspaper publications to be
distributed underground. However, the transition to the American colonial period provided
leeway in the publication of independent newspapers. Initially, newspapers were scrutinized
by the government to ensure that they did not contain anti-American sentiments which were
branded as subversive and were rule became a formative period in Philippine history.
Censorship was loosened when a civil government was established in 1901. This gave
Filipinos the right to publish without prior censorship of the government. Two months after
strict censorship was removed, Rafael Palma launched El Renacimiento (Rebirth) which
became the most influential of the early nationalist newspaper campaigning for the right to a
free press. Whenever the Americans felt offended with any publication, they used libel and
sedition laws to obstruct the developing hostilities. After facing two libel suits, El Renacimiento
had to discontinue. Nevertheless, Martin Ocampo and Ffernando Ma. Guerrero established a
new publication, La Vanguardia, in the same office and survived until World War II as one of
Manila’s leading newspapers.
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 4
Name: ________________________________________Date: _________________
Course/Block: _________________________________Schedule: ______________

Instructions: Make your own caricature depicting any present political, economic, or socio-
cultural situation in the Philippines. Provide a short explanation for the symbolisms that you
used.
Caricature:
Explanation:

LESSON 5: CORAZON C. AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE UNITED STATES

CONGRESS ON SEPTEMBER 18, 1986

Background of the Author

Maria Corazon “Cory” Sumulong Cojuangco – Aquino (January 25, 1933-August 1, 2009)
became president of the Philippines because of the 1986 EDSA Revolution – the nonviolent
revolution that ousted President Ferdinand Marcos. She was the wife of the assassinated
opposition figurehead during the martial law era, Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. she was chosen
by Time magazine as one of the 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20 th century. Prior to
becoming the President, she had not held any elective office. She died on August 1, 2009
due to colorectal cancer.
Historical Background of the Document
It has been the practice of the US Congress to convene a Joint Meeting for the purpose of
hearing an address from an important figure, usually a visiting foreign leader. Corazon C.
Aquino delivered her historic speech before the U.S Congress on September 18, 1986 -
barely seven months after being sworn into office under a revolutionary government brought
about by the EDSA Revolution. During that time, Cory’s presidency was unstable for she
inherited an economy that was in shambles. There was massive poverty and unemployment
in the country. The loyalty of the military to her administration was still in question. Her
administration was already besieged by a coup attempt, backed by a multitude of civilian
Marcos loyalists after five months of assumption to office. Despite releasing political
detainees, the communist insurgency was still gripping the countryside. She needed foreign
allies to recognize her newly established administration. The aforementioned historical
speech targeted two goals at the same time. It aimed to express gratitude towards the United
States for helping the Filipinos regain the government, considering Aquino’s decision to honor
the foreign debts the Philippines incurred during the Marcos administration.
Speech of Her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino
President of the Philippines
During the Joint Session of the United States Congress
[Delivered at Washington, D.C., on September 18, 1986]

Three years ago, I left America in grief to bury my husband, Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had left
it also to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today, I have returned as the
president of a free people.
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless act of giving honor,
a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost faith in its future found it in a
faithless and brazen act of murder. So in giving, we receive, in losing we find, and out of
defeat, we snatched our victory.
For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for freedom.
For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband and father. His loss, three times in
our lives, was always a deep and painful one.
Fourteen years ago this month was the first time we lost him. A president-turned-dictator, and
traitor to his oath, suspended the Constitution and shut down the Congress that was much
like this one before which I am honored to speak. He detained my husband along with
thousands of others – senators, publishers and anyone who had spoken up for the
democracy as its end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved. The
dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit he must
break. For even as the dictatorship demolished one by one the institutions of democracy – the
press, the Congress, the independence of the judiciary, the protection of the Bill of Rights –
Ninoy kept their spirit alive in himself.
The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked him up in a tiny,
nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him naked and held the threat
of sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up manfully–all of it. I barely did as
well. For 43 days, the authorities would not tell me what had happened to him. This was the
first time my children and I felt we had lost him.
When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder and a host of other crimes
before a military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority and went on a fast. If he survived
it, then, he felt, God intended him for another fate. We had lost him again. For nothing would
hold him back from his determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only
when it dawned on him that the government would keep his body alive after the fast had
destroyed his brain. And so, with barely any life in his body, he called off the fast on the
fortieth day. God meant him for other things, he felt. He did not know that an early death
would still be his fate, that only the timing was wrong.
At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate peace with the
dictatorship, as so many of his countrymen had done. But the spirit of democracy that inheres
in our race and animates this chamber could not be allowed to die. He held out, in the
loneliness of his cell and the frustration of exile, the democratic alternative to the insatiable
greed and mindless cruelty of the right and the purging holocaust of the left.
And then, we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news came to us
in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together. But his death was
my country’s resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone they could be free again.
The dictator had called him a nobody. Two million people threw aside their passivity and
escorted him to his grave. And so began the revolution that has brought me to democracy’s
most famous home, the Congress of the United States.
The task had fallen on my shoulders to continue offering the democratic alternative to our
people.
Archibald Macleish had said that democracy must be defended by arms when it is attacked by
arms and by truth when it is attacked by lies. He failed to say how it shall be won.
I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I held out for
participation in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if I knew it would be rigged. I
was warned by the lawyers of the opposition that I ran the grave risk of legitimizing the
foregone results of elections that were clearly going to be fraudulent. But I was not fighting for
lawyers but for the people in whose intelligence I had implicit faith. By the exercise of
democracy, even in a dictatorship, they would be prepared for democracy when it came. And
then, also, it was the only way I knew by which we could measure our power even in the
terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by government thuggery and
fraud. The opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear majority of the votes, even if they
ended up, thanks to a corrupt Commission on Elections, with barely a third of the seats in
parliament. Now, I knew our power.
Last year, in an excess of arrogance, the dictatorship called for its doom in a snap election.
The people obliged. With over a million signatures, they drafted me to challenge the
dictatorship. And I obliged them. The rest is the history that dramatically unfolded on your
television screen and across the front pages of your newspapers.
You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against threats
and corruption. You saw women poll watchers break out in tears as armed goons crashed the
polling places to steal the ballots but, just the same, they tied themselves to the ballot boxes.
You saw a people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared to give
their lives for its pale imitation. At the end of the day, before another wave of fraud could
distort the results, I announced the people’s victory.
The distinguished co-chairman of the United States observer team in his report to your
President described that victory:
“I was witness to an extraordinary manifestation of democracy on the part of the Filipino
people. The ultimate result was the election of Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino as President and Mr.
Salvador Laurel as Vice-President of the Philippines.”
Many of you here today played a part in changing the policy of your country towards us. We,
Filipinos, thank each of you for what you did: for, balancing America’s strategic interest
against human concerns, illuminates the American vision of the world.
When a subservient parliament announced my opponent’s victory, the people turned out in
the streets and proclaimed me President. And true to their word, when a handful of military
leaders declared themselves against the dictatorship, the people rallied to their protection.
Surely, the people take care of their own. It is on that faith and the obligation it entails, that I
assumed the presidency.
As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with my people and my
commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn with the lash shall not, in my country,
be paid by blood drawn by the sword but by the tearful joy of reconciliation.
We have swept away absolute power by a limited revolution that respected the life and
freedom of every Filipino. Now, we are restoring full constitutional government. Again, as we
restored democracy by the ways of democracy, so are we completing the constitutional
structures of our new democracy under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill
of Rights. A jealously independent Constitutional Commission is completing its draft which will
be submitted later this year to a popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be
congressional elections. So within about a year from a peaceful but national upheaval that
overturned a dictatorship, we shall have returned to full constitutional government. Given the
polarization and breakdown we inherited, this is no small achievement.
My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist insurgency that numbered
less than 500. Unhampered by respect for human rights, he went at it hammer and tongs. By
the time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than 16,000. I think there is a lesson here
to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with the means by which it grows.
I don’t think anybody, in or outside our country, concerned for a democratic and open
Philippines, doubts what must be done. Through political initiatives and local reintegration
programs, we must seek to bring the insurgents down from the hills and, by economic
progress and justice, show them that for which the best intentioned among them fight.
As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to power. Yet equally, and
again no friend of Filipino democracy will challenge this, I will not stand by and allow an
insurgent leadership to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers, and threaten our
new freedom.
Yet, I must explore the path of peace to the utmost for at its end, whatever disappointment I
meet there, is the moral basis for laying down the olive branch of peace and taking up the
sword of war. Still, should it come to that, I will not waver from the course laid down by your
great liberator: “With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the rights as
God gives us to see the rights, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds,
to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do
all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all
nations.”
Like Lincoln, I understand that force may be necessary before mercy. Like Lincoln, I don’t
relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend the integrity and freedom of my country.
Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have said that we shall
honor it. Yet must the means by which we shall be able to do so be kept from us? Many
conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt continue to be imposed
on us who never benefited from it. And no assistance or liberality commensurate with the
calamity that was visited on us has been extended. Yet ours must have been the cheapest
revolution ever. With little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first and most difficult
conditions of the debt negotiation the full restoration of democracy and responsible
government. Elsewhere, and in other times of more stringent world economic conditions,
Marshall plans and their like were felt to be necessary companions of returning democracy.
When I met with President Reagan yesterday, we began an important dialogue about
cooperation and the strengthening of the friendship between our two countries. That meeting
was both a confirmation and a new beginning and should lead to positive results in all areas
of common concern.
Today, we face the aspirations of a people who had known so much poverty and massive
unemployment for the past 14 years and yet offered their lives for the abstraction of
democracy. Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village, they came
to me with one cry: democracy! Not food, although they clearly needed it, but democracy. Not
work, although they surely wanted it, but democracy. Not money, for they gave what little they
had to my campaign. They didn’t expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put food
into their mouths, clothes on their back, education in their children, and work that will put
dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to respond quickly as the leader of a
people so deserving of all these things.
We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration, even as we carry a
great share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These are only two of the many burdens
my people carry even as they try to build a worthy and enduring house for their new
democracy, that may serve as well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no sooner is one
stone laid than two are taken away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion out of $4 billion, which
was all we could earn in the restrictive markets of the world, went to pay just the interest on a
debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received.
Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should we have to
wring the payments from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the wealth piled up by the
bondsman’s two hundred fifty years of unrequited toil?
Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address this question: has
there been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than that my
people have gone through? You have spent many lives and much treasure to bring freedom
to many lands that were reluctant to receive it. And here you have a people who won it by
themselves and need only the help to preserve it.
Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for the haven from oppression, and the home you
gave Ninoy, myself and our children, and for the three happiest years of our lives together.
Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new home for democracy, another haven for the
oppressed, so it may stand as a shining testament of our two nation’s commitment to
freedom.
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 5
Name: ________________________________________Date: _________________
Course/Block: _________________________________Schedule: ______________

Instructions: Identify five (5) points highlighted by President Corazon Aquino in her speech
before the U.S. Congress on September 18, 1986. Explain their significance.
SYNTHESIS

Spain governed the Philippine for about 333 years through the union of church and state
introducing the process of new beliefs and practices in the political, economic, and religious
aspects of the peoples live. The results, caused hardship for majority of the Filipinos who later
called for revolt. However, the Spanish colonial government able to quell all these revolts.
There plenty of reason such as; first the revolts upraised all over the country with lacked of
coordination; second, Filipinos had no leader of great ability; third, rebels had insufficient
arms to fight Spaniards; fourth, there was no unity and nationalism among Filipino; fifth, many
Filipinos were more loyal to the Spaniards, than to their countrymen. It was the Filipino
soldiers who did the job for the Spaniards.
After the violet event of 1872 a campaign for reforms evolved. The wealthy and educated
Filipino started to air complaints through peaceful means such as writing, art works, organized
society, and etc. By 1896, there were concrete and objective conditions that justified
revolution, it was the KKK. Mostly the poor, less educated and illiterate led by the Supremo,
but unfortunately, the conflict over the leadership inside the Secret Society resulted the tragic
death of the Bonifacio brothers.
Some Filipinos, continued to engage the Spanish forces and established a temporary
government led by Emilio Aguinaldo. But because of the difficulties of the Filipino rebels some
sort of understanding between the Spaniards and Filipino was made through the mediator.
Among other things in the truce was the voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men into Hong
Kong. However, the entry of the United States complicates the struggle for independence.
Aguinaldo believe that American came as an ally of the Filipinos to end the Spanish rule. At
the end, American came to stay and took over new colonial master.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, together with Apolinario Mabini faced with difficult task uniting the
Filipino to form a government worthy of international respect and recognition. Thus, the
declaration of 1898 Philippine Independence happened on June 12, 1898 at Kawit, Cavite.
American not really recognized the independence because their motives were to took control
over the Philippines. Aguinaldo and the Revolutionary army called for war.
From the very start, American policymakers and authorities realized that winning the
hearts and minds of a conquered people was more important and certainly not easy to
accomplish. It took them almost a decade to completely pacify the Filipino. After all that
happened, United States initiated benevolent efforts for the Filipinos. The government
established by the Americans, was controlled by the Americans with Filipino in charge. It took
several steps to train Filipinos for self-government before grant of independence. At the end
of this transition period, the Philippines would finally be given independence.
The impact of American rule on the Filipino on their economy, politics, and society
had a positive point to the Filipinos, but it is in the realm of values and culture that more
negative effects appears to be strong and more evident that the American rule caused great
marks of “colonial mentality” and materialistic and individualistic ways among many Filipinos.
The government established by the American in the Philippine was democratic and republican
in form. In this government, the Filipinos began to govern themselves, though not completely.
But the period of apprenticeship in governance was stop when the war broke out in the Pacific
and the Japanese occupied the Philippine for three years. After World War II, the Philippine
had to accept U.S. financial aid. This became a recurring problem of all the president from
Roxas, Quirino, Garcia, Magsaysay, Macapagal, and Marcos. Likewise, poverty, and graft
and corrupt escalate conflicts from within Philippine society.
Philippine society at the time of Marcos was a “social volcano” holding massive student
rallies, formers, workers and professionals were compelling to give their demands. To cease
these, Marcos declared Martial Law with give him the extended term of office. But the event
on February 22, 1986 triggered the downfall of the Marcos regimes through the peaceful
means of people power led by Corazon C. Aquino who later on took the presidency and
installed new government through direct exercise of the power of the Filipino people.
REFERENCES
- Asuncion N. and Cruz GR. (2019). Readings in Philippine History. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City
- Agoncillo, Teodoro (2010). Philippine History. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
- Candelaria, John Lee P. and Alphora, Veronica C. (2018) Readings in Philippine History.
Rex Bookstore, Inc. Quezon City
Retrieved March 3, 2018 from - http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1986/09/18/speech-of-
president-corazon-aquino-during-the-joint-session-of-the-u-s-congress-september-18-1986/