PDM University

(STATE PRIVATE UNIVERSITY)

Sector-3A, Sarai Aurangabadragha Bahadurgarh, Haryana
(124507)

PRACTICLE FILE

Computer Fundamentals Lab

(CSEN0118)
MBA1st Semester

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Name:Raghav T.A. Mr. Lokesh Meena

Roll no:H50222010

Department of Management Studies

Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies

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 CONTENTS
Program
No. Name of the Program Date Sign

1 Introduction to MS word. 07.12.22

2 Prepare your resume using MS-word 14.12.22

Introduction to MS-excel 4.01.23
3
Prepare a record of student’s result using 11.01.23
4 MS-excel.
Introduction to MS-power point. 18.01.23
5
Prepare a presentation of infrastructure 25.01.23
6 in your college.
To study, remove and replace hard disk. 25.01.23
7
To study about various types of printers. 01.02.23
8
To Study about various input output 01.02.23
9 Devices.
To study about motherboard. 08.02.23
10
To study about different types of cards 15.02.23
11 Used in computer.
Introduction to MS- access. 15.02.23
12

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Program No.1: Introduction to Microsoft word.

Microsoft Word is a word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the
name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other
platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix
PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component
of the Microsoft Office system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft
Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the branding was revised to emphasize Word's
identity as a component within the Office suite on PC versions; Microsoft began calling it
Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft Word. The 2010 version appears to be
branded as Microsoft Word, once again. The current versions are Microsoft Word 2010 for
Windows and 2008 for Mac.

Features and flaws: Word has a built-in spell checker, thesaurus, dictionary, Office assistant
and utilities for transferring, copy, pasting and editing text, such as pure text.

Normal.dot: Normal.dot is the master template from which all Word documents are created. It is
one of the most important files in Microsoft Word. It determines the margin defaults as well as the
layout of the text and font defaults. Although normal.dot is already set with certain defaults, the
user can change normal.dot to new parameters. This will change other documents that were created
using the template and saved with the option to manually update the formatting styles.

WordArt: WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title,
watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, and
stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects. In Word
2010, users can apply formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their
document text as easily as applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses
visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles.

Macros: Like other Microsoft office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and
even embedded programs. The language was originally Word basic, but changed to Visual basic for
application as of Word 97.

This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The
tendency for people to exchange Word documents via USB flash drivers, and floppy disk made this

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an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the melissia, but countless others
have existed in the wild. Nearly all antivirus software can detect and clean common macro virus.
These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats between Windows and Macintosh
computers and they were the only infection vectors to affect any Mac OSX system up until the
advent of video codec Trojans in 2007. Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that
effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006.

Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the
user, but in the most recent versions of Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk
from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon.

Layout issues: Before Word 2010 (Word 14) for Windows, the program was unable to handle
ligatures defined in true types fonts those ligature glyphs with Unicode code points may be inserted
manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom
ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now has
advanced typesetting features which can be enabled open type ligatures kerning, and hyphenation.
Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various
third-party workaround utilities have been developed. Similarly, combining diacritics are handled
poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a
recomposed glyph is present in the font.

Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a
document that does not exist in the font specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very
difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. If "Mirror margins" or
"Different odd and even" are enabled, Word will not allow the user to freshly begin page
numbering an even page after a section break (and vice versa). Instead it inserts a mandatory blank
page which cannot be removed.

Bullets and numbering: Word has extensive list bullets and numbering feature used for
tables, list, pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and tables of content. Bullets and numbering can be
applied directly or using a button or by applying a style or through use of a template. Some
problems with numbering have been found in Word 97-2003. An example is Word's system for
restarting numbering. The Bullets and numbering system has been significantly overhauled for
Office 2007, which is intended to reduce the severity of these problems. For example, Office 2007
cannot align tabs for multi-leveled numbered lists. Often, items in a list will be inexplicably
separated from their list number by one to three tabs, rendering outlines unreadable. These

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problems cannot be resolved even by expert users ]. Even basic dragging and dropping of words is
usually impossible]. Bullet and numbering problems in Word include: bullet characters are often
changed and altered, indentation is changed within the same list, bullet point or number sequence
can belong to an entirely different nest within the same sequence.

Creating tables: Users can also create tables in MS Word. Depending on the version, Word can
perform simple calculations. Formulas are supported as well.

Using formulas: As mentioned in Creating Tables, MS Word supports the use of formulas. To
access Word's formula function in Word 2007, click anywhere in a table, then choose Table
Tools>>Layout. To access Word's formula function in Word 2003, select Table>>Formula. The
formula function is on the ribbon in the Data section. Click on the Formula icon to open the
Formula Dialog box. At the top of the Formula box is a place to enter a formula. Formulas use a
similar convention as that used in Excel. Cell references use the "A1" reference style. Formulas are
written using cell references (for example =A1+A2) Word tables don't display column and row ids,
the address must be determined by counting the number of columns and rows. For example, cell C4
appears three columns from the left and four rows down. Once cell addresses are known the
formula can be written. Examples are: =C3+C4; =sum (C2:C10). An optional Microsoft Word add-
in program called formula builder provides cell references in a number of different ways so the user
doesn't have to determine it by counting columns and rows. For example, cell references may be
added to a formula by double-clicking the cell.

As an alternative to using actual cell references as the arguments in the formula, you can use
ABOVE, BELOW, LEFT, or RIGHT instead (i.e., =SUM (ABOVE)) which adds a range of cells.
There are limitations to this method. The cells in the range must not be empty and they must
contain numeric values otherwise the calculation will not include the entire range expected.
Another problem is that ABOVE, BELOW, LEFT, or RIGHT doesn't recognize negative numbers
when the number is surrounded by parenthesis and as a result does not calculate correctly. Word
also adds the heading row if it contains a numeric value provided the cells in the range are
contiguous and all contain values.

AutoSummarize: AutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers valuable.

The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user as a percentage of the current amount
of text. According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, AutoSummarize cuts wordy copy to the bone
by counting words and ranking sentences. First, AutoSummarize identifies the most common words
in the document (barring "a" and "the" and the like) and assigns a "score" to each word—the more

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frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, it "averages" each sentence by adding the
scores of its words and dividing the sum by the number of words in the sentence—the higher the
average, the higher the rank of the sentence. "It's like the ratio of wheat to chaff," explains Fein.

AutoCorrect: In Microsoft Office 2003, AutoCorrect items added by the user stop working
when text from sources outside the document is pasted in.

Year Name Comments

Released
1989 Word for Windows Code-named Opus.
1.0
1990 Word for Windows Code-named Bill the Cat.
1.1
1990 Word for Windows for Windows 3.1
1.1a
1991 Word for Windows Code-named Spaceman Spiff.
2.0
1993 Word for Windows code-named T3 (renumbered 6 to bring Windows
6.0 version numbering in line with that of DOS version,
Macintosh version and also WordPerfect, the main
competing word processor at the time; also a 32-bit
version for Windows NT only)
1995 Word 95 (version included in Office 95
7.0) –
1997 Word 97 (version included in Office 97
8.0)
1998 Word 98 (version only included in Office 97 Powered By Word 98—only
8.5) released in Japan and Korea
1999 Word 2000 Included in Office 2000.
(version 9.0)
2001 Word 2002 included in Office XP
(version 10)
2003 Word 2003 included in Office 2003
(officially
"Microsoft Office
Word 2003") –
(ver. 11)
2006 Word 2007 included in Office 2007; released to businesses on
(officially November 30, 2006, released worldwide to consumers
"Microsoft Office on January 30, 2007
Word 2007") –
(ver. 12)
2010 Word 2010 Included in Office 2010
(version 14)

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Program No.2: To prepare the Your Bio Data using MS Word.

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CURRICULUM-VITAE OBJECTIVE
I am eager to work with a company which has a congenial environment
KULDEEP KAUR
that allows me to explore my potential as a professional. An environment
that gives me opportunity to grow my knowledge, experience and
ambition.

STRENGTH

▪ Very disciplined and punctual.

▪ Manages work with complete dedication devotion and time

Bachelor of Technology management
▪ Posses’ leadership qualities.
Computer Science Engg.
Batch 2009-2013
PDM College of Engineering For EDUCATION
Women, Sarai, Aurangabad,
Professional Qualification:
Bahadurgarh,Haryana
India Pursuing B-TECH (second year) from PDM college of engineering for
women, bahadurgarh, Haryana.
Permanent Address
GH-12/69 Paschim Vihar New Academic Qualifications:
Delhi 110087, India.
Passed 12th (2009) from Guru Nanak Public School Punjabi bagh, New Delhi
Phone : 011-25283366 with 84 %.
09910773366
E-Mail: Passed 10th (2007) from Guru Nanak Public School Punjabi bagh New Delhi
with 89 %.
IT EXPERTISE
kuldeepkr69@gmail.com
Languages : C, C++, Core Java.
Personal Data Platforms : MS-DOS, Windows (98, 2000, XP).
RDBMS : MS Access, SQL Server, MS-Excel
Father’s Name : JASJEET SINGH
Date of Birth : JUNE 3,1991 Web Designing : HTML.
Martial Status : Single
CERTIFICATION

Hobbies & Interests ⮚ Certification course in ‘Java’ from APTECH LIMITED

(New Delhi).
⮚ Surfing on net ⮚
⮚ Playing Badminton EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

⮚ Listening songs 1. 1st prize in many inter school debate competitions.

2. 1st prize in inter school dance competition.
Languages Known 3. Remained school prefect for 2 years.
4. Won inter school badminton competition..
⮚ English
DECLARATION
⮚ Hindi The above mentioned information is correct and true and nothing
⮚ Punjabi has been concealed.

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Program No.3: Introduction to MS-EXCEL.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft
Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and a macro
programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied
spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft
Office. The current versions are 2010 for Windows and 2011 for Mac.

Basic operation

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using grid cells n numbered rows and
letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of
supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display
data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical
display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different
perspectives; it has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to
employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of
mathematical physics, then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. Finally, it has a variety of
interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user,
so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a
custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that
asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel
application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update
schedule, results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on
a regular basis to a list of participants.

Charts

Like some other spreadsheet applications, Microsoft Excel supports charts, graphs or histograms
generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component either can be embedded
within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if cells change content, making a useful design tool. For
example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response
to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and
their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

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Accuracy
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should
be the same as the top line.

Despite the use of fifteen-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon
user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for
example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values.
Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for
very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon
automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two
numbers can be unpredictable.

In the figure the fraction 1/900 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal
representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the
second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In
the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has
only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when ‘1’ is subtracted from this displayed value is
three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third
line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. Thus, the
numbers Excel calculates with to obtain the third line are not the numbers that it displays in the first
two lines. Moreover, the error in Excel's answer is not just round-off error.

Versions
Microsoft Windows
● 1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows

● 1990 Excel 3.0

● 1992 Excel 4.0

● 1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only on the
PowerPC, Alpha, and MIPS architectures)

● 1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) included in Office 95

● 1997 Excel 97 (version 8.0) included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This version of
Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

● 1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000

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 ● 2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in Office XP

● 2003 Excel 2003 (version 11) included in Office 2003

● 2007 Excel 2007 (version 12) included in Office 2007

● 2010 Excel 2010 (version 14) included in Office 2010

Program no.4: To prepare record of student’s result using MS-Excel.

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Program No.5: Introduction to Microsoft Power Point.
Microsoft PowerPoint or just PowerPoint is a presentation program by Microsoft. It is part of
the Microsoft Office suite, and runs on Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X operating
system.
PowerPoint is used by business people, educators, students, and trainers. From Microsoft Office
2003 to 2008 for Mac, Microsoft revised the branding to emphasize PowerPoint's place within the
office suite, calling it Microsoft Office PowerPoint instead of just Microsoft PowerPoint. The
current versions are Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office PowerPoint
2008 for Mac.

Operation
PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is
a reference to the slide projector, a device that can be seen as obsolete, within the context of
widespread use of PowerPoint and other presentation software. Slides may contain text, graphics,
movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely on the slide. PowerPoint, however,
facilitates the use of a consistent style in a presentation using a template or "Slide Master".
The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, or navigated through at the
command of the presenter. For larger audiences the computer display is often projected using
a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.
PowerPoint provides three types of movements:

1. Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint
calls Custom Animations
2. Transitions, on the other hand are movements between slides. These can be animated in a
variety of ways
3. Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter,
exit or move

PowerPoint Viewer
The Microsoft Office PowerPoint Viewer is a program used to run presentations on computers that
do not have Microsoft PowerPoint installed. The Office PowerPoint Viewer is added by default to
the same disk or network location that contains one or more presentations you packaged by using
the Package for CD feature.
The PowerPoint Viewer is installed by default with a Microsoft Office 2003 installation for use
with the Package for CD feature. The PowerPoint Viewer file is also available for download from
the Microsoft Office Online Web site.
Presentations password-protected for opening or modifying can be opened by the PowerPoint
Viewer. The Package for CD feature allows you to package any password-protected file or set a
new password for all packaged presentations. The PowerPoint Viewer prompts you for a password
if the file is open password-protected.
The PowerPoint Viewer supports opening presentations created using PowerPoint 97 and later. In
addition, it supports all file content except OLE objects and scripting.

Versions
Versions for Microsoft Windows include:

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▪ 1990 PowerPoint 2.0 for Windows 3.0
▪ 1992 PowerPoint 3.0 for Windows 3.1
▪ 1993 PowerPoint 4.0 (Office 4.x)
▪ 1995 PowerPoint for Windows 95 (version 7.0) —
▪ 1997 PowerPoint 97 (version 8.0) — (Office 97
▪ 1999 PowerPoint 2000 (version 9.0) — Office 2000
▪ 2001 PowerPoint 2002 (version 10) — Office XP
▪ 2003 PowerPoint 2003 (version 11) — Office 2003
▪ 2007 PowerPoint 2007 (version 12) — Office 2007
▪ 2010 PowerPoint 2010 (version 14) — Office 2010

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Program No.6: Prepare a presentation explaining the facilities/infrastructure available in
your college/institute.

Slide 1

Slide 2

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 Slide 3

Slide 4

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 Slide 5

Slide 6

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 Program No.7: To study Remove and Replace of Hard Disk.

A hard disk is made up of a collection of disk known as PLATTERS. Platters are coated with
the material that allows data to be recorded magnetically. The disk rotates at the very high
speed. The typical speed is 3600 RPM. Hard disk of capacities are 40, 80,120 GB are available
currently. They are installed inside the computer and excess data more quickly than a floppy
disk can.

A hard disk drive is a non-volatile storage device for digital data. It features one or more
rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a protective enclosure. Data is encoded
magnetically by read/write heads that float on a cushion of air above the platters.

Hard disk manufacturers quote disk capacity in SI-standard powers of 1000, wherein a terabyte
is 1000 gigabytes and a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes. With file systems that report capacity in
powers of 1024, available space appears somewhat less than advertised capacity.

To remove hard disk:

 Back up your data. Make sure you back up any important data stored on the hard drive
in the event something goes wrong. Also, if you are selling or giving the hard drive to
someone else, you should erase any data on the disk by formatting it.
 Open the case. Remove any metal rings, watches or bracelets you may be wearing.
Touch the metal casing to eliminate any static charge; then unplug the computer from
the electrical outlet. You can also use an antistatic wrist strap if you prefer. Check the
user's manual if necessary to determine how to open your particular PC case.

 Locate the hard drive. Typically, the hard drive will be connected to a flat 2 1/2-inch-
wide IDE cable and a power cable. Hard drives are often housed in removable metal
cages that are secured to the computer case with one or more screws. Refer to your
user's manual to locate the hard drive if necessary.

 Disconnect the hard drive. Unplug the hard drive from the IDE and power cables. Grab
the plastic IDE cable connector with your thumb and forefinger, and gently pull until
the connector breaks free. The power cable can be difficult to remove if the connector is
fitted tightly. Make sure you don't bend any of the pins when disconnecting the cables.
 Remove the hard drive. If the hard drive is fitted in a metal cage, locate and remove the
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 screws

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 that are holding the cage in place. Hold your hand under the cage to catch it if
necessary. Once the cage is free, remove the small screws on either side of the hard
drive to remove it from the cage. If the hard drive is connected directly to the computer
case, simply remove the screws on each side of the hard drive and slide it out of the
case.

To replace hard disk:

 Power down PC, unplug power. Open the PC; determine type of hard drive connection,
most likely IDE. Buy similar drive.

 If your old hard drive is bad, remove old HD (need screwdriver). There should be a
diagram on both hard drives showing where to place the jumper. Look at this and then
place the jumpers on the hard drive, matching the new one to the old one (usually
located in the back by the ide/sata and power plugs) to match the diagram. Cable select
is usually the right choice especially if there is only one drive on a cable with only one
connector at each end.

 Recommended drive: 7200 RPM or greater, 2MB Cache or better

 Make sure you get the same type hard drive - PATA (IDE) or SATA - as you old one,
unless your motherboard does both.

 While your case is open, blow out the dust. It improves circulation and can add to the
life of your computer. Also make sure all the fans are working. Leave the case side
open and turn it on without touching the inside. All the fans should come on, assuming
you have a name brand computer (read: bottom-line for company) without thermostat
controlled fans.

 The first part is a matter of cloning the hard drive (assuming you are not just moving
the disk from one computer to another). Otherwise the process is known as a repair
installation where you will need the bootable CD with the OS to fix the old hard
drive .

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HARD DISK DRIVE ORGANISATION:
A Hard disk consists of electronic circuits and electromechanical sub systems. The
electromechanical sub systems in a hard disk are:

 DISK PLOTTER.
 SPINDLE.
 Positioning of mechanism.
 A circulation system.
 Air filter.

Hard Disk Interfaces and Configuration

The interface that the hard disk uses to connect to the rest of the PC is in some ways as
important as the characteristics of the hard disk itself. The interface is the communication
channel over which all the data flows that is read from or written to the hard disk. The interface
can be a major limiting factor in system performance. The choice of interface also has an
essential impact on system configuration, compatibility, up grad ability and other factors.
Over time, several different standards have evolved to control how hard disks are connected to
the other major system components used in the PC. These have tended to build upon one
another, and often use confusing and overlapping terminology. The result has been a great deal
of confusion surrounding the entire subject. Each time a new variant or enhancement of an
interface is introduced, the interface becomes just a bit more confusing, particularly for those
trying to use older hardware, or to mix newer and older devices.

The hard disk drive in your system is the "data center" of the PC. It is here that all of your
programs and data are stored between the occasions that you use the compute r. Your hard
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 disk (or disks) are the most important of the various types of permanent storage used in PCs
(the others being floppy disks and other storage media such as CD-ROMs, tapes, removable
drives.

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 Program No.8: To study about various types of Printers.

Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The
earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the
Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as
applied to paper was woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 A.D Later
developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around
1040 ADand the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century.
Types of Printer

1. Inkjet printer

2. Laser printer

3. Dot-matrix printer

Inkjet printer

Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling
droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates. Inkjet printers are the most commonly
used type of printer, and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive
professional machines.

The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 20th century, and the technology was first
extensively developed in the early 1950s. Starting in the late 1970s, inkjet printers that could
reproduce digital images generated by computers were developed, mainly by Epson, Hewlett-
Packard (HP), and Canon. In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for
the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson, and Brother.

The emerging ink jet material deposition market also uses inkjet technologies, typically
printheads using piezoelectric crystals, to deposit materials directly on substrates.

The technology has been extended and the ″ink″ can now also comprise living cells,for creating
biosensors and for tissue engineering.

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Laser printer

Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and
graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth
over a negatively charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged imageThe
drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink (toner), and transfers the
image to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text, imagery, or both. As
with digital photocopiers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process. However, laser
printing differs from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning
of the medium across the printer's photoreceptor. This enables laser printing to copy images
more quickly than most photocopiers.

Invented at Xerox PARC in the 1970s, laser printers were introduced for the office and then
home markets in subsequent years by IBM, Canon, Xerox, Apple, Hewlett-Packard and many
others. Over the decades, quality and speed have increased as price has fallen, and the once
cutting-edge printing devices are now ubiquitous.

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Dot-matrix printer

Dot matrix printing is the process of computer printing from a collection of dot matrix data to a
device, which can be one of:

 Impact dot matrix printers, what The New York Times calls "dot-matrix
impact printers.

 Non-impact dot matrix printers, such as inkjet, thermal, or laser printers.

Dot matrix (impact) printing is a type of computer printing which uses a print head that moves
back-and-forth, or in an up-and-down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an
ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter.
However, unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and
thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced.

These printers can print on multi-part (carbon paper) forms since they print using mechanical
pressure.

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Program No.9: To study about various Input and Output Devices.

INPUT DEVICE: In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment

used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a
Computer or information appliance.
Examples are:
 Keyboards
 Mouse
 Scanners
 Digital cameras
 Joysticks

KEYBOARD:
Keyboards are a human interface device which is represented as a layout of buttons. Each
button or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a
particular function of the computer (the keys are assigned for definite commands which is
processed by the CU (Control Unit -- a part of CPU). They act as the main text entry
interface for most users. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer
variations employ virtual keys, or even projected keyboards. It is typewriter like device
composed of a matrix of switches.

Examples of types of keyboards include:

 Keyer
 Keyboard
 Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK)

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MOUSE
A computer mouse (plural: mice) is an input device that is most often used with a personal
computer. Moving a mouse along a flat surface can move the on-screen cursor to different
items on the screen. Items can be moved or selected by pressing the mouse buttons (called
clicking). Today's mice have two buttons, the left button and right button, with a scroll
wheel in between the two.

It is called a computer mouse because of the wire that connects the mouse to the computer. The
people who designed it thought that it looked like the tail on a mouse. Today,
many computer mice use wireless technology and have no wire.

Examples of types of mouse include:

 Wireless mouse
 Optical mouse
 Track ball mouse
 Gstick mouse
 Mechanical mouse

SCANNER
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages,
and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and
flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or colour. Very high resolution scanners
are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but lower resolution scanners are adequate
for capturing images for computer display. Scanners usually come with software, such as
Adobe's Photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise modify a captured image.

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 Scanners usually attach to your personal computer with a Small Computer System Interface
(SCSI ). An application such as Photoshop uses the TWAIN program to read in the image.

Examples of types of scanners include:

 Flatbed Scanners
 Sheet Fed Scanners
 Integrated Scanners
 Drum Scanners
 Handheld Scanners

DIGITAL CAMERAS

A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras
produced today are digital, and while there are still dedicated compact cameras on the market,
the use of dedicated digital cameras is dwindling, as digital cameras are now incorporated into
many devices ranging from mobile devices to vehicles. However, expensive, high-end, high-
definition dedicated cameras are still commonly used by professionals.
Examples of types of Digital cameras:
 Compacts
 Digital single lens reflex cameras
 Digital single lens translucent cameras
 Digital range finders

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 Program No.10: To study about Motherboard.

The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the PC which holds the Error!
Hyperlink reference not valid, memory and expansion slots and connects directly or
indirectly to every part of the PC. It's made up of a chipset (known as the "glue logic"), some
code in ROM and the various interconnections or buses. PC designs today use many different
buses to link their various components. Wide, high-speed buses are difficult and expensive to
produce: the signals travel at such a rate that even distances of just a few centimeters cause
timing problems, while the metal tracks on the circuit board act as miniature radio antennae,
transmitting electromagnetic noise that introduces interference with signals elsewhere in the
system. For these reasons, PC design engineers try to keep the fastest buses confined to the
smallest area of the motherboard and use slower, more robust buses, for other parts.
All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is separate
from the main system memory used for loading and running software. The ROM contains the
PC's Basic Input / Output System (BIOS). This offers two advantages:
1. The code and data in the ROM BIOS need not be reloaded each time the computer
is started
2. They cannot be corrupted by wayward applications that write into the wrong part
of memory. A Flash up gradable BIOS may be updated via a floppy diskette to ensure
future compatibility with new chips, add-on cards etc.

Parts of motherboard are:

1. Chipsets
2. Processor slot
3. I/O processor slot
4. IDE slots
5. COM ports
6. Power slots
7. PCI slots
8. RAM slots
9. Power sockets
10. COM slots
11. DIMM(Dual In Memory Module)
12. Co-processor sockets for CPU, PCB etc.

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 Most important part of a mother board : Chipset
A chipset or "PCIset" is a group of microcircuits that orchestrate the flow of data to and from
key components of a PC. This includes the CPU itself, the main memory, the secondary cache
and any devices situated on the ISA and PCI buses. The chipset also controls data flow to and
from hard disks, and other devices connected to the IDE channels. While new microprocessor
technologies and speed improvements tend to receive all the attention, chipset innovations are,
in fact, equally important.
Although there have always been other chipset manufacturers - such as SIS, VIA and Opti -
for many years "Triton" chipsets were by far the most popular. Indeed, the introduction of the
Intel Triton chipset caused something of a revolution in the motherboard market, with just
about every manufacturer using it in preference to anything else. Much of this was down to
the ability of the Triton to get the best out of both the Pentium and the PCI bus, together with
its built-in master EIDE support, enhanced ISA bridge and ability to handle new memory
technologies like EDO and SDRAM. However, the new PCI chipsets" potential performance
improvements will only be realised when used in conjunction with BIOSes capable of taking
full advantage of the new technologies on offer.

During the late 1990s things became far more competitive, with Acer Laboratories (ALI), SIS
and VIA Technologies all developing chipsets designed to operate with Intel, AMD and Cyrix
processors. 1998 was a particularly important year in chipset development, with what had
become an unacceptable bottleneck - the PC's 66MHz system bus - to finally being overcome.
Interestingly, it was not Intel but rival chipmakers that made the first move, pushing Socket 7
chipsets to 100MHz. Intel responded with its 440BX, one of many chipsets to use the

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 ubiquitous Northbridge/Southbridge architecture. It was not long before Intel's hold on the

chipset market loosened further still, and again, the company had no-one but itself to blame. In
1999, its single-minded commitment to Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM) left it in the
embarrassing position of not having a chipset that supported the 133MHz system bus speed its
latest range of processors were capable of. This was another situation it's rivals were able to
exploit, and in so doing gain market share.
Form factor

Early PCs used the AT form factor and 12in wide motherboards. The sheer size of an AT
motherboard caused problems for upgrading PCs and did not allow use of the increasingly
popular slimline desktop cases. These problems were largely addressed by the smaller
version of the full AT form factor, the Baby AT, introduced in 1989. Whilst this remains a
common form factor, there have been several improvements since. All designs are open
standards and as such don't require certification. A consequence is that there can be some
quite wide variation in design detail between different manufacturers' motherboards.

ATX – type of mother board

Designed and released in 1995 Intel ATX is a new motherboard form factor with a physical
design like the traditional board (30.5 cm X 19 cm) shifted 90 degrees for a better placing
of the units. The I/O connectors COM1, COM2 and LPT, keyboard, mouse and USB are
mounted directly on the motherboard. The ATX board requires specifically designed
chassis with an I/O access opening measuring 1¾ by 6¼ inch.
The ATX motherboard includes advanced control facilities, where the BIOS program
continually checks the CPU temperature and voltages; the cooling fans RPM, etc. If
overheating occurs, the PC will shut down automatically. The PC can also be turned on by
for example modem signals, since the power supply is controlled by the main board. The
on/off button will turn the PC "down" without turning it completely off. The computer will
also not be able to be turned off while the computer boots up, if however the computer
freezes as it is turning on to turn the computer off you must press and hold the power button
for 5 seconds and it will turn off.

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Program No.11: To study about different types of cards used in the computer.
A computer card is an expansion device that provides an existing computer with certain added
capabilities. What these capabilities are depends of course on the computer card. Computer
cards can sometimes be called daughterboard, it helps to enhance and improves the
performance of a computer.
Some types of Computer Expansion Cards
 Graphics card
 Network Interface card
 Sound card
 Modem card

Graphics Card
A graphics card is a piece of computer hardware that produces the images on a computer
monitor or display. It is also called video card. Graphics card is responsible for rendering an
image to the monitor, it does this by converting data into a signal to the monitor. The better the
better and smoother an image can be produced. This is very important for gamers and video
editors.

Types of graphics cards

 Integrated graphics card: it is a graphics card
built into the motherboard where no add-in card is
used. They mostly built into standard laptops and
computers, they are cost-effective model but cannot be
easily upgraded.
 Discrete graphics card: they are add-in
graphics card installed on to the motherboard as an extra component. Most people using
a modern computer for standard tasks like surfing the internet, creating documents or
watching movies will be fine using the integrated graphics.
For users branching out into gaming or video editing, a discrete graphics card is usually need to
speed up the image processing time.

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Network Interface Card
Network Interface Card is also referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter. It is an
expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network, such as a home network, or the
internet using an Ethernet cable with RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) connector.

Network Card Image:

Sound Card
Sound card is alternatively referred to as an audio output device, sound board, or audio card.
It is an expansion card used for producing sound on a computer that can be heard through
speakers or headphones.

Modem Card
A modem card is an internal type of modem that is plugged into the computer of
motherboard. A modem is a communications device that allows a computer to send and
receive data through telephone or cable lines.

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Program No.12: Introduction to MS Access.

Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the
Microsoft Access

relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software- development
tools. It is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and
higher editions or sold separately. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the
Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other
applications and databases. Software developers, data architects and power users can use Microsoft
Access to develop application software.
Like other Microsoft Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA), an object-based programming language that can reference a variety of
objects including DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX
components. Visual objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and properties in
the VBA programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare and call
Windows operating system operations

History

Microsoft's first attempt to sell a relational database product was during the mid 1980s, when
Microsoft obtained the license to sell R: Base.In the late 1980s Microsoft developed its own
solution codenamed Omega. It was confirmed in 1988 that a database product for Windows
and OS/2 was in development. It was going to include the "EB" Embedded Basic language,
which was going to be the language for writing macros in all Microsoft applications, but the
unification of macro languages did not happen until the introduction of Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA). Omega was also expected to provide a front end to the Microsoft SQL
Server.

The application was very resource-hungry, and there were reports that it was working slowly
on the 386 processors that were available at the time. It was scheduled to be released in the 1st
quarter of 1990, but in 1989 the development of the product was reset and it was rescheduled to
be delivered no sooner than in January 1991. Parts of the project were later used for other
Microsoft projects: Cirrus (codename for Access) and Thunder (codename for Visual Basic,
where the Embedded Basic engine was used). After Access's premiere, the Omega project was

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demonstrated in 1992 to several journalists and included features that were not available in Access.

Development
Access stores all database tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules in the Access
Jet database as a single file.

For query development, Access offers a "Query Designer", a graphical user interface that
allows users to build queries without knowledge of structured query language. In the Query
Designer, users can "show" the data sources of the query (which can be tables or queries) and
select the fields they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the grid. One can set up
joins by clicking and dragging fields in tables to fields in other tables. Access allows users to
view and manipulate the SQL code if desired. Any Access table, including linked tables from
different data sources, can be used in a query.

Access also supports the creation of "pass-through queries". These snippets of SQL code can
address external data sources through the use of ODBC connections on the local machine. This
enables users to interact with data stored outside the Access program without using linked
tables or Jet. Users construct the pass-through queries using the SQL syntax supported by the
external data source.

Microsoft Access Runtime

Microsoft offers free runtime versions of Microsoft Access which allow users to run an Access
desktop application without needing to purchase or install a retail version of Microsoft Access.
This allows Access developers to create databases that can be freely distributed to an unlimited
number of end-users. These runtime versions of Access 2007 and later can be downloaded for
free from Microsoft.The runtime versions for Access 2003 and earlier were part of the Office
Developer Extensions/Toolkit and required a separate purchase.

The runtime version allows users to view, edit and delete data, along with running queries,
forms, reports, macros and VBA module code. The runtime version does not allow users to
change the design of Microsoft Access tables, queries, forms, reports, macros or module code.
The runtime versions are similar to their corresponding full version of Access and usually
compatible with earlier versions; for example, Access Runtime 2010 allows a user to run an
Access application made with the 2010. version as well as 2007 through 2000. Due to
deprecated features in Access 2013, its runtime version is also unable to support those older
features. During development one can simulate the runtime environment from the fully
functional version by using the /runtime command line option.
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 There are two views of Access:

1. Design View:

2. Datasheet View:

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