MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary
and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Q. Sub Q. Answer Marking
N. N. Scheme
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
a) Draw the V-I characteristics of Power Transistor. 2 Marks

b) Give the applications of IGBT. ½ Marks

IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) is a power electronic device that combines the for each

Page 1 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
high input impedance of a MOSFET with the low on-state voltage drop of a bipolar (2 marks)
transistor. It is widely used in various applications that require high-voltage and high-
current switching capabilities. Some of the common applications of IGBT include:
1. Motor Drives
2. Power Supplies
3. Renewable Energy Systems
4. Industrial Applications
5. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
6. Power Transmission Systems
7. Medical Equipment
8. Home Appliances
c) Draw the symbols of UJT and LASCR. 1 Mark
each

UJT LASCR

d) Define triggering. List the types of Triggering methods. 1 Mark

Triggering of thyristors (SCRs), refers to the process of initiating the conduction or for
switching action of the device. It involves applying a specific signal or voltage to the definition
control terminal of the device to enable current flow through it. and ½
There are various types of triggering methods used for different electronic devices, mark for
including thyristors. Here are some commonly used triggering methods: each type
1. Line Triggering (2 Marks)
2. Voltage Triggering
3. Current Triggering
4. Gate Triggering
5. Light Triggering
6. Temperature Triggering
7. Magnetic Triggering
e) Define conduction angle and firing angle. 1 Mark
Conduction Angle: each
The conduction angle refers to the portion of each AC cycle during which the diode or
thyristor in a rectifier circuit conducts current.
Firing Angle:
It represents the angle (in degrees or radians) at which the thyristor or other controlled
switch is triggered to conduct current in each half-cycle of the input AC voltage.

Page 2 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
f) State classification of phase controlled rectifier. XXXXX2 Marks

g) State the advantages of UPS. Any 2

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems offer several advantages that help to (2 Marks)
ensure reliable and uninterrupted power supply to connected devices and systems. The
main advantages of UPS systems include:
1. Power Continuity
2. Surge and Voltage Regulation
3. Seamless
4. Data Protection
5. Equipment Protection
6. Time for Critical Operations
7. Flexibility and Scalability
8. Power Conditioning
2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 marks
a) Explain two transistor analogy of SCR with neat diagram. Diagram 2
Marks
and
explanati
on 2
Marks

Two transistor analogy of SCR is a method of representing SCR in the form of two
transistor model. This represents SCR is the combination of PNP and NPN transistor.
The base of the transistor T1 is work as the collector of the transistor T2 and collector of
the transistor T1 work as the base of the transistor T2.
Working of the SCR can be easily explained by two transistor model of SCR. As per
figure can see with supply voltage V and load resistance R is applied to SCR. Here first
Assume the supply voltage V is less than break over voltage as is usually the case. When
the gate is open (i.e. switch S open), there is base current Ib=0. For the base of the T2 is
Page 3 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
connected with the collector of The T1. Therefore, no current flows in the collector of T2
and hence that of T1. So for this condition, SCR is in OFF condition.
Whenever switch S is closed, a small gate current will flow through the base of T2 which
means its collector current will increase. The collector of the transistor T2 is connected
with transistor T1. So, the collector current of T2 is the base current of T1. Therefore, the
collector current of T1 increases. But collector current of T1 is the base current of T2.
This action is accumulative since an increase of current in one transistor causes an
increase of current in the other transistor. As a result of this action, both transistors are
driven to saturation, and heavy current flows through the load RL. Under such
conditions, the SCR closes.
b) Explain synchronized UJT triggering with neat diagram. Diagram 2
Synchronized UJT triggering circuit is shown in Fig. 1. The diode bridge D1−D4 rectifies Marks
a.c. to d.c. Resistor Rs lowers E dc to a suitable value for the zener diode and UJT. The and
zener diode Dz is used to clip the rectified-voltage to a fixed voltage Vz. This voltage Vz explanati
is applied to the charging circuit RC. Capacitor C Charges through R until it reaches the on 2
UJT trigger voltage Vp. The UJT then turns "on" and C discharges through the UJT marks
emitter and primary of the pulse- transformer. The windings of the pulse transformer
have pulse voltages at their secondary terminals. Pulses at the two secondary windings
feed the same in-phase pulse to two SCRs of a full wave circuit. SCR with positive anode
voltage would turn ON. Rate of rise of capacitor voltage can be controlled by varying R.
The firing angle can be controlled up to about 150°. This method of controlling the
output power by varying charging resistor R is called as ramp control, open loop control
or manual control.

As the zener diode voltage Vz goes to zero at the end of each half cycle, the
synchronization of the trigger circuit with the supply voltage across SCRs is achieved.
Thus the time time t , equal to α/ω, when the pulse is applied to SCR for the first time,
will remain constant for the same value of R. The various voltage waveforms are shown
in Fig

Page 4 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX

.
c) With a neat sketch, explain the construction and working of MOSFET. Diagram 2
Construction of MOSFET: Marks
and
explanati
on 2
marks

Substrate: The MOSFET is typically fabricated on a semiconductor substrate, such as

silicon (Si). The substrate is either p-type or n-type, depending on the type of MOSFET
(p-channel or n-channel).
Source and Drain Regions: Two highly doped regions called the source and drain are
created in the substrate. These regions are typically made of the same type of material
as the substrate but with a higher doping concentration.
Channel Region: The region between the source and drain is known as the channel. It is
lightly doped and acts as a conducting path for current flow. The channel region's
conductivity is controlled by the electric field generated by the gate terminal.
Gate Insulator: A thin layer of insulating material, usually silicon dioxide (SiO2), is
deposited over the channel region. This insulating layer acts as a gate dielectric.
Gate Terminal: A metal electrode, called the gate terminal, is placed over the gate
insulator. It is used to control the MOSFET's operation by applying a voltage.
Working:
Accumulation Mode: Initially, when no voltage is applied to the gate terminal, the
MOSFET is in the accumulation mode. In this mode, a small number of majority carriers
(electrons for n-channel MOSFET and holes for p-channel MOSFET) are present in the
Page 5 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
channel region due to the doping of the substrate. XXXXX
Depletion Mode: When a negative voltage is applied to the gate terminal (for n-channel
MOSFET) or a positive voltage is applied (for p-channel MOSFET), an electric field is
created between the gate and the substrate. This field attracts the majority carriers in
the channel region away from the insulator-substrate interface, depleting the channel of
carriers. This mode is called the depletion mode.
Enhancement Mode: By applying a positive voltage to the gate terminal (for n-channel
MOSFET) or a negative voltage (for p-channel MOSFET), the channel can be enhanced
with majority carriers. This mode is called the enhancement mode.
Channel Formation: In the enhancement mode, when a positive voltage is applied to the
gate terminal, an electric field is generated between the gate and the substrate. This
field attracts the majority carriers (electrons for n-channel MOSFET and holes for p-
channel MOSFET) towards the channel region, creating a conducting path.
Source-Drain Current: When a voltage is applied between the source and drain
terminals, a current flows through the channel region. This current is controlled by the
voltage applied to the gate terminal, which modulates the channel's conductivity.
d) Draw and explain single phase full wave midpoint converter for resistive load Diagram 2
Marks
and
explanati
on 2
marks

During the positive half-cycle of the a.c. supply, i.e. when terminal A of the
transformer is positive with respect to terminal B, or the secondary-winding terminal A
is positive with respect to N,SCR1(T1) is forward-biased and SCR2 (T2) is reverse-
biased. Since no triggering pulses are given to the gates of the SCRs, initially they are in
off-state. When SCR1 is triggered at a firing-angle α current would flow from terminal A
through SCR1, the resistive load R and back to the center-tap of the transformer. This
current path is also shown in Fig.1. This current continuous to flow up to angle π when
the line voltage reverses its polarity and SCR1 is turned-off. Depending upon the value
of α and the load circuit parameters, the conduction angle of SCR1 may be any value

Page 6 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
between 0 and π. XXXXX

During the negative half-cycle of the a.c. supply, the terminal B of the transformer
is positive with respect to N.SCR2 is forward-biased. When SCR2 is triggered at an angle
(π+α), current would flow from terminal B, through SCR2 the resistive load and back to
centre-tap of the transformer. This current continues till angle 2π, then SCR2 is turned
off. Here it is assumed that both thyristors are triggered with the same firing angle,
hence they share the load current equally.
3 Attempt any THREE 12 marks
a) Explain the working principle of SMPS. Diagram 2
Marks
and
explanati
on 2
marks

The diagram above outlines how the SMPS operates. An SMPS’s functionality is more

Page 7 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
complex than that of a linear regulator, but we can break it down into five stages: XXXXX
1. In the first stage, the incoming AC power runs through a rectifier and undergoes
filtration to produce DC
2. The SMPS works at high frequencies, so a high-frequency switch processes the DC
signal, which creates a high-frequency pulsating DC signal
3. The power transformer steps down the high-voltage DC signal to a DC signal of the
appropriate level
4. The stepped-down DC signal is rectified and filtered to a achieve a steady, constant
DV output
5. The control circuitry monitors the output voltage and adjusts the high-frequency
switch on-the-fly to ensure a continuous output stream of the desired voltage.
b) Explain the circuit of Opto-coupler based trigging. Diagram 2
Opto-coupler based triggering, also known as opto-isolation or opto-isolator, is a Marks
method used to electrically isolate two circuits using an opto-coupler device. This and
technique is commonly used to protect sensitive electronic components from voltage explanati
spikes, noise, or high voltage differences between different parts of a system. on 2
The basic circuit of an opto-coupler consists of an input side, which is usually a light- marks
emitting diode (LED), and an output side, which typically includes a phototransistor or
a photo-thyristor.
The trigger circuit in Figure uses an opto-coupler to obtain electrical isolation between
the control circuitry and the load.

When the supply is available the led emit the light, which fall on the base of transistor.
Now the transistor is in conduction mode & current flow through it from +V - R3 –T-R1-
R2-V- & voltage is applied across gate of transistor. This causes the Triggering of SCR.
c) Describe the operation of Snubber protection circuit with neat diagram. Diagram 2
Snubber Circuit is a circuit consisting of series combination of resistance and Marks
capacitance in parallel with SCR . and
As we need to limit the rate of rise of anode to cathode voltage of SCR during its turn on explanati
process, this means we should use a capacitor the SCR terminals. Because on 2
a Capacitor limits the rate of rise of voltage whereas an Inducor limits the rate of rise of marks

Page 8 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
current. Thus a capacitor when connected across the SCR terminals, when limit dv/dt.
now connect the capacitor across the SCR terminals and see how this affects the dv/dt.

As you can see, we have connected capacitor C in parallel with SCR. When switch S is
closed, a sudden voltage appears across the circuit. Initially capacitor C behaves like a
shorted path and hence the voltage across SCR is zero. But as time passes, voltage starts
building up across capacitor C with a slow rate. Thus the rate of rise of voltage dv/dt
across SCR terminals will also be slow and less than the specified dv/dt rating of SCR.
Before SCR is fired or triggered by applying gate pulse, the capacitor C is fully charged
up to supply voltage Vs. As soon as SCR is turned on by gate pulse, this charged
capacitor C discharges through SCR. Hence a current having magnitude flows in the
local path formed by SCR and capacitor C. Since the value of resistance of this local path
is quite small, the magnitude of discharge current will be quite higher. This will lead to
high value of di/dt which may exceed the specified di/dt rating of SCR. In order to limit
the magnitude of the discharge current, a resistance should be connected in series with
the capacitor C.
d) Draw and explain full bridge configuration with common cathode. Diagram 2
Marks
and
explanati
on 2
marks

Thyristor T2 and diode D1 are forward biased during the positive half cycle of input
supply. When thyristor T1 is triggered at a delay angle a. Thyristor T1 and diode
D1 conduct together from ωt=a to π during the positive half cycle.
The thyristor T2 and diode D2 are forward biased during the negative half cycle of
input supply. When trigged at a delay angle a, thyristor T2 and diode D2 conduct
together during the negative half cycle from ωt = (π+a) to 2 π.
Page 9 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
In this circuit as there is one single common cathode point, routing of the gate trigger
pulses to the thyristor gates of T1 and T2 is simpler and only one isolation circuit is
required.
OR

Working principle:
When the AC input voltage is positive, D1 and D2 become forward-biased, allowing
current to flow through them. At the same time, D3 and D4 are reverse-biased and block
the current flow. This configuration effectively routes the current through D1 and D2 to
the positive terminal of the DC output.
Conversely, when the AC input voltage is negative, D3 and D4 become forward-biased,
and D1 and D2 are reverse-biased. This allows the current to flow through D2 and D3,
but not through D1 and D2. As a result, the current is directed towards the negative
terminal of the DC output.
By using the full bridge configuration, the positive and negative half-cycles of the AC
input are rectified and combined to produce a continuous DC output voltage. The
common cathode connection ensures that the circuit is grounded or referenced to a
common potential.
The full bridge configuration with a common cathode is a commonly used circuit
arrangement in electronics. It is primarily used for applications involving power
conversion, such as in motor control, power supplies, and inverters. This configuration
allows for bidirectional current flow and provides enhanced control over the output
voltage or current.
4 Attempt any THREE 12 Marks
a) Draw the circuit diagram and input / output waveforms of single phase half Diagram 2
wave controlled rectifier connected to R-load . Marks
and
explanati
on 2
marks

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX

b) Describe emergency lighting system with neat diagram. Diagram 2

Marks
and
explanati
on 2
marks

OR

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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
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Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX

Or any other appropriate diagram

An emergency light is used to automatically turn ON a lamp which is operated by a
battery. It stops the user from being into a difficult situation because of unexpected
darkness and helps the user to get access to make an instantaneous emergency light.
This circuit uses light-emitting diodes in its place of the incandescent lamps; therefore
making the circuit is very power efficient as well as brighter with its light o/p.
Emergency lights are connected to the electrical supply of the building. Each light has its
own circuit. These lights include a battery so that it works like a backup power
supply once the building loses its power supply. Here, the lifespan of a battery is short
when we compare it with other kinds of lighting systems. So all the emergency lights
must be checked to make sure the battery can give emergency light for a minimum of 90
minutes. These tests are necessary to check the performance of the battery every six
months with professionals.
c) Differentiate between Natural & Forced commutation. Each 1
Sr. No. Natural commutation Forced Commutation marks (4
1 Requires AC voltage at input Requires DC voltage at input marks)
2 External components are not External components are required
required
3 Used in controlled rectifiers, AC Used in choppers, inverters.
voltage controller.
4 SCR turns off due to negative SCR turns off due to current and
supply voltage voltage both.
5 No power loss takes place during Power loss takes place during
commutation. commutation.
6 Zero cost Significant cost.
d) Give the operation of battery charger using SCR with neat diagram. Diagram 2
 The AC main voltage is given to the step down transformer the voltage should Marks
be down to 20V approx. the step down voltage is given to the SCR for and
rectification and SCR rectifies AC main voltage. This rectified voltage is used to explanati
charge battery. on 2
 When the battery connecter to the charging circuit, the battery will not be dead marks
completely and it will get discharged this will give the forward bias voltage to
the transistor through the diode D2 and resistor R7 which will get turned on.

Page 12 of 21
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
When the transistor is turned on the SCR will get off. XXXXX
 When the battery voltage is dropped the forward bias will be decreased and
transistor gets turned off. When the transistor is turned off automatically the
diode D1 and resistor R3 will get the current to the gate of the SCR, this will
triggers the SCR and gets conduct. SCR will rectifies the AC input voltage and
give to the battery through Resistor R6.
 This will charge the battery when the voltage drop in the battery decreases the
forward bias current also gets increased to the transistor when the battery is
completely charged the Transistor Q1 will be again turned on and turned off the
SCR.
 CIRCUIT DAIGRAM :

e) Draw symbol & V-I characteristics od DIAC & TRIAC . Each

SYMBOL : symbol 1
mark and
each
characteri
stic 1
marks

CHARACTERISTIC OF TRIAC :

CHARACTERISTIC OF DIAC :
Page 13 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX

5 Attempt any Three of the following 12 Marks

a) Draw a symbol and neat labelled diagram for V-I characteristics of GTO and 1 Mark
explain its operation. for
Symbol of GTO:- V-I characteristics of GTO symbol

2 Marks
for
characteri
stic

Operation of GTO:-
V-I Characteristics of Gate Turn off Thyristor (GTO):
The V-I characteristics of a Gate Turn Off thyristor (GTO) is similar to that of a
conventional thyristor (CT). Latching current of GTO is, however, several times more
than that of latching current of a CT.
The latching current is of the order of 2 A whereas the same is around 100 mA to 200
mA for a conventional thyristor. The V-I characteristics of GTO is shown in figure below:
In forward blocking mode, only voltage across the GTO is applied without applying the
positive gate signal. Hence, it does not conduct in forward blocking mode. However,
there is a small forward leakage current which is considerably higher than the forward
leakage current of a thyristor. In fact, in forward blocking mode, the GTO behaves like a
high voltage low gain transistor which essentially means that the anode current will be
low. It should be noted at this point that GTO can only block rated forward voltage if the 3 Marks
gate terminal is negatively biased with respect to cathode during forward blocking for
mode. explanati
Page 14 of 21
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Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
The GTO goes into forward conduction mode when it is forward biased and a positive on
gate signal of appropriate amplitude is applied. When a reverse voltage is applied
across a GTO, it blocks the reverse voltage up to a limit but as soon as the reverse
voltage reaches a critical value, called the reverse breakover voltage, the GTO starts
conducting in reverse direction. This mode of operation does not destroy the device if
the gate is negatively biased and the time of this operation is small.
In reverse biased condition of GTO, the blocking capability is dependent on the type of
GTO. A symmetric GTO has a high reverse blocking capability while asymmetric GTO
has a small reverse blocking capability of the order of 20 V to 30 V.
b) Explain Auxiliary commutation with neat diagram. Also draw its waveform. Diagram 2
Circuit diagram:- Marks,
explanati
on 2
marks
and 2
marks for
explanati
on

Waveforms:-

OR equivalent waveforms
Mode Ist (t0-T1)
The main thyristor SCR1 is triggered at instant t0
Current IR and IC flowing through SCR1
(ISCR1=IR+IC)
Positive voltage of capacitor decreases to zero and then capacitor charged with
reverse polarity.
Mode IInd (T1 to t2)
Negative voltage on capacitor is held constant due to that diode D in OFF condition.
SCR1 conduct current constantly till SCR2 triggered.
Mode IIIrd (t2 to t3)
At instant t2, SCR2 is turned ON
Due to that negative capacitor voltage across the main thyristor SCR1
Hence Main thyristor is turned OFF due to reverse voltage applied across it.
This commutation is called Auxiliary voltage commutation.

Page 15 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX

C A single phase half controlled rectifier is supplied with voltage V=100sin314t and 2 Marks
a load resistance of 50 ohm. Find for
1. Average output DC voltage average
2. Load current for ( alpha=60 degree & alpha = 120) output dc
output
voltage
and 2
marks for
each load
current

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX

6 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M

a) Explain in detail the crowbar protection circuit with neat diagram. 6 Marks

Page 17 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX02 Marks
for
diagram
and 04
marks for
explanati
on

Crowbar circuit is used to protect circuit or equipment where a very large amount
of energy is involved.
 The SCR which is used in the crowbar circuit is normally in OFF state
 It has a voltage or current sensitive firing circuit
 With a voltage sensitive firing, we can use the crowbar circuit for protection against
overvoltage.
 With a current sensitive firing, we can use the crowbar circuit for protection against
overcurrent.
 If the current through transistor which is protected goes above predecided value,
then the current sensitive firing circuit will turn on SCR.
 During fault condition SCR will act as closed switch and will short circuit point A
and B will blows the fuse link and the transistor is protected.

Page 18 of 21
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Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 XXXXX
The crowbar circuit can be placed across any converter which is to be
protected.

b) With a neat circuit diagram explain the working of static AC circuit breaker using Diagram 3
SCR. Marks
Circuit Diagram: and
explanati
on 3
marks

 SCR1 is turned ON in the positive half cycle whereas SCR2 is turned on in

negative half cycle of the ac supply.
 As soon as we close switch S
 During the positive half cycle of the AC supply, SCR1 receives the gate current
through R2, S, R3, and turn on.
 This SCR1 turns OFF due to natural commutation at the end of positive half
cycle. The positive half cycle appear across load.
 During the negative half cycle, SCR2 receives gate current through R1, R2 and
switch and turn on.
 At the end of the negative half cycle, this SCR2 is turn OFF due to natural
commutation.
 The negative half cycle appear across load.
 When the load current is to be stopped, the switch S is open circuited.
This will not allow the gate current of the both the SCRs to flow and will not allow them
to turn ON
c) Justify with sketches the procedure to eliminate the reverse power flow in fully
controlled rectifier with RL load.
Circuit Diagram:

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXXDiagram 2
Marks, 2
marks for
waveform
and
explanati
on 2
marks

Page 20 of 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Fundamental of Power Electronics Subject Code:

22326
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
XXXXX
If a diode is connected across the load (R and large L), the circuit can operate only as a
rectifier because the diode prevents negative values of vo from appearing across the
1oad. Figure shows the bridge rectifier circuit with the addition of a freewheeling diode
(D). The diode provides an extra path for the flow of load current.
Negative values of Vo will forward-bias D and provide zero voltage across the load.
Therefore, the negative portions of Vo in previous case are now replaced by Vo = 0,
During this interval, the load current freewheels through D and the SCR currents and
source current are zero.
So by connecting a Freewheeling diode the reverse power flow is eliminated in Fully
controlled rectifier with RL load

Page 21 of 21