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The group number, number of valence electrons and valency of an
element with atomic number 15, respectively, are

A 16,5 and 2

B 15, 5 and 3

C 16, 6 and 3

D 15, 6 and 2
The group number, number of valence electrons and valency of an
element with atomic number 15, respectively, are

A 16,5 and 2

B 15, 5 and 3

C 16, 6 and 3

D 15, 6 and 2
The element with Z = 120 (not yet discover) will be an/a

A transition metal

B Inner-transition metal

C alkaline earth metal

D alkali metal
The element with Z = 120 (not yet discover) will be an/a

A transition metal

B Inner-transition metal

C alkaline earth metal

D alkali metal
 Screening Effect / Shielding Effect

➢ In a multi electronic system, the electrons are attracted towards the

Nucleus as well as repelled by each other. Thus the force attraction
between the Nucleus and the valence shell electrons is somewhat
decreased.
 Screening Effect / Shielding Effect

The decrease in the force of attraction exerted by

the nucleus on the valence electrons due to the
inner electrons is called shielding or screening
effect.
 Effective Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge :-

The force of attraction on valence shell electrons

Z* = Z – σ

Z* = effective nuclear charge

σ = Screening constant / Shielding constant
 Slater’s Rule
If electron resides in ns or np subshell
❏ All electrons present in shells higher than concerned
electron contribute zero to σ.
❏ All electrons present in same shell contribute 0.35 to σ .
❏ All electrons present in (n-1) shell contribute 0.85 to σ .
❏ All electrons present in deeper shells contribute 1 to σ .
 Slater’s Rule
If electron resides in nd or nf subshell
❏ All electrons present in shells higher than concerned
electron contribute zero to σ.
❏ All electrons present in nd or nf contribute 0.35 to σ .
❏ All electrons present in ns , np or deeper shells contribute
1 to σ .
Calculate σ and Zeff for 4s electron in Mn(Z =25) ?
Solution:

σ for 4s1 electron in Mn atom = 0.35×[No. Of the remaining electrons in 4s orbital] +

0.85 [No. of electrons in 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals] +

1.0×[No. of electrons in the inner shells]

= 0.35 x 1 +0.85×13+1.0×10 =21.40.

∴ Zeff experienced by 4s1 electron = 25 -21.40 = 3.60

 Factors affecting shielding effect or screening effect

❏ No. of inner shell electrons

More the no. of inner shell electrons, more will be the value of σ.

❏ Shape of orbital
Order of screening effect
(max screening) ns > np > nd > nf (min screening)
 Atomic radii

The average distance of valence shell e– from nucleus is called atomic radius. It is
very difficult to measure the atomic radius because –
❏ The isolation of single atom is very difficult.
❏ There is no well defined boundary for the atom. (The probability of finding the
e– is 0 only at infinity).
❏ So, the more accurate definition of atomic radius is –
Half the inter-nuclear distance(d) between two atoms in a diatomic molecule is
known as atomic radius.
 Atomic Radius

Vanderwaal
Covalent radius Metallic radius
radius
 Covalent radius

It is defined as half of the inter-nuclear distance between two nuclei

of atoms bonded by a single covalent bond.

For homonuclear molecule

dA–A
r =
2
 Covalent radius

For hetronuclear molecule

Given that covalent radius of F(EN=4) and Cl(EN=3) are 71 pm and
99 pm, find the bond length of F-Cl molecule.

A 170 pm

B 71 pm

C 165 pm

D 161 pm
Given that covalent radius of F(EN=4) and Cl(EN=3) are 71 pm and
99 pm, find the bond length of F-Cl molecule.

A 170 pm

B 71 pm

C 165 pm

D 161 pm
Solution :

In picometer units,

Bond length = RA + RB - 9 |XA - XB| = 71 + 99 - 9(4-3) = 161 pm

 Metallic radius

It is defined as half of the internuclear distance between

the nuclei of two adjacent atoms in a metallic crystal.

dM–M
r =
2
 Vander waals radius

One half of the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms
belonging to two neighbouring molecules of a compound in the solid
state is called Van der Waal's radius.
 Comparison for Atomic Radius :

❏ For a species:

Van der Waals Radius > Metallic Radius > Covalent Radius

❏ Van der waals radius is largest .

❏ Covalent radius is smallest .

Factors affecting atomic radius
 Factors affecting atomic radius

Number of shells :

Atomic radius increases, with increase in no. of shells

No. of shells ∝ Atomic radius

 Factors affecting atomic radius

Effective Nuclear charge :

❏ With addition of protons

→ Nuclear charge increases

❏ With increase in nuclear charge

→ Atomic size decreases

1
Nuclear Charge ∝
Atomic Radius
 Factors affecting atomic radius

Shielding Effect :

Inner shell electrons are “shielding” the outer shell electron

The attractive force of the nucleus does not

reach the outermost electron. As a result of the
shielding effect, the atomic radii increases

Shielding Effect ∝ Atomic radius

 Factors affecting atomic radius

Multiplicity of bond

Covalent radii decrease as the multiplicity of bond increases

Bond CーC C=C C☰C

dc-c(Å) 1.54 1.34 1.20
rc(Å) 0.77 0.67 0.60
General trend in periodic Table
for atomic Radius
 Across the period

Variation of atomic radius in period (from left to right)

Zeff increases
Atomic size decreases

● Number of shell remain constant, electrons are added in same shell.

● The atomic radius of inert gases (zero group) is highest in magnitude in
their respective period because for inert gas only vander waal radius is
considered.
Which of the following does not have radius greater than 70
pm

A) Cl
B) N
C) C
D) F
 Down the group
Variation of atomic radius in group (from top to bottom)

● Number of shell increases

● Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) almost

remain same because of increased
screening effect of inner shells electrons

● The effect of increased number of atomic

shells overweight the effect of increased
nuclear charge.
No of Atomic
shell radius
increases increases
Which of the following has radius greater than 200pm

A) Li
B) Na
C) K
D) I
Special cases
 Special cases :

In group 13 the trend of atomic radius is

B < Al ≈ Ga < In < Tl

This is due to poor Shielding of 3d electrons in

Ga as a result effective nuclear charge
increases hence size of Ga decreases.
 Special cases :
● In the transition series (e.g. in first transition series), the covalent
radii of the elements decrease from left to right across a row until
near the end when the size increases slightly

Screening effect = nuclear charge

Nearly same

Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Atomic radius (A) 1.44 1.32 1.22 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.25

Decreases Increases
Due to increase in nuclear Screening effect > nuclear charge
charge
Ionic Radius
● Ions are formed by either gain of electrons by an atom or
loss of electrons by an atom
● On the basis of this Ions can be classified in two types
 Anionic Radius
Radius of an anion is invariably bigger than that of the corresponding atom.

Reason:
❏ The effective nuclear charge decrease in the formation of anion. Thus the
electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons
decreases as the size of the anion increases.
❏ Interelectronic repulsion increases.
 Cationic radius

Radius of cation is smaller than that of corresponding atom.

Reason:
During the formation of cation ,effective nuclear charge increase as a result
atomic size decreases.
 Isoelectronic ions

Ions of the different elements which have the same number of

electrons but different magnitude of number of the nuclear charge
are called Isoelectronic Ions.
In an isoelectronic series atomic size decreases with the increase in
the magnitude of the nuclear charge.

Al+3 < Mg+2 < Na+1 < F1– < O2– < N3–
 Isoelectronic ions

The ionic size of isoelectronic species can be easily compared on

the basis of their Z/e ratio.

Smaller the value of Z/e , larger the size of the species.

Which of the following is Incorrect

A rN < ½ rLi

B rNa > 2rF

C r P > rS

D None of these

(here r = radius of an atom)

Which of the following is Incorrect

A rN < ½ rLi

B rNa > 2rF

C r P > rS

D None of these

(here r = radius of an atom)

Which of the following is correct related to chlorine

A rCl > rBe

B rCl > rB

C Both (A) and (B)

D None of these
Which of the following is correct related to chlorine

A rCl > rBe

B rCl > rB

C Both (A) and (B)

D None of these
Graph of atomic radius vs atomic number for elements of 2nd
period are

A B

C D
Graph of atomic radius vs atomic number for elements of 2nd
period are

A B

C D
Comparing the radius vs atomic number, curve of Alkali metals
and halogens we can conclude that (Give your Answer with
respect to the following graph)

A I -Alkali metals, II - Halogens Z

(I) (II)
B I - Halogens, II -alkali metals

C II - for both the graphs

D I- for both the graphs

Comparing the radius vs atomic number Curve of Alkali metals
we can conclude that (Give your Answer with respect to the
following graph)

A I -Alkali metals, II - Halogens Z

(I) (II)
B I - Halogens, II -alkali metals

C II - for both the graphs

D I- for both the graphs

The correct order of the atomic radii of C, Cs, Al and S is

A C < S < Al < Cs

B C < S < Cs < Al

C S < C < Cs < Al

D S < C < Al < Cs

The correct order of the atomic radii of C, Cs, Al and S is

A C < S < Al < Cs

B C < S < Cs < Al

C S < C < Cs < Al

D S < C < Al < Cs

The ionic radii (in Å) of N3-, O2- and F- respectively are

A 1.36, 1.40 and 1.71

B 1.36, 1.71 and 1.40

C 1.71, 1.40 and 1.36

D 1.71, 1.36 and 1.40

The ionic radii (in Å) of N3-, O2- and F- respectively are

A 1.36, 1.40 and 1.71

B 1.36, 1.71 and 1.40

C 1.71, 1.40 and 1.36

D 1.71, 1.36 and 1.40

Ionic radii of

A Ti4+ < Mn7+

B 35Cl- < 37Cl-

C K+ > Cl-

D P3+ > P5+

Ionic radii of

A Ti4+ < Mn7+

B 35Cl- < 37Cl-

C K+ > Cl-

D P3+ > P5+

Correct order of radii is

A N < Be < B

B F- < O2- < N3-

C Na < Li < K

D Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Fe4+

Correct order of radii is

A N < Be < B

B F- < O2- < N3-

C Na < Li < K

D Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Fe4+

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