LEARNING GUIDE

MATHEMATICS DBE

MTH-5170-2 SCI
OPTIMIZATION
IN A FUNDAMENTAL CONTEXT

E
I ANC W
MPLEN E
WIT
CO
I N H TH
G R A M
P R O S T U DY
OF
RÉSOLUTION LEARNING GUIDE
MATHEMATICS DBE

MTH-5170-2 SCI
OPTIMIZATION
IN A FUNDAMENTAL CONTEXT
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 Table of Contents
How the Learning Guide is Structured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
Constraints and Systems of Inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Rural Areas in the City Being Your Own Boss

SITUATION 1.1 SITUATION 2.1

SYSTEMS OF FIRST-DEGREE INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES FUNCTION TO BE OPTIMIZED
POLYGON OF CONSTRAINTS SP 2.1 – 3D Printing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SP 1.1 – The Urban Farm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Acquisition A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Acquisition A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 • Defining and Interpreting the Function to be Optimized



• Expressing Constraints as a System of First-Degree • Representing the Function to be Optimized in a Graph
Inequalities in Two Variables
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
• Representing a System of Inequalities Using a Polygon
of Constraints Consolidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SITUATION 2.2
Acquisition B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
THE OBJECTIVE LINE
• Exploring First-Degree Inequality Systems in Two Discrete
Variables OPTIMIZATION USING THE FEASIBLE REGION AND VERTICES
• Interpreting Unbounded and Bounded Polygons of Constraint CHANGING CONDITIONS
• Finding Equivalent Inequalities SP 2.2 – Louis’ Cabin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Consolidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Acquisition A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
SITUATION 1.2
• Optimizing a Situation Using the Objective Line
THE VERTICES OF THE POLYGON OF CONSTRAINTS
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
SP 1.2 – Beautifying Your Neighbourhood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Acquisition B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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• Optimizing Using the Vertices of the Polygon of Constraints

Acquisition A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
• Changing the Conditions of the Situation
• Determining the Coordinates of the Vertices of a Polygon of
Consolidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Constraints
• Interpreting the Coordinates of the Vertices of a Polygon of
Constraints in Context KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Consolidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
LES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

LES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

ANSWER KEY PAGE XXX III

 COMPLEMENTS

SELF-EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

REFRESHER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

MATHEMATICAL REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

ANSWER KEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

EVALUATION GRID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

QUICK REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

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IV TABLE OF CONTENTS
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

HOW THE LEARNING GUIDE

IS STRUCTURED
Welcome to the learning guide for the Optimization in a Fundamental Context course. The aim of this
course, which is the first in the Secondary V Science sequence, is to develop your skills in dealing with
situations that require optimal solutions. To achieve this, you will study linear programming, namely:
• systems of first-degree inequalities in two variables;
• the representation of constraints;
• the feasible region;
• the objective or economic function.
You will complete your learning by making potential modifications to the conditions of a situation to make
them more efficient.
You will be required to use various solution strategies to understand and model situational problems. You will
need to use your mathematical reasoning skills. You will also have to describe how you solved these problems
clearly and thoroughly using mathematical language.
You are now invited to complete the learning activities found in the two chapters of this guide and enrich
your knowledge of optimization.

Portailsofad.com
Go to portailsofad.com for videos, ICT activities and printable versions of resources that are complementary
to the SOLUTIONS series, which you can use throughout your learning journey.
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V
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

CHAPTER COMPONENTS
The learning process followed in each chapter enables students to progress by building on what they have learned
from one section to the next. The following diagrams illustrate this approach and specify the pedagogical intent of
each section.

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
The first page describes the context and theme that will
serve as a backdrop for the acquisition of the new
knowledge discussed in the chapter.

CHAPTER 1

Constraints and Systems

CHAPTER 1
of Inequality SITUATION1.1 A table of contents
accompanies this first
SYSTEMSOFFIRST-DEGREEINEQUALITIES
INTWOVARIABLES

Rural Areas in the City POLYGONOFCONSTRAINTS

page. The knowledge



SP 1.1 – The Urban Farm p. 4

W
ith the steady increase in the world's population, more
and more people will live in cities in the years to come.
SITUATION1.2
THEVERTICESOFTHEPOLYGONOFCONSTRAINTS
to be acquired is
This phenomenon affects how they are designed
and changes urbanization plans. Today, most cities are being
SP 1.2 – Beautifying Your
Neighbourhood p. 32
described for each of
transformed to provide more green spaces. These include
community gardens, urban farms and roof-top vegetable gardens. KNOWLEDGESUMMARY p. 53 the Situations, as well
Green spaces provide many benefits, which include better health, INTEGRATION p. 56
well-being, environmental benefits, etc. As space is more limited
LES
as the theme of the
in the city than in the country, land management is necessary as
well as more planning. In this chapter, you will see how algebraic A Roof-Top Vegetable Garden p. 62
situational problems.
and graphical representation of different constraints can help
provide an overview of a situation and thus facilitate decision-
making when there are many constraints to be considered.
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2 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE XXX 3

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LAWOFCOSINES
SYSTEMSOFFIRST-DEGREEINEQUALITIESINTWOVARIABLES
TRIGONOMETRICFORMULAFORAREA
SITUATION1.1 HERON'SFORMULA*
POLYGONOFCONSTRAINTS

The Urban Farm SITUATION1.2

SP1.1 LAWOFCOSINES
TRIGONOMETRICFORMULAFORAREA
HERON'SFORMULA*
THEVERTICESOFTHEPOLYGONOFCONSTRAINTS

An increasing number of municipalities have

adopted new regulations that allow their citizens
Beautifying Your SP1.2

to own certain farm animals, even in an urban

setting. Ecological benefits include the
management of table scraps, lawn maintenance,
Neighbourhood
the opportunity of having fresh eggs, etc. To help
their citizens care for their new animals,
municipalities have affiliated themselves with
certain co-ops.
Some municipalities have programs
To meet the growing demands for animal care on urban farms, the Small designed
Farm to encourage citizens to participate
Animal Care Co-op has hired two new veterinary students. One of them in beautifying
is at the their environment. For
example,
beginning of the training and has the title of novice veterinarian, while the citizens living in the vicinity of

SITUATIONS Furthermore:
poorly maintained streets have created a
other is graduating from the program and has the title of senior veterinarian.
healthy and green environment. Among
others, the role of municipalities is to
• The novice veterinarian can spend no more than 15 hours on thisprovide
job to the equipment required to achieve

In general, there are two

ensure it does not interfere with his studies. this objective.
• The senior veterinarian uses this opportunity to complete his internship at
the end of his studies. He will have to work more than 26 hours per week,
Victor is leading a group of parents who took the initiative to beautify

learning Situations per chapter.

but less than 35 hours per week.
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their children's elementary school yard. He has found a municipal aid

• The co-op believes that to meet growing demands, these two programnew that allows them to buy flower boxes for $22 each and shrubs
employees will have to provide at least 37 hours a week cumulatively.
for $50 each. To participate in this program, in total they must buy a

The approach taken in these this student will work at least twice the number of hours worked
minimum of 25 shrubs and flower boxes, but less than 60. In addition,
• Since more than half of the requests for care require a senior veterinarian,
theby
order
the must contain at least 5 flower boxes more than the number
of shrubs.
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novice veterinarian.

situations makes it possible to In its budget, the parents' group provides for a maximum of $1500
for the purchase of flower boxes and shrubs. Victor asks the person in
To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet the new demands for care, the co-op asks you to
charge of the group’s purchases to find a number of shrubs and flower
TASK

acquire new knowledge and

determine all possibilities for the number of hours that these new employees will be able to work.
boxes that would make it possible to use the entire amount budgeted
Justify your answer with a mathematical representation and some examples.
and would include exactly 5 boxes of flowers more than the number
of shrubs.

develop mathematical skills in Determine whether Victor's request is possible. If yes, state the number of flower boxes and shrubs
TASK

that meet Victor's conditions. If not, determine a solution by which the number of flower boxes

real, realistic or purely and shrubs would make it possible to use all of the planned amount while satisfying all the
constraints of the municipal aid program. Justify your answer using an appropriate representation.
4 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

mathematical contexts.
32 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

VI HOW THE LEARNING GUIDE IS STRUCTURED

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

PHASES OF EACH SITUATION

LAWOFCOSINES
SYSTEMSOFFIRST-DEGREEINEQUALITIESINTWOVARIABLES
TRIGONOMETRICFORMULAFORAREA
SITUATION1.1 HERON'SFORMULA*
POLYGONOFCONSTRAINTS EXPLORATION
ExPLORATION ACQUISITION A Mathematical knowledge targeted:
• expressing constraints as a system of
first-degree inequalities in two
variables
• representing a system of inequalities
The Urban Farm SP1.1 The following questions will help you to analyze and begin your solution, as well as review your knowledge
on inequalities and start drawing a graph representing several inequalities on the same Cartesian plane.
Before starting this Acquisition, you have an opportunity
to review some concepts about first-degree inequalities
in two variables.
graphically using a polygon of
constraints.

1 What are the two variables representing this situational problem?

REFRESHERExERCISES
REMINDER PAGES 146 TO 147, QUESTIONS
1 TO 4

SITUATION1.1

SITUATION1.1
ACQUISITIONA
ExPLORATION
An increasing number of municipalities have Half-Plane
adopted new regulations that allow their citizens 2 The following statements are given in the situation: To represent the solution set of a first-degree inequality in two variables, called a half-plane, you can
to own certain farm animals, even in an urban proceed as follows.
setting. Ecological benefits include the 1) The novice veterinarian can spend a maximum of 15 hours working in this job.
management of table scraps, lawn maintenance, 2) The senior veterinarian must work more than 26 hours per week. Example:
the opportunity of having fresh eggs, etc. To help 3) The number of hours worked by the senior veterinarian must not reach 35 hours per week.
their citizens care for their new animals, Let 22x 1 y . 5, where x and y are real numbers. Below is how the solution set should be
Write these statements using an inequality symbol. represented.
municipalities have affiliated themselves with
certain co-ops. Constraint 1: Procedure Example
Constraint 2: 1. Express the inequality as an equation by replacing The boundary line is therefore 22x 1 y 5 5.
the inequality sign with an equal sign. This gives
To meet the growing demands for animal care on urban farms, the Small Farm Constraint 3: you the boundary line.
Animal Care Co-op has hired two new veterinary students. One of them is at the 2. Draw this boundary line in a Cartesian plane: y
beginning of the training and has the title of novice veterinarian, while the • using a solid line if # or $
other is graduating from the program and has the title of senior veterinarian.
STRATEGY Divideasentenceintotwosections 8
• using a dotted line if , or. 7
6
Furthermore: Long sentences that provide context sometimes contain more than one mathematical constraint. This is why it is 5
4
important to break these sentences down to make both elements clear. For example, here is it helpful to divide 3
• The novice veterinarian can spend no more than 15 hours on this job to information about the senior veterinarian: the portion that mentions the minimum amount of time he wants to 2
1
ensure it does not interfere with his studies. work and that which mentions the maximum amount of time. 0
2 8 27 26 25 24 23 2221 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
22
• The senior veterinarian uses this opportunity to complete his internship at 23

the end of his studies. He will have to work more than 26 hours per week, 24

but less than 35 hours per week.

3 a) If x represents the number of hours worked per week by the novice veterinarian and y represents the 25
26

number of hours worked per week by the senior veterinarian, express the three constraints in the

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27
28
• The co-op believes that to meet growing demands, these two new preceding question as inequalities.
employees will have to provide at least 37 hours a week cumulatively. 3. Determine the region to be shaded — Consider the point (0, 0). Since 22(0) 1 0 . 5
the solution set. gives 0 . 5, which is a false inequality, this point
• Since more than half of the requests for care require a senior veterinarian, is not part of the region to be shaded.
this student will work at least twice the number of hours worked by the
y
novice veterinarian.
8
7
6
5
To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet the new demands for care, the co-op asks you to 4
TASK

3
determine all possibilities for the number of hours that these new employees will be able to work. 2
1
Justify your answer with a mathematical representation and some examples.
0
28 27 26 25 24 23 2221 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

4 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 162 5 7

SITUATIONAL PROBLEM EXPLORATION ACQUISITION A

Linked to the main theme of the This section invites you to analyze This is where the knowledge
chapter, this page briefly describes the the data of a situational problem, needed to solve the situational
context of the situational problem, as and then to identify the knowledge problem is assimilated. Each
well as the information required to that you possess and the Acquisition encourages reflection
solve it. knowledge you need to acquire in before presenting new
A box describes the task you will have order to perform the task. mathematical knowledge.
to perform later in the Solution section. The questions posed will guide you
This task is the starting point for toward a problem-solving strategy.
acquiring new knowledge to solve the
situational problem.

SOLUTION ACQUISITION B Mathematical knowledge

targeted: CONSOLIDATION
• exploring first-degree
inequality systems in two
You are now able to solve Situational Problem 1.1. discrete variables 1 Express the following statements as a system of inequalities, having first defined the variables being
SITUATION 1.1
SYSTEMS OF FIRST-DEGREE
TRIGONOMETRIC
LAW OF COSINES
INEQUALITIESFORMULA
IN TWO VARIABLES
HERON'S
POLYGON
FOR AREA
FORMULA*
OF CONSTRAINTS
1. The Case of Discrete Variables • interpreting unbounded related.
The Urban Farm described a situation in which continuous variables, and bounded polygons of
The Urban Farm SP 1.1

constraints a) Monica wants to buy at least three times as many shirts as skirts, but make a maximum of
or in which all of the coordinates of the solution set (x, y)  R 3 R, 12 purchases.
An increasing number of municipalities have were being related. Now consider the case of discrete variables. • finding equivalent
adopted new regulations that allow their citizens
to own certain farm animals, even in an urban inequalities.
To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet
setting. Ecological benefits include the
management of table scraps, lawn maintenance,
the opportunity of having fresh eggs, etc. To help

the new demands for care, the co-op asks you their citizens care for their new animals,
municipalities have affiliated themselves with
certain co-ops. 1 Among the municipalities that have adopted new regulations that allow their citizens to
TASK

to determine all possibilities for the number of To meet the growing demands for animal care on urban farms, the Small Farm
own certain farm animals, even in urban areas, one of them decides to legislate as follows:
Animal Care Co-op has hired two new veterinary students. One of them is at the

hours that these new employees will be able to beginning of the training and has the title of novice veterinarian, while the
other is graduating from the program and has the title of senior veterinarian.

work. Justify your answer with a mathematical

Furthermore:
• A citizen may have a maximum of 12 hens and fewer than 5 sheep.
b) In several hours, a merchant sold lottery tickets
• The novice veterinarian can spend no more than 15 hours on this job to
ensure it does not interfere with his studies.

representation and some examples. • A citizen must provide an environment of 1.2 m2 per hen and 3.8 m2 per sheep without exceeding
Tip
• The senior veterinarian uses this opportunity to complete his internship at
the end of his studies. He will have to work more than 26 hours per week,
but less than 35 hours per week. for $1 and $5 each. Total sales were at least $300.
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• The co-op believes that to meet growing demands, these two new
employees will have to provide at least 37 hours a week cumulatively. 26 m2 in area on his or her property. He knows he sold at least half as as many $5
• Since more than half of the requests for care require a senior veterinarian,
this student will work at least twice the number of hours worked by the
tickets as $1 tickets. Once an inequality is written, do not
novice veterinarian.
• A citizen must ensure that there is at least one hen more than the number of sheep.
To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet the new demands for care, the co-op asks you to
hesitate to include the possible values
TASK

determine all possibilities for the number of hours that these new employees will be able to work.
Justify your answer with a mathematical representation and some examples.
to check whether the meaning of the
a) Which are the two variables in this situational problem that are subject to constraints?
inequality is appropriate and whether
x: the coefficients before the variables
4 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality
are accurate.
SITUATIONALPROBLEMFROMPAGE4 y:
Example:
b) Express all of the constraints as a system of inequalities. Since the merchant knows that at
Summary of the Constraints of the Problem c) During a country fair, organizers expect to least two times fewer tickets at $5
serve three times more ears of corn than were sold than tickets at $1, it can
• The novice veterinarian can spend a maximum of 15 hours per week on this job.
sandwiches. However, they did not plan to be argued that he has only sold 50
• The senior veterinarian must work more than 26 hours per week, without reaching 35 hours per week. serve more than 400 ears of corn. tickets at $5 and a little over 100
tickets at $1. These values are then
• The new employees will have to work at least 37 hours per week cumulatively.
replaced in the inequality (x 5 101
• The senior veterinarian will work at least twice the number of hours worked by the novice veterinarian. and y 5 50), to validate if it is
c) What type of variables are being related (discrete or continuous)? Explain your answer. correctly written.
Variables Defined in the Exploration

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x: the number of hours worked per week by the novice veterinarian d) Can you count all the possibilities of the number of hens and sheep that a citizen may have?
y: the number of hours worked per week by the senior veterinarian Justify your answer by proposing a method for doing this. d) A certain model of airplane can carry a maximum of 60 passengers. A minimum of 10 children and a
maximum of 45 adults are expected.
Solution
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16 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 167 18 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 168 26 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 172

SOLUTION ACQUISITION B CONSOLIDATION

By the time you reach this section, In this second acquisition, you will This section will allow you to
you should have acquired all the acquire new knowledge prescribed consolidate the mathematical
knowledge and strategies that are by the program linked to the knowledge acquired in Acquisitions
essential to solving the situational knowledge encountered in A and B. Like the Integration section,
problem described at the Acquisition A. Consolidation also helps with the
beginning of the situation. development of mathematical skills.

AT THE END OF A CHAPTER...

Voici un résumé de tous
KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY intEgration
les savoirs À RETENIR.
Écrivez les information
LES
s
manquantes.
This section
La fonction summarizes
définie par parties all the In 1thisUnesection,
usine de bacswhich includes
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qui aura pour mandat d’augmenter les profits de l’entreprise au cours de la prochaine année.
knowledge to Remember in the form
Une fonction définie par parties, c’est une fonction dont la règle diffère and complex
selon l’intervalle situations, you will have to according to the certification evaluation
À l’arrivée de la nouvelle directrice, le profit de l’entreprise représentait une perte de 6000 $. Les deux
dans lequel se situe la variable .
of fill-in-the-blank questions. We invite applypremiers
the knowledge
mois à la direction seen in this
lui ont permis chapter.
de ramener model.
le profit à une valeur It islesaccompanied
nulle. Pour deux mois by a
suivants, l’entreprise s’est mise à faire des profits de 1000 $ par mois. Puis, pendant deux autres mois,
youExemple
to fill: in the missing information. les profits ont suivi la règle f(x) 5 0,5x 1 4, où x est exprimé en mois et competency evaluation grid.
f(x) en milliers de dollars. 2

Représentation graphique Finalement, pendant les six derniers mois de l’année, les profits ont augmenté à un rythme équivalent
Règle de la fonction
au taux de diminution des profits des deux mois précédant cette période.
VII
IRS EN RÉSUMÉ

y
apitre 1
ApITRE 1

tégration

Représentez graphiquement cette situation en considérant que les changements entre les différentes
4
périodes de temps se font de façon constante.
3
0,5x 2 1 si 0  x  8
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

COMPLEMENTS

SELF-EVALUATION REFRESHER These refresher questions cover

knowledge from a previous course
that is necessary to understand
This last activity will prepare you for the final exam of the course and will help you to determine your level of new knowledge. the
preparation. The self-evaluation is divided into two parts. REMINDER, PAGE 75

Half-Plane
Part 1: Explicit Evaluation of Knowledge 1 Associate each inequality below with the appropriate half-plane.
a) 2x 1 5y . 5 b) 2x 2 5y $ 5
This section contains a series of unrelated questions. Each question targets one or more specific concepts.
c) 2x 2 5y , 5 d) 2x 1 5y # 5
1) 2)
y y
Part 2: Evaluation of Competencies
4 4
3 3
You will be presented with situational problems similar to those you solved in each of the chapters. You will 2 2
1 1
be required to complete tasks involving various concepts in a new context.
0 0
2 4 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x 2 4 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x
22 22

23 23

24 24

Instructions

• Carefully read each question before answering. 3) 4)

y y
• Note that the use of graphing calculators is permitted,
4 4
as well as a quick reference page. 3 3
2 2
• Show each step in your work and calculations. 1 1
X=0 Y=0
0 0
• Once completed, correct the self-evaluation using the 2 4 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x 2 4 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x
22 22
STAT PLOT F1 TBLSET F2 FORMAT F3 CALC F4 TABLE F5

Y= WINDOW ZOOM TRACE GRAPH

answer key associated with each question. QUIT INS

23 23

24 24
2nd MODE DEL
A-LOCK LINK LIST

ALPHA X,T,0,n STAT

TEST A ANGLE B DRAW C DISTR

2
MATH APPS PRGM VARS CLEAR
π
Graph the boundary line of the inequalities below, then hatch the feasible region.
Analyzing your performance
MATRX D SIN–1 E COS–1 F TAN–1 G H

x –1 SIN COS TAN ALPHA

I EE J { K } L e M

a) y # 3x 2 4 b) y . 3 c) x # 2.5 d) 3y . 24x 2 6
x –2 , ( ) –

SELF-EVALUATION
10 x N u O v P w Q [ R
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×
Since this is a self-evaluation, you will analyze your own performance using the evaluation7 grid 8
provided
9
at
LOG

ex S L4 T L5 U L6 V ] W

4
the end. If you are having difficulty, don’t hesitate to review the relevant text or contact your
1
RCL

STO
5

2
LN 6
teacher
3
–
for
+
X
help.
L1 Y L2 Z L3 O MEM 3 Chloe wants to train carrying two dumbbells in her hands and four belts on her wrists and ankles.
The Reference column tells you which situations to refer to in the guide. 0
OFF

.ON(–)
CATALOG i : ANS ? ENTRY SOLVE

ENTER
Knowing that she can only support loads lower than 52 kg, she wonders what weights of dumbbells
and belts she can wear.
a) • Determine the two variables being related.
• Then express this relation as an inequality.
• Represent this inequality in a Cartesian plane.
b) Can Chloe wear the following weights while respecting the load limitations imposed? To check your
answer, place the solution set for each of the following cases in the graph.
1) 6 kg per dumbbell and 10 kg per belt.
2) 10 kg per dumbbell and 6 kg per belt.
3) 10 kg per dumbbell and per belt.
4) 7.5 kg per dumbbell and per belt.

131 146 REFRESHER ANSWER KEY PAGE 237

XXX

SELF-EVALUATION REFRESHER
A Self-Evaluation section can be found in the Throughout the Situations, you will come
first part of the Complements section. It across headings entitled Reminders. These
allows you to evaluate your acquired sections present concepts seen in a previous
knowledge and the mathematical skills you course that are necessary to understand the
have developed throughout the course. In new knowledge or to solve the current
this way, you will be able to identify the situation.
knowledge that you have mastered and that
The Refresher section allows you to use
for which a revision is necessary before
exercises to review the mathematical rules and
moving on to the Summary Scored Activity.
concepts that are the subject of a Reminder.

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY MATHEMATICAL REFERENCE

CHAPTER 1
Mathematical Symbols
Expressing Constraints as a System of First-Degree Inequalities in Two Variables Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
When you group together two or more inequalities defined with the same variables, the set is called a system ... is greater than or equal to ...
5 … equals … 
(At a minimum, not less than, at least, etc.)
of inequalities. To express constraints as a system of inequalities, you must: __

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

< … approximately equal to … √a Square root
1) define the variables being related
2) identify the various statements that present the constraints of the situation and that will be used to  ... not equal to ...  … belongs to …
define the inequalities
 Plus or minus Z Function to be optimized
3) express each of the constraints as inequalities, remembering to specify the admissible values in the
two variables  … less than … R Set of real numbers

4) group these inequalities to define the system of inequalities of the situation.  … greater than … m Slope
... less than or equal to ... (At a maximum,
 not more than, at most, etc.) N Set of natural numbers
Example:
Situation Expression as a System of Inequalities
An aquarium can hold a maximum of 35 fish of two species: goldfish x: number of goldfish
and guppies. There are at least twice as many goldfish as there are
guppies. In addition, there are always more than 10 goldfish and the y: number of guppies Units of Measurement and Other
number of goldfish less the number of guppies always exceeds 8.
⎧x $ 0
⎪
Number: Mass
y$0 L litre(s) g gram(s)
x 1 y # 35
⎨
⎪
x $ 2y cl centilitre(s) kg kilogram(s)
x . 10
⎩x 2 y . 8 ml millilitre(s) Time
s second(s)
kcal kilocalorie(s)

Large calorie(s) min minute(s)

Cal
NOTE: Cal 5 kcal h hour(s)
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MATHEMATICAL

Length wk week(s)
REFERENCE

mm millimetre(s) Other

cm centimetre(s) % percentage

dm decimetre(s) $ dollar(s)

m metre(s)

hm hectometre(s)

km kilometre(s)

cm2 square centimetre(s)

dm2 square decimetre(s)

m2 square metre(s)

150 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality 157

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY MATHEMATICAL REFERENCE

The full version of the Knowledge Summary is In this section, we present mathematical
found in this section. A printable version is symbols used in the guide and some
also available online. abbreviations of units of measurement.
Reminders of mathematical formulas are
also provided.

VIII HOW THE LEARNING GUIDE IS STRUCTURED

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

GLOSSARY ANSWER KEY

CHAPTER 1
Boundary line Equation
Name given to the line that separates the Cartesian An equation is a mathematical statement containing SITUATION 1.1 THE URBAN FARM
plane into two half-planes. variables and an equal sign. The solution set of an EXPLORATION 1.1 PAGES 5 TO 6
equation is made up of the values of the variables 1 The number of weekly hours worked by the novice Constraint 3
Number of
Conjecture that transform the equation into a true equality. veterinarian and the number of weekly hours worked Hours Worked
by the senior veterinarian. per Week by 35
the Senior
A statement that is accepted as true, but that has Example: Veterinarian 30
not yet been proven. 2 • The novice veterinarian can spend # 15 hours on this 25
x 1 3 5 4 is an equation whose solution set job. 20
contains only the number 1. 15
• The senior veterinarian must work . 26 hours per week.
Constraint 10
• The number of hours worked by the senior veterinarian 5
Condition that one or more variables in a given Family of lines must be , 35 hours.
situation must satisfy. 0 5 10 15 20
Set of lines that have the same characteristic. Number of Hours
Constraints are generally written as equations or 3 a) 1) x # 15 Worked per Week by
For example, all the lines with the same slope are the Novice Veterinarian
2) y . 26
inequalities. part of the same family of lines, or, all the lines with
3) y , 35
the same y-intercept are part of the same family of 4 a) Sample answer:
b) Sample graphs:
Continuous lines, etc.
Since the same variables are being related in the three
See continuous variable. Constraint 1 half-planes, the three can be represented in the same
Number of
Function to be optimized Hours Worked plane using either a colour code or arrows to make them
per Week by 35
easier to read.
the Senior
Continuous variable In an optimization problem, the quantity to be Veterinarian 30
Sample graph:
optimized depends on the values of variables 25
A variable that takes its values from a given interval 20
(x and y) used to define the constraints of the Availability
of real numbers. 15 of Workers
situation. The relationship between this quantity to Number of
10 Hours Worked
be optimized and these variables (called decision per Week by 48
5
Decision variables variables) is named the function to be optimized the Senior
40
Veterinarian
Variables used to define the constraints of an and is often represented by the letter Z. 0 5 10 15 20 32
Number of Hours
24
optimization problem. Worked per Week by
Z 5 ax 1 by 1 c the Novice Veterinarian 16
8 (10, 30)
Discrete

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Constraint 2
Number of

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Hours Worked
0 8 16 24 32 40 48
See Discrete variable. per Week by 35
Number of Hours
the Senior
Veterinarian 30 Worked per Week by
25 the Novice Veterinarian
Discrete variable 20
b) Sample answer:
15
Variable for which the set of values is finite or
10 The pair (10, 30) meets the constraints of both workers
countable. (see 4 (a)). The novice veterinarian would work 10 hours
5
per week and the senior veterinarian would work
0 5 10 15 20 30 hours.
Number of Hours
Worked per Week by c) Sample answer:
the Novice Veterinarian
There is an infinite number of combinations (solution
pairs) that satisfies the three constraints of the workers.
This is the entire shaded region in three colours in
representation 4 a).

162 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

158 GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY ANSWER KEY

Words and expressions written in blue in the Toward the end of the guide, you will find the
current text are defined in the Glossary. Answer Key. It is designed not only for
checking your answers, but also to
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

complement your learning process. It

contains the answers to questions and
detailed explanations of the approach to be
taken or the reasoning to be used.

EVALUATION GRID QUICK REFERENCE

Competency 1: Uses Strategies to Solve Situational Problems Name of learner:

Evaluation Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very Poor

A B C D E

1.1 Identifies Identifies nearly Identifies Identifies Identifies very

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Demonstration all relevant all relevant some relevant little relevant little relevant
of an adequate information. information. information. information. information.
understanding of the
situational problem,
in oral or written
form
1.2 Always uses Generally uses Sometimes uses Rarely uses Uses
Application of appropriate appropriate appropriate appropriate appropriate
strategies and strategies. strategies. strategies. strategies. strategies with
knowledge*
appropriate to the
difficulty.
situational problem

* The evaluation pertains to the strategies applied.

Competency 2: Uses Mathematical Reasoning

Evaluation Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very Poor

A B C D E

2.1 Uses all Uses nearly Uses some Uses necessary Uses the
Correct use of necessary all necessary necessary mathematical required
appropriate mathematical mathematical mathematical knowledge mathematical
mathematical knowledge and knowledge and knowledge and with difficulty knowledge
concepts and obtains all the obtains nearly obtains some and obtains few with great
processes correct results all the correct of the correct of the correct difficulty and
results. results. results. obtains very
QUICK REFERENCE
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

few correct
EVALUATION GRID
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

results.
2.2 Presents an Presents an Presents Presents an Presents an
Proper approach that is approach that a solution approach that approach that
implementation consistent with is consistent that is fairly is lacking in is very lacking
of mathematical all the selected with nearly all consistent with consistency. in consistency.
reasoning strategies and the selected the selected
appropriate to the knowledge. strategies and strategies and
situation
knowledge. knowledge.
2.3 Presents a clear Presents a Presents a fairly Presents an Presents an
Proper organization and organized generally complete but approach that approach
of the steps in solution that clear and fairly insufficiently is incomplete that is very
an appropriate complies with organized organized and not well incomplete and
procedure mathematical solution that solution that organized and disorganized
conventions. complies with complies adheres to few and adheres
mathematical with some mathematical to very few
conventions. mathematical conventions. mathematical
conventions. conventions.

* The quick reference must have a maximum length of one page (front) 8½ × 11, be handwritten or electronically created by the learner (minimum
font size 12 points, single spaced) and approved by the teacher. Examples provided by the learner and mathematical formulas are permitted. 245
243

EVALUATION GRID QUICK REFERENCE

A competency Evaluation Grid is available at You can create your own quick reference guide.
the end of the guide. After solving an LES, A detachable sheet is provided for this purpose
you are asked to evaluate yourself using this at the end of the guide. You may use this quick
grid. You can then complete the abbreviated reference during the final test.
version at the bottom of each LES.

IX
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

HEADINGS AND PICTOGRAMS

SP 1.1
Invites the student to watch a video clip on the situational problem.
TASK

To ensure that these hires will be Presents the task to be performed as part of
sufficient to... your Situational Problem.

REFRESHER EXE
REMINDER PAGES 146 TO 147, RCISES REMEMBER
QUESTIONS 1 TO 4
Half-Plane Expressing constraints ...
To represent the solution set of a When you group together two or
first-degree inequality in two more inequalities defined with
variables, named "half-plane", the same variables, the set is
you can proceed as follows. called a system of inequalities.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Presents the mathematical knowledge
Refers to knowledge you have acquired in
you will be required to master. This is
previous courses and refresher exercises
the knowledge prescribed by the study
related to this Reminder.
program.

STRATEGY Subdividing a sentence ...

Presents problem-solving strategies that
Long sentences that provide context
can be applied to a variety of situations.
sometimes include more than one ...

X HOW THE LEARNING GUIDE IS STRUCTURED

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

DID YOU KNOW?

In Québec, percentiles are used to Allows you to discover historical and
compare growth (weight, height). cultural information related to the
mathematical concepts being studied.

Tip Provides a tip that simplifies the task, or

offers a different way of dealing with the
If a variable of the situation only contains problem or of applying the concept being
positive values, it must be taken into account
studied.
in the system of inequalities.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

CAUTION!
Warns of traps to avoid or exceptions that
Units of measurement must always be may apply to the concept being studied.
specified when defining the variables of a
situation. Also, you must specify ...

ICT Prompts you to complete an online activity

ICT Activity 1.2.1 shows you how to use the (GeoGebra or graphing calculator) that will
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

zoom key on the graphing calculator to find encourage you to explore the concept
replacement points if necessary … studied using technological tools.

Indicates that you are ready to complete the

ACTIVITY
SCORED

You must now complete Scored Activity designed to assess your

Scored Activity 1 on Chapter 1. comprehension as you learn. The Summary
Find it at ... Scored Activity is completed at the very end of
the course. These activities are presented in
separate booklets of the guide. You will have to
submit each completed activity to your teacher
or tutor who will provide you with feedback
following correction.

XI
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

Constraints and Systems

of Inequality
Rural Areas in the City

W
ith the steady increase in the world's population, more
and more people will live in cities in the years to come.
This phenomenon affects how they are designed
and changes urbanization plans. Today, most cities are being
transformed to provide more green spaces. These include
community gardens, urban farms and roof-top vegetable gardens.
Green spaces provide many benefits, which include better health,
well-being, environmental benefits, etc. As space is more limited
in the city than in the country, land management is necessary as
well as more planning. In this chapter, you will see how algebraic
and graphical representation of different constraints can help
provide an overview of a situation and thus facilitate decision-
making when there are many constraints to be considered.

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2 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE XXX

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1
SITUATION 1.1
SYSTEMS OF FIRST-DEGREE INEQUALITIES
IN TWO VARIABLES
POLYGON OF CONSTRAINTS



SP 1.1 – The Urban Farm p. 4

SITUATION 1.2
THE VERTICES OF THE POLYGON OF CONSTRAINTS
SP 1.2 – Beautifying Your
Neighbourhood p. 32

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY p. 53
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

INTEGRATION p. 56
LES
A Roof-Top Vegetable Garden p. 62
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3
 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

LAW OF COSINES
SYSTEMS OF FIRST-DEGREE INEQUALITIESFORMULA
TRIGONOMETRIC IN TWO VARIABLES
FOR AREA
SITUATION 1.1 HERON'S
POLYGON FORMULA*
OF CONSTRAINTS

The Urban Farm SP 1.1

An increasing number of municipalities have

adopted new regulations that allow their citizens
to own certain farm animals, even in an urban
setting. Ecological benefits include the
management of table scraps, lawn maintenance,
the opportunity of having fresh eggs, etc. To help
their citizens care for their new animals,
municipalities have affiliated themselves with
certain co-ops.

To meet the growing demands for animal care on urban farms, the Small Farm
Animal Care Co-op has hired two new veterinary students. One of them is at the
beginning of the training and has the title of novice veterinarian, while the
other is graduating from the program and has the title of senior veterinarian.
Furthermore:
• The novice veterinarian can spend no more than 15 hours on this job to
ensure it does not interfere with his studies.
• The senior veterinarian uses this opportunity to complete his internship at
the end of his studies. He will have to work more than 26 hours per week,
but less than 35 hours per week.

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• The co-op believes that to meet growing demands, these two new
employees will have to provide at least 37 hours a week cumulatively.
• Since more than half of the requests for care require a senior veterinarian,
this student will work at least twice the number of hours worked by the
novice veterinarian.

To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet the new demands for care, the co-op asks you to
TASK

determine all possibilities for the number of hours that these new employees will be able to work.
Justify your answer with a mathematical representation and some examples.

4 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

EXPLORATION
The following questions will help you to analyze and begin your solution, as well as review your knowledge
on inequalities and start drawing a graph representing several inequalities on the same Cartesian plane.

1 What are the two variables representing this situational problem?

Situation 1.1
Exploration
2 The following statements are given in the situation:
1) The novice veterinarian can spend a maximum of 15 hours working in this job.
2) The senior veterinarian must work more than 26 hours per week.
3) The number of hours worked by the senior veterinarian must not reach 35 hours per week.
Write these statements using an inequality symbol.
Constraint 1:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Constraint 2:
Constraint 3:

STRATEGY Divide a sentence into two sections

Long sentences that provide context sometimes contain more than one mathematical constraint. This is why it is
important to break these sentences down to make both elements clear. For example, here is it helpful to divide
information about the senior veterinarian: the portion that mentions the minimum amount of time he wants to
work and that which mentions the maximum amount of time.

3 a) If x represents the number of hours worked per week by the novice veterinarian and y represents the
number of hours worked per week by the senior veterinarian, express the three constraints in the
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preceding question as inequalities.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 162 5

 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

b) Using a graph, represent each of these three constraints as a half-plane.

Constraint 1: Constraint 2: Constraint 3:
y y y

35 35 35
30 30 30
25 25 25
20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5

0 5 10 15 20 x 0 5 10 15 20 x 0 5 10 15 20 x

4 In the preceding question, the inequalities are represented separately on three different half-planes.
a) Do you think they can be represented
on a single Cartesian plane? Explain
your answer, then reproduce your
approach in this Cartesian plane.

b) If you only consider the constraints requested by the two workers, which example of pairs of values
would meet the restrictions regarding their availability for working weekly?

c) In your opinion, how many pairs of values meet these three constraints?

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

5 Additional constraints are mentioned in the situational problem. Express each of them as an inequality.

When a situation has several constraints, it may be effective to represent them on the same Cartesian plane
to obtain an overview. Whether the variables are continuous or discrete, the half-plane remains the most
effective method for presenting the solution set for an inequality, particularly when there are many solution
pairs. All that remains is to learn how to name this representation when several half-planes are combined in a
single graph. This is what will be explored in Acquisition A, which follows.

6 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 162

 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

ACQUISITION A Mathematical knowledge target

ed:
•• expressing constraints as a system of
first-degree inequalities in two
variables
•• representing a system of inequalities
Before starting this Acquisition, you have an opportunity graphically using a polygon of
constraints.
to review some concepts about first-degree inequalities
in two variables.

REMINDER REFRESHER EXERCISES

Situation 1.1
Acquisition A
PAGES 146 TO 147, QUESTIONS
1 TO 4
Half-Plane
To represent the solution set of a first-degree inequality in two variables, called a half-plane, you can
proceed as follows.

Example:
Let 22x 1 y . 5, where x and y are real numbers. Below is how the solution set should be
represented.

Procedure Example
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

1. Express the inequality as an equation by replacing The boundary line is therefore 22x 1 y 5 5.
the inequality sign with an equal sign. This gives
you the boundary line.
2. Draw this boundary line in a Cartesian plane: y
• using a solid line if # or $ 8
• using a dotted line if , or. 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2 8 27 26 25 24 23 2221 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
22
23
24
25
26
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27
28

3. Determine the region to be shaded — Consider the point (0, 0). Since 22(0) 1 0 . 5
the solution set. gives 0 . 5, which is a false inequality, this point
is not part of the region to be shaded.

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
28 27 26 25 24 23 2221 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

7
 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

PRACTISE

1 Represent the solution set for the following inequalities in a Cartesian plane where (x, y)  R 3 R.
a) 23x 1 2y . 12 b) x 1 8 $ 2y

2 If you add $5/h to the average of Claudia and Maxim's hourly wages, the result is less than $20/h.
y

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8 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 163

 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

1. Expressing a Situation as a System of Inequalities

You know how to express a statement as a first-degree inequality in two variables. On the following pages,
you will learn to identify the constraints of a situation and then express them as a system of inequalities.

3 Luis has two part-time jobs. He works in a grocery store and in a pastry shop. In total, he works less than
20 hours per week which allows him to focus on his studies. He works a maximum of twice as many
hours in the grocery store than in the pastry shop. However, even if the weekly hours worked in the
grocery store are doubled, this never exceeds eight hours more than how much he works in the pastry
shop every week.

Situation 1.1
Acquisition A
a) Define the variables being related.

CAUTION!
Units of measurement must always be specified when
defining the variables of a situation. Also, for time-related
variables, you must specify whether the measure is daily,
weekly, monthly, etc.

b) Reorganize this text to clearly identify all of the constraints mentioned in this situation.
Highlight expressions to recognize inequalities.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Constraint 1:
Constraint 2:
Constraint 3:
c) In each of the preceding statements, locate and highlight the expressions used to select the
arithmetic operators to be included when writing the inequalities.
d) Define each of the inequalities of this situation.
1) 2) 3)

STRATEGY Replace the variables with different values ​in the inequality

Once the inequality is determined, choose different possible values for the solution set. Using these different
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

values, confirm whether the inequality works. Often, you realize that the inequality symbol is not in the right
direction or that the multiplying coefficient is not associated with the correct variable.

Example:
Assume, in question 3, that Luis works 8 hours a week at the grocery store and 7 hours a week at the pastry shop.
1) Verify whether these values satisfy the constraints outlined in the statements or text.
2) I f so, verify that your three defined inequalities are true when these values are plugged into the 3 different
inequalities.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 164 9

 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

REMEMBER

Expressing Constraints as a System of First-Degree Inequalities in Two Variables

When you group together two or more inequalities defined with the same variables, the set is called a
system of inequalities. To express constraints as a system of inequalities, you must:
1) define the variables being related
2) identify the various statements that present the constraints of the situation and that will be used
to define the inequalities
3) express each of the constraints as one or more inequalities remembering to specify the
admissible values of the two variables
4) group these inequalities to define the system of inequalities of the situation.

Example:

Alex uses his computer and smart phone a lot. He spends more than 20 hours per
week on those devices . Every week, the time spent on his computer is always
greater than that spent on his phone , without exceeding double the time spent
using his telephone . He never uses his computer for more than 18 hours per week .
Below is how to express this situation as a system of inequalities.
Defined variables
x: number of hours the computer is used per week (h/week)
y: number of hours the phone is used per week (h/week)

System of inequalities

⎧x $ 0
⎪ y$0
x 1 y . 20
⎨
⎪
​​  ​ ​ ​ ​​​​

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x.y
x # 2y
⎩ x # 18 Sometimes, only one of the two
variables is part of a constraint.

Tip
If a variable of the situation only contains positive values, it must be taken into account in the system
of inequalities. In the example, the constraints x $ 0 and y $ 0 are added to the system of inequalities.
These are positivity constraints.

10 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

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PRACTISE

4 For each of the following situations, you must:

1) define the two variables being related in the situation
2) express the constraints as a system of first-degree inequalities in two variables.
a) Simon bought almonds and peanuts in bulk at a grocery store. He has less than 100 g of
almonds and more than 150 g of peanuts. If he doubles the weight of almonds he bought and
adds this to the peanuts, the total weight is greater than 300 g. However, the weight of peanuts
does not exceed four times the weight of almonds.

Situation 1.1
Acquisition A
Tip
Since the defined variables
can be represented by x as
well as they can be
represented by y, there
exists a convention
according to which the first
variable in the text
b) For Luke to appreciate his milkshake, he must respect the automatically becomes the
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

relationships between the quantities of milk and ice cream. one represented by x.
The quantity of ice cream must be one and a half to three
times the quantity of milk used. He never uses more than
250 ml of milk or more than 450 ml of ice cream.
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STRATEGY Highlight to identify constraints

To identify all the constraints of a situation more easily, you can highlight each statement that constitutes a constraint
in colour while you read. You will see that some sentences sometimes contain more than one constraint, while others
contain none. This will make it much easier to eventually express the situation as a system of inequalities.

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2. Polygon of Constraints
Every inequality is represented by a half-plane. When you represent a system of inequalities in a graph, you
will have several half-planes in the same Cartesian plane. The next section tells you how to represent and
interpret it.

5 Return to Luis’ situation with his two jobs. If x represents the number of hours worked weekly at the
grocery store and y represents the hours worked weekly at the pastry shop, below is the system of
inequalities expressed earlier.

⎧x $ 0
⎪ y$0 CAUTION!
​​⎨ ​
x 1 y , 20

⎪
​  ​​​​ Although the two positivity constraints are named in the system, they will not
x
y $ __
​   ​ be presented as half-planes. These constraints are used to ensure that the
2
⎩ 2x # y 1 8 inequalities are represented in the first quadrant, given the context.

If you represent each half-plane defined by the inequalities of this system, you get the graphical
representation below.
y
Luis’ Job
Weekly Time Worked
at the Pastry Shop
(h) 24
23
22
21
20 A
19
18
17 F
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9 B
8
7 G

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6
E
5
4
3
2 D
1 C
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Weekly Time Worked
at the Grocery Store
(h)

a) Associate the inequality that corresponds with each boundary line in the half-plane. Write these
inequalities in the boxes.

STRATEGY Identify using parameters or characteristics

To associate a boundary line with an equation that defines it, several strategies are possible. For example, if the
equation is in standard form (y 5 ax 1 b), you can use the values in parameters a and b to find the line. You can
also determine the intercepts of an equation to quickly find the line. You can use these strategies to validate the
graphical representation of a system of inequalities.

12 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 164

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b) One of the boundary lines in the situation is drawn as a dotted line. Which constraint is this boundary
line associated with? What does a dotted line mean in the context?

6 In the previous graph, different regions are named with letters from A to G.

NOTE: For the four following questions, the positivity constraints are not considered.

Situation 1.1
Acquisition A
a) State the region that consists of points whose coordinates do not satisfy any constraints.

b) State the regions that consist of points whose coordinates satisfy only one of the three constraints.
For each determined region, state the constraint respected by writing its inequality.

c) State the regions that consist of points whose coordinates satisfy two of the three constraints exactly.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

For each determined region, state the two constraints respected by writing their inequalities.

d) State the region that consists of points whose coordinates satisfy all of the constraints. What name
could this geometric region have?
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REMEMBER

Polygon of Constraints
The polygon of constraints is the name given to the region in the Cartesian plane that belongs to all of
the half-planes in a system of inequalities. The points that make up the polygon of constraints are pairs
of values that satisfy all of the inequalities of the system and, consequently, all the constraints of the
situation. This set of points represents the solution pairs in the system of inequalities.

Example:
Lawrence's family owns a small car and a van. The distance they travel annually by car is always
greater than that travelled by van, never exceeding three times the distance. Furthermore, the
total annual distance travelled with both vehicles is always less than 18 000 km.
Below is how the solution set of this situation can be represented.

Defined variables
x: distance travelled annually by car (km)
Tip
y: distance travelled annually by van (km)
To determine the graduations of the
System of inequalities axes, it is important to have an idea of
the range of the values involved in the
⎧x $ 0 representation of constraints. Before
⎪y $ 0 representing the half-planes in a
⎨
​​  ​x . y​ ​ graph, you can rely on the value of the
⎪ x # 3y
​​​
intercepts of each of the boundary
⎩ x 1 y , 18 000 lines to determine the graduations to
be shown on the axes. In this example,
the value of 18 000 is important to
Polygon of constraints consider.

y The Distances Travelled

by Lawrence’s Family
Distance Travelled
Annually by Van

Tip
(km) 24 000

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20 000
xy
When a system of inequalities contains
16 000
x  y  18 000 several inequalities, it can become
12 000 difficult to visually differentiate
x  3y between the areas of the Cartesian
8 000
plane that satisfy several constraints.
4 000
To simplify the representation of each
x half-plane, draw only small arrows
0 4 000 10 000 16 000 22 000
Distance Travelled
pointing in the direction of the
Annually by Car appropriate half-plane.
(km)

14 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

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PRACTISE

7 In question 4 in the preceding Practise section (page 11), you expressed two situations as systems
of inequalities. Now represent their polygon of constraints.
a) Reminder of the situation: Simon bought almonds and peanuts.
y
Defined variables Simon’s Purchases
Quantity
of Peanuts
x: weight of almonds (g) (g) 500
450
y: weight of peanuts (g) 400

Situation 1.1
Acquisition A
350
System of inequalities 300
250
⎧x $ 0
⎪
200
y$0 150
x , 100
​​⎨ ​y . 150
⎪
100
​  ​​​
​ ​ 50

2x 1 y . 300 x

⎩ y # 4x
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Quantity of Almonds
(g)

b) Reminder of the situation: Luke wants a milkshake that respects certain constraints.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

y
Defined variables Milkshake
Amount of
Ice Cream
x: amount of milk (ml) (ml) 500
450
y: amount of ice cream (ml)
400
350
System of inequalities
300

⎧x $ 0
⎪
250
200
y$0 150
y $ 1.5x
​​⎨ ​
⎪
100
​ ​  ​​​​​
y # 3x 50

x # 250 x
⎩ y # 450
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Amount of Milk
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(ml)

ICT Using a graphing calculator, ICT Activity 1.1.1 teaches you how to represent a polygon of constraints
defined by a system of inequalities in a graph. Find this activity on portailsofad.com.

STRATEGY Use a technological tool to create a graph

A graph of a polygon of constraints requires special attention and involves several calculation steps. Using a
technological tool to produce this type of graph lets you focus on analyzing the situation and searching for
solutions. In addition, these tools often allow you to use dynamic representation, such as by using the zoom
option, which can be very helpful in searching for possible solutions.

You have just seen how you can express the constraints of a situation as a system of first-degree inequalities
in two variables Also, you now know how to represent it with a polygon of constraints. This knowledge will be
useful in solving situational problem 1.2.

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SOLUTION
You are now able to solve Situational Problem 1.1. LAW OF COSINES
SYSTEMS OF FIRST-DEGREE INEQUALITIESFORMULA
TRIGONOMETRIC IN TWO VARIABLES
FOR AREA
SITUATION 1.1 HERON'S
POLYGON FORMULA*
OF CONSTRAINTS

The Urban Farm SP 1.1

An increasing number of municipalities have

adopted new regulations that allow their citizens
to own certain farm animals, even in an urban

To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet

setting. Ecological benefits include the
management of table scraps, lawn maintenance,
the opportunity of having fresh eggs, etc. To help

the new demands for care, the co-op asks you their citizens care for their new animals,
municipalities have affiliated themselves with
certain co-ops.
TASK

to determine all possibilities for the number of To meet the growing demands for animal care on urban farms, the Small Farm
Animal Care Co-op has hired two new veterinary students. One of them is at the

hours that these new employees will be able to beginning of the training and has the title of novice veterinarian, while the
other is graduating from the program and has the title of senior veterinarian.

work. Justify your answer with a mathematical

Furthermore:
• The novice veterinarian can spend no more than 15 hours on this job to
ensure it does not interfere with his studies.

representation and some examples. • The senior veterinarian uses this opportunity to complete his internship at
the end of his studies. He will have to work more than 26 hours per week,
but less than 35 hours per week.

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• The co-op believes that to meet growing demands, these two new
employees will have to provide at least 37 hours a week cumulatively.
• Since more than half of the requests for care require a senior veterinarian,
this student will work at least twice the number of hours worked by the
novice veterinarian.

To ensure that these hires are sufficient to meet the new demands for care, the co-op asks you to

TASK
determine all possibilities for the number of hours that these new employees will be able to work.
Justify your answer with a mathematical representation and some examples.

4 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

SITUATIONAL PROBLEM FROM PAGE 4

Summary of the Constraints of the Problem

• The novice veterinarian can spend a maximum of 15 hours per week on this job.
• The senior veterinarian must work more than 26 hours per week, without reaching 35 hours per week.
• The new employees will have to work at least 37 hours per week cumulatively.
• The senior veterinarian will work at least twice the number of hours worked by the novice veterinarian.

Variables Defined in the Exploration

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x: the number of hours worked per week by the novice veterinarian
y: the number of hours worked per week by the senior veterinarian

Solution

16 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 167

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Solution (cont’d)

Situation 1.1
Solution
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

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Answer:

STRATEGY Organizing to interpret values

When representing one or more solution sets using the same graph, the representation must be clear and precise.
The graph should be easy to read so that certain information can be drawn from it. It is also important to name the
axes correctly to define what each variable represents.

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ACQUISITION B Mathematical knowledge

targeted:
•• exploring first-degree
inequality systems in two
discrete variables
1. The Case of Discrete Variables •• interpreting unbounded
The Urban Farm described a situation in which continuous variables, and bounded polygons of
or in which all of the coordinates of the solution set (x, y)  R 3 R, constraints
were being related. Now consider the case of discrete variables. •• finding equivalent
inequalities.

1 Among the municipalities that have adopted new regulations that allow their citizens to
own certain farm animals, even in urban areas, one of them decides to legislate as follows:
• A citizen may have a maximum of 12 hens and fewer than 5 sheep.
• A citizen must provide an environment of 1.2 m2 per hen and 3.8 m2 per sheep without exceeding
26 m2 in area on his or her property.
• A citizen must ensure that there is at least one hen more than the number of sheep.

a) Which are the two variables in this situational problem that are subject to constraints?
x:
y:
b) Express all of the constraints as a system of inequalities.

c) What type of variables are being related (discrete or continuous)? Explain your answer.

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d) Can you count all the possibilities of the number of hens and sheep that a citizen may have?
Justify your answer by proposing a method for doing this.

18 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 168

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e) Calculate the number of solution pairs using a graph.

Situation 1.1
Acquisition B
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

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ANSWER KEY PAGE 168 19

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REMEMBER

The Polygon of Constraints in the Case of Discrete Variables

When a situation relates discrete variables, manual counting can become very tedious. To simplify the
process, the solution set can be represented by a system of inequalities using a polygon of constraints.
However, you must take into account that this polygon has extra coordinates that are not part of the
solution set. Only the coordinates (x, y)  N 3 N are part of the possible solutions.

Example:
The organizers of a carnival have picked up many empty cans and bottles. They have at least twice
as many cans as bottles. By getting the deposit of $0.05 per can and $0.10 per bottle, they
accumulated over $5.00. Finally, they picked up no more than 120 returnable containers.
Below is how the solution set should be represented.

Defined variables
x: number of cans picked up
y: number of bottles picked up
These variables are discrete, therefore (x, y)  N 3 N.

System of inequalities

⎧x$ 0
⎪y$ 0
⎨
⎪ 0.05x 1 0.10y . 5
x $ 2y​ ​
​​  ​    ​​​​

⎩ x 1 y # 120

Polygon of constraints

y
The Carnival
Number
of Bottles
Picked Up
CAUTION!

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120

100
x  y  120
As is often the case, it may be impossible to
80 draw a graph in which the graduation step is
1 unit on both axes. For example, to visually
60
x  2y represent all of the possible solutions in this
0.05x  0.10y  5
40 (60, 30) (80, 30) situation, a Cartesian plane with a grid of
20 120 by 120 is required. Therefore, a point
(110, 4) cannot be put on each possible coordinate.
x
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Interpreting the polygon becomes very
Number of important.
Cans Picked Up

The solution set corresponds to all of the coordinates in the polygon of constraints, such as
(x, y)  N 3 N. In this graph, for example, the points (60, 30), (80, 30) and (110, 4) are solution
pairs because the coordinates are integers.

20 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

 TABLE OF
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PRACTISE

2 A group of no more than 32 people go to an amusement park. There are at most four times more
children than adults. The price for a child is $25 and for an adult, it is $35. The budget for admission
to the park must not exceed $900. The group has less than 15 adults.
Below is the system of inequalities defined:
x: number of children in the group
y: number of adults in the group

Situation 1.1
Acquisition B
⎪
⎧x $ 0
y$0
x 1 y # 32

⎪
​​⎨ ​   ​ ​ ​​​
​ ​
x # 4y
25x 1 35y # 900
⎩ y , 15

Represent the solution set and provide some possible solution pairs. Then, using the system of
inequalities, validate some of your solution pairs.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

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2. Bounded and Unbounded Polygons of Constraints

So far, only bounded polygons of constraints have been presented. Below is a situation where it will
be unbounded.

3 Jasmine's vegetable garden has a minimum of 5 cucumber plants and a minimum of 20 tomato plants.
There are at least 10 more tomato plants than cucumber plants. When she cares for her plants, spending
2 minutes per cucumber plant and 1 minute per tomato plant, it takes Jasmine at least one hour to take
care of her garden.
Defined variables
x: number of cucumber plants
y: number of tomato plants
The variables are discrete.
System of inequalities

⎧x $ 0
⎪ y$0
x$5
​​⎨ ​y $ 20
⎪
​ ​ ​ ​​​
y $ x 1 10
⎩ 2x 1 y $ 60

a) Represent the solution set using a graph.

b) Do you think this is a bounded or unbounded polygon of constraints? Explain your answer.

REMEMBER

Polygons of Constraints (Bounded or Unbounded)

A polygon of constraints is unbounded if it is open on one or more of it's sides, meaning that the

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polygon does not have a constraint marking one or more of it's sides. A polygon of constraints is
bounded if it has an enclosed region, in other words, it is bounded (closed) on all its sides.

Example:
Unbounded Polygon of Constraints Bounded Polygon of Constraints

y y

8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

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PRACTISE

4 Invent a situation in which the polygon of constraints is unbounded. It must have at least
three constraints.
Situation:

Situation 1.1
Acquisition B
Defined variables:

System of inequalities:

Polygon of constraints:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

5 Each of the following systems of inequality defines a polygon of constraints. Specify for each
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whether it is an unbounded or bounded polygon.

a) x: natural number b) x: natural number c) x: natural number
y: natural number y: natural number y: natural number

y . 50 ⎧ y 1 x , 12 x2y,6

{ x . 15 {x . 8
​​⎨ ​y , x  ​​​
⎪

​​
 ​y . 2x  ​​​
​2 3​ 1 3​ ​ ​​
 ​y . 5​ ​​​​
⎩y . 2
⎪

TIP
Inequality signs in a system of inequalities help to visualize the boundary lines of the polygon of constraints.
For example, in the system in a) of question 5, there is no inequality that bounds the solution set at the top. You
can also see in this example that no inequality refers to values of y that are "less than" (,) something. Without
even graphing the visual representation, you can confirm that this is an unbounded polygon of constraints.

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3. Equivalent Inequalities
In the pages that follow, you will have to consolidate all of the knowledge you have gained in this acquisition
activity. Occasionally, your system of inequalities may not be the same as the one in the answer key. Below is
a reminder about equivalent inequalities.

6 An earlier Remember section mentioned a carnival at which empty bottles and cans were picked up.

System Defined by Frank System Defined by Matthew

x: number of cans picked up x: number of cans picked up

y: number of bottles picked up y: number of bottles picked up

⎧x$ 0
⎪
⎧x$ 0
⎪y$ 0 y$0
x
⎨ ​​⎨ ​​   
⎪
__
⎪ 0.05x 1 0.10y . 5
​​  ​x  
$ 2y​ ​  ​​​​  ​ $ y​​  ​​​​
2
0.05x 1 0.10y . 5
⎩ x 1 y # 120 ⎩ y # 2x 1 120

Frank and Matthew disagree about which of them has presented the appropriate system of inequalities.
a) Who is right? Justify your answer.

b) Now imagine that Frank defines his variables as:

x: number of bottles picked up
y: number of cans picked up

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Will he obtain the same system of inequalities? Justify your answer by specifying this system.

24 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 171

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REMINDER REFRESHER EXERCISES

PAGE 147, QUESTIONS 5 TO 7
Solving Inequalities
Inequalities are solved following the same principles as for solving equations.
However, if you divide or multiply the two terms of an inequality by a negative number, you must
change the direction of the inequality in addition to applying the law of signs.

Example:

Situation 1.1
You are asked to solve the following inequality: 3x 2 2 , 5x 1 7. Observe the procedure.

Acquisition B
1. Add 2 to each side of the inequality. 3x 2 2 1 2 , 5x 1 7 1 2
3x , 5x 1 9
2. Subtract 5x from each side. 3x 2 5x , 5x 1 9 2 5x
22x ,9
22x 9
3. Divide each side by  ​​ . ___
22 and change the direction of the ​​____ ​​  2  ​​
inequality.
22
29
2
x . ​​ ___ ​​ or x . 24.5
2
4. Verify the inequality with a number. With 24 for example, 3x 2 2 , 5x 1 7
since 24 is greater than 24.5. 3(24) 2 2 , 5(24) 1 7
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

212 2 2 , 220 1 7
214 , 213 This is true.

PRACTISE

7 Three students present their system of inequalities to their teacher. They are shown below.
Student A Student B Student C
x: amount of water (ml) x: amount of water (ml) x: amount of water (ml)
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y: amount of dye (ml) y: amount of dye (ml) y: amount of dye (ml)

⎧x $ 0 ⎧x $ 0 ⎧x $ 0
⎪y $ 0 ⎪y $ 0 ⎪y $ 0
​​⎨ ​25x ​​⎨ ​25x ​​⎨ ​x  
⎪ ⎪ 23.2x 1 240 ⎪
  
   ,​ 30y 1 675
​ ​​​​   
   2​ 30y , 675​​ ​​​ 1 5​, 1.2y 1 32​ ​​​​
  
y 1 1.6x # 120 2y # 210y 2 16x 1 258 $ 2942

⎩ 15y . 3x 1600 ⎩ 210y , 22x 2 400 ⎩ 5y 2 2x . 200 2 x

Show that these three systems are equivalent.

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CONSOLIDATION
1 Express the following statements as a system of inequalities, having first defined the variables being
related.
a) Monica wants to buy at least three times as many shirts as skirts, but make a maximum of
12 purchases.

b) In several hours, a merchant sold lottery tickets

for $1 and $5 each. Total sales were at least $300. Tip
He knows he sold at least half as as many $5
tickets as $1 tickets. Once an inequality is written, do not
hesitate to include the possible values
to check whether the meaning of the
inequality is appropriate and whether
the coefficients before the variables
are accurate.

Example:
Since the merchant knows that at
c) During a country fair, organizers expect to least two times fewer tickets at $5
serve three times more ears of corn than were sold than tickets at $1, it can
sandwiches. However, they did not plan to be argued that he has only sold 50
serve more than 400 ears of corn. tickets at $5 and a little over 100
tickets at $1. These values are then
replaced in the inequality (x 5 101
and y 5 50), to validate if it is
correctly written.

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d) A certain model of airplane can carry a maximum of 60 passengers. A minimum of 10 children and a
maximum of 45 adults are expected.

26 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 172

 CONSOLIDATION TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY

2 Match the statements on the left with the inequalities on the right. Write the number of the
corresponding inequality next to the statement.

a) The number of tomato and pepper plants does not exceed 25. 1. x $ 3y

b) This dog will never reach the age of 25 years. 2. x . 3y

c) The total number of dogs and cats will be more than 25. 3. x , 25

d) The sum of two numbers will be at least 25. 4. x 1 y , 25

Situation 1.1
consolidation
e) Together, the age of both children will be lower than 25. 5. x # 3y

f ) One number is a maximum of three times greater than the other. 6. x 1 y $ 25

g) One number is more than three times greater than the other. 7. x 1 y . 25

h) One number is greater than or equal to three times the other. 8. x 1 y # 25

3 a) Using the graph to the right, determine whether each of the

y
six regions in the Cartesian plane belong to the solution set
for the following inequalities or not. Write yes or no in the 8
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

7
boxes in the table.
6 3
d3
5
4 d2 d1
3 2
2 4
1 1 5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
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Region of the
d1: 3x 2 5y . 5 d2: 2.5x 1 3.25y $ 12 d3: 4x 1 6y , 32
Plane
1
2
3
4
5
6

b) Which region represents the polygon of constraints? What type of polygon is this?
Explain your answer.

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4 For each of these systems of inequality, complete the graph to clearly present the half-planes and
polygon of constraints.
a) b)
d1: x $ 3 d1: x # 8
d2 : 2x 2 y , 5 d2 : x 1 y $ 7
d3: 2x 1 y # 11 d3: 2x 1 3y . 18
d4: y $ 2 d4: y $ 2

y y

10 10
9 9
8 d1 8
7 7
d2
6 6 d2
d3
5 5
4 4 d1
3 3 d3
d4 d4
2 2
1 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

c) d)
d1: x 1 y # 8 d1: x 1 2y . 3
d2 : 2x 1 3y $ 12 d2 : 2x 2 3y $ 5
d3: 4x 2 3y , 16 d3: x 1 2y , 12
d4: y # 4 d4: y $ 1

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y y

10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
d3
6 d1 6
5 5 d3
d4 d2
4 4
3 3
d2
2 2 d1 d4
1 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

28 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 173

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5 Determine a system of inequalities that can be associated

with the polygon of constraints to the right. Then, use Polygon of Constraints
y of a Situation
words to describe a situation in which the constraints
correspond to this system of inequalities. 10
9 C
8
7
B
6
5
A D
4
3

Situation 1.1
consolidation
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

6 Laëtitia wants to register for a Science program. She has a maximum budget of $1,200 for her course
choices. She must choose a schedule that is between 12 and 20 hours inclusively to have the status of
full-time student. Theoretical classes have a duration of 2 hours/week and cost $100 each, whereas labs
are 3 hours/week and cost $150 each. Laëtitia must have more theoretical classes than labs.
a) Using the context and system of inequalities that has already been expressed below:
1) define the variables x and y
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

2) associate the inequalities with the boundary lines in the graph

3) use arrows to indicate the half-planes of these inequalities
4) colour the polygon of constraints

1) x: 3-4) y

12
y: d1
11
10
(The variables are positive.) 9
8
2) 150y 1 100x # 1200: 7 d4
6
x . y:
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5
4 d2
2x 1 3y $ 12: 3
2 d3
1
2x 1 3y # 20:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
b) What is the solution set for this situation?
Name two possible solutions pairs.

CAUTION!
To correctly interpret a situation represented by a polygon of constraints, it is important not to lose sight of
the type of variables (discrete or continuous) with which the inequalities in the system are defined.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 173 29

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7 Your local youth centre is organizing a recreational evening to raise money for a special event. Due to the
size of the room, the total number of tickets is limited to 200. At least 75 tickets will be sold to members
of the youth centre. At least three times more youth centre members are expected to attend the event
than non-members.
Given that x represents the number of tickets sold to members and y the number of tickets sold to
non-members of the youth centre, construct a polygon of constraints that represents the possible
composition of the attendees for the event. Then, show two of these possible compositions.

8 Roberto is a florist. He wants to take advantage of a discount offered by his wholesaler to purchase roses
and daisies. His refrigerated space allows him to buy up to 24 dozen flowers. The wholesaler requires a
minimum of 2 dozen roses and 3 dozen daisies to be purchased to take advantage of the proposed
discount. Knowing that roses sell better than daisies, Roberto plans to buy at least twice as many roses
as daisies.
a) After defining the variables and expressing the situation as a system of inequalities, construct the
polygon of constraints that represents how many dozen flowers of each type Roberto can purchase.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

b) Are all the points (x, y) in the polygon of constraints solution pairs of the situation?
Justify your answer.

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9 A candidate in a municipal election wants to have an election brochure distributed throughout the
neighbourhood in which he is running. The printer has quoted $0.30 per colour page and $0.15 per
black and white page. To show how serious he is, the candidate thinks the brochure should contain at
least 5 pages, but no more than 15 pages to ensure voters are not annoyed. He wants to have at least
two pages in colour, but does not want the cost to exceed $2 per brochure.
a) After defining the variables and expressing the situation as a system of inequalities, construct
the polygon of constraints that represents the potential number of pages in colour and in black
and white.
x:

Situation 1.1
consolidation
y: y

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
b) Are all the points (x, y) in the polygon of constraints
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

solution pairs of the situation? Justify your answer.

10 A pharmaceutical company wants to produce a new skin cream. It will be composed of moisturizer and
emollient. The new formula will be in sizes between 327 and 447 ml inclusively. At least one third of the
cream will be moisturizer and there will be at least 150 ml of emollient.
After defining the variables and expressing the constraints as inequalities, construct the polygon of
constraints that represents the possible compositions of the new cream.
x:
y:
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12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x

ANSWER KEY PAGE 175 31

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LAW OF COSINES
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULA FOR AREA
SITUATION 1.2 HERON'S
THE VERTICES OF THE POLYGON FORMULA*
OF CONSTRAINTS

Beautifying Your SP 1.2

Neighbourhood

Some municipalities have programs

designed to encourage citizens to participate
in beautifying their environment. For
example, citizens living in the vicinity of
poorly maintained streets have created a
healthy and green environment. Among
others, the role of municipalities is to
provide the equipment required to achieve
this objective.

Victor is leading a group of parents who took the initiative to beautify

their children's elementary school yard. He has found a municipal aid
program that allows them to buy flower boxes for $22 each and shrubs
for $50 each. To participate in this program, in total they must buy a
minimum of 25 shrubs and flower boxes, but less than 60. In addition,
the order must contain at least 5 flower boxes more than the number
of shrubs.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

In its budget, the parents' group provides for a maximum of $1500
for the purchase of flower boxes and shrubs. Victor asks the person in
charge of the group’s purchases to find a number of shrubs and flower
boxes that would make it possible to use the entire amount budgeted
and would include exactly 5 boxes of flowers more than the number
of shrubs.

Determine whether Victor's request is possible. If yes, state the number of flower boxes and shrubs
TASK

that meet Victor's conditions. If not, determine a solution by which the number of flower boxes
and shrubs would make it possible to use all of the planned amount while satisfying all the
constraints of the municipal aid program. Justify your answer using an appropriate representation.

32 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

 TABLE OF
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EXPLORATION
The following questions will help you start the situational problem. They will enable you to review your
knowledge of systems of inequality and how they are represented in a graph, and to analyze the components
of a polygon of constraints in greater depth.

1 If x represents the number of flower boxes purchased and y represents the number of shrubs purchased,

Situation 1.2
which system of inequalities represents all of the constraints of this situation?

Exploration
2 Represent the polygon of constraints defined
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

by this system of inequalities.

3 a) How many sides does the polygon of constraints have?

b) Is there one or more sides of the polygon of constraints in which the coordinates of ALL points are
not acceptable as possible solutions in the situation? Explain your answer.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

4 Are all the coordinates of the polygon of constraints acceptable as a solution? Explain your reasoning.

5 Consider the points (20, 5) and (25, 10) on your earlier graph. Do these two points belong to the polygon
of constraints? Explain what they represent in the situation.

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STRATEGY Link the methods of representation

In situations involving systems of inequality, it is important to never lose sight of the links between the methods
of representation (descriptions in words, algebraic representation and graph) to properly interpret the situation.

Example:
From a Description in Words to a Graph
Constraints Inequalities Equations Boundary Lines Half-Planes Polygon of Constraints

6 Point (15, 10) also belongs to the side of this polygon of constraints.
a) Referring to the graph, note what is particular about this point when comparing to the other points
on this side.

b) What does this characteristic signify in the context of the situation?

7 Based on the equations defining the boundary lines of the half-planes, can the coordinates of the
vertices of the polygon of constraints be determined? Explain how you would proceed.

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The coordinates of points on one side of the polygon of constraints have values that correspond to the
limits of the inequality, from which the boundary line that makes up this side of the polygon of constraints
originates. This feature is important for solving an optimization problem. In Aquisition A that follows you
will learn how to determine the coordinates of certain points in the polygon of constraints.

34 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 176

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ACQUISITION A Mathematical knowledge

targeted:
•• determining the
coordinates of the
vertices of a polygon
1. Coordinates of Vertices of the Polygon of constraints
of Constraints •• interpreting the
coordinates of the
You have seen that a polygon of constraints graphically defines a system vertices of a polygon of
of first-degree inequalities in two variables. The following questions show constraints in context.

Situation 1.2
Acquisition A
you a method for determining the coordinates of vertices in a polygon
of constraints.

1 Oliver is a ceramic artist and will participate in the annual exhibit of artisans in his area. He must determine
the unit price for the 50 coffee bowls and 18 serving dishes he has designed. From experience, he knows
that the maximum price for a serving dish is $20 and that it must always be less than four times the price
of a coffee bowl. In addition, the difference between the price of a serving dish and that of a coffee bowl
must be at least $6.75. Oliver hopes that his revenue from the exhibit will be at least $400 by selling all
of his items.
Below is the representation of the situation.
Prices Displayed During
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

x: price for a coffee bowl ($) Price for a

the Artisans’ Exhibit
Serving Dish
y: price for a serving dish ($) ($) 23
22

⎪
⎧x $ 0
21
20
y$0 19 C B A
18
y # 20

⎪
⎨
​​  ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​​ 17
y , 4x 16
y 2 x $ 6.75 15

⎩ 50x 1 18y $ 400

14
13 D
12
11
10
E
a) Write the equation of each of 9
F
the boundary lines in the graph. 8
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7
Then, colour the area 6
corresponding to the polygon 5
4
of constraints defined by the 3
system of inequalities. 2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
b) Name the letters that correspond Price for a
to the vertices of the polygon Coffee Bowl
($)
of constraints.

c) What is the y-coordinate of the two vertices A and B?

d) Determine the x-coordinate of vertices A and B.

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2 The vertices D and E are at the intersection of two oblique boundary lines.
a) What are the equations of the two boundary lines that define vertex D?

b) What are the equations of the two boundary lines that define vertex E?

c) How can you determine the coordinates of the intersection point of two lines if you know their
equations? Explain your answer.

d) Determine the precise coordinates of vertices D and E.

REMINDER REFRESHER EXERCISES

PAGES 147 TO 148, QUESTIONS
8 TO 13
Solving a System of Equations Algebraically
To solve a system of equations algebraically, you can use one of these three methods:

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Example:
Algebraic solution
Comparison method Elimination method Substitution method
This method is used when the This method is used when the This method is used when a
two equations in the system are two equations in the system are variable is isolated (or can easily
written (or can easily be written) written (or can easily be written) be isolated) in one of the
in standard form. in the following form. equations of the system.

{ y 5 ​m​2​x 1 b { cx 1 dy 5 f { ax 1 by 5 e
y5m ​ ​1​x 1 b
​ ​1​ ax 1 by 5 e y 5 m1x 1 b1
​ ​  ​ ​​  ​  ​​​​ ​​  ​  ​​​​
​ ​2​

36 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 177

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REMEMBER

The Vertices of a Polygon of Constraints

When you need to optimize situational problems
with several constraints, the coordinates of the CAUTION!
vertices of the polygon of constraints are Only vertices determined by two full boundary lines
important elements for finding solutions. are part of the solution set. However, all vertices are
A vertex is an intersection point between two considered when a situation is being interpreted.
boundary lines.

Situation 1.2
Acquisition A
Example:
Below is a system of inequalities and its polygon of constraints. You want to determine the
coordinates of all its vertices.
Let x and y be two positive real numbers
y
(x $ 0 and y $ 0):
38
⎧x $ 4
36

⎪ y , 2x 1 5
34 x4
32 y  2x  5
​​⎨ ​x 1 2y​ # 41 ​​
 ​​​
⎪___
30
28
x
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

⎩​  10 ​ 1 y $ 7 26
24
22
20

Tip 18
16
A

14 B
You can sometimes determine the 12
x
coordinates of vertices in a graph by 10
10
y7
8
examining the graduation of axes on a 6 C
4 D
Cartesian plane. However, an algebraic
2
solution ensures the accuracy of the x  2y  41
coordinate. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 x

To precisely determine the coordinates of a vertex, solve the system of equations that defines the two
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

boundary lines involved algebraically.

Coordinates of Vertex A Coordinates of Vertex B

Vertex A is at the intersection of boundary lines Vertex B is at the intersection of boundary lines
y 5 2x 1 5 and x 1 2y 5 41. x 5 4 and y 5 2x 1 5.
Using the substitution method: Using the substitution method:
x 1 2(2x 1 5) 5 41 y 5 2x 1 5 y 5 2(4) 1 5

y 5 2​​(_ ​   ​)​​ 1 5
x 1 4x 1 10 5 41 31 y 5 13
5x 1 10 5 41 5 The coordinates of vertex B are (4, 13).
_ 87
5x 5 31 y 5 ​​   ​​ or 17.4
5
31 NOTE: From the graph, you can also see that the
x 5 ​​ _ ​​ or 6.2
5 coordinates of vertex B are (4, 13).
The coordinates of vertex A are (6.2, 17.4).

37
 TABLE OF
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Coordinates of Vertex C Coordinates of Vertex D

Vertex C is at the intersection of the boundary lines Vertex D is at the intersection of the boundary lines
x x x
x 5 4 and _​​   ​​1 y 5 7. x 1 2y 5 41 and _ ​​   ​​ 1 y 5 7 (or y 5 2___
​​  ​​1 7).
10 10 10
Using the substitution method: Using the substitution method:
x 135
_ 4
​​   ​​ 1 y 5 7 x 1 2(2___​​  ​​1 7) 5 41 ​​ _  ​​ 1 2y 5 41
10 10 4
4 10x 2 2x 29
y572_ ​​   ​​ ​​ _ ​​ 1 ​​ _ ​​ 114 5 41 2y 5 _ ​​   ​​
10 10 10 4
66 8x 29
y5_ ​​   ​​ or 6.6 ​​   ​​ 5 27 _ _
y 5 ​​   ​​
10 10 8
The coordinates of vertex B are (4, 6.6). 8x 5 270
270 135
x5_
​​   ​​ or _
​​   ​​
8 4
The coordinates of vertex D are (
4 8)
135 29
​​ _
​   ​, _
​   ​ .​​

The coordinates of vertices of the polygon of constraints are:

A(6.2, 17.4), B(4, 13) , C(4, 6.6) and D​​(_
​   ​, ​ _ ​).​​
135 29
4 8

CAUTION!
You must be careful if you consider roughly estimating the value of the coordinates of a vertex
after performing the calculations. For example, if you estimate the coordinates of vertex D​​(_
4 8)
135 29
​   ​, _
​   ​ ​​
as (34, 4), this point is not precisely vertex D, but more importantly, it is no longer part of the polygon of
constraints since the coordinates (34, 4) do not satisfy all of the constraints of the situation.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

38 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

 TABLE OF
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CONTENTS

PRACTISE

3 You have seen different polygons of constraints defined by the systems of inequality presented.
The variables x and y are real numbers. Determine and write down the coordinates of the vertices
of the polygons of constraints.
a) System of inequalities Graph

⎧y # 8 y
​​⎨ ​2.5x $
⎪

​ y​ ​​​
⎩ 0.6x 2 y # 21
⎪ 14

Situation 1.2
13

Acquisition A
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 x
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

b) System of inequalities Graph

⎧ 3x 1 y . 540 y
⎨
⎪

​​  ​12y
   1 672 # ​​​
​25x​
⎩ y $ x/5 1 80
⎪ 280

240

200

160

120

80

40
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 x

c) System of inequalities Graph

⎧ y # 4x y
​​⎨ ​2x 1 8​ $ y​ ​​​
⎪

⎩ 4y 2 x $ 22
⎪ 12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
22 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
22

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2. Interpreting the Coordinates of the Vertices of

a Polygon of Constraints
The following questions will help you make sense of the values determined when looking for the coordinates
of the vertices in the polygon of constraints. Remember that these values are related to the constraints and
context of the situation.

4 Return to the situation of Oliver, the ceramic artist.

Summary of the Facts

System of inequalities Graph of the boundary lines and polygon of constraints
x: price for a coffee bowl ($)
Prices Displayed During
y: price for a serving dish ($) Price for a
the Artisans’ Exhibit
Serving Dish

⎪
⎧x $ 0 ($) 23
22
y$0 21 y  4x
y # 20

⎪
​​⎨ ​
20
​​ ​ ​​​ 19 C B A y  20
y . 4x
18
y 2 x $ 6.75 17
⎩ 50x 1 18y $ 400 16
15
y  x  6.75
14
13 D Coordinates of
12 vertices of the
11 polygon of
10
E
constraints
9
8 F A(13.25, 20)
7
B(5, 20)
6

D​​(___ ​   ​)​​ and

​   ​, ___
5 200 800
4 61 61
3 50x 18y  400

(​  136 ​, ​  136 ​)​​.

2
E​​ ___
557 ___
1475
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Price for a
Coffee Bowl
($)

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

a) The BD side of the polygon of constraints is dotted. What does this mean for the constraint of the
situation associated with it?

b) What impact does this feature have on the coordinates of vertices B and D?

40 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 179

 TABLE OF
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c) Since the values of x and y in the situation represent money, they were represented by decimal
numbers rounded to the nearest hundredth and therefore are approximations. Therefore, the
coordinate pair (3.28, 13.11) is an approximation of the coordinates of vertex D. Do (3.28, 13.11) and
( 61 )
​​ ​___​, ​___​ ​​ represent the exact same point on the graph (vertex D) or are they two different points?
200 800
61
Explain your answer.

d) What must be considered when the values of the coordinates of a vertex in the polygon of

Situation 1.2
constraints are rounded?

Acquisition A
REMEMBER

Interpreting a Polygon of Constraints and its Vertices

Once the polygon of constraints is constructed and its vertices are determined, it is essential to interpret
the graph taking the context of the situation into account, particularly the strict inequalities of some of
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

the constraints.

Example:
Below is a system of inequalities and its polygon of constraints studied earlier.
Let x and y be two positive real
y
numbers (x $ 0 and y $ 0):
38
⎧x $ 4
36

⎪ y , 2x 1 5
34 x4
32 y  2x  5
⎨
​  ​x 1 2y ​ # 41​ ​​​​
⎪ ___
30
28
x A(6.2, 17.4)
⎩ ​  10 ​ 1 y $ 7 26
24 B(4, 13)
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

22 C(4, 6.6) and

20
D​​(___ ​   ​)​​.
​   ​, __
18 A 135 29
16 4 8
14 B
12
x
10
10
y7
8
6 C
4 D
2
x  2y  41
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 x

Vertices A and B cannot be part of a solution pair because they are located on dotted boundary
lines that exclude all points on them.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 179 41

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PRACTISE

5 Consider the situation of Oliver the ceramic artist again.

For practical reasons, during the initial exhibit, Oliver wants to set the price for the sale of a coffee
bowl and serving dish to the nearest dollar.
a) Keeping this new consideration in mind:
1) Complete the table below reconsidering some of the coordinates of vertices of the
polygon of constraints.
2) Using the graph in question 4, confirm whether the replacement points defined by
these new coordinates still belong to the polygon of constraints.

Coordinates of Vertices of Coordinates of a Is the Replacement Point Part of

the Polygon of Constraints Replacement Point the Polygon of Constraints?
A(13.25, 20)
B(5, 20)

D​​(_ ​   ​, ​ _ ​)​​
200 800
61 61

E​​(_
136 136 )
557 _ 1475
​   ​, ​   ​ ​​

CAUTION!
When you search for a point near a vertex of the polygon of constraints with a particular

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

characteristic, such as having integers as values, you must always find a point that belongs to the
polygon of constraints and that is in the immediate vicinity of the vertex. A vertex can also be on a
boundary line excluded from the solution set. You can therefore also try to find a pair of values close
to the vertex that meet the constraints.

b) Oliver decides to consider the replacement point (4, 11) of vertex E. Using calculations, explain
whether the point satisfies the two inequalities of the situation associated with the boundary
lines that determine vertex E; in other words, whether it is a valid point.

ICT ICT Activity 1.2.1 demonstrates how to use the zoom key on a graphing calculator to find
replacement points for vertices of the polygon of constraints if required. Find this activity on
portailsofad.com.

42 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 180

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6 In a horticultural centre, a clerk prepares bags of fertilizer with herbicide. He must put a maximum
of 40 litres of material in each bag, knowing that each kilogram of fertilizer takes up 1.5 L of space
and that each kilogram of herbicide takes up 0.8 L of space. To be able to put a label with “fertilizer”
on the bags, each bag must contain a minimum of 4.5 kg of fertilizer. For optimum performance,
double the number of kilograms of fertilizer must be less than triple the number of kilograms of
herbicide, and double the number of kilograms of herbicide must be less than triple the number
of kilograms of fertilizer.
a) Define the variables and express the constraints as inequalities.

Situation 1.2
Acquisition A
b) Graph the situation.
c) Determine the maximum values (the vertices of the polygon)
of the composition of the bags of fertilizer with herbicide
in kilograms.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

d) Since these vertices are on boundary lines, suggest replacement vertices.

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You can now determine the coordinates of the vertices of a polygon of constraints and interpret them
according to the context of a situation. The next chapter shows how these coordinates are the key to
solving a problem for which an optimal solution is sought. You can now solve situational problem 1.2
Beautifying Your Neighbourhood.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 180 43

 TABLE OF
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SOLUTION
You are now able to solve situational problem 1.2. LAW OF COSINES
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULA FOR AREA
SITUATION 1.2 HERON'S
THE VERTICES OF THE POLYGON FORMULA*
OF CONSTRAINTS

Beautifying Your SP 1.2

Neighbourhood

Determine whether Victor's request is possible. Some municipalities have programs

designed to encourage citizens to participate

If yes, state the number of flower boxes and in beautifying their environment. For
example, citizens living in the vicinity of
poorly maintained streets have created a
shrubs that meet Victor's conditions. If not, healthy and green environment. Among
others, the role of municipalities is to

determine a possibility in which the number of

provide the equipment required to achieve
this objective.
TASK

flower boxes and shrubs make it possible to use Victor is leading a group of parents who took the initiative to beautify
their children's elementary school yard. He has found a municipal aid
program that allows them to buy flower boxes for $22 each and shrubs

all of the planned amount while satisfying all for $50 each. To participate in this program, in total they must buy a
minimum of 25 shrubs and flower boxes, but less than 60. In addition,
the order must contain at least 5 flower boxes more than the number

the constraints of the municipal aid program. of shrubs.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

In its budget, the parents' group provides for a maximum of $1500
for the purchase of flower boxes and shrubs. Victor asks the person in

Justify your answer using an appropriate charge of the group’s purchases to find a number of shrubs and flower
boxes that would make it possible to use the entire amount budgeted
and would include exactly 5 boxes of flowers more than the number

representation. of shrubs.

Determine whether Victor's request is possible. If yes, state the number of flower boxes and shrubs

TASK
that meet Victor's conditions. If not, determine a solution by which the number of flower boxes
and shrubs would make it possible to use all of the planned amount while satisfying all the
constraints of the municipal aid program. Justify your answer using an appropriate representation.

32 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

Summary of the Facts SITUATIONAL PROBLEM FROM PAGE 32

• Cost of the flower boxes: $22 per unit.

• Cost of the shrubs: $50 per unit.
• Minimum purchase of 25 shrubs and flower boxes, but maximum purchase of less than 60.
• The order must contain at least five more flower boxes than the number of shrubs.
• Maximum amount of $1500 in the budget for the purchase of flower boxes and shrubs.
• Victor wants to use the full amount available.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

• Victor wants exactly five more flower boxes than the number of shrubs.

Elements Defined in the Exploration

Variables Inequalities

44 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 181

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Parents' Group Order

Number
of Shrubs

80
75

Situation 1.2
70

Solution
65
60
55
x  y  60 50
yx5
45
40 x  y  25
35
30
25
20
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

10
5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Number of
Flower Boxes
22x  50y  1500
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Answer:

STRATEGY Validate the solution pairs

It is important to perform certain validations to ensure that the proposed solutions suit the context of the
situation. Ask yourself the following questions.
• Is the vertex a pair of acceptable values?
• Are the variables discrete or continuous?
• With this pair, are all of the constraints respected?

ANSWER KEY PAGE 181 45

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CONSOLIDATION
1 For each of the following polygons of constraints, complete the corresponding table.
a)
⎧x $ 0 y

⎪y $ 0 280

​​⎨ ​x $ 75
x  75

⎪ x 1 y # 200
​  ​​​
​ ​ 240

⎩ x # 3y 200

160

120
Equations of the Common Coordinates of
Vertex 80
Boundary Lines the Vertex x  3y
C
A 40 B
B A D
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 x
C
x  y  200
D

b)
⎧x $ 0
⎪
y
y$0
28 x2
x$2
⎨
⎪
26
​​  ​y $ 3​  ​​​​ 24

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

22
x 1 y # 24 20
⎩ x $ 2y 18
16
14
12
x  y  24 x  2y
10
Equations of the Common Coordinates of B
Vertex 8
Boundary Lines the Vertex 6
y3
4 A C
A 2
B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 x
C

46 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 182

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c)
⎧x $ 0
⎪ y$0
x $ 10
y

​​⎨ ​y $ 15
⎪
140
 ​​​
​​ ​ x  10
xy
120
x 1 2y # 150
⎩x # y 100

80
B
Equations of the common Coordinates of 60
Vertex
boundary lines the vertex
C

Situation 1.2
40

consolidation
A y  15
x  2y  150
20 A
B
D
C
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 x
D
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

⎪
d)
⎧x $ 0
y$0 y
y # 4x

⎪
⎨
8
​​  ​y # 5​ ​  ​​​​ y  4x
7
5x 1 4y # 30
4x 1 5y $ 12 6

⎩ 3x 2 5y # 0
3x  5y  0
5
A E

y5
4
Equations of the Common Coordinates of
Vertex 3 4x  5y  12
Boundary Lines the Vertex
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B
A 2 D

B 1
C
C
D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
5x  4y  30
E

ANSWER KEY PAGE 183 47

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2 For each of the constraints below:

1) Associate the inequalities with the half-planes.
2) Colour the polygon of constraints.
3) Determine the vertices of the polygon of constraints.
a)
⎧x $ 0
⎪
y
y$0
7
3x 1 2y . 8
​​⎨ ​
⎪
​​  ​​​​
x # 5y 6
x#3
⎩ x 1 7 $ 5y 5

4
Equations of
Coordinates of
Vertex the Common
the Vertex 3
Boundary Lines
2
A

1
B

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
C

b)

⎪
⎧x $ 0 y
y$0
14
3x 1 2y # 25

⎪
​​⎨ ​ ​  ​​​
​ ​ 13
2x , 3y 12

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

y.5 11
⎩ y $ 3x 10
9
8
Equations of 7
Coordinates of
Vertex the Common 6
the Vertex
Boundary Lines 5
4
A 3
2

B 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 x
C

48 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 183

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3 Using the systems of inequality below:

1) Construct the corresponding polygon of constraints.
2) Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the polygon of constraints.
a) y
⎧x $ 0
⎪
15
y$0
14
x$2
​​⎨ ​y $ 2​  ​​​​
⎪
13
12
x 1 y # 12 11
⎩ x # 2y

Situation 1.2
consolidation
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

⎧x $ 0
⎪
b)
y$0 y

x $ 24
​​⎨ ​y $ 24
⎪
​  ​​​
​ ​ 140

x 1 y # 144
⎩ y $ 2x
120

100

80
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60

40

20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 x

ANSWER KEY PAGE 183 49

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4 After watching a documentary on health problems caused by bad nutrition, a couple in their mid-30s
decided to work together to adopt a better lifestyle. Referring to the Canadian Food Guide, they found
that together they should eat between 15 and 18 portions of fruit and vegetables every day. Among
these, the number of portions of fruit should not exceed that of vegetables and there should be at least
five portions of fruit and eight portions of vegetables.
a) Define the variables and express the
constraints as inequalities.

b) Represent the solution set for the

situation in a graph.
c) How many portions of fruit and vegetables
should they buy as a minimum and
maximum every week to ensure they do
not run short or waste food?

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50 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 184

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5 Margaret and Daniel are planning to take a trip to Spain and Greece. They want to split their trip of a
maximum of 14 days between the two countries. Margaret wants to spend at least four days visiting
Spain and Daniel wants to visit Greece for at least five days. The biggest impact on the planning of the
remaining five days will be their budget for accommodation which cannot exceed $4500. They are
searching for the best possible rates and initially find five-star hotels: one in Spain at $337 per night and
one in Greece at $307 per night.
a) Define the variables and express the
constraints as inequalities.

Situation 1.2
consolidation
b) Graph the situation.
c) How many days will they be able to spend in
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

each country if they want their trip to spread

over 14 days?

d) Since they find the hotel rates quite high,

they decide to continue searching. They
manage to find a better offer in Spain at
$229 per night, but because they took too
long to reserve in Greece, they can only
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

find rooms at $407 per night.

What impact will their hesitation have on
the split of days between the countries
that they want to visit during their trip?

ANSWER KEY PAGE 184 51

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6 In the waiting room of a walk-in clinic, which has a maximum of 40 spaces, there are always more than
10 people waiting for a consultation. There are at least twice as many simple cases as serious cases.
a) If x represents the number of simple cases waiting and y the number of serious cases waiting,
determine the possible combinations of the composition of patients in the waiting room based
on coordinates of the vertices of the polygon of constraints.

42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

b) If the time for consultation is 15 minutes for a simple case and 30 minutes for a serious case, what is © SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

the minimum length of time it will take to see all of the patients? And the maximum length of time?

c) After adjusting the system, if the consultation time is reduced to 10 minutes for a simple case, but
increased to 45 minutes for a serious case, what impact will this have on the minimum waiting time?
Maximum?

52 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 185

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This is a summary of wh
KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY you need to REMEMBER
at
. Fill
in the missing informa
tion.

Expressing Constraints as a System of

First-Degree Inequalities in Two Variables
When you group together two or more inequalities defined with the same variables, the set is called

knowledge summary
a . To express constraints as a system of inequalities, you must:

chapter 1
1) the variables being related.

2) the various statements that describe the constraints of the situation

and that will be used to define the inequalities.

3) each of the constraints as at least one inequality, remembering to specify

admissible values of the two variables.
4) these inequalities to define the system of inequalities of the situation.

Example:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Situation Expressed as a System of Inequalities

An aquarium can hold a maximum of 35 fish of two species: goldfish x: number of goldfish
and guppies. There are at least twice as many goldfish as there are
y: number of guppies
guppies. In addition, there are always more than 10 goldfish and the
number of goldfish less the number of guppies always exceeds 8.
x$0
y$0
​​x 1 y ​#
​ 35​ ​​
x $ 2y
x . 10/x 2 y . 8
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KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY PAGE 150 53

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Polygon of Constraints
The polygon of constraints is the region in the Cartesian plane that belongs to all of the half-planes in a
system of inequalities. The points that make up the polygon of constraints are pairs of values that satisfy all
of the inequalities of the system and, consequently, all the constraints of the situation. This set of points
represents the solution pairs in the system of inequalities.

Example: Number of Fish in an Aquarium

Guppies
Below is the system of inequalities that 36

reflects the situation in the previous example: 32 x  10

28
x: the number of goldfish
24
y: the number of guppies xy8
20

⎧x $ 0
⎪
16
y$0
12 x  2y
x 1 y # 35
​​⎨ ​
⎪
​ ​ ​​​
​​ 8
x $ 2y
x2y.8 4
⎩ x . 10 x  y  35

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Number of
Goldfish

The Polygon of Constraints in the Case of Discrete Variables

When a situation relates discrete variables, can become very tedious.
The solution set can be represented by a system of inequalities using a polygon of constraints.
However, you must take into account that this polygon has extra coordinates that are not part of
the solution set. Only the coordinates are part of the possible solutions.

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54 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY PAGE 151

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Polygons of Constraints (Unbounded or Bounded)

A polygon of constraints is unbounded if it is on one or more of it's sides, meaning that
the polygon does not have a constraint marking one or more of it's sides. A polygon of constraints is bounded
if it has , in other words, it is on all its sides.

Example:

knowledge summary
Polygon of Constraints Polygon of Constraints

chapter 1
y y

8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

The Vertices of a Polygon of Constraints

When you need to optimize situational problems with several constraints, the coordinates of the vertices of
the polygon of constraints are important elements for finding solutions. A vertex is an intersection point
between two boundary lines.

Example: The coordinates of vertices of the polygon

y
Below is a system of inequalities and of constraints are:
its polygon of constraints. You want
m,
14
A( ), Bc
to determine the coordinates of all y  22x  14 12
its vertices.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

10
D C( ) and D ( )
8
Let x and y be two positive numbers: A
6
⎧y # 22x 1 14 4
10  x  4y
⎪
⎨ 10 x 4y
# 1 2 C B
​​  ​ ​​
 ​​​
⎪ __ x
⎩ y 1 ​ 
2
 ​ , 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
x
y 8
2

Interpreting a Polygon of Constraints and its Vertices

Once the polygon of constraints is constructed and its vertices are determined, it is essential to interpret
the graph taking into account, and particularly
of some of the constraints.

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY PAGE 152 55

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INTEGRATION
1 The boundary lines of the system of inequalities shown below have been graphed. Then, the different
areas created were numbered.
The variables x and y represent positive real numbers. y

100
⎧ 15x 1 16y # 1250 90
⎪
⎨
5y ___ x 80 1
​​  ​___
​    ​ $ ​   ​ 12​  ​​​​
⎪ 12 10 70
⎩ 2y 1 80 $ 5x 60 6
50
40 2
30
7
20
10
4 5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 x

a) Which area corresponds to the polygon of constraints?

b) The inequality signs of certain inequalities in the system were modified. What area now corresponds
to the polygon of constraints? Colour it.

⎧ 15x 1 16y $ 1250

⎪
​​⎨ ​___
5y ___ x
​    ​ $ ​   ​ 1 2​ ​​​​
⎪ 12 10
⎩ 2y 1 80 # 5x

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

c) For each of the polygons of constraints determined in a) and b), state which one is unbounded and
which one is bounded.

56 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 186

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2 Given that x and y represent positive real numbers, represent the polygon of constraints defined by the
following system of inequalities.

⎧y , 4
⎪ 5x $ y
​​⎨ ​ ​ ​  ​​​ ​
⎪ 5x 2 4y , 16
⎩6 2 y $ x

integration
chapter 1
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

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ANSWER KEY PAGE 187 57

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3 Given that x and y represent positive real numbers, determine the exact coordinates of the vertices of
the polygon of constraints defined by the following system of inequalities.

⎧ 250 $ 4x 1 10y
​​⎨ ​5y
⎪

   2 95 # x​  ​​​​
⎩ 8x 2 35 # 5y
⎪

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

58 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 187

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4 The company Active Life wants to design a meal replacement drink whose composition in terms of
nutrients has several constraints. In a 235 ml container, there must be a maximum of 18 g carbohydrates
and more than 1/2 g of fat. Furthermore, the amount of carbohydrates must always be at least ten times
higher than the amount of fat. Finally, the total number of grams of fat and carbohydrates together must
be less than 19 g.
a) Determine five possibilities of quantities of fat and carbohydrates, in grams, that a 235 ml meal
replacement drink could contain taking the various constraints into consideration.

integration
chapter 1
b) If a kilogram of fat costs $3.50 and Possible Combination Cost
a kilogram of carbohydrates costs
$1.25, what is the cost of the fat and
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

carbohydrates in a 235 ml drink for

each of the possibilities that you
determined in a)?

5 A ferry can hold up to 150 vehicles (cars and trucks). A car has an average mass of 1.5 tons and a truck
full of merchandise has an average mass of 14 tons. The ferry can hold a total mass of 720 tons in
vehicles. In addition, due to the shape of the parking sections, there must be at least two times more
cars than trucks during a crossing.
Given that the cost of the ferry for a car is $35 and $80 for a truck, determine three possibilities for the
company to make money transporting vehicles while satisfying all of the constraints during a crossing.
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ANSWER KEY PAGE 188 59

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6 Roxanne is a musician and part of a chamber music quintet. She takes lessons with a renowned music
teacher who agrees to teach her for $100 per hour. When she rehearses with her group, they must rent a
studio at a cost of $200 per hour. The group splits the cost equally among the five musicians. Roxanne
cannot spend more than 20 hours for these two musical activities per week and she has a maximum
budget of $900. Finally, she must spend more than twice the amount of time with the quintet than
with her teacher.
a) Determine three ways Roxanne can organize her time for rehearsals and lessons per week while
satisfying all of these constraints.

b) Determine the number of hours for rehearsals and lessons that corresponds to exactly 20 hours in
total and so that Roxanne reaches the maximum amount in her budget.

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60 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 189

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7 A merchant of electronic devices must manage his inventory of smart phones and tablets because these
are two very popular products. As well, the warehouse must always have at least four and a half times as
many smart phones as tablets. The difference between the number of smart phones and tablets must
never fall below 21 devices and he must always have at most 100 devices of these two types in total in
the warehouse.
Taking these constraints into consideration, what is the greatest number of telephones and tablets that
the warehouse can have in inventory to ensure that the number of phones is exactly four and a half
times higher than the number of tablets?

integration
chapter 1
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

8 A car manufacturer designs a hybrid car (gas/electric). He wants the car to be capable of running 800 km
using the gas engine for a certain portion of the distance and the electric motor for the rest. The cost per
kilometre for running the gas engine is $0.10 and for the electric motor, it is $0.02. The manufacturer
does not want the total cost of the trip to exceed $60. Furthermore, the electric motor must be used at
least three times as often as the gas engine during a trip.
Under these conditions, how many kilometres is a trip that costs $60 and for which the number of
kilometres using the electric motor is exactly 3 times higher than the number of kilometres using the
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

gas engine?

ANSWER KEY PAGE 190 61

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LES

A Roof-Top Vegetable Garden

The residents of a building with a flat roof have decided to set up a vegetable garden. After evaluating
potential loads, a specialist engineer has determined certain constraints to be respected to prevent problems
to the structure of the building. Below are his recommendations:
The two additional masses on the roof can be classified into two major categories: the mass of raw materials
(the earth and water), and that of secondary materials (trays, fences, sheds, tools, people moving around on
the roof, etc.). The mass of raw and secondary materials must total less than 10 tons or 10 000 kg. The
vegetable garden project will involve at least one 3-ton load of raw materials and a minimum of one ton of

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

secondary materials. Finally, the mass of raw materials should never reach or exceed three and a half times
the mass of the secondary materials.

What mass of secondary materials (in kg) can residents of the building put on their roof if they
TASK

have reached the maximum mass of raw materials according to the recommendations of the
engineer?

NOTE: For this particular construction project, the margin of error established by the building standards allows a total
mass that exceeds no more than 1% of that prescribed by the constraints.

62 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality ANSWER KEY PAGE 191

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Solution

chapter 1
LES
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Answer:

Evaluation by Criterion
Cr. 1.1 A B C D E
Cr. 1.2
ACTIVITY

A B C D E
SCORED

You must now complete Scored Activity 1 on Chapter 1. Cr. 2.1 A B C D E

Find this activity on portailsofad.com. Cr. 2.2 A B C D E
Cr. 2.3 A B C D E

ANSWER KEY PAGE 191 63

 TABLE OF
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CHAPTER 2

Linear Programming

Being Your Own Boss

W
orking for yourself is much easier today than it
was in the past because, among other things, new
technologies facilitate communication between
people and access to information. Thanks to the Internet, it is
now easy to offer services to many customers and make yourself
known. Starting a business is now quite common. Every year,
dozens of small businesses are started, often with only one
employee. This new way of working and winning contracts has
led to self-employed workers taking a number of constraints into
consideration when planning their physical resources and
managing their time. In the next chapter, you will see how
mathematics can be used to manage resources optimally and see
the working conditions and business revenues of the company
more clearly.

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64 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
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CHAPTER 2
SITUATION 2.1
FUNCTION TO BE OPTIMIZED
SP 2.1 – 3D Printing p. 66

SITUATION 2.2
THE OBJECTIVE LINE
OPTIMIZATION USING THE FEASIBLE
REGION AND VERTICES
CHANGING CONDITIONS
SP 2.2 – Louis’ Cabin p. 86



This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY p. 119

INTEGRATION p. 123
LES
Earning a Living From
Your Passion p. 128
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65
 TABLE OF
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CONTENTS

LAW OF COSINES
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULA FOR AREA
SITUATION 2.1 HERON'S
FUNCTION TO BEFORMULA*
OPTIMIZED

3D Printing SP 2.1
2.2

Thanks to technological advances, we

can create increasingly sophisticated
objects at lower costs. For example, 3D
printing now allows individuals to print
orthotic devices of all types.

Kelvina has training in industrial design and in Offering from Two Polymer
Merchants for 3D Printing
kinesiology. She has decided to combine her two
passions to design, produce and sell orthopaedic
prosthetics and custom sport orthotics using 3D Price of ABS
printing technology. To produce these orthotics, and PLC
she uses two types of polymers: ABS and PLC. ABS
is more resistant, whereas PLC is biodegradable.
Polymer
Kelvina chooses the most appropriate material for MERCHANT 1
each orthotic or prosthetic.
Price for the ABS Price for the PLC

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

To meet monthly requests, she needs at least 10 $24.95/kg $34.95/kg
kg of polymer. Also, she always wants to have a
Delivery Fee of $2/kg of Material.
maximum of 7 kg of ABS and less than 8 kg of
PLC. Every month, she sets up a budget for the MERCHANT 2
manufacture of 3D objects. This month, her
Price for the ABS Price for the PLC
budget is $375.
Two merchants offer polymers for 3D printing.
$30/kg $32/kg
Fixed Delivery Fee of $15.
The box indicates each merchant’s price based
on the type of polymer.

Assuming Kelvina spends the entire budget allocated to the purchase of polymers, what quantities
TASK

of polymer can she purchase from each merchant? Compare the offer from the two merchants to
choose the one that seems to be the most advantageous in the situation.

66 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

EXPLORATION
The questions in this exploration activity will enable you to analyze the situational problem and start solving
it. In addition, the exploration activity reviews the method for interpreting the statements of a situation to
identify constraints and the variables being related.

1 Of the information that influences the quantity of polymer that Kelvina wants to purchase, some
specifications do not change from one month to the next, whereas others vary. Which specifications do
you think remain unchanged and which change from month to month?

Situation 2.1
exploration
2 Among all of this information, some of the details define a set of constraints. Highlight this information.
Then define the variables of this situation and express the constraints as a system of inequalities.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

x:

y:

STRATEGY Interpret the data of a situation

In a complex situation, more than one piece of information is usually of interest, such as the quantity and price of
certain things. There can therefore be a lot of information to classify. While some of the information makes it
possible to define a polygon of constraints, other details provide important financial information that also
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

influences decision-making. In such cases, it is helpful to classify the information by what they allow you to define
in the situation. You can also use one colour to find a variable, another colour to find constraints, and yet another
colour to find financial elements of interest.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 193 67

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3 In addition to the constraints of the situation, what influences the amount of polymer that Kelvina can
buy? Briefly describe the type of information this is and highlight it in a different colour.

4 Kelvina wants to compare the offer from the two merchants. How can you represent these two offers
using the variables defined by the system of inequalities?

5 Represent the offer of merchant 1 using an algebraic equation. Contextually, what does this equation
determine?

6 With her budget of $375, Kelvina can purchase different quantities of ABS and PLC from either of the
merchants. That said, what must these quantities of ABS and PLC satisfy for them to be acceptable
values for Kelvina?

In this Exploration, you have found that there can be a lot of information Kelvina needs to consider to
determine how much polymer she can purchase according to her budget. It is essential to clearly identify
the information that relates to the polygon of constraints and that which relates to the financial aspects.
In Acquisition A that follows, you will learn how to define and represent a function to be optimized while

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

taking the constraints of the situation into account.

68 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 193

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ACQUISITION A Mathematical knowledge

targeted:
•• defining and interpreting
the function to be
optimized
1. Function to be Optimized •• representing the function
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to represent the solution set of to be optimized in a graph.
systems of inequality for a given situational problem. The questions that follow
will allow you to define and interpret a function to be optimized associated
with this same type of situation, but requiring an optimal solution this time.

1 Fabio is going back to school and is taking distance education courses. To maintain an income, he is
offering his services to small businesses. He provides two types of services: painting and carpentry work.
He charges $20 per hour for painting work and $40 per hour for carpentry work. Fabio does not want to
exceed 25 hours of work per week. Every week, he always spends more time on painting work than
carpentry work, but not more than three times the amount of time. Fabio explores different potential
weekly salaries that he can earn taking all of the constraints into consideration. He wants to maximize

Situation 2.1
Acquisition A
his weekly income.
a) Find the constraints, then define the system of inequalities
for this situation. CAUTION!
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

To express a situation as a
system of inequalities,
you must first specify
what the variables
represent in the situation,
without forgetting to
specify their units, if
b) What information is necessary to determine Fabio’s weekly salary? applicable.
For each piece of information, specify whether it is a variable or
fixed value in the situation.
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REMEMBER

The Rule for the Function to be Optimized

To solve a situation that involves constraints, you frequently need to search for an advantageous
solution that satisfies all of the constraints. This is often a minimum or maximum value depending
on the objective. This is called an optimization problem. You obtain the quantity to be optimized,
symbolized here by Z, by a calculation that involves the variables of the system of inequalities for
the situation, usually x and y, called decision variables. You then define a function to be optimized
which may be in the following form:

Z represents the quantity x and y are the decision variables.

Z 5 ax 1 by 1 c
to be optimized. They define the constraints.

Example:
A cheese maker specializes in cheese curds and blocks. Every day, he produces more than 25 kg
of cheese curds and more than 8 kg of cheese blocks. On a daily basis, his production of cheese
curds is at least twice as high as that for blocks. Due to storage constraints, he is limited to
producing a maximum of 60 kg of cheese per day. Cheese curds sell for $24 per kilogram and cheese
blocks sell for $16 per kilogram. The cheese maker is looking for the quantity of cheese of each
type to produce on a daily basis, in line with production constraints, to ensure that sales provide
the maximum income possible.

In this situation:
x: quantity of cheese curds produced every day (kg)
The decision
y: quantity of cheese blocks produced every day (kg)
variables are:
The variables are continuous and positive (x $ 0 and y $ 0).

x . 25
y.8
The constraints are:
x $ 2y

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

x 1 y # 60

The rule for the function Z 5 24x 1 16y

to be optimized is: Z: income from sales to be maximized ($)

Tip
If a variable of the situation only contains positive values, it must be taken into account. For this, you can
either add the positivity constraints to the system of inequalities x $ 0 and y $ 0, or specify that they
represent positive values when defining the variables.

70 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

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PRACTISE

2 A farmer sells his ears of corn in the public market. He offers bags containing a dozen ears and
bags containing a half dozen ears. For the market, he packages a maximum of 540 ears. Since he
sells more half-dozen bags than dozen bags, he always prepares at least 10 half-dozen bags more
than dozen bags. However, the number of half-dozen bags never exceeds four times the number
of dozen bags. To promote the sale of bags with 12 ears, the farmer has set his price to $4 per
half-dozen and $6 per dozen. He wants to maximize income on his sales at the public market.
a) Find the constraints of the situation and then define its system of inequalities.

b) What is the farmer’s objective in this situation?

Situation 2.1
Acquisition A
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

c) Highlight the statement you can use to define the function to be optimized. What Is the rule?

3 A company specializes in the manufacture of cameras for smart phones. It manufactures two
camera models: model A and model B. The production cost for model A is $5.25 per unit, whereas
the cost for model B is $8.75 per unit. Every week, the company must manufacture at least 8 000
units of model A and over 5 000 units of model B. Furthermore, weekly production must be below
5
25 000 units and the production of model B must not exceed _​​  ​​of the production of model A.
8
The company wants to reduce their production costs.
a) Find the constraints of the situation and then define its system of inequalities.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

b) What is the company’s objective in this situation?

c) Highlight the statement you can use to define the function to be optimized. What Is the rule?

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2. The Representation of the Function to be Optimized

You have now seen how to define the function to be optimized in a situation with multiple constraints. Below
is how the function to be optimized should be represented in a graph of the polygon of constraints and how
this representation and context should be interpreted.

4 Here again is the situation of Fabio offering his services to ensure income during his return to school.
The polygon of constraints used has been graphed.

Decision variables Polygon of constraints

x: weekly time allocated Distribution of Services
Provided by Fabio
to painting work (hr/wk) Weekly Time
Allocated to
Carpentry Work 30
y: weekly time allocated (h/wk) 28
to carpentry work (hr/wk) 26
24
22 xy
These variables are continuous
20
and positive. 18
16
14 x  y  25
Constraints 12 3y  x
10
8
x 1 y # 25

{ 3y $ x
6
​​x​ . y​  ​​​​ 4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Weekly Time Allocated
to Painting Work
(h/wk)

a) Referring to question 1 on page 87, state what Fabio wants to optimize in this situation. What is the
rule for the function to be optimized?

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b) According to the context, translate into words what the equation 480 5 20x 1 40y means. Graph this
line on the Cartesian plane of the polygon of constraints above.

c) On the same Cartesian plane, this time graph the line that represents a weekly salary of $560.

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d) Now observe the polygon of constraints for the preceding situation and the two graphed lines.
Certain pairs of values (x, y) for the two lines graphed in the preceding question are also solution
pairs in the system of inequalities of the situation. Provide some examples.

e) Write the two preceding equations in the form y 5 ax 1 b. What can you say about the value of
parameter a in each of these equations and about its effect on the representation of the line?

Situation 2.1
Acquisition A
f ) In relation to the line whose equation is 480 5 20x 1 40y :
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

1) Where would all of the lines representing the equation Z 5 20x 1 40y be located for values of Z
higher than $480?

2) Where would all of the lines representing the equation Z 5 20x 1 40y be located for values of Z
lower than $480?
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REMEMBER

Representing the Function to be Optimized in a Graph

The function to be optimized is represented on a graph by a family of lines with the same slope and
where each has a value other than Z. To draw one of them on the graph of the polygon of constraints,
you can proceed as follows.

Example:
Consider the situation in the preceding Remember section, about the cheese maker who
specializes in curds and block cheese. You want to represent one of the lines belonging to the
function to be optimized, whose rule is Z 524x 1 16y.

Solution Example
Decision variables P1(30,12). This point is part of the solution set.
x: amount of curds produced every day (kg) y
y: : amount of cheese blocks produced every
day (kg) 64
60
The variables are continuous and positive. 56
52
Constraints 48
44
x . 25 40
y.8 36
32
x $ 2y 28
24
x 1 y # 60 20
16
1) Locate a solution pair in the polygon of 12 P1(30, 12)
constraints. 8
4

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 x

2) Based on the coordinates of target point P1, Z 5 24x 1 16y

determine the value of Z by substituting x Z 5 24(30) 1 16(12)
and y in the rule of the function to be
optimized. Z 5 912

3) You can write the equation for the line 912 5 24x 1 16y

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passing through P1.
4) Determine the coordinates of another point Determining for the y-intercept
belonging to the line, for example, an 912 5 24x 1 16y
intercept.
912 5 24(0) 1 16y
912 5 16y
57 5 y
Therefore, the second point is P2(0, 57).

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5) Draw the line for the function to be

optimized passing through P1 and P2. y

64
60
56 P2(0, 57)
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12 P1(30, 12)
8
4

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 x

• The coordinates for all the points belonging to this line are possible solutions for equation
912 5 24x 1 16y.

Situation 2.1
Acquisition A
• The points belonging to this line and the polygon of constraints have coordinates that satisfy
the constraints of the situation.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

• The set of lines parallel to the line above correspond to the family of lines in the function to
be optimized.
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75
 TABLE OF
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PRACTISE

5 Return to the context of question 2 about the farmer who sells his corn at the public market.
a) Graph the polygon of constraints for this situation.

b) In your graph, draw the line for the function to be optimized

whose equation is Z 5 6x 1 4y and for which Z 5 300. Then
determine three possibilities of the number of bags of a half- CAUTION!
dozen ears of corn and bags of a dozen ears of corn that the
If the decision variables
farmer can sell to ensure an income of exactly $300, satisfying
are discrete, you must
all of the constraints of the situation. not forget that only
points with integer
coordinates can be
considered for

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interpreting the graph.

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6 Now return to the context in question 3 about the

company that specializes in manufacturing cameras
for smart phones.
a) Draw the polygon of constraints for this situation.

Situation 2.1
Acquisition A
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

b) Draw the line for the function to be optimized whose equation is Z 5 5.25x 1 8.75y and
for which Z 5 150 000 in the graph in a). Then determine three possibilities of quantities for
the two types of cameras that the company can buy to ensure that the total cost is exactly
$150 000, satisfying all of the constraints of the situation.
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You have just learned how to define a function to be optimized algebraically, to represent it on a graph with
the polygon of constraints and to interpret the values of the coordinates of points belonging to this line in
context. This knowledge will be helpful to you for solving Situational Problem 2.1 3D Printing.

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SOLUTION
You are now able to solve Situational Problem 2.1. LAW OF COSINES
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULA FOR AREA
SITUATION 2.1 HERON'S
FUNCTION TO BEFORMULA*
OPTIMIZED

3D Printing SP 2.1
2.2

Assuming Kelvina spends the entire budget

Thanks to technological advances, we
can create increasingly sophisticated
objects at lower costs. For example, 3D

allocated to the purchase of polymer, what

printing now allows individuals to print
orthotic devices of all types.

quantities of polymer can she purchase from Kelvina has training in industrial design and in Offering from Two Polymer
Merchants for 3D Printing
TASK

kinesiology. She has decided to combine her two

passions to design, produce and sell orthopaedic
Price of ABS
each of the merchants below? Compare the prosthetics and custom sport orthotics using 3D
printing technology. To produce these orthotics, and PLC
she uses two types of polymers: ABS and PLC. ABS
Polymer
offer from the two merchants to choose the is more resistant, whereas PLC is biodegradable.
Kelvina chooses the most appropriate material for
each orthotic or prosthetic.
MERCHANT 1
Price for the ABS Price for the PLC

one that seems to be the most advantageous

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

To meet monthly requests, she needs at least 10 $24.95/kg $34.95/kg
kg of polymer. Also, she always wants to have a
Delivery Fee of $2/kg of Material.
maximum of 7 kg of ABS and less than 8 kg of

in the situation. PLC. Every month, she sets up a budget for the
manufacture of 3D objects. This month, her
MERCHANT 2
Price for the ABS Price for the PLC
budget is $375.
Two merchants offer polymers for 3D printing.
$30/kg $32/kg
Fixed Delivery Fee of $15.
The box indicates each merchant’s price based
on the type of polymer.

Assuming Kelvina spends the entire budget allocated to the purchase of polymers, what quantities

TASK
of polymer can she purchase from each merchant? Compare the offer from the two merchants to
choose the one that seems to be the most advantageous in the situation.

66 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

SITUATIONAL PROBLEM FROM PAGE 66

Summary of the Facts:

Offering from two polymer
• Kelvina needs at least 10 kg of polymer. merchants for 3D printing

• She always wants to have at most 7 kg of ABS and

less than 8 kg of PLC polymer. Price of ABS
• Kelvina’s budget for purchasing polymer for this
and PLC
month is $375. Polymer
MERCHANT 1

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Price for the ABS Price for the PLC

Elements Defined in the Exploration: $24.95/kg $34.95/kg

Delivery Fee of $2/kg of Material.

MERCHANT 2
Price for the ABS Price for the PLC

$30/kg $32/kg
Fixed Delivery Fee of $15.

78 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 196

 This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Solution

Answer:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 196

TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY

Situation 2.1

79
Solution
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CONSOLIDATION
1 For each of the following situations, highlight the statement that can be used to define the rule for the
function to be optimized, and then define it.
a) A food company wants to produce a fruit drink consisting of natural juice (x) and artificial
flavour (y). This drink must contain at least 100 ml of natural juice and consist of one
quarter artificial flavour. Also, it must contain at least two times as much natural
juice as artificial flavour. Natural juice costs 0.65 ¢/ml, whereas juice with
artificial flavour costs only 0.13 ¢/ml. The company would like to produce
a drink that satisfies the constraints at a lower cost.

b) An architect must design a bridge for pedestrians with wooden beams (x) and steel beams (y).
The steel beams are twice as long as the wood beams. To build a bridge, a maximum of 2524 beams
are required, but to ensure it is solid enough, at least one third of the beams must be steel. A steel
beam costs $329, whereas a wood beam costs $98. They want to build the bridge at the lowest
possible cost.

c) A municipality wants to make a green shift when they replace 42 of their buses. It has a budget of
$12 million to acquire diesel buses or hybrid buses at prices of $500 000 and $800 000 per unit
respectively. It would also like to keep weekly operating costs below $17 500 knowing that a diesel
bus (x) costs $500 to operate, whereas the hybrid model (y) only costs $200. How many buses of each
type can the municipality acquire if it wants its level of pollution to be between 100 and 200 m³/h of
pollutants emitted, knowing that a hybrid bus emits 1 m³ and that a diesel bus emits 10 times more?

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2 a) Mary has a vegetable kiosk. She wants to make an income from the sale of tomatoes and peppers
defined by the rule Z 5 3x 1 2y, where x is the quantity of tomatoes sold (kg) and y is the quantity
of peppers sold (kg).
Below is the polygon of constraints associated with this situation.
Today, Mary would like to have $50 in sales at Sale of Vegetables
Quantity
her vegetable stand. Using the function to be of Peppers
(kg) 20
optimized and the polygon of constraints,
18
determine two quantity pairs of tomatoes (kg)
16
and peppers (kg) that will allow Mary to 14
achieve her objective. 12
10
8
6
4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Quantity of Tomatoes

Situation 2.1
consolidation
(kg)
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

b) Mark runs a lemonade stand. He wants to analyse his profits. The rule for the function to be
optimized is Z 5 25x 1 10y, where x is the number of glasses of lemonade prepared and y is
the number of glasses sold.
Below is the polygon of constraints associated with this situation.
Using the function to be optimized and
Possible Profit at
polygon of constraints, determine two pairs a Lemonade Stand
Number of
for the number of glasses prepared and Glasses of
Lemonade 20
glasses sold that would allow Mark to have Sold
18
a total profit of $40.
16
14
12
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10
8
6
4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of Glasses of
Lemonade Prepared

Tip
When you need to find the coordinates of two points to draw a line for the function to be optimized, one
of the intercepts (or both) may be outside the graph of the polygon of constraints. You can identify the
y-coordinate of a point belonging to this line by setting the value of one x-coordinate belonging to a point
that is in the graph.

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3 In each of the Cartesian planes below, the line drawn belongs to the family of lines in the function to be
optimized (Z).
a) For a recreation centre, the loss of earnings ($) is defined
by the following function to be optimized: Z 5 x 2 7y , Attendance of Volunteers
where x is the number of surplus volunteer hours and y, and Employee Shortage
Number of
the number of hours with an employee shortage. Hours with
an Employee 20
1) What is the value of Z for the equation of the line Shortage 18
16
already graphed? 14
12
10
8
6
4
2

2) Graph the line obtained for a value of Z two times 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Number of Surplus
smaller than that obtained for the first number. Volunteer Hours

3) Graph the line obtained by adding 24 to the value of Z obtained for the first number.

4) How many solution pairs exist for each of the two new lines?

b) The cost for manufacturing different bags in a Production of Handbags

and Backpacks
third-world country is provided by the following Number of
Backpacks
function to be optimized: Z 5 x 1 2y, where x is 14
13
the number of handbags manufactured and y, 12
the number of backpacks. 11
10
1) What is the value of Z for the equation of the 9

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

8
line already graphed? 7
6
5
4
3
2
1

2) Graph the line obtained by reducing by half 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Number of
the value of Z obtained for the first number. Handbags

3) Graph the line obtained by adding 4 to the value of Z obtained for the first number.

4) What do you notice about the number of solution pairs obtained with the two new lines?

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c) The cost ($) for making homemade juice is determined Mix of Fruit in a
Quantity Homemade Juice
by the following function to be optimized: Z 5 2x 1 3y, of Pears
where x is the quantity of apples (kg) needed to make (kg) 20
18
the juice, and y the quantity of pears (kg). 16
14
1) What is the value of Z for the equation of the line shown 12
to the right? 10
8
6
4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Quantity of Apples
(kg)
2) Graph the line obtained by doubling the value of Z
obtained for the first number.

3) Graph the line obtained by subtracting 6 from the value of Z obtained for the first number.

Situation 2.1
consolidation
4) What do you notice about the number of solution pairs obtained with the two new lines?
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

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4 The student council of an adult education centre decides to sell caps and sweaters with the logo of
the centre to raise funds for an activity day. The members of the council believe they will sell at most
20 dozen of these items, with at least four dozen caps and at least twice as many sweaters as caps.
The sale of a sweater generates $3 in profit. The sale of a cap generates $2 in profit.
a) Define the decision variables and determine the rule for the function to be optimized.
x: Rule for the function to be optimized:
y:
b) How many items of each type will have to be Sales for the Financing
of Activities
sold to reach a profit of $500? Using the polygon Number of
Sweaters
of constraints, determine a solution pair. Sold 216
A(48, 192)
192

168
C(80, 160)
144

120

96
B(48, 96)
72

48

24

0 24 48 72 96 120 144
Number of
Hats Sold

5 A farmer plans to seed a 125-hectare field with corn and wheat. He plans to seed a minimum of
12 hectares with corn and 40 hectares with wheat. The area of the filed that will be devoted to wheat
will be greater than two and a half times that of the corn field. One hectare of corn gives him
$43 and a hectare of wheat gives him $35.
a) Define the decision variables and determine the rule for the function to be optimized.
x: Rule for the function to be optimized:
y:

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

b) How many hectares of each type will the farmer have to seed to have an income of $4000?
Using the polygon of constraints below, determine a solution pair.

Production of Cereal
Number of
Hectares
of Wheat 140

120 A(12, 113)

100
D(35.71, 89.29)
80

60

40
B(12, 40) C(16, 40)
20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Number of Hectares
of Corn

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6 An airline has ordered a new aircraft with a capacity of 428 seats divided between first class and
economy class. Most of the seats will be in economy class—more than twice the number of seats in
first class. To maintain a status of prestige, the airline will have at least 60 seats in first class.
a) By setting the price for a seat to $179 for first class and $109 for economy class, how many seats
of each type are needed for a revenue of $50 000?

Situation 2.1
consolidation
b) Can the prices be changed to $169 for first class and $129 for economy class without changing the
model of aircraft and maintaining the same revenue of $50 000? Explain your answer.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

7 A company wants to produce a fabric worth $150 with an area not exceeding 100 m². It must consist of a
minimum of 60 m² cotton and 10 m² polyester. For the fabric to remain soft to the touch, it must contain
at least three times more cotton than polyester.
a) If the price of the fabric is only influenced by the amount of cotton ($2/m²) and polyester ($1/m²),
what can the composition of the fabric be?
y
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b) Can the price be reduced to $125 for 100 m²? Explain your answer.

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THELAW
OBJECTIVE LINE
OF COSINES
OPTIMIZATION USINGTRIGONOMETRIC
THE FEASIBLE REGION
FORMULAANDFOR
VERTICES
AREA
SITUATION 2.2 HERON'S CONDITIONS
CHANGING FORMULA*

Louis’ Cabin SP 2.2

In recent years, Québec maple trees have

reached record levels of maple syrup
production thanks to, among others,
increasingly powerful technology in this
field. In Canada, nearly 70% of the maple
syrup is produced in Québec. Abroad,
people often associate maple syrup with
Québec, which can be used to publicize
the province throughout the world.

Louis has decided to manage the sugar shack that his father left to
him. He essentially makes two products here: maple taffy and maple
syrup. The daily cost of producing 1 litre of syrup is $2 and the cost
of producing 1 litre of taffy is $2.50. To obtain a good yield, the daily
production of syrup and taffy must be at least 95 L. Every day, the
difference between the number of litres of syrup and taffy must be
at least 50 L. However, the daily quantity of syrup must never
exceed eight times that of the taffy produced.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

TASK

Considering all of these constraints, determine the number of litres of taffy and syrup
that Louis can produce per day to minimize his expenses. Justify your answer.

86 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

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EXPLORATION
This exploration activity helps you to understand situational problem 2.2 and lets you start solving it.
It lets you review how the function to be optimized allows you to target values that optimize a situation to
determine the best possible solution taking the constraints into consideration.

1 In the text of the situation, highlight the three types of information that are relevant to understanding
the problem.

2 Define the decision variables, the constraints and the rule for the objective function (to be optimized)
for the situation.

x:
y:

Situation 2.2
exploration
Function Z :
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

3 What is Louis’ objective in this situation? Explain your answer.

STRATEGY Structure the steps of the solution

When a situation to be solved involves several steps, they must be structured properly. This is true for problems
that involve linear programming. These include:
• defining the decision variables
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

• defining constraints and the function to be optimized

• graphing the polygon of constraints
• graphing the function to be optimized
• etc.
Properly structuring the steps of the solution allows you to, among other things, validate the answer more
effectively. Adding titles to each step of the solution makes them easier to distinguish..

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4 Graph the solution set of the system of inequalities of this situation.

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30
5 a) Based on your representation, graph a
line belonging to the family of lines of 20

the function to be optimized so that it 10

intercepts the polygon of constraints.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
b) What is the value of the function to be
optimized for which you have drawn the line?
What does this value represent in the context of the situation?

c) Is this the lowest possible value in this situation? Explain your answer.

d) How could you determine this minimum value?

The preceding questions allow you to start searching for optimal solutions. For example, in the situation © SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Louis’ cabin, you are trying to determine possible values for the decision variables that correspond to the
lowest possible daily expenses. Acquisition A, which follows, covers the topic of optimization by presenting
methods for making optimal choices for each situation.

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ACQUISITION A Mathematical knowledge

targeted:
•• optimizing a situation
using the objective line.
1. The Objective Line
Earlier, you saw that the function to be optimized defines a family of parallel lines in the graph of the polygon
of constraints. The Acquisition that follows will show you how to use this feature to determine the value of
decision variables that are used to optimize a situation while satisfying its constraints.

1 A regional exhibit has craft kiosks and commercial kiosks. For the event to take place, there must be a
minimum of 20 kiosks, but not more than 75. To promote spaces for the artisans, there must be at least
5 more craft kiosks than commercial kiosks, without their number exceeding 4 times that of commercial
kiosks. To further encourage artisans, they are offered an area of 12 m2 for each kiosk, whereas each
commercial kiosk occupies 8 m2. While respecting all of the constraints of the situation, what is the
maximum area that all of the kiosks can occupy in square metres?
Below is a graph of the constraints of the situation.

Situation 2.2
Acquisition A
Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit
Number of
a) Referring to the situation and its graph, Commercial
Kiosks 80
define the decision variables as well as
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

the system of inequalities. 70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of
Craft Kiosks

b) What is the rule corresponding to the function to be optimized for this situation?
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

c) In the graph above, graph the line in the family of lines of the function to be optimized for Z 5 552.

d) In context, what does equation 552 5 12x 1 8y signify?

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e) Identify a point belonging to the polygon of constraints that is located above the line graphed in
question 1c), then evaluate Z using the coordinates for this point.

2 In Acquisition A of situation 2.1 (p. 74), you saw that all of the lines corresponding to different values of
Z of the function to be optimized are parallel. Taking this conclusion into consideration, answer the
following questions.
a) Considering all the lines of the function to be optimized in the preceding question, how can you
recognize, from the graph, the lines defined by equations in which none of the values of the decision
variables satisfy the constraints of the situation?

b) On the graph on the previous page and within the polygon of constraints, circle the point which
would represent the highest possible value for Z. This point is where the line defined by the rule of
the objective function should pass.
c) What are the coordinates of this point? What do they represent in the situation?

d) What is the value of Z of the rule for the function to be optimized that defines the line passing
through this point?

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

e) Is this value of Z the value sought in the situation of the regional exhibit? Explain your answer.

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ANSWER KEY
CONTENTS

3 Modify the final question of the situation of the regional exhibit as follows:
While respecting all of the constraints of the situation, what is the minimum area that all of the kiosks
can occupy in square metres? ”
a) Based on the reasoning in question 2 above, on the graph, circle the point through which the line
defined by the rule of the function to be optimized with the lowest possible value of Z (its
minimum) passes and whose decision variable values satisfy all of the constraints of the situation.
b) What are the coordinates of this point?

c) Are these coordinates acceptable in the situation?

Situation 2.2
CAUTION!

Acquisition A
Why?

When you want to determine the

This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

minimum or maximum value of the

function to be optimized using point
coordinates that belong to the polygon
of constraints, you must establish
whether the decision variables are
discrete or continuous to make the
right choice.

d) What do you suggest as replacement values for the

decision variables? Explain your choice.
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e) Is this value of Z determined in d) the value sought in the new question for the situation of the
regional exhibit? Explain your answer.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 203 91

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REMEMBER

The Objective Line

The function to be optimized (objective) is represented on the graph by a family of parallel lines.
When graphed, some of the lines in this family will intercept the polygon of constraints.
When you see this set of lines for different values of Z, it seems that the same line is moving like a
translation. It is called the objective line.

y
Example:
14
In the following situation, where x and y represent
positive real numbers, the system of inequalities is: 12
Z  15
10 Z  20
⎧ x 1 y # 12 Z  25
​​⎨ 2x
⎪ 8 A
​ 1 5y $ 30
 ​​​
​ ​
⎩ 2x $ y
⎪
6
Z  30
Z  35
4 B
Z  40
The rule for the function to be optimized is: Z 5 3x 1 2y. 2
C
The graph to the right shows how moving the objective
line looks in the plane. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

REMINDER REFRESHER EXERCISES

PAGES 148 TO 149, QUESTIONS
14 TO 17
Translation
Geometric transformation that corresponds to moving
all the points of a figure in the same direction and for Example:
the same distance. Aˈ

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A

Bˈ Cˈ
t

B C Translation
Arrow

92 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

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REMEMBER

Optimizing Using the Objective Line

To optimize a situation using the objective line, you can proceed as follows:

Procedure Example
1) Graph one of the lines in the family In the previous y
of lines that represent the function to example, the line that
be optimized in the polygon of passes through point
constraints. (4, 6) is defined by 14
24 5 3x 1 2y. 12

10
A
8

4 B

2
Z  24 C

Situation 2.2
Acquisition A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

2) Determine the effect of moving the This is point (6, 5), located to the right of the line graphed above.
line using a "test" point.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Z 5 3x 1 2y
Z 5 3(6) 1 2(5)
Z 5 28
Since 28 . 24, you can say that the values of Z increase when the
objective line moves up. Inversely, the values of the function to be
optimized Z decrease when the objective line moves to the leftmost
point of the polygon of constraints.
3) Consider the slope of the graphed In the example below, the coordinates of vertex B minimize the value
line to simulate the position of other of Z and those of vertex C maximize the value of Z.
lines in the family of lines that
intercept the polygon of constraints y
with the one with the highest value
of Z (to maximize Z) or the lowest 14
value of Z (to minimize Z) and
identify this point in the polygon of 12
Lines
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constraints. Corresponding
10
with Increasing
A
8 Z Values

6
Z  28
B
4 Z  24
Lines
Corresponding 2 Z  21
with Decreasing C
Z Values
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

93
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Procedure Example
4) Determine the coordinates that Identifying the minimum Identifying the maximum
correspond to the values of decision
variables (x and y) that minimize or Coordinates of vertex B Coordinates of vertex C
maximize the function to be (algebraic method): (graph method):

{ 2x
optimized. 2x 1 5y 5 30 From the graph, determine the
​​ ​  
​  ​  ​   ​​​​ coordinates of vertex C(10, 2).
5 y
Therefore,
2x 1 5(2x) 5 30
12x 5 30
x 5 2.5
and
2(2.5) 5 y
55y
The coordinates of B are (2.5, 5).
5) Determine the optimum value for The minimum of Z that satisfies The maximum of Z that satisfies
the function to be optimized in the all of the constraints with vertex all of the constraints with a vertex
situation by plugging in the B(2.5, 5): C(10, 2):
coordinates. Z 5 3x 1 2y Z 5 3x 1 2y
Z 5 3(2.5) 1 2(5) Z 5 3(10) 1 2(2)
Z 5 17.5 Z 5 34
The minimum is 17.5. The maximum is 34.

CAUTION!
You must be cautious when determining the point of the polygon of constraints whose coordinates optimize
function Z. It is important to consider the slope of lines in the family of lines that represent the function to be
optimized. Consequently, the point being sought is not necessarily the "highest" vertex in the polygon of
constraints, nor the "lowest".

Example:
In the polygon on the previous page, the coordinates of vertex C maximize the situation, even though it
is the "lowest" in the graph of the polygon.

ICT ICT Activity 2.2.1 shows you a family of lines defined by the function to be optimized in GeoGebra.

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You can see how the objective line can be moved, such as in a translation, on the polygon of constraints.
Find this activity on portailsofad.com.

94 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

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PRACTISE

4 In the four graphs below, we draw the polygon of constraints defined by the system of inequalities
provided and one of the lines of the function to be optimized in blue. For each of the
representations, answer the following questions.
1) What is the value of the function to be optimized (Z) represented by the line graphed?
2) What is the point for which the value of Z is the maximum and the point for which the value
of Z is the minimum?
3) What are the coordinates of the decision variables of the two points named earlier as well as
the value of Z in each of these cases?

a) The decision variables The function to be optimized The polygon of constraints

x and y represent Z 5 3x 2 y
y
positive real numbers
14
Constraints 12
10
⎧ x 1 y # 12

Situation 2.2
A

Acquisition A
⎪x $ 2
8
6
⎨
​​ 2x ​ $ ​y ​​​
​ ​ B

⎪ __x
4
D
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

2
⎩ ​  4 ​ # y
C
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

b) The decision variables The function to be optimized The polygon of constraints

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x and y represent Z 5 5x 1 2y
y
positive real numbers
160
Constraints 140 C
120 A
⎧ y 2 x $ 45 100
⎪
⎨
x
​​ 100
​ 1 __
​   ​ $​y​ ​​​ 80
⎪ 2 60 B
⎩ y 1 2x $ 150 40
20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 x

ANSWER KEY PAGE 204 95

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c) The decision variables The function to be optimized The polygon of constraints

x and y represent Z 5 2y 2 x
y
positive integers
80
Constraints 70

⎧ x 1 y # 75
60
50 E
⎪
⎨ ​ 1 18 $ ​y ​​​​
​​ 2x 40 A
⎪ __ x 30
⎩ y 2 ​  2 ​ # 30 20
B
10
C D
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 x

CAUTION!
In some situations, the family of lines representing the function to be optimized is parallel to one of
the sides of the polygon of constraints. In this case, the coordinates for the points on this side are all
possible solutions that will maximize or minimize the value of Z, because even if the values of the
decision variables change from one point to another on this side, the value of Z remains the same.

d) The decision variables The function to be optimized The polygon of constraints

x and y represent Z 5 x 2 3y
y
positive integers
28

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Constraints 24
20 A
⎧ 4y $ 30 2 x 16
⎪
​​⎨ y​ . __
x 12
D
​   ​ ​  ​​​​
⎪
8
2
⎩ 2y 1 x # 36 4 B
C

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x

96 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 205

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CAUTION!
If the point corresponding to the maximum or minimum of the function to be optimized belongs to a
side of the polygon of constraints defined by a strict inequality, the coordinates of this point cannot be
considered because these values do not take all of the constraints of the situation into consideration.
You must first determine a point belonging to the polygon of constraints that is as close as possible to
the previously identified point, taking the slope of the lines representing the function to be optimized
into consideration.

5 The polygon of constraints shown below represents the constraints of a situation related to a
festival of circus schools. The organizers are looking for the maximum revenue from the entrance
fee if they ask for $20 per adult and $10 per child taking the constraints into account. What is it?

Decision variables
Number of Visitors to a
Festival of Circus Schools
x: number of adults Number of
Children
y: number of children 1200
1100
These variables are positive integers.

Situation 2.2
1000

Acquisition A
900
Constraints 800
700
600
⎧ x 1 y # 850 500
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

⎪ x # 2y 1 350 400

⎨
300
​​ ​ ​ ​​​​
⎪ y 2 180 # x
200
100
⎩ x 1 2y $ 720
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Number of
Adults
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

You have just seen how, with the help of the

objective line, you can optimize a situation by
determining the values of the decision variables
that maximize or minimize the function to be
optimized. This knowledge will be helpful to you
for solving Situational Problem 2.2 Louis’ Cabin.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 206 97

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SOLUTION
You can now solve Situational Problem 2.2. THELAW
OBJECTIVE LINE
OF COSINES
OPTIMIZATION USINGTRIGONOMETRIC
THE FEASIBLE REGION
FORMULAANDFOR
VERTICES
AREA
SITUATION 2.2 HERON'S CONDITIONS
CHANGING FORMULA*

Louis’ Cabin SP 2.2

In recent years, Québec maple trees have

reached record levels of maple syrup
production thanks to, among others,
increasingly powerful technology in this

Considering all of these constraints, determine field. In Canada, nearly 70% of the maple
syrup is produced in Québec. Abroad,
people often associate maple syrup with
TASK

the number of litres of taffy and syrup that Louis Québec, which can be used to publicize
the province throughout the world.

can produce per day to minimize his expenses. Louis has decided to manage the sugar shack that his father left to
him. He essentially makes two products here: maple taffy and maple

Justify your answer.

syrup. The daily cost of producing 1 litre of syrup is $2 and the cost
of producing 1 litre of taffy is $2.50. To obtain a good yield, the daily
production of syrup and taffy must be at least 95 L. Every day, the
difference between the number of litres of syrup and taffy must be
at least 50 L. However, the daily quantity of syrup must never
exceed eight times that of the taffy produced.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

TASK
Considering all of these constraints, determine the number of litres of taffy and syrup
that Louis can produce per day to minimize his expenses. Justify your answer.

86 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

SITUATIONAL PROBLEM FROM PAGE 86

Summary of the Facts:
• Louis makes two products: maple taffy and maple syrup.
• The daily production of 1 litre of syrup generates expenses in the amount of $2 and making 1 litre of taffy
generates expenses of $2.50.
• The daily production of syrup and taffy is at least 95 L.
• Every day, the difference between the number of litres of syrup and taffy must be at least 50 L.
• The daily quantity of syrup must never exceed 8 times that of taffy produced.

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Elements Defined in the Exploration:

Solution

98 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 207

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The Polygon of Constraints in the Exploration:

Louis’ Cabin
Daily
Quantity of
Maple Syrup (L) 100
95 y  x  50
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40 x  y  95
35

Situation 2.2
30
25

Solution
20
15
10 y  8x
5
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Daily Quantity of
Maple Taffy (L)
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Answer:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 207 99

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ACQUISITION B Mathematical knowledge

targeted:
•• optimizing using the
vertices of the polygon
of constraints
1. Optimizing Using Vertices and •• changing the conditions
the Polygon of Constraints of the situation.

You have just seen how the objective line can make it easier to solve
an optimization problem. There are other ways to optimize a situation.
This is what you will explore in the following pages.

1 When you use the objective line to determine a maximum or minimum value of the function to be
optimized, what are the conditions that lead you to target a side of the polygon of constraints rather
than just a single point?

2 Can the function to be optimized, represented by the objective line, intercept certain points of the
polygon of constraints, but not its vertices? Explain your answer.

3 Describe two methods for determining the coordinates of vertices in a polygon of constraints.

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The following system of inequalities expresses the constraints of a situation that describes the design of
an industrial glue from mixing two liquid substances.
The decision variables The polygon of constraints
x: amount of substance A (L)
Design of an Industrial Glue
y: amount of substance B (L) Quantity of
Substance B
These variables are continuous and positive. (L) 24
22
20
Constraints 18
16 A
⎧ x 1 y $ 10
14

⎪ x 1 2y # 36
12
10 D

​​⎨ 2x
8

⎪ __x
​ $ y​  ​​​​ ​ 6 B
4 C
⎩ ​  3 ​ 1 4 # y 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Quantity of Substance A
(L)

100 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 208

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Knowing that liquid A costs $3 per litre and that liquid B costs $5 per litre, the company is looking for the
minimum and maximum costs to manufacture industrial glue while satisfying all of the constraints.
a) What points in the polygon of constraints are likely to optimize this situation?

b) What is the rule for the function to be optimized?

c) Complete the following table with the information requested.

Calculation of the Value of Z Using

Coordinates of the Vertex the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
Z5

Situation 2.2
Acquisition B
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

d) Use the information in the table to determine:

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1) The minimum cost for manufacturing the glue:

2) The maximum cost for manufacturing the glue:
3) The amount of liquid A and that of liquid B corresponding to the minimum cost for
manufacturing the glue:

4) The amount of liquid A and that of liquid B

corresponding to the maximum cost of
manufacturing the glue:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 208 101

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REMEMBER

Optimizing Using the Coordinates of the Vertices

The values of the decision variables that optimize the function to be optimized correspond with the
coordinates of at least one of the vertices in the polygon of constraints. To get the maximum and
minimum values of the function to be optimized, you can determine the coordinates for all the vertices
of the polygon of constraints, and then evaluate the function to be optimized considering each vertex.

Example:
Consider the following situation. You want to determine the maximum and minimum values of the
function to be optimized.

Decision variables Polygon of constraints

x and y represent
y
24
Tip
positive integers 22 If the boundary lines pass
20
Constraints 18 A through the grid of the
16 Cartesian plane accurately, you
14
⎧ 4x 1 2 $ y 12 C can determine the coordinates
⎪ 10 of these vertices by finding
⎨
​​ 2y
​ # 48 2 ​​​ ​3x​ 8 B
them on the graph. The use of
⎪ __ x 6
⎩ 9 1 ​  2 ​ # y 4 a technological tool can also
2
be an efficient method for
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 x finding them. However, an
Function to be optimized
algebraic solution always
Z 5 25x 1 10y provides precise coordinates.

Using the coordinates of the vertices, complete a table similar to the following.
Optimization Chart
Calculation of the Value of Z Using the
Coordinates of the Vertex Value of Z
Function to be Optimized: 25x 1 10y 5 Z
A(4, 18) 25(4) 1 10(18) 5 280 280

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B(2, 10) 25(2) 1 10(10) 5 150 150
C(7.5, 12.75) 25(7.5) 1 10(12.75) 5 315 315

NOTE: Since the decision variables represent positive integers, the coordinates of vertex C cannot be
considered. As a result, you must determine a point with integer values that belong to the polygon of
constraints, as close as possible in the area of vertex E. In this case you can see that point P meets these criteria
on the graph. If there is more than one possibility of points that meet the criteria, perform the calculations
with the value for the function for each of them.

P(7, 13) 25(7) 1 10(13) 5 305 305

By analyzing the table, you will find that:

• The minimum value of Z is 150 with x 5 2 and y 5 10;
• the maximum value of Z is 305 with x 5 7 and y 5 13.

102 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

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PRACTISE

5 Optimize each of the situations below using an optimization chart. Specify the values of the
decision variables that optimize the function.
a) The following system of inequalities expresses a situation involving a training program in
which an athlete runs and cycles. The athlete wants to maximize the total distance he covers
during his training, knowing that on average he moves at a speed of 10 km/h running and
25 km/h cycling.

Decision variables Polygon of constraints

x: time running (h)
y: time cycling (h) Training Program
Time
These variables are continuous and positive. Cycling
(h) 20
18
Constraints 16
14

⎧ x 1 y # 18
12

⎪ 3x 1 2y $ 32
10

​​⎨ ​
8

Situation 2.2
​ ​ ​​​​ 6

Acquisition B
⎪ 3x $ y 4
⎩ x 1 2.5 # y 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Time Running
(h)

b) The following system of inequalities expresses the situation of a car dealer concerning the
inventory of two models of a car. The dealer wonders about the minimum profit he can make
with these two models knowing that he makes $850 profit on the sale of a family car and $1000
profit on the sale of a sports car.

Decision variables Polygon of constraints

x: number of family cars
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Inventory of Two Models

y: number of sports cars of Car at a Dealer
Number of
These variables are discrete and positive. Sports Cars
250
Constraints 225
200
⎧ x 1 y # 200 175

⎪ y 2 __​  x ​ $ 10
150
125
​​⎨ ​ 4 ​ ​ ​​​​ 100

⎪ x $ 50 75

⎩ 2x 2 12 $ y
50
25

0 50 100 150 200 250

Number of
Family Cars

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2. Modifying a Situation and Reevaluating the Solution

After optimizing a situation, some of the information for the situation may be changed. These changes may
affect the polygon of constraints or the rule for the function to be optimized. You must therefore analyze the
situation again taking these changes into account. The interpretation can be made with the objective line or
using an optimization chart. This is what you will explore in the second part of this Acquisition.

6 Below is the graph and the information used to create the situation of the regional exhibit presented at
the beginning of Acquisition A of Situation 2.2 (p. 89):

Decision variables Polygon of constraints

x: number of craft kiosks
y: number of commercial kiosks Number of
Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit
Commercial
These variables are positive integers. Kiosks 80
75
70
Constraints 65
60

⎧ x 1 y $ 20
55

⎪ x 1 y # 75
50
45
​​⎨ ​  ​​​
​​ 40 B
⎪y 1 5 # x 35
⎩ 4y $ x 30
25
20 C
15
The functions to be optimized 10
A
5
D
Z 5 12x 1 8y, where Z represents the total 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
area (m2) occupied by the kiosks. Number of
Craft Kiosks

The organizers are now interested in the revenue they can get from the owners of kiosks by asking for a
contribution of $25 per craft kiosk and $100 per commercial kiosk.
a) What information from the situation (decision variables, constraints or function to be optimized)
must be changed based on this new data?

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

b) How will this change affect the graph associated with the optimization of this situation?

c) After changes to the cost of the contributions, what are the values of x and y that minimize and
maximize the situation, and what is the value of Z , which is associated with them?

104 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 210

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7 To further promote the presence of craft kiosks, the organizers of the regional exhibit are contemplating
modifying some of the constraints related to the number of kiosks.

Reminder of the functions to be optimized Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit

Number of
Commercial
Z1 5 12x 1 8y, where Z1 represents the Kiosks 80
total area (m2) occupied by the kiosks. 75
70
Z2 5 25x 1 100y, where Z2 represents 65
60
the total income ($) from contributions 55
50
by the exhibitors.
45
40 B
35
30
25
20 C
15
10
A
5
D
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Number of
Craft Kiosks

Situation 2.2
Acquisition B
The organizers are planning to replace the following initial constraint:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

“There should be at least 5 more craft kiosks than commercial kiosks.”

with
“There should be at least 12 more craft kiosks than commercial kiosks.”
a) Based on the initial inequalities (presented in question 6), determine the inequality that needs to be
modified to account for the planned change. What is this new inequality?

b) The graph above corresponds to the polygon of constraints for the initial situation. Represent the
half-plane according to the planned modification. Determine the new polygon of constraints.
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c) Compare the polygon of constraints for the initial situation

with that of the modified situation. In the modified
situation, which constraint is no longer necessary after
changing the situation? Referring to the context, explain
why this constraint has been rendered unnecessary.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 211 105

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8 Referring to the new polygon of constraints, answer the following questions.

a) Will the minimum and maximum values of Z1 change? If yes, determine the new value(s).
If not, explain why.

b) Will the minimum and maximum values of Z2 change? If yes, determine the new value(s).
If not, explain why.

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106 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 212

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REMEMBER

Modifying a Situation and Reevaluating the Solution

After solving an optimization problem, you sometimes have to eliminate, modify or add information to
the situation. These changes can affect the constraints of the situation or the function to be optimized
to the extent that it may become necessary to reassess the situation.

Modification of a Constraint
A change in the constraints directly affects the polygon of constraints.

Example:
On the left is an initial situation, and on the right, the same situation with a modified constraint.
The variables are continuous and positive.
The initial situation The modified situation

⎧x 1 y # 5 ⎧x 1 y # 5
⎪ x 2 2 # 2y ⎪ x 2 2 # 2y

Situation 2.2
​​⎨ ​ ​​⎨ ​

Acquisition B
​ ​ ​​​ ​ ​ ​​​​
⎪ y $ 4 2 2x ⎪ y $ 5 2 2x modified constraint
⎩ 3y $ 2x 1 3 ⎩ 3y $ x 1 3 constraint rendered
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

useless
y y

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

x  2  2y y  5  2x x  2  2y
3 3
xy5
2 2
3y  2x  3
3y  x  3
1 y  4  2x 1 xy5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

NOTE: You can also interpret these modifications using an optimization chart by considering the vertices of the
new polygon of constraints.

107
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Modification of the Function to be Optimized

Modifying the function to be optimized instead has an effect on the slope in the family of lines
representing it. In this case, the target point whose coordinates maximize (or minimize) the function
may differ.

Example:
First function to be optimized: Second function to be optimized:
Z1 5 x 1 2y Z2 5 4x 1 y
y y

7 7

6 6
Maximum 4x  y  12
5 5

4 y  4  2x 4 y  4  2x
Minimum
3 x  2  2y 3
xy5 x  2  2y
xy5
2 x  2y  5 2
3y  x  3 3y  x  3
1 1 Maximum
Minimum
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

PRACTISE

9 Juliette is preparing protein bars. Below are the constraints associated with her recipe, as well as
the system of inequalities and polygon of constraints that represent them.
In the protein bar recipe:
• Juliette uses 30 to 120 g of almonds and 50 to 120 g of peanuts.
• The mixture always contains at most 20 g more of almonds than peanuts.
• The quantity of peanuts never exceeds 40 g more than double the quantity of almonds.

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x: quantity of almonds in Juliette's recipe (g)
y: quantity of peanuts in Juliette’s recipe (g)
Recipe for Juliette’s
Quantity of Protein Bars
The variables are continuous and positive.
Peanuts
(g) 160
⎧ 30 # x # 120
⎪ 50 # y # 120
140
A F
⎨
​​ ​   ​  ​​​​ 120
⎪ x # y 1 20 B
⎩ y # 2x 1 40
100
E
80

60

40 C D
20

0 40 80 120 160
Quantity of Almonds
(g)

108 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 212

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a) Given that 100 g of peanuts costs $2.40 and that 100 g of almonds costs $3.40, determine the
maximum cost for these two products that are used in Juliette's recipe, taking the constraints of
the situation into account.

b) Juliette has added the following constraint to her recipe:

“If you add one quarter of the quantity of almonds to the quantity of peanuts, you get a
maximum of 130 grams of these products. ”
Graph the boundary line that corresponds to this new constraint in the polygon of constraints

Situation 2.2
on the previous page. If necessary, use a marker to identify the area associated with the new

Acquisition B
polygon of constraints. Among the constraints of the initial situation, which ones are no longer
useful with the addition of this new constraint?
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

c) Does the maximum cost calculated in a) remain the same with this new constraint? Explain
your answer.

d) Juliette gets a very good discount on the purchase of almonds. Their price is reduced by $0.60
per 100 grams. Considering the situation with the addition of the constraint in b), determine
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the maximum cost of almonds and peanuts used in Juliette's recipe, taking the constraints of
the situation into account. Explain your answer.

ICT Activity 2.2.2 allows you to analyze an optimization situation using a technological tool such as
GeoGebra. In addition, you will discover how to see the effects of the addition or modification of a constraint
ICT on the appearance of the polygon of constraints. You will also see the effect of changing the rule of the
function to be optimized on the maximum and minimum of a situation. Find this activity on portailsofad.com.

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CONSOLIDATION
1 For each of the polygons below, locate the vertex or vertices that optimize the function Z represented by
the line.
a) b) c)
y y y
8 8 8
A A
7 7 7
A 6
6 D 6
5
B 5 5
4 4 B 4 C
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 C 1 1 B
D C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

d) e) f)
y y y
A
8 8 8
A
7 7 7
6 6 6
B A E
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 C 3 D 3
E B D
2 2 2
1 1 1
D C B C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

2 a) Based on the function to be optimized b) Based on the function to be optimized

Z 5 2x – y, determine the pair that Z 5 5x 13y, determine the pair that

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maximizes this situation: maximizes this situation:

y y
A(5, 14)
14 14
13 13
12 12
11 11
10 10
9
B(1, 10) 9 A(7, 8)
8 8
7 7
6 6 B(3, 5)
5 5
4 4
3 3 D(9, 3)
2 C(2, 2) 2
1 1 C(6, 0)
D(5, 1) E(9, 1)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

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3 a) A polygon of constraints is defined by vertices A(120, 180), B(60, 80), C(80, 60) and D(180, 80).
Knowing that vertices A and B both minimize the situation, which vertex between C and D
maximizes it?

b) A polygon of constraints is defined by the following four vertices: A(6, 7), B(2, 6), C(2, 5) and D(5, 3).
Determine the vertex whose coordinates:
1) maximize the function to be optimized whose rule is Z 5 5x 1 2y
2) minimize the function to be optimized whose rule is Z 5 2x 1 3y

Situation 2.2
consolidation
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

4 a) From the function to be optimized Z 5 2.5x 1 4.75y,

y
determine the vertex that maximizes the situation
represented. 16
15 A(9, 15)
14
13
12
11
10 E(14, 10)
9
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8 B(2, 8)
b) Some of the parameters of the initial situation 7
have changed. The function to be optimized is 6
5 D(13, 6)
now Z 5 4.75x 1 2.5y. What is the effect of this 4
modification on the maximum of the situation? 3
2
1 C(5, 2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 x

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5 a) A vegetable vendor sells green and yellow zucchinis. If x represents the amount of green zucchinis
(kg) and y represents the amount of yellow zucchinis (g), determine the value of Z that maximizes the
vendor’s sales according to the constraints below.
Function to be optimized: Z 5 2.75x 1 4.35y. y
The constraints: 12
11

⎧x $ 3 10
⎪y $ 2 9
​​⎨ ​ ​ ​ ​​​
⎪ 5x 1 4y # 42
8

⎩ 5x 1 16y # 88
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x

b) A company leases warehouse space and rents some space itself to one of its sub-contractors.
Following a significant change in its requirements, represented by the constraints of the situation,
the company will incur losses in the following months. Naturally, they want to minimize their losses
that are expressed by the function to be optimized below, where Z is the company’s revenue during
this difficult period.
Z 5 25x 1 3y, where x represents the space (m3) the company is offering for rent and y represents
the space (m3) the company is renting to the sub-contractor.
The constraints: y
60
⎧ 5x # 3y 1 200 55
⎪ y # 0.5x
​​⎨ ​  

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50
​ ​  ​​​​
⎪ x $ 32
45

⎩ 2x 1 3y $ 80 40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 x

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6 A specialist bakery prepares croissants and baguettes every day between 6 a.m. and noon. The capacity
of the oven limits production of croissants to 36 per batch and 12 baguettes per batch. The bakery
always produces a minimum of three complete batches of baguettes and four complete batches of
croissants, while producing a minimum of three times as many croissants as baguettes. To bake them,
the croissants are in the oven for 17 minutes and the baguettes are in for 23 minutes.
What is the minimum revenue that this bakery y

can hope for if it sells its croissants for $1.45 each

and its baguettes for $2.75 each?

Situation 2.2
consolidation
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

7 To reduce losses, a cheese counter wants to keep y

a minimum quantity of cheese in its display.
There are two types of cheese in its inventory:
soft (x) and firm cheese (y). To offer a options at
all times to its customers, the counter usually
keeps at least 20 kg of each type of cheese, but it
cannot contain more than 150 kg in total. Also,
the manager wants a prestigious display, and this
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one cannot contain less than $2500 worth of

cheese. Knowing that firm cheese sells at $41.98/
kg and soft cheese at $31.98/kg and that there
will always be at least twice as much firm cheese,
which combination of cheese types makes it
possible to keep the minimum quantity of cheese
in the counter?

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8 A woodworking shop wants to bid for a new contract to make chairs (x) and tables (y).
The constraints related to production are as follows.
1. They must make more than 20 tables every week.
2. The cost of production must be lower than or equal to $4800 per week, knowing that each chair
costs $25 and materials in a table costs $120.
3. The number of chairs will be greater than Four times the number of tables produced.
4. It takes 20 minutes to make a chair and 45 minutes to make a table. The workshop can maintain
its production for a maximum of 40 hours per week.

Determine whether the production objective is achievable. If yes, determine a pair of values (x, y) that
satisfies all of the constraints. If not, modify only one parameter of the fourth constraint so that the
workshop can meet the demand.

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 x

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9 A used car salesman can sell a maximum of 23 vehicles every month, including cars (x) and sport utility
vehicles (SUVs) (y). He has a minimum monthly commission objective of $2460. In addition, to distribute
the monthly sales, the number of cars must always be higher than the number of SUVs, but never more
than triple.
a) If he gets $250 per car sold and $320 per SUV, what y
is the minimum number of vehicles he must sell 24
to achieve his commission objective of $2460? 22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 x

Situation 2.2
consolidation
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

b) Based on the result in a), add a constraint to the situation so that the points that do not allow him to
reach the minimum commission of $2460 are excluded from the polygon of constraints.
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10 Simon works as a telemarketer 20 hours per week to promote a fitness centre. He proposes two options
to people. One is a free trial for one month and the other is an annual subscription. Each telephone call
takes him five minutes for a free trial or 15 minutes for a subscription. At most, 200 people will choose
one of the two options. At least seven times more people choose the free trial than subscribe.
a) If Simon receives $2 for every free trial and $5 y
per subscription, what maximum income can
120
he hope to earn every week?
100

80

60

40

20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 x

b) Wanting him to sell more subscriptions, his employer decided to change his compensation method.
Now, Simon will have a base salary of $200 plus $10 per subscription. What effect will this change
have on his maximum income per week?

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11 From the vertices in the polygon below, you must minimize the situation.
The rule for the function to be optimized is in the form
Z 5 cx 1 dy, where c 5 2d and all of the parameters B(a  1, b  2)
are positive.
C(a  3, b  1)

A(a, b)

D(a  1, b  2)

Situation 2.2
consolidation
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

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12 A triangular polygon of constraints is defined by the system of inequalities below.

⎧ ax 1 by # c
​​⎨ ax
⎪

​ 1 cy $ b​ ​​​​
⎩ bx 1 ay $ c
⎪

Given that c . b . a . 0:
a) Determine the algebraic expressions that correspond to the coordinates of the vertices.
b) Validate the coordinates using a concrete example.

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118 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming ANSWER KEY PAGE 220

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This is a summary of wh
KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY you need to REMEMBER
at
. Fill
in the missing informa
tion.

The Rule for the Function to be Optimized

In an problem, you obtain the quantity to be optimized using a calculation that
involves variables that define the constraints of the situation. You then define a
that may be in the following form:

Z represents the x and y are the .

Z 5 ax 1 by 1 c
. They define the constraints.

Example:

knowledge summary
A coffee counter sells filtered coffee and espressos. Every day, the owner sells at least as many filtered

Chapter 2
coffees as espressos, but the number of filtered coffees never exceeds four times that of the espressos.
In one day, he sells a total of 60 to 180 coffees. A cup of filtered coffee sells for $2 and a cup of espresso
sells for $2.50. The owner wonders about his daily minimum and maximum income taking these
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

constraints into account.

In this situation:
1. The represent the number of coffees of each type sold on a daily basis.
They will be used to:
• define the constraints of the situation (which are expressed as )
• define the .

2. from the sale of coffee is the amount to be optimized (a minimum

or maximum is sought). It is represented by Z.
• The revenue is calculated based on the values of the and the price of a
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coffee of each type. The prices of coffees correspond to of x and y in

the equation that defines the function to be optimized.

Based on the situation, the three following pieces of information are defined:

Decision variables Constraints Function to be optimized

x: number of espressos sold Z5
every day x1y$
Z : income from daily sales to
y: number of filtered coffees x1y# be maximized ($)
sold every day 4x y
The variables are integers y x
and positive.

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY PAGE 153 119

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The Objective Line

The function to be optimized (objective)
Example:
is represented in a graph by
Sales at the Coffee Counter
Number of
that have Filtered Coffees
200
the same slope and where each has
180
a different value for Z. 160
Z  2.5x  2

A
140
When you observe this set of lines for
120
different values of Z, it seems that the same 100
D
line moves like . 80

It is named the . 60
B
40

20 C

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Number of Espressos

Optimizing Using the Objective Line

To optimize a situation using the objective line, you can proceed as follows:

• Graph that represents the function to be optimized in

the representation of the polygon of constraints.
• Determine of the line using a “test” point.

• Consider to simulate the position of other lines in the family of lines

that intercept the polygon of constraints.

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• Determine that correspond to the values of decision variables
(x and y) that minimize or maximize the function to be optimized in the situation.

• Determine in the situation considering the calculated

coordinates.

120 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY PAGE 154

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Example:
Consider the polygon of constraints Number of
Sales at the Coffee Counter
for the situation at the coffee counter, Filtered Coffees
200
for which the rule for the function Lines Corresponding
180 with Increasing Z Values
to be optimized is Z 5 2.50x 1 2y.
160
• You can graph the line of the equation Z  260
A
140
, that
120
passes through point (40, 80).
100
• You need to find the coordinates D
Z  355
80

of Z  200
60
B
(for a minimum value of the 40
function to be optimized). Lines Corresponding
with Decreasing 20 C
Z Values

knowledge summary
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Chapter 2
Number of Espressos

Using the substitution method:

This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

x-coordinate y-coordinate
x 1 (4x) 5 60 4( )5y
5y

x5

The coordinates of .
• The minimum income is determined.
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y
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Z5
Z5
The minimum daily income of $126 is obtained by selling 12 espressos and 48 filter coffees.
• You need to find the coordinates of (for a value
of the function to be optimized).
From the graph, you can see that the coordinates of are .
• Determine the maximum income.
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y
Z 5 2.50( ) 1 2( )
Z5
The maximum daily income of $405 is obtained by selling 90 coffees of each type.

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Optimizing Using Vertex Coordinates (Optimization Chart)

You can determine the minimum and maximum value of a situation using
by evaluating the function to be optimized for each vertex.

• Determine all of the of the polygon of constraints, either

algebraically or from the graph.

• Complete the .

• Identify that minimizes the value of Z and the one that maximizes it.

Example:
Below is the optimization chart for the previous situation, which was the coffee counter. You can identify
the values that optimize the situation.
Optimization Chart
Calculation of the Value of Z
Coordinates Value of Z
Using the Function to be Optimized:
of the Vertex Daily Income
2.50x 1 2y 5 Z
A(36, 144) 2.50(36) 1 2(144) 5

B(12, 48) 2.50( ) 1 2( )5

C(30, 30) 2.50( ) 1 2( )5

D(90, 90) 2.50( ) 1 2( )5

The minimum daily income is $126 and is obtained with 12 espressos and 48 filter coffees.
The maximum daily income is $405 and is obtained with 90 espressos and 90 filter coffees.

Modifying a Situation and Reevaluating the Solution

After solving an optimization problem, you sometimes have to eliminate, modify or add information to the

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

situation. These changes can have an effect on of the situation or on
, to the extent that it may become necessary to reassess the situation.

Modification of a Constraint
A change in the constraints has a direct effect on the .

Modification of the Function to be Optimized

Modifying the has an effect on of the family of
lines that represent it. In this case, the point identified, whose coordinates maximize or minimize the function,
may differ.

122 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY PAGE 156

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INTEGRATION
1 The graphical representation below, where x and y represent positive real numbers, shows the boundary
lines delimiting a polygon of constraints, for which the system of inequalities is:
y
⎧ x $ 2y 2 4
​​⎨ 10
⎪ 15
​  # y 1 1.5x
​ ​​​​ 14
⎩ y $ 2.5x 2 14
⎪
13
12
11
10
• Colour the area associated with the polygon 9
of constraints. 8
7
• Circle the vertices whose coordinates optimize 6
B
5
(minimize and maximize) the function to be 4 A
optimized Z 5 2x 2 3y. 3
2
1 C
• Determine the maximum and minimum values

integration
Chapter 2
of the function to be optimized. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

2 The graph shown illustrates the polygon of

constraints of a situation (x and y represent y
positive real numbers).
18
17
a) Define a function to be optimized Z1 so that 16
only the coordinates of vertex A minimize the 15
14
function and only the coordinates of vertex D 13
maximize the same function.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

12
11
10
9
8 C(8, 8)
7
B(4, 7)
6
5
4
A(6, 4)
3
D(14, 2)
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 x

b) Define a function to be optimized Z2 so that the coordinates of all points on side BC maximize
the function.

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3 Carbon fibre impregnated with plastic resin has become a key material in the manufacture of wide body
aircraft. The main advantage of this material is that it allows you to decrease the weight of the object
(compared to steel) while increasing its resistance. The problem with it lies in the manufacture of this
composite material and, as a result, in its production costs. The system of inequalities below and its
graph have been developed based on the the production constraints of this carbon-plastic assembly for
the manufacture of an aeronautics part.

Variables
x: amount of plastic (kg) Manufacture of an
Amount
Aeronautics Part
y: amount of carbon (kg) of Carbon
(kg) 28
These variables are continuous and positive. 26
24
Constraints 22
20

⎧ 48 2 4x # y
18 A
16

​​⎨ 3y
⎪
14
​ 1 2x $ 70​ ​​​​ 12
⎩ x 2 6y # 240
⎪

10
8 B
C
6
4
a) If the plastic in this alloy sells for $3/kg, 2
and carbon fibre sells for $8/kg, what is the 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
minimum price of materials that make up this Amount of Plastic
(kg)
part? How many kilograms of each of the
materials are required to design the part?

b) Determine a new price for one kilogram of plastic and a new price for one kilogram of carbon fibre to
ensure that the coordinates of the vertex that minimize the cost of the materials making up this part is
the one you did not identify in a). What is the minimum price of materials making up this part under

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

these conditions? How many kilograms of each of the materials are necessary to design the part?

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4 For over 80 years, teams of physicists have been searching for a method to produce solid metallic
hydrogen. If they succeed, the material will be of great value for storing energy. According to some
researchers, they will succeed in the very near future. The production of this type of material is carried
out under conditions of extreme pressure and low temperature. If x represents the pressure (in millions
of atmospheres) and y represents the temperature (in degrees Kelvin), below are the inequalities that
define the constraints to be considered so that this type of material can be formed.

⎧ y # 240x 1 420 Conditions for the Formation

​​⎨ 120x
⎪

​  
   1 y # 1000​ ​ ​​​ of Solid Metallic Hydrogen
⎩ y 1 4000 # 1000x
⎪
Temperature
(degrees Kelvin)
600
550
If a pressure of 1 million atmospheres costs an 500
450
average of $1500 to produce in a laboratory and 400
the production of 1 degree Kelvin costs an 350
300
average of $100, what would the maximum cost 250
200
be to create the conditions in which this type of 150
material can be produced in a laboratory. 100
50

integration
Chapter 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pressure
(millions of atmospheres)
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

5 Edith is a physiotherapist and develops rehabilitation programs that involve walking for people who
have been in an accident. One of her programs involves running (x) and walking (y) on a treadmill.
Edith asks the patient to walk for 30 to 90 minutes and to run for 15 to 45 minutes. Furthermore, the
patient must always walk more than 10 minutes over the time spent running. Finally, the time spent
running and double the time spent walking combined must not exceed two hours and thirty minutes.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

If, during the program, the patient walks at a speed of 5.4 km/h and runs at a speed of 9 km/h, what are
the minimum and maximum distances the patient can cover on the treadmill while satisfying the
constraints of the program?

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6 The Montréal area is recognized internationally for its expertise in developing artificial intelligence (AI).
Large companies have established themselves there to design increasingly powerful systems. In
addition, facial recognition is a rapidly developing field, particularly for what it can accomplish in terms
of crowd safety. Contrary to what was believed in the past, AI is now able to create its own learning
algorithms. To develop an efficient facial recognition system for a crowd, images of crowds are uploaded
to the computer. These images include at least 50 different faces and at least 80 elements other than
faces. The number of faces and non-faces is 200 or more. We know that the system takes approximately
one thousandth of a second to recognize a face and three ten-thousandths of a second to recognize an
element other than a face. What is the minimum time in seconds that it will take the system to
distinguish all of the elements in an image submitted to it?

7 Frederick is an anaesthetist. He must ensure that patients who undergo surgery do not feel any pain
(using an analgesic) and that they remain unconscious (using a hypnotic). The correct dosage of these
medications is essential to ensure that the operation proceeds smoothly. For one type of surgery,
Frederick uses 5 to 30 milligrams of hypnotic and 18 to 40 mg of analgesic. During the operation,
the dose of analgesic (x) must be at least double that of the hypnotic (y) and the total dose of both
medications must not exceed 48 mg. These constraints apply only to people with a certain mass.
Given that a dose of 1 mg of analgesic per kilogram of body mass is injected and that a dose of 1 mg
of hypnotic per 5 kg of body mass is injected, what is the minimum and maximum mass, in kilograms,
of people who can undergo this surgery?

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8 A theatre wants to have a minimum revenue for each type of show based on two types of customers:
those with and those without a subscription. The polygon below represents the situation according to
the constraints.
To date, all tickets were at a price of eight dollars, but people with a subscription could reserve in advance.
a) Determine the minimum revenue predictable for the theatre.

Number of Distribution of Clients in a Theatre

Customers
Without 360
Subscription
320 A(150, 300)
280

240

200
B(100, 200)
160
C(160, 160) D(300, 150)
120

integration
Chapter 2
80

40
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

Number of Customers
With Subscription

b) If the theatre decides to reduce the price of tickets to seven dollars for customers with a subscription,
what price should tickets without subscription be to maintain the same minimum revenue?
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

c) If instead the theatre decides to increase the price of tickets to nine dollars for people without a
subscription, how low should the price be for those with a subscription to maintain the same
minimum revenue?

ANSWER KEY PAGE 226 127

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LES

Earning a Living from your Passion

Being able to make a living doing something you love is not always possible. Before being able to earn a
living from what you love, you will sometimes need to have another job to ensure you have enough base
income to pay for daily expenses.
Adrian is a part-time security guard in an office building. His true passion is designing websites. He is therefore
developing his business at the same time as working as a security guard. He earns $20 per hour as a security
guard and bills $25 per hour for his services in designing websites. Business is going well because every
month, Adrian must refuse website design contracts since his services are so popular.
Below is how his workweeks have been unfolding for several months:

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• Adrian works at least 15 hours per week as a security guard.
• He always spends more time designing websites than at his job as a security guard.
• He decides that he must spend a maxiumum of eight hours more than twice the time working as a security
guard, designing websites.
• He wants to work a maximum of 65 hours per week.
Adrian, who will soon be a father, is not entirely satisfied with the situation. He would like to work a maximum
of 50 hours per week without changing his other work constraints. That said, he wants to maintain the
maximum salary he is currently earning at any cost.

Knowing that the demand for his web design services is high, Adrian decides to increase his hourly
TASK

rate so that his maximum income can be achieved in 50 hours rather than in 65 hours. What should
Adrian’s new hourly rate be so that he can achieve his objective?

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Chapter 2
LES
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Evaluation by Criterion
Cr. 1.1 A B C D E
Answer: Cr. 1.2 A B C D E
Cr. 2.1 A B C D E
Cr. 2.2 A B C D E
Cr. 2.3 A B C D E

ANSWER KEY PAGE 227 129

COMPLEMENTS

SELF-EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

REFRESHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

MATHEMATICAL REFERENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

EVALUATION GRID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

QUICK REFERENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

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SELF-EVALUATION
This last activity will prepare you for the final exam of the course and will help you to determine your level of
preparation. The self-evaluation is divided into two parts.

Part 1: Explicit Evaluation of Knowledge

This section contains a series of unrelated questions. Each question targets one or more specific concepts.

Part 2: Evaluation of Competencies

You will be presented with situational problems similar to those you solved in each of the chapters. You will
be required to complete tasks involving various concepts in a new context.

Instructions
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

• Carefully read each question before answering.

• Note that the use of graphing calculators is permitted,
as well as a quick reference page.
• Show each step in your work and calculations.
X=0 Y=0

• Once completed, correct the self-evaluation using the STAT PLOT F1 TBLSET F2 FORMAT F3 CALC F4 TABLE F5

Y= WINDOW ZOOM TRACE GRAPH

answer key associated with each question. QUIT INS

2nd MODE DEL

A-LOCK LINK LIST

ALPHA X,T,0,n STAT

TEST A ANGLE B DRAW C DISTR

MATH APPS PRGM VARS CLEAR

MATRX D SIN–1 E COS–1 F TAN–1 G π H

Analyzing your performance x –1

I EE
SIN

J {
COS

K }
TAN

L
ALPHA

e M

x –2 , ( ) –

self-evaluation
10 x N u O v P w Q [ R

×
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7 8 9
Since this is a self-evaluation, you will analyze your own performance using the evaluation grid provided at
LOG

ex S L4 T L5 U L6 V ] W

4
LN 5 6 –
the end. If you are having difficulty, don’t hesitate to review the relevant text or contact your
RCL

STO
1
teacher
2
X

3
for
L1

+
help. Y L2 Z L3 O MEM

The Reference column tells you which situations to refer to in the guide. OFF

0
ON . (–)
CATALOG i : ANS ? ENTRY SOLVE

ENTER

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Part 1: Explicit Evaluation of Knowledge

1 Below are the constraints to be satisfied to solve a problem.

⎪
⎧x $ 0
y$0

⎪
x # 150
​​⎨​y # x ​1 ​50​ ​
x 1 3y . 150
⎩y 1 3x $ 250

a) Create a graph to represent the solution set for (x, y)  R 3 R that satisfies all of these
constraints.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

b) Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the polygon of constraints obtained in a).

Answer:

132 SELF-EVALUATION ANSWER KEY PAGE 230

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2 Bridget makes handcrafted jewelry by stringing pearls on leather cords. Her pearls cost her $1 per unit
and each leather cord costs $2. In preparation for her next show, she is making necklaces with 38 pearls
that she will sell for $50 and bracelets with 12 pearls that she will sell for $20. She plans to make a
maximum of 100 necklaces and at least 20 bracelets. Also, she wants to make at least two times as
many necklaces as bracelets. When she starts production, Bridget realizes that she has 160 cords left.
She wonders how many necklaces (x) and bracelets (y) she must make to maximize her profit.
From the context, determine the constraints of the situation and the function to be optimized.

The constraints are:

This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

The function to be optimized is:

self-evaluation
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

ANSWER KEY PAGE 231

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3 Consider the following situation, where x represents the games sold and y represents the plush toys sold.
The function to be optimized is Z 5 24.95x 1 14.95y, where Z represents the possible sales ($).

Number of Games
Number of
and Plush Toys Sold
Plush Toys Sold
10
9
A(3, 8)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
B(4, 3)
C(9, 1)
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of
Games Sold

Using function Z, determine the minimum and maximum values of sales according to the polygon
of constraints shown above.

Answer:

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134 SELF-EVALUATION ANSWER KEY PAGE 231

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4 Below is a polygon of constraints and the coordinates of its vertices. Two functions should be optimized:

Z1 5 7x 1 4y
Z2 5 9x 1 4y

10
9
8 B(4, 7)
7
6
5
4
3 C(6, 3)
2 A(2, 3)
1 D(4, 2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

Determine the maximum value according to the function to be optimized Z1, and then determine
whether the vertex that maximizes the situation is different from the function to be optimized Z2.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

self-evaluation
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Answer:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 231

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Part 2: Evaluation of Competencies

Task 1
The Seedlings are Growing!
In the context of an agricultural experiment, Matilda is responsible for preparing seedlings for a research
lab. She is given a budget of $100.
Mathilda must respect several constraints according to the needs of the scientists. She must plan for at least
4 trays of bean seedlings and a maximum of 8 trays of corn seedlings. She must always have more than 25
trays when she adds twice the number of trays of bean seedlings to three times the number of trays of corn
seedlings. She will have 90 trays or less if she adds five times the number of trays of bean seedlings to eight
times the number of trays of corn seedlings. To prepare each tray of corn and beans, she must invest $4.90
and $9.80 respectively.

 etermine how much more money Mathilda must spend to increase the number of trays to the
D
maximum while satisfying all of the constraints.

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136 SELF-EVALUATION ANSWER KEY PAGE 232

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Solution:

20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 x

self-evaluation
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Answer:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 232 137

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Task 2
I am Reaching my Goal!
Paule wants to add cycling to her weekly training which only included running before. She would like to
lose at least 1 kg in weight per week, which equals approximately 7700 kilocalories (kcal). In doing some
research on the Internet, Paule discovered that running burns approximately 472 kcal/h and that cycling
burns an average of 415 kcal/h at a speed of 16 km/h. She plans to continue running at least one and a half
hours per week and to cycle for a maximum of two and a half hours per week. Paule prefers running, but
she plans to always run less than double the time she spends cycling.

 etermine the minimum number of kilocalories per week that Paule must reduce from her diet
D
if she wants to keep her training at a maximum of six hours per week while reaching her weight
loss objective.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

138 SELF-EVALUATION ANSWER KEY PAGE 233

 This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Answer:
Solution:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 233

XXX
y

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
5
TABLE OF
CONTENTS

6
7
8
x
ANSWER KEY

139
self-evaluation
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Task 3
More Games or More Dancing? Let's Move!
Jules must prepare a festive evening at the youth home where he works. He knows that the participants
want to dance and play animated games. Several constraints limit him in terms of the number of hours he
can plan for each of these activities. If x represents the hours allocated to dancing and y represents the
hours allocated to games, below are the constraints and representation for his solution set:

⎪
⎧x $ 0
y$0 Distribution of Hours of

⎪
x1y$6 Instruction in an Evening
​​⎨​ ​ ​ ​​ ​​​ Time for Games
x 1 y # 10 (h)
10
4x . 3y 9

⎩15x 1 6y # 120
8
7
6 C
5
4 B
3
D
2
1
E A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time for Dancing
(h)

Jules wants to hire the same team to animate the evening as last year. This was a disc jockey and a game
leader who charge $25 and $20 per hour respectively. A recommendation was made to hire another team
of two people who charge $22.50 per hour each. Naturally, each team cannot be separated.
Jules wants to determine how much time he must plan for each of the two activities to minimize the cost
of the evening.

 etermine the effect the choice of the team hired will have on the minimum cost of the evening.
D

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140 SELF-EVALUATION ANSWER KEY PAGE 234

 This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Answer:
Solution:

ANSWER KEY PAGE 234

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TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY

141
self-evaluation
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Task 4
It’s part of the solution
A polygon of constraints is defined by three inequalities:

⎧abx 1 aby , 4c
⎪
⎨
​​ ax 1 aby . c​  ​​​​
​  
⎪
⎩abx 1 by . 2c

Demonstrate that point P​​(​  ___ ​, ​ ___ ​),​​ for all the positive values of a, b and c, will always be a
2c c
ab ab
possible solution of the system.

Solution:

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Answer:

142 SELF-EVALUATION ANSWER KEY PAGE 236

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Self-evaluation grid
Aim: This grid has been designed for you. Use it to evaluate the knowledge you have acquired and the skills
you have developed. It is a useful tool to find out if there are any gaps in your learning. If this is the case,
review the topics in which you are less proficient or ask your instructor or tutor for assistance.
For each indicator, circle the appropriate score.
Score 1: I answered with ease.
Score 2: I gave a partial answer.
Score 3: I did not answer or I answered incorrectly.

Indicators
Question Score Reference
(I am able to...)
graph the inequalities arising from the constraints to determine
1 the polygon of constraints.
1 2 3 Situation 1.1

calculate the value of the coordinates of the vertices. 1 2 3 Situation 1.2

interpret the information in context to construct a system of

This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

2 inequalities to represent the constraints.

1 2 3 Situation 1.1

interpret the information in context to establish a function to be

optimized.
1 2 3 Situation 2.1

use the function to be optimized with different vertices from a

3 polygon of constraints.
1 2 3 Situation 2.2

interpret the result of optimization to obtain a maximum or

minimum.
1 2 3 Situation 2.2

use the functions to be optimized with the different vertices of a

4 polygon of constraints.
1 2 3 Situation 2.2

self-evaluation
determine the impact of a function on the choice of a vertex in
1 2 3
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Situation 2.2
an optimization context.

143
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Indicators
Question Score Reference
(I am able to...)
Task 1 identify the relevant information in the situational problem to
1 2 3 Situation 1.1
express the constraints in a system of inequalities.

correctly use appropriate mathematical concepts and processes

such as constructing the polygon of constraints, the effect of
changing a constraint and optimizing the function in the Situations 1.1, 1.2, 2.1,
number in each tray. Here you must look at whether the steps in
1 2 3 2.2
the solution have been completed correctly and if there are any
errors.

implement a reasoning that is appropriate to the situation that

can determine the additional number necessary to reach the
maximum number of trays. Here you must determine whether 1 2 3 Situation 2.2
the steps would lead to the right result if there is no calculation
error.

present a clear and structured approach that highlights each

step of the solution: produce the system of inequalities and the
function to be optimized, construct the polygon of constraints,
determine the value of the vertices, optimize these vertices with
1 2 3 —
the function, interpret the result of optimization. Here you must
focus on the clarity of the approach.

comply with the rules and mathematical conventions in the

presentation of the calculations and the solution. For example,
the use of appropriate symbols, complete graphs with titles,
1 2 3 —
identification of axes, etc.

Task 2 identify the information for producing decision variables, the

system of inequalities in the polygon of constraints and the 1 2 3 Situations 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
function to be optimized.

correctly use appropriate mathematical concepts and processes,

such as producing the graph of the polygon of constraints,
determining the value of the coordinates of the vertices and the
number of kilocalories associated with them. Here you must look
1 2 3 —
at whether the steps have been completed correctly and if there
are any calculation errors.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

implement reasoning that can be used to determine the total
number of calories to reduce from the diet. Here you want to see
if the steps in your approach would lead to the right result if
1 2 3 —
there are no calculation errors.

present a structured approach in each step of the solution.

Determine the coordinates of vertices, optimize these vertices
and interpret the result of optimization. Here yoiu must focus on
1 2 3 —
the clarity of the approach.

respect the rules and mathematical conventions in determining

vertex coordinates, optimization calculations, and graph
presentation. For example, the use of appropriate symbols,
1 2 3 —
complete graphs with titles, identification of axes, etc.

144 SELF-EVALUATION
 TABLE OF
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Indicators
Question Score Reference
(I am able to...)
Task 3 clearly identify the situational problem by associating the
inequalities to the polygon of constraints and by using the
relevant information to determine the rules for the functions to
1 2 3 Situations 1.1, 2.1
be optimized.

correctly use relevant concepts to determine the coordinates of

vertices, determine the two functions to be optimized and the
optimization of these functions. Here you want to see whether 1 2 3 Situations 1.2, 2.1, 2.2
the steps have been completed correctly and if there are any
calculation errors.

present a clear and structured approach that highlights each

step of the solution: determining vertices, optimization,
interpreting optimization, determining the effect of changing 1 2 3 —
the function to be optimized. Here you must focus on the clarity
of the approach.

Task 4 formulate a conjecture on the method that proves a point is a

1 2 3 —
solution to a system and validate the conjecture.

implement reasoning that can be used to confirm whether the

point satisfies each of the constraints. Here you want to see
1 2 3 Situation 1.1
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

whether the steps in the solution will lead to the right result if
there are no errors.

present a structured approach in each step of the solution:

validate the point for each constraint, draw a conclusion based
on what has been validated. Here you must focus on the clarity
1 2 3 —
of the approach.

respect the rules and mathematical conventions in determining

that inequalities are respected.
1 2 3 —
SUMMARY
ACTIVITY

You must now perform the Summary Scored Activity covering all the knowledge in the guide.

self-evaluation
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Find this activity on portailsofad.com.

145
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REFRESHER These refresher questions cov

knowledge from a previous couer
that is necessary to understan rse
new knowledge. d the
REMINDER, PAGE 75

Half-Plane
1 Associate each inequality below with the appropriate half-plane.
a) 2x 1 5y . 5 b) 2x 2 5y $ 5
c) 2x 2 5y , 5 d) 2x 1 5y # 5
1) 2)
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x
22 22

23 23

24 24

3) 4)
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 x
22 22

23 23

24 24

2 Graph the boundary line of the inequalities below, then shade the appropriate region.
a) y # 3x 2 4 b) y . 3 c) x # 2.5 d) 3y . 24x 2 6

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

3 Chloe wants to train by carrying two dumbbells in her hands and four belts on her wrists and ankles.
Knowing that she can only support loads lower than 52 kg, she wonders what weights of dumbbells
and belts she can wear.
a) • Determine the two variables being related.
• Then express this relation as an inequality.
• Represent this inequality in a Cartesian plane.
b) Can Chloe wear the following weights while respecting the load limitations imposed? To check your
answer, place the solution set for each of the following cases in the graph.
1) 6 kg per dumbbell and 10 kg per belt.
2) 10 kg per dumbbell and 6 kg per belt.
3) 10 kg per dumbbell and per belt.
4) 7.5 kg per dumbbell and per belt.

146 REFRESHER ANSWER KEY PAGE 237

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4 Pedro wants to find a second job because his part-time job is not enough. In total, he wants to work less
than 50 hours per week.
a) Determine the variables x and y, and then express the situation as an inequality.
b) Without using a graph, state whether the following pairs (x, y) are in the solution set or not. Explain
your answer.
1) (20, 20) 2) (35, 15) 3) (12.5, 30)

REMINDER, PAGE 25

Solving Inequalities
5 Solve the following inequalities. Check your results and represent the solution set as an interval.
a) 4a 2 2 # 6 b) 5t . 4 1 t
2 1
c) 5(x 2 2) , 0 d) ​​ __ ​​(s 2 3) $ __
​​   ​​(4 2 s)
3 4
6 Solve the following inequalities. Check your results and represent the solution set in set-builder notation.
2x 1 3 ______ 4x 2 2
a) ​​ ______  ​​ # ​​   ​​ b) 2b 2 4 . 3b 1 1
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

2 3
2 3
c) ​​ __ ​​c 2 2 $ 2​__ ​   ​​c 1 4 d) 8 , 3a 2 2
5 5
7 Determine Vivian’s age knowing that she is two years older than Roxanne and that the sum of their ages
is greater than 31.

REMINDER, PAGE 36

The Algebraic Solution of a System of Equations

8 Solve the following system of equations algebraically, using the comparison method.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

{ y 5 4x 1 5 {y 5 3x 1 7
y 5 2x 2 3 y 5 22x 1 1

refresher
a) ​​ ​ ​​​​ b) ​​ ​  ​​​ ​

9 Solve the following systems of equations algebraically, using the elimination method.

{ x 1 2y 5 6 { 2x 1 1.5y 5 17 { 4x 1 3y 5 41
a) 2x 2 3y 5 5 b) 1.5x 1 4.5y 5 6 c) 5x 2 5y 5 4
​​ ​  ​​​​ ​​ ​   ​​​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​​

10 Solve the following systems of equations algebraically, using the substitution method.

{ y 5 3x 2 21 {x 2 y 5 2 { x 5 3 2 2y
a) 5x 1 2y 5 2 b) y 5 1.2x 2 3 c) y 5 x 2 1.5
​​ ​ ​​​​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​  ​​​​

ANSWER KEY PAGE 237 147

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11 Solve the following systems of equations algebraically using a method of your choice.

{ x 1 3y 5 21 { 6x 5 13 2 4y { 2​(8x 1 12y) 5 8
a) 2x 2 2.5y 2 8 5 0 b) x 2 y 5 1.75 c) 2x 2 1 5 23y
​​ ​    ​​​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​​

12 In a shop that makes hockey sticks, two types of sticks are made: aluminium and fibreglass sticks.
The production cost is $12 for an aluminium stick and $15 for a fibreglass stick. The shop makes sticks
worth a total value of $654 each day. The shop makes 59 more aluminium sticks than fibreglass sticks.
If x represents the number of aluminium sticks and y represents the number of fibreglass sticks, how
many sticks of each type are made?

13 Solve the following system of equations algebraically:

y

3
y  3x  1
2

0
 3  2  1 1 2 3 x
1

y  5x  2
2


3


REMINDER, PAGE 92

Translation
14 Draw two lines parallel to segment AB.
One of the lines must pass through A
point C and the other must pass
through point D. C

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

D
B

Tip
You can use a ruler and a set-square to draw different parallel lines
between them. You need to align the long side of the right angle of your
set-square on one of the lines, and then press your ruler on the short
side of the right angle of your set-square. Then you only need to drag
(move) your set-square on your ruler.

148 REFRESHER ANSWER KEY PAGE 240

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15 Construct the image of the figure according to the translation indicated using the following steps.
1) Draw dotted lines parallel to the translation
arrow that pass through all the significant
points of the initial figure (for example, the A
vertices of a polygon). t
Aˈ
2) Locate the image of these points on each of B

these lines, taking into account the direction of

the translation and the length of the move.
C

3) Draw the image using these new points and

identify its vertices.

16 Construct the image of each of the following figures according to the translation indicated.
a) b) D
A

C
B
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

t
A
t

B C

17 Draw the lines parallel to the line graphed below that pass through the points indicated.

50
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

40

refresher
(20, 30)
30

y  5x  20
20

(10, 10)
10
(40, 5)

0
10
 10 20 30 40 50 x
10


ANSWER KEY PAGE 241 149

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KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1
Expressing Constraints as a System of First-Degree Inequalities in Two Variables
When you group together two or more inequalities defined with the same variables, the set is called a system
of inequalities. To express constraints as a system of inequalities, you must:
1) define the variables being related
2) identify the various statements that present the constraints of the situation and that will be used to
define the inequalities
3) express each of the constraints as at least one inequality, remembering to specify the admissible
values in the two variables
4) group these inequalities to define the system of inequalities of the situation.

Example:
Situation Expression as a System of Inequalities
An aquarium can hold a maximum of 35 fish of two species: goldfish x: number of goldfish
and guppies. There are at least twice as many goldfish as there are
guppies. In addition, there are always more than 10 goldfish and the y: number of guppies
number of goldfish less the number of guppies always exceeds 8.
⎧x $ 0
⎪ y$0
x 1 y # 35
⎨
⎪
​​ ​ ​ ​  ​​​​
x $ 2y
x . 10
⎩x 2 y . 8

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150 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

 TABLE OF
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Polygon of Constraints
The polygon of constraints is the region in the Cartesian plane that belongs to all of the half-planes in a
system of inequalities. The points that make up the polygon of constraints are pairs of values that satisfy
all of the inequalities of the system and, consequently, all the constraints of the situation. This set of points
represents the solution pairs in the system of inequalities.

Example:
Fish in an Aquarium
Below is the system of inequalities that Number of

knowledge summary
Guppies
reflects the situation in the previous 36

chapter 1
example: 32 x  10

x: the number of goldfish 28

24
y: the number of guppies xy8
20
⎧x $ 0
⎪
16
y$0
12 x  2y
x 1 y # 35
​​⎨ ​
⎪
​ ​ ​​​
​​
x $ 2y 8
x2y.8
⎩ x . 10
4
x  y  35
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Number of
Goldfish

The Polygon of Constraints in the Case of Discrete Variables

When a situation relates discrete variables, manual counting can become very tedious. The solution set can
be represented by a system of inequalities using a polygon of constraints. However, you must take into
account that this polygon has extra coordinates that are not part of the solution set. Only the coordinates
(x, y)  N 3 N are part of the possible solutions.
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 TABLE OF
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Polygons of Constraint (Unbounded or Bounded)

A polygon of constraints is unbounded if it is open on one or more of it's sides, meaning that the polygon
does not have a constraint marking one or more of it's sides. A polygon of constraints is bounded if it has an
enclosed region, in other words, it is bounded (closed) on all its sides.

Example:
Unbounded Polygon of Constraints Bounded Polygon of Constraints
y y

8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

The Vertices of a Polygon of Constraints

When you need to optimize situational problems with several constraints, the coordinates of the vertices of
the polygon of constraints are important elements for finding solutions.
A vertex is an intersection point between two boundary lines.

Example:
Below is a system of inequalities and its polygon of constraints. You want to determine the coordinates
of all its vertices.
Let x and y be two positive numbers:
The coordinates of vertices of the
⎧y # 22x 1 14 y
polygon of constraints are:
⎪

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

⎨ ​  ​​, _​ ​ ​​m, C(0, 2.5) and D(0, 8)
__
10 # x 1 4y 46 6
​​ ​ ​​
 ​​​ A(4, 6), Bc​
7 7
⎪ __ x 14
⎩ y 1 ​ 
2
 ​ , 8
y  22x  14 12
10
Tip 8
D

6
A
Certain coordinates of vertices can be 10  x  4y
4
determined from a graph (such as vertices
2 C B
A and D to the right). Others must be
calculated (such as vertices B and C) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
using an algebraic solution. x
y 8
2

Interpreting a Polygon of Constraints and its Vertices

Once the polygon of constraints is constructed and its vertices are determined, it is essential to interpret
the graph taking the context of the situation into account, particularly the strict inequalities of some of
the constraints.

152 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and Systems of Inequality

 TABLE OF

CHAPTER 2
KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY CONTENTS

The Rule for the Function to be Optimized

In an optimization problem, you obtain the quantity to be optimized using a calculation that involves
variables that define the constraints of the situation. You then define a function to be optimized which
may be in the following form:

Z represents the quantity x and y are the decision variables.

Z 5 ax 1 by 1 c
to be optimized. They define the constraints.

Example:
A coffee counter sells filtered coffee and espressos. Every day, the owner sells at least as many filtered
coffees as espressos, but the number of filtered coffees never exceeds four times that of the espressos.
In one day, he sells a total of 60 to 180 coffees. A cup of filtered coffee sells for $2 and a cup of espresso
sells for $2.50. The owner wonders about his daily minimum and maximum income taking these

knowledge summary
constraints into account.

chapter 2
In this situation:
1. The decision variables represent the number of coffees of each type sold on a daily basis. They will
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

be used to:
• define the constraints of the situation (which are expressed as a system of inequalities)
• define the function to be optimized.
2. The daily income from the sale of coffee is the amount to be optimized (a minimum or maximum is
sought). It is represented by Z.
• The revenue is calculated based on the value of decision variables and the price of a coffee of
each type. The prices of coffees correspond to the coefficients of x and y in the equation defining
the function to be optimized.
Based on the situation, the three following pieces of information are defined:

Decision variables Constraints Function to be optimized

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x: number of espressos sold Z 5 2.50x 1 2y

⎧ x 1 y​  $​  60
every day ⎪ x 1 y # 180 Z : income from daily sales to
​​⎨ ​  ​​​
​ ​​
y: number of filtered coffees ⎪ 4x $ y be maximized ($)
sold every day ⎩y $ x
The variables are integers and
positive (x $ 0 and y $ 0).

Tip
If a variable of the situation only contains positive values, it must be taken into account. For this, you
can either add the positivity constraints to the system of inequalities x $ 0 and y $ 0, or specify that
they represent positive values when defining the variables.

153
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

The Objective Line

The function to be optimized (objective) is
represented in a graph by a family of lines Example:
that have the same slope and where each Sales at the Coffee Counter
Number of
has a different value for Z. Filtered Coffees
200
When you see this set of lines for different
180
values of Z, it seems that the same line
160
Z  2.5x  2
moves like a translation. It is named the
A
objective line. 140

120

100
D
80

60
B
40

20 C

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Number of Espressos

Optimizing Using the Objective Line

To optimize a situation using the objective line, you can proceed as follows:
• Graph one of the lines in the family of lines that represents the function to be optimized in the
representation of the polygon of constraints.
• Determine the effect of moving the line using a "test" point.
• Consider the slope of the graphed line to simulate the position of other lines in the family of lines
that intercept the polygon of constraints.
• Determine the coordinates of the points identified corresponding to the values of the decision

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

variables (x and y) that minimize or maximize the function to be optimized in the situation.
• Determine the optimum value for the function to be optimized in the situation considering the
calculated coordinates.

154 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

Example:
Consider the polygon of constraints Number of
Sales at the Coffee Counter
for the situation at the coffee counter, Filtered Coffees
200
for which the rule for the function to Lines Corresponding
180 with Increasing Z Values
be optimized is Z 5 2.50x 1 2y.
160
• You can graph the line of the Z  260
A
equation 260 5 2.50x 1 2y that 140

passes through point (40, 80). 120

• You need to find the coordinates of 100

D
vertex B (for a minimum value of 80
Z  355
the function to be optimized). Z  200
60
B
40
Lines Corresponding
with Decreasing 20 C
Z Values

knowledge summary
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

chapter 2
Number of Espressos

{ 4x 5 y
x 1 y 5 60
Using the substitution method: ​​ ​  ​​​ ​
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

x-coordinate y-coordinate
x 1 (4x) 5 60 4(12) 5 y
5x 5 60 48 5 y
x 5 12
The coordinates of B are (12, 48).
• The minimum income is determined.
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y
Z 5 2.50(12) 1 2(48)
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Z 5 126
The minimum daily income of $126 is obtained by selling 12 espressos and 48 filter coffees.
• You need to find the coordinates of vertex D (for a maximum value of the function to be optimized).
From the graph, you can see that the coordinates of vertex D are (90, 90).
• Determine the maximum income.
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y
Z 5 2.50(90) 1 2(90)
Z 5 405
The maximum daily income of $405 is obtained by selling 90 coffees of each type.

155
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

Optimizing Using Vertex Coordinates (Optimization Chart)

You can determine the minimum and maximum values of a situation using an optimization chart by
evaluating the function to be optimized for each vertex.
• Determine all of the coordinates of the vertices in the polygon of constraints, either algebraically or
from the graph.
• Complete the optimization chart.
• Identify the vertex that minimizes the value of Z and the one that maximizes it.

Example:
Below is the optimization chart for the previous situation, which was the coffee counter. From this you
can identify the values that optimize the situation.
Optimization Chart
Calculation of the Value of Z Using
Coordinates of Value of Z
the Function to be Optimized:
the Vertex Daily Income
2.50x 1 2y 5 Z
A(36, 144) 2.50(36) 1 2(144) 5 378 $378
B(12, 48) 2.50(12) 1 2(48) 5 126 $126
C(30, 30) 2.50(30) 1 2(30) 5 135 $135
D(90, 90) 2.50(90) 1 2(90) 5 405 $405

The minimum daily income is $126 and is obtained with 12 espressos and 48 filter coffees.
The maximum daily income is $405 and is obtained with 90 espressos and 90 filter coffees.

Modifying a Situation and Reevaluating the Solution

After solving an optimization problem, you sometimes have to eliminate, modify or add information to the
situation. These changes can have an effect on the constraints of the situation or on the function to be
optimized to the extent that it may become necessary to reassess the situation.

Modification of a Constraint

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A change in the constraints has a direct effect on the polygon of constraints.

Modification of the Function to be Optimized

Modifying the function to be optimized has an effect on the slope in the family of lines representing it.
In this case, the point identified, whose coordinates maximize or minimize the function, may differ.

156 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

MATHEMATICAL REFERENCE
Mathematical Symbols
Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
... is greater than or equal to ...
5 … equals … 
(At a minimum, not less than, at least, etc.)
__
< … approximately equal to … ​√ a ​ Square root

 ... not equal to ...  … belongs to …

 Plus or minus Z Function to be optimized

 … less than … R Set of real numbers

 … greater than … m Slope

... less than or equal to ... (At a maximum,
 not more than, at most, etc.) N Set of natural numbers

Units of Measurement and Other

This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Number: Mass
L litre(s) g gram(s)

cl centilitre(s) kg kilogram(s)

ml millilitre(s) Time
s second(s)
kcal kilocalorie(s)

Large calorie(s) min minute(s)

Cal
NOTE: Cal 5 kcal h hour(s)
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MATHEMATICAL
Length wk week(s)

REFERENCE
mm millimetre(s) Other

cm centimetre(s) % percentage

dm decimetre(s) $ dollar(s)

m metre(s)

hm hectometre(s)

km kilometre(s)

cm2 square centimetre(s)

dm2 square decimetre(s)

m2 square metre(s)

157
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

GLOSSARY
Boundary line Equation
Name given to the line that separates the Cartesian An equation is a mathematical statement containing
plane into two half-planes. variables and an equal sign. The solution set of an
equation is made up of the values of the variables
Conjecture that transform the equation into a true equality.

A statement that is accepted as true, but that has Example:

not yet been proven.
x 1 3 5 4 is an equation whose solution set
contains only the number 1.
Constraint
Condition that one or more variables in a given Family of lines
situation must satisfy.
Set of lines that have a shared characteristic.
Constraints are generally written as equations or For example, all the lines with the same slope are
inequalities. part of the same family of lines, or, all the lines with
the same y-intercept are part of the same family of
Continuous lines, etc.

See continuous variable.

Function to be optimized
Continuous variable In an optimization problem, the quantity to be
optimized depends on the values of variables
A variable that takes its values from a given interval
(x and y) used to define the constraints of the
of real numbers.
situation. The relationship between this quantity to
be optimized and these variables (called decision
Decision variables variables) is named the function to be optimized
Variables used to define the constraints of an and is often represented by the letter Z.
optimization problem.
Z 5 ax 1 by 1 c

Discrete

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See Discrete variable.

Discrete variable
Variable for which the set of values is finite or
countable.

158 GLOSSARY
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

Half-plane Intercepts
The part of the plane delimited by a line. The line, Generic term that designates all the x-intercepts and
called a boundary line, may be included in the y-intercepts in a graph.
half-plane or excluded.
Example:
Every half-plane is associated with an inequality.
The straight line below has two intercepts;
Example: an x-intercept, which is 3, and a y-intercept,
which is 2.
y
y

y  mx  b 4

2
x-intercept
x y  mx  b y-intercept 1

y  mx  b 0
22 12
2 1 2 3 4 x
1

2
2

If the boundary line is part of the half-plane,

the inequality defining it has an inequality sign Objective line
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

(either  or ). It is therefore drawn with a solid line.

Technique for solving an optimization problem that
Otherwise, the inequality defining the half-plane has
uses the fact that the function to be optimized is
a strict inequality sign (either  or ). The line is
represented by a family of parallel lines between
drawn as a dotted line.
them.

Inequality
Optimization
Mathematical statement used to establish a
See Optimization problem.
comparison.

Optimization problem
Inequality
Situation in which you are searching for a minimum
Mathematical statement that describes a relation of
or maximum quantity taking various constraints into
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

inequality between two quantities. It involves at

glossary
consideration.
least one variable and an inequality sign (, ,  or
).

•• The “” symbol means “… is smaller than …”.

•• The “” symbol means “… is greater than …”.
•• The “” symbol means “… is smaller than or
equal to …”.
•• The “” symbol means “… is greater than or
equal to …”.

NOTE: The signs  and  are strict inequality signs and

the signs  and  are non-strict inequality signs.

159
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

Polygon of constraints Real numbers

Area in the plane in which all points have All the numbers on the number line. Real numbers
coordinates that satisfy the constraints of the include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers
situation. It is the region of intersection in each of and irrational numbers.
the half planes defined by the inequalities that
The set of real numbers is represented by the
express the constraints of the situation.
symbol R.
The polygon of constraints is bounded if it has an
enclosed region, in other words, it is bounded Slope
(closed) on all its sides.
Number that describes the inclination of a line
Example: relative to the horizontal.
In a Cartesian plane, the slope of the line is equal to
Polygon of constraints Polygon of constraints
the ratio of the change in the y-coordinates (y), to
(bounded) (unbounded)
the change in the x-coordinates (x), when you
y y
move from one point to another on this line. In a
given context, the slope corresponds to the rate of
variation.
The slope, written as m, is calculated from the line
passing through points P1(x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2) using
the following formula:
x x
y ​y​  2​​  2 ​y​  1​​
m 5 ___
​​   ​​ 5 ​ _______  ​
x ​x​  2​​  2 ​x​  1​​
Quadrant The slope of a horizontal line is 0. The slope of a
One of the four areas of the Cartesian plane. They vertical line is not defined.
are numbered as follows:
Example:
y y

3
(x1, y1)
2
Quadrant II Quadrant I y
1 (x2, y2)
0 x
3
2 2
2 1
2 1 2 3 x
x
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

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2
2

3
2

•• Quadrant I consists of points whose coordinates System of equations

are positive. For example (1, 2).
A set of equations that must be verified
•• Quadrant II consists of points whose simultaneously.
x-coordinates are negative and y-coordinates are
positive. For example (21, 2). Example:

•• Quadrant III consists of points whose coordinates

{y 5 x 1 5
y 5 3x 2 1
are negative. For example (21, 22). ​​ ​  ​​​​

•• Quadrant IV consists of points whose

x-coordinates are positive and y-coordinates are The solution to the system is the pair (3, 8), which
negative. For example (1, 22). are the only values of x and y that work with both
equations.

160 GLOSSARY
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

System of inequalities x-intercept

Set of inequalities that must be verified Value of the independent variable of a relation when
simultaneously. The constraints of a situation the value of the dependent variable is 0. (Also see
are often represented by a system of inequalities. intercepts.)
When a system of inequalities has a solution, it
In a graph, the x-intercept represents the point or
is expressed by an area of the plane called the
points where the curve intersects the x-axis.
polygon of constraints.
(Synonym: Zero of a function.)

Translation Example:

Geometric transformation which corresponds to a Movement of an Elevator

as a Function of Time
displacement of all the points of a figure in the same Number
of Floors
direction and for the same distance. 4
3
Example: 2
1 x-intercept
0
Aˈ
2 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 2 Time
(s)
A
The x-intercept is 2 seconds.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Bˈ Cˈ y-intercept
t
Value of the dependent variable of a relation when
B C Translation the value of the independent variable is 0. (Also see
Arrow
intercepts.)
In a graph, the y-intercept represents the point
Vertex (of a polygon) where the curve intersects the y-axis.
The intersection of two sides of a polygon.
Example:

Movement of an Elevator
as a Function of Time
Number
of Floors
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glossary
3
2
1
0
1
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
2 2 y-intercept Time
(s)

The y-intercept is21 floor.

161
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
SITUATION 1.1 THE URBAN FARM
EXPLORATION 1.1 PAGES 5 TO 6
1 The number of weekly hours worked by the novice Constraint 3
Number of
veterinarian and the number of weekly hours worked Hours Worked
by the senior veterinarian. per Week by 35
the Senior
Veterinarian 30
2 • The novice veterinarian can spend # 15 hours on this 25
job. 20
15
• The senior veterinarian must work . 26 hours per week.
10
• The number of hours worked by the senior veterinarian 5
must be , 35 hours.
0 5 10 15 20
Number of Hours
3 a) 1) 
x # 15 Worked per Week by
y . 26
2)  the Novice Veterinarian

y , 35
3) 
4 a) Sample answer:
b) Sample graphs:
Since the same variables are being related in the three
Constraint 1 half-planes, the three can be represented in the same
Number of
Hours Worked plane using either a colour code or arrows to make them
per Week by 35
easier to read.
the Senior
Veterinarian 30
25
Sample graph:
20
Availability
15 of Workers
Number of
10 Hours Worked
5 per Week by 48
the Senior
40
Veterinarian
0 5 10 15 20 32
Number of Hours
Worked per Week by 24
the Novice Veterinarian 16
8 (10, 30)

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Constraint 2
Number of
Hours Worked
per Week by 35 0 8 16 24 32 40 48
the Senior Number of Hours
Veterinarian 30 Worked per Week by
25 the Novice Veterinarian

20
b) Sample answer:
15
10 The pair (10, 30) meets the constraints of both workers
5
(see 4 (a)). The novice veterinarian would work 10 hours
per week and the senior veterinarian would work
0 5 10 15 20 30 hours.
Number of Hours
Worked per Week by c) Sample answer:
the Novice Veterinarian
There is an infinite number of combinations (solution
pairs) that satisfies the three constraints of the workers.
This is the entire shaded region in three colours in
representation 4 a).

162 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
5 Sample inequalities:
NOTE: There are several inequalities equivalent to these.
CHAPTER 1 these two new employees will have to
• Cumulatively, For example, x 1 y . 37 is equivalent to 37 , x 1 y.
work at least 37 hours per week: x 1 y  37.

• The senior veterinarian will work at least twice the

number of hours worked by the novice veterinarian:
y  2x.

ACQUISITION A 1.1 PAGES 7 TO 15

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
1 Sample solution: The region of the plane to be shaded

a) The boundary line Example with point (0, 0):

23x 1 2y 5 12 x 1 8  2y
(0) 1 8 . 2(0)
The boundary line is dashed because it is an inequality in
8.0
the strict sense (.).
The inequality is true. Point (0, 0) is part of the
The intercepts of the boundary line
solution set.
x y
The representation of the solution set in a graph
0 6
24 0 y
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

The region of the plane to be shaded

8
Example with point (0, 0): 4

23x 1 2y . 12 0
28 2 4 4 8 x
23(0) 1 2(0) . 12
2 8
0 . 12

The inequality is false. Point (0, 0) is not part of the

solution set.
2 The variables being related
x: Claudia’s hourly wage ($)
The representation of the solution set in a graph
y: Maxim’s hourly wage ($)
y
Inequality
_ x1y
8 ​​   ​​ 1 5 , 20
2
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0 Half-Plane
2 8 2 4 4 8 x
The solution set is the entire shaded region of this graph.
2 8

Hourly Wage of
b) The boundary line Claudia and Maxim
Maxim’s
Hourly Wage
x 1 8 5 2y ($)
28
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict 24
inequality (). 20

The intercepts of the boundary line 16

12 y  2x  30
The boundary line passes through points (0, 4) and 8
(28, 0). 4

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Claudia’s
Hourly Wage
($)

163
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
3 a) Sample answers: b) 1) The defined variables

CHAPTER 1 spent at the grocery store (h/wk)

x: weekly time x: the amount of milk (ml)
y: weekly time spent at the pastry shop (h/wk) y: the amount of ice cream (ml)

2) System of inequalities
NOTE: Any letter can be used to define a variable.

⎧x  0
⎪
We usually use x and y.

y0
b) Sample solution:
y  1.5x
​​⎨ ​
⎪
​ ​  ​​​​​
Constraint 1: In total, he always works less than 20 hours y # 3x
per week. x # 250
⎩ y # 450
Constraint 2: He spends at the most twice as many hours
at the grocery store as at the pastry shop.
5 a)
Constraint 3: Even if you double the weekly hours worked
Luis’ Job
at the grocery store, this would never exceed 8 hours Weekly Time
Worked at the
more than the time worked at the pastry shop every Pastry Shop 24
week. (h) 23
22
21
20 A
c) Sample solution: 19
18 2x  y  8
17 F
Constraint 1: In total, he always works less than 20 hours 16
15
per week. 14
13
12
Constraint 2: He spends at most twice as many hours at 11
the grocery store than at the pastry shop.
10 y  2x
9 B
8
7 G
Constraint 3: Even if you double the weekly hours 6
5 E
worked at the grocery store, this would never exceed 8 4
3 x  y  20
hours more then the time worked at the pastry shop 2 D
1 C
every week.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
d) Sample answers: Weekly Time Worked
at the Grocery Store
x 1 y , 20
1)  (h)
x # 2y
2) 
b) Sample explanation:
3) 2x # y 1 8
The dotted boundary line delineates the half plane of
NOTE: As is the case for equations, there is more than one x 1 y , 20. The dotted line indicates that this is a
way to express the inequality relation between two variables boundary line of a strict inequality, in other words, that
the solution pair excludes the boundary line.

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mathematically. The relation can be expressed with an
equivalent inequality. For example, in the second constraint, In this context, this means that Luis never works exactly
x
the inequality y  _
​​   ​​is also acceptable because it is an 20 hours per week if he adds his hours worked at the
2
equivalent inequality. grocery store and those worked at the pastry shop during
the week. He always works less than 20 hours per week.
4 Sample solution:
6 a) Region E.
a) 1) The defined variables
b) Region D is a region that only belongs to the half plane
x: quantity of almonds (g)
corresponding to x 1 y , 20.
y: quantity of peanuts (g)
Region F is a region that only belongs to the half plane
2) System of inequalities x
corresponding to y  _ ​​   ​​.
2
⎧x  0
⎪
c) Region A is a region that only belongs to the half plane
x
y0 corresponding to y  _ ​​   ​​and to the half-plane
2
x , 100
​​⎨ ​y . 150
⎪
corresponding to 2x # y 1 8.
​  ​​​
​ ​
2x 1 y . 300 Region G is a region that only belongs to the half plane
x
⎩ y # 4x corresponding to y  _ ​​   ​​and to the half-plane
2
corresponding to x 1 y , 20.

164 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Region C is a region that belongs to both the half plane The intercepts of the boundary line

CHAPTER 1
corresponding to 2x # y 1 8 and to the half-plane
corresponding to x 1 y , 20.
x y
0 300
d) Region B is a region that belongs to all of the half-planes. 150 0
The coordinates of the points satisfy the three
The region of the plane to be shaded
constraints. This region forms a polygon (unbounded).
Example with point (0, 0):
NOTE: The concept of an unbounded polygon will be
2x 1 y . 300
covered a bit later.
2(0) 1 0 . 300
0 . 300

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
7 a) Sample solution
False inequality: The point (0, 0) is not one of the possible
The inequality x , 100 solutions.
Boundary line Shade the half-plane above this boundary line.
The boundary line will be vertical with equation x 5 100. The inequality y # 4x
It is a dotted line because it is a strict inequality (,). Boundary line
The region of the plane to be shaded y 5 4x
Example with the point (0, 0) : The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict
inequality (#).
x , 100
0 , 100 The intercepts of the boundary line
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible x y

solutions. 0 0

Hatch the half-plane to the left of this boundary line. Only one intercept.
The inequality y . 150 The second point of the boundary line
Boundary line Example with x 5 100:
The boundary line will be horizontal and defined by y 5 4(100)
equation y 5 150. y 5 400
It is a dotted line, because it is a strict inequality (.). x y
The region of the plane to be shaded 100 400

Example with point (0, 0): The region of the plane to be shaded
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Example with point (200, 200) :

y . 150
0 . 150
NOTE: When the line passes through the origin, you must
False inequality: The point (0, 0) is not one of the possible use another point on the Cartesian plane to check the region
solutions. of the half-plane to be shaded.

Shade the half-plane above this boundary line. 200 # 4(200)

The inequality 2x 1 y . 300 200 # 800

Boundary line True inequality; the point (200, 200) is one of the possible
solutions.
2x 1 y 5 300
Hatch the half-plane above this boundary line.
The boundary line is a dotted line because it is a strict
inequality (.).

165
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Polygon of constraints The inequality y # 3x

CHAPTER
Quantity
1 Simon’s Purchases Boundary line
of Peanuts y 5 3x
(g) 475 y  4x
450
425 The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict
400
375 inequality (#).
350
325
300 The intercepts of the boundary line
275
250
225 x y
200
175 y  150 0 0
150
125
100 Only one intercept.
75
50 2x  y  300
25 The second point of the boundary line
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Example with x 5 100 :
x  100 Quantity of Almonds
(g) y 5 3(100)
y 5 300
NOTE: Although the two positivity constraints are named in
the system, they are never presented as half-planes. These x y
constraints are used to ensure that the representation is 100 300
graphed in Quandrant I, given the context.
The region of the plane to be shaded
b) Sample solution: Example with point (100, 100):
The inequality y  1.5x y # 3x
Boundary line 100 # 3(100)
y 5 1.5x 100 # 300

The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict True inequality; the point (100, 100) is one of the possible
inequality (.). solutions.

The intercepts of the boundary line Shade the half-plane below this boundary line.

x y The inequality x # 250

0 0 Boundary line
Only one intercept. The boundary line will be vertical and defined by
The second point of the boundary line equation x 5 250.

Example with x 5 100 : It is solid because it is a non-strict inequality (#).

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

y 5 1.5(100) The region of the plane to be shaded
y 5 150
Example with point (0, 0):
x y
100 150 x # 250
0 # 250
The region of the plane to be shaded
True inequality; point (0, 0) is one of the possible
Example with point (100, 100):
solutions.

NOTE: When the line passes through the origin, you must Hatch the half-plane to the left of this boundary line.
use another point on the Cartesian plane to check the region
The inequality y # 450
of the half-plane to be shaded.
Boundary line
y  1.5x
The boundary line will be horizontal and defined by
100  1.5(100)
equation y 5 450.
100  150
False inequality: The point (100, 100) is not one of the It is solid because it is a non-strict inequality (#).
possible solutions.
Shade the half-plane above this boundary line.

166 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY The region of the plane to be shaded Polygon of constraints

CHAPTER 1 point (0, 0):

Example with
Amount of
Milkshake
y  3x y  1.5x
y # 450 Ice Cream
(ml) 500
0 # 450 475
450
True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible 425
400
375 y  450
solutions. 350
325
Shade the half-plane below this boundary line. 300
275
250
225
200

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
175
150
125
100 x  250
75
50
25

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Amount of Milk
(ml)

SOLUTION 1.1
The Urban Farm PAGES 16 TO 17
Sample solution: The inequality y , 35
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Defined variables • The boundary line is horizontal and passes through the point
(0, 35).
x: the number of hours worked per week by the novice
veterinarian • This is a strict inequality (,) therefore the line is drawn as a
y: the number of hours worked per week by the senior dotted line.
veterinarian • The region below the boundary line is the solution set.
System of inequalities The inequality x 1 y  37

⎪
⎧x  0
• The intercepts of the boundary line are (0, 37) and (37, 0).
y0 • This is a non-strict inequality () therefore the line is drawn
x # 15 as a solid line.

⎪
⎨
​​ y​ . 26
​  ​​​
​ ​ • The region in the plane to be shaded should be checked
y , 35
with (0, 0):
x 1 y  37
⎩ y  2x
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

x 1 y  37
0 1 0  37 False inequality.
The inequality x # 15
The solution set does not include point (0, 0). It is therefore
• The boundary line is vertical and passes through the point the region above the line that is the solution set.
(15, 0).
The inequality y  2x
• The inequality is a non-strict inequality (#). The line is
therefore drawn as a solid line. • The boundary line passes through point (1, 2) and (0,0).
• The region to the left of the boundary line is the solution set. • This is a non-strict inequality therefore the line is drawn as a
solid line.
The inequality y . 26
• The region in the plane to be shaded should be checked
• The boundary line is horizontal and passes through the point with (10, 10):
(0, 26).
y  2x
• The inequality is a strict inequality (.) therefore the line is
10  2(10)
drawn as a dotted line.
10  20 False inequality
• The region above the boundary line is the solution set.
The solution set does not include point (10, 10). It is
therefore the region above the line that is the solution set.

167
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Polygon of constraints Below are some possible solutions:

CHAPTER 1 Time-Sharing
(10, 30): the novice veterinarian works 10 hours and the senior
y veterinarian works 30 hours in a given week.
Between Workers
Number of
Hours for (14.5, 34.5): the novice veterinarian works 14.5 hours and the
the Senior 40
Veterinarian 38 senior veterinarian works 34.5 hours in a given week.
36
34
32 y  35
30 y
Time-Sharing
28 y  26 Between Workers
26 Number of
24 Hours for (14.5, 34.5)
22 the Senior 40
20
18 Veterinarian 38
16 y  2x 36
14 34
x  y  37 32 y  35
12 30
10 28 y  26
8 26
6 24
4 22 (10, 30)
2 x  15 20
x 18
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 16 y  2x
Number of Hours for 14
12 x  y  37
the Novice Veterinarian 10
8
6
4
ANSWER: Using the polygon of constraints, the co-operative can 2 x  15
x
see all of the different possibilities in the number of hours worked by 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
the two employees. These solution pairs ensure that all of the Number of Hours for
the Novice Veterinarian
established constraints are satisfied at the same time. It is important
to mention to the cooperative that it may not select a solution pair
that is located on a dotted boundary line, such as (10, 35). This means
that you cannot ask the novice caregiver to work 10 hours and the
senior caregiver to work 35 hours. Mathematically, there is an infinite
number of possibilities because the variables are continuous. The
solutions therefore correspond to all of the real numbers of the
coordinates in the coloured region.

ACQUISITION 1.1 B PAGES 18 TO 25

1 a) x: number of hens e) Sample solution and graph:
y: number of sheep The inequalityx # 12

b) Example of a system of inequalities: Boundary line

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The boundary line will be vertical to x 5 12.
⎧x  0
⎪
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict
y0
x # 12 inequality (#).
​​⎨   
⎪
y​ , 5​ ​  ​​​​
The region of the plane to be shaded
1.2x 1 3.8y # 26
⎩x y1 1 Example with point (0, 0):
x # 12
c) The variables are discrete. You can only count a whole 0 # 12
number of hens and sheep.
True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible
d) Sample justification: solutions.

Although the variables are discrete, it can take a long Shade the half-plane to the left of this boundary line.
time to count all the possible combinations for the The inequality y , 5
solution set. A graph, such as a polygon of constraints,
Boundary line
can simplify the counting.
The boundary line will be horizontal and defined by
equation to y 5 5.
It is a dotted line because it is a strict inequality (,).

168 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The region of the plane to be shaded The region of the plane to be shaded

CHAPTER 1 point (0, 0):

Example with Example with point (0, 0):

y,5 xy11
0,5 0011
01
True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible
solutions. False inequality: The point (0, 0) is not one of the possible
solutions.
Shade the half-plane below this boundary line.
The inequality 1.2x 1 3.8y # 26 Shade the half-plane below this boundary line.

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
Boundary line Polygon of constraints

1.2x 1 3.8y 5 26 The Urban Farm

Number
of Sheep
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict 24
inequality (#). 23
22
21
The intercepts of the boundary line 20
19 x  12
18
17
x y 16
15
0 < 6.84 14
13 xy1
< 21.67 0 12
11
The region of the plane to be shaded 10
9
8
7
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Example with point (0, 0): 6

5
1.2x 1 3.8y # 26 4 y5
3
1.2(0) 1 3.8(0) # 26 2
1
0 # 26
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible 1.2x  3.8y  26 Number
of Hens
solutions.
The number of possible solution pairs
Shade the half-plane below this boundary line.
The inequality x  y 1 1 Since the variables are discrete, only the integer
coordinates are eligible as possible solutions. Therefore,
Boundary line identifying points with integer coordinates in the
x5y11 polygon of constraints will determine all possible
solutions that satisfy all of the constraints. Based on this,
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict there are a total of 47 possibilities for the number of hens
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

inequality (#). and sheep in the polygon of constraints.

The intercepts of the boundary line
The Urban Farm
Number
x y of Sheep
24
0 21
23
1 0 22
21
20
The second point of the boundary line 19
18
17
Example with x 5 8 : 16
15
14
x5y11 13
12
85y11 11
10
75y 9
8
7
x y 6
5
8 7 4
3
2
1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Number
of Hens

169
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY NOTE: If the graduation of axes does not include all of the
12 # 4(12)
2) 

CHAPTER 1 of variables, counting becomes very difficult.

integer values
12 # 48

You would say that the solution set is formed by all of the 3) 25(12) 1 35(12) # 900
pairs of values that are part of the region of the polygon of 300 1 420 # 900
constraints that satisfy the condition such that (x, y)  N 3
N. 12 , 15
4) 

All of these inequalities are true. Therefore, the pair (12, 12) is
2 part of the solution set.
NOTE: From this question, the process for drawing boundary
lines and finding the region in the half-plane will no longer be 3 a) Sample graph:
described in detail. Do not hesitate to return to this answer key
to see the steps you can use to include this information in your y
Gardening
polygon of constraints. Number of
Tomato
Plants 100
90 x5
Polygon of constraints 80
y  x  10
Sample graph: 70
60
y 50
Amusement Park
Number of 40
Adults in
the Group 40 30
y  20
36 20
10
x  y  32 32 2x  y  60
28 x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
24
25x  35y  900 Number of
20 Cucumber Plants
16
12 y  15 b) This is an unbounded polygon of constraints because it is
x  4y
(12, 12) not bounded on one side.
8
4
(0, 4)
x
4 Example of a problem invented by the learner:
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
The text
(18, 8) Number of
Children in
the Group To develop an efficient facial recognition system for a crowd,
images of crowds are uploaded to the computer. These
The solution pairs images include at least 50 different faces and at least 80
The solution set corresponds to all of the coordinates in the elements other than faces. The number of faces and non-

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

polygon of constraints, such that (x, y)  N 3 N. faces is 200 or more.

Example of possible solution pairs: Defined variables

(12, 12) → There are 12 children and 12 adults in x: number of faces

this group. y: number of elements other than faces

(0, 4) → There are no children and four adults in The variables are discrete.
this group.
(18, 8) → There are 18 children and 8 adults in
this group.

The validation

Example of validation for one of the selected pairs:

This is solution pair (12, 12):

12  0 and 12  0

12 1 12 # 32
1) 

170 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
System of inequalities

CHAPTER
The variables 1
are discrete.

⎧x  0
⎪ y0
⎨
⎪
​​  ​x     
 50​ (region included to the right of the vertical line x 5​ 50)​​​​
     
y  80 (region included above the horizontal line y 5 80)
⎩ x 1 y  200

Polygon of constraints c) The polygon is unbounded.

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
y y
Number of Natural
Elements Number
Other than 260 20 x8
Faces 240 18
220 16
200 14
180 12
160 10
140 8
120 6 y5
100 y  80 4
80 2
60 xy6 x
40
20 x  50 x  y  200 0 4 8 12 16 20
x Natural
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 Number
Number
of Faces
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

6 a) Sample answer:
5 Below are the graphs of the polygons of constraints. This Both present equivalent systems of inequality.
helps you see whether they are bounded or unbounded. x
x  2y is equivalent to _
1)  ​​   ​​  y,
2
a) The polygon is unbounded. because
x  2y
y x ⟋ ​  2  ​y
​​ _ ​​  _ ​​   ​​
Natural 2 ⟋
​  2  ​
Number y  2x  3 _ x
120 ​​   ​​  y
110 2
100
90 x 1 y # 120 is equivalent to y # 2x 1 120,
2) 
80
70 because
60 y  50
50 x 1 y # 120
40
30 2x 1 x 1 y # 2x 1 120
20
10 x  15
x y # 2x 1 120
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Natural b) Sample justification:
Number
No, it will not have the same system given that the
b) The polygon is bounded. variables are inversed in the translation of the system.

y Therefore, its system will be, for example:

Natural
Number ⎧ y  2x
​​⎨ 0.10x
12 ⎪

11 ​   ​ 0.05y
1 . 5​
 ​​​
y  x3
⎩ x 1 y # 120
10 ⎪

9
8
7
6
5 y2 Note that, even if the system is different, the solution set
4
3 will remain the same.
2
1 y  x  12
x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Natural
Number

171
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
7 Sample proof:

CHAPTER
Student B 1

Inequality 1) Inequality 2) Inequality 3)

3 3
25x 2 30y , 675 2y 4 2 # (23,2x 1 240) 4 2 ​​ _ ​​ , (22x 2 400) 3 ​​  _ ​​
210y 3
2 2
25x 2 30y 1 30y , 675 1 30y y 1 1.6x # 21.6x 1 120 1 1.6x 215y 3 (21) , (23x 2 600) 3 (21)
25x , 30y 1 675 y 1 1.6x # 120
15y . 3x 1 600

The inequality is equivalent to that of The inequality is equivalent to that of The inequality is equivalent to that of
student A. student A. student A.

Student C

Inequality 1) Inequality 2) Inequality 3)

x 1 5 2 5 , 1.2y 1 32 2 5 210y 2 16x 1 258 2 258  2 942 2 258 5y 22x 1 2x . 200 2 x 1 2x

x 3 25 , (1.2y 1 27) 3 25 (210y 2 16x) 4 210 # 21200 4 210 5y 3 3 . (200 1 x) 3 3
25x , 30y 1 675 y 1 1.6x  120 15y . 3x 1 600

The inequality is equivalent to that of The inequality is equivalent to that of The inequality is equivalent to that of
student A. student A. student A.

CONSOLIDATION 1.1 PAGES 26 TO 31

1 a) x: number of shirts d) x: number of children
y: number of skirts y: number of adults

⎧x  0 ⎧x  0
⎪y 0 ⎪y 0
​​⎨ ​ ​​ ​​​ ​​⎨ x​ 1 y ​# ​​​
⎪ x  10
​ 60​
⎪ x  3y
⎩ x 1 y # 12
⎩ y # 45

b) x: number of tickets at $1
y: number of tickets at $5 2 a) 8 b) 3

c) 7 d) 6
⎧x  0
⎪y 0 e) 4 f) 5
​​⎨ ​ ​  ​​​​
⎪ x 1 5y  300
⎩ x  2y

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

g) 2 h) 1

3 a) Region of
d1: 3x 2 5y . 5 d2 : 2.5x 1 3.25y  12 d3: 4x 1 6y , 32
NOTE: As mentioned in the Tip, 101 . 2(50) is true, the Plane
therefore x . 2y is an appropriate inequality for the 1 no no yes
statement. 2 no yes yes
3 no yes no
c) x: number of ears of corn 4 yes yes no
y: number of sandwiches 5 yes yes yes
6 yes no yes
⎧x  0
⎪y 0 b) Sample explanation:
​​⎨ ​ ​ ​ ​​​
⎪ 3y # x
⎩ x # 400 The polygon of constraints is region 5, the zone where all
constraints are satisfied. This may be a bounded polygon,
if x  0 and y  0, but because the situation does not
mention this explicitly, it is possible that there are
possible solution pairs in the 4th quadrant. In this case,
it would be an unbounded polygon of constraints.

172 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
4 a) d1 : x  3 d2 : 2x 2 y , 5 5 Side AB
CHAPTER 3 111
d : 2x 1 y # d4 : y  2 The equation of the boundary line
y This is a vertical line.
2x  y  5
10 x53
9
8 The inequality
x3
7
6 The side is a dotted line. This is therefore a strict inequality.
2x  y  11
5 The solution set corresponds to all values greater than 3.
4
3
y2 x. 3

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
2
1 Side BC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x The equation of the boundary line

b) d1 : x # 8 d2 : x 1 y  7 x y

d3: 2x 1 3y . 18 d4 : y  2 3 6
5 8
y
a51
10 x8 b53
9
y5x13
8
7
xy7 The inequality
6
5 The side is formed with a solid line. It is a non-strict
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

4 2x  3y  18
3 inequality. The solution set corresponds to all of the values
y2
2 below the line.
1
y#x13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
Side CD
c) d1 : x 1 y # 8 d2 : 2x 1 3y  12
The equation of the boundary line
d3: 4x 2 3y , 16 d4 : y # 4
x y
y 5 8
8 5
10
9
4x  3y  16 a 5 21
8
xy8 7 b 5 13
6 y 5 2x 1 13
2x  3y  12 5
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

4 The inequality
y4
3
2 The side is a dotted line. This is a strict inequality. The
1 solution set corresponds to all of the values below the line.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x y , 2x 1 13
d) d1 : x 1 2y . 3 d2 : 2x 2 3y  5 Side DA
d3: x 1 2y , 12 d4 : y  1
The equation of the boundary line
y This is a horizontal line.
10 y55
9
8 The inequality
7
6 The side is formed of a solid line. It is a non-strict inequality.
5 The solution set corresponds to all of the values below the
x  2y  3 2x  3y  5
4
3
line.
2 x  2y  12
y1 y5
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

173
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Example of a system: b) Sample answer:

CHAPTER 1
Defined variables The solution set corresponds to all of the coordinates in
the polygon of constraints, such that (x, y)  N 3 N.
x: number of balls that Marianne owns
y: number of balls that Louis Joseph owns Laëtitia can for example register for four theoretical
classes and three labs. She can also register for six
System of inequalities
theoretical classes and two labs.

NOTE: The definition of variables depends on the description in

7 Sample solution:
words invented.
Defined variables
⎧x  0
⎪
x: number of tickets sold to members
y0
y: number of tickets sold to non-members
x. 3
​​⎨ y​ # x ​ ​​​
⎪
1 3​ ​ System of inequalities
y , x 1 13
2

⎩y 5 ⎧x  0
⎪y 0
A description in words ​​⎨ x​ 1 y ​#
⎪ x  75
​ 200​
 ​​​
Example: ⎩ x  3y
Marianne and Louis Joseph have created the following
puzzle on the number of balls they have respectively. Polygon of constraints

Marianne has more than 3 balls, and Louis Joseph has at Participants in the
Recreational
least 5. Marianne has at most 3 balls more than Louis Joseph. Number of
Tickets Sold to
Evening
Together, they have fewer than 13 balls. Non-Members 200
160
6 a) The defined variables 120
x: number of theoretical classes 80
y: number of labs 40

How boundary lines are associated 0 40 80 120 160 200

Number of Tickets
150y 1 100x # 1200 : d1 Sold to Members

x . y: d3
The possible compositions
2x 1 3y  12: d2
The solution set corresponds to all of the coordinates in the
2x 1 3y # 20: d4
polygon of constraints, such that (x, y)  N 3 N.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The completed representation
The evening may include 100 members and 20 non-
Sample representation: members, or 80 members and 10 non-members.

Laëtitia’s Schedule 8 a) Sample solution:

in the Scientific
Program Defined variables
Number
of Labs
12 x: number of dozens of roses
11
10 y: number of dozens of daisies
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of
Theoretical Classes

174 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
System of inequalities Polygon of constraints

CHAPTER
⎧x  0 1
⎪
Advertising Journal
Number of
y0 Pages in
x 1 y # 24 Black and 16
⎨
⎪
​​ ​ ​  ​​​​ White 15
x2 14
13
y3 12
⎩ x  2y
11
10
9
8
7
Polygon of constraints 6
5
4
Purchases from 3

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
Number of 2
the Florist 1
Dozens of
Daisies 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
20 Number of
Pages in Colour
16
12
b) Sample justification:
8
4 No, the variables of the situation can only be whole
values. Only points in the polygon of constraints with
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 coordinates such that (x, y)  N 3 N are solution pairs.
Number of
Dozens of Roses
10 Sample solution:
b) Sample justification:
Defined variables
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

No, the variables of the situation can only be whole

x: amount of moisturizer (ml)
values. Only points in the polygon of constraints with
y: amount of emollient (ml)
coordinates such that (x, y)  N 3 N are solution pairs.
System of inequalities
9 Sample solution:

⎪
⎧x  0
Defined variables
y0
x 1 y  327

⎪
​​⎨ ​
x: number of pages in colour
​ ​  ​​​​
y: number of pages in black and white x 1 y # 447
y # 2x
System of inequalities ⎩ y  150

⎧x  0
⎪
Polygon of constraints
y0
x1y5
​​⎨ ​
⎪
Composition of a New
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

​ ​​ ​​​
x 1 y # 15 Cream for the Skin
Amount of
x2 Emollient
⎩ 0.30x 1 0.15y # 2 (ml) 480
y  2x
x  y  327 400
320
240
y  150
160
80

0 80 160 240 320 400 480

Amount of
x  y  447
Moisturizer
(ml)

175
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
SITUATION 1.2 BEAUTIFYING
CHAPTER 1
YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD
EXPLORATION 1.2 PAGES 33 TO 34

⎪
1 ⎧x  0 5 Sample answer:
y0
• Point (20, 5) belongs to the polygon of constraints. It is
x 1 y , 60

⎪
​​⎨ ​ ​ ​​ ​​​ located on a solid boundary line and is therefore
x 1 y  25
included. This point represents the purchase of 20 flower
y#x25
⎩ 22x 1 50y # 1500
boxes and 5 shrubs, which satisfies all of the constraints
of the situation.
• Point (25, 10) is within the polygon of constraints and
2 Sample polygon of constraints:
therefore belongs to it as well. It represents the purchase
Parents' Group Order of 25 flower boxes and 10 shrubs, which satisfies all of
the constraints of the situation.
Number
of Shrubs
80 6 a) This point corresponds to one of the vertices in the
70 polygon of constraints.
60
50 b) Sample answer:
x  y  60
40 The coordinates of vertex (15,10) are the values at the
y  x5
30 intersection of two boundary lines to which two sides of
20 the polygon of constraints belong. Thus, the coordinates
x  y  25
10
of this vertex have a sum of exactly 25 (because x 1 y 5
25) and if you remove 5 from the x-coordinate, you get
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
22x  50y  1500 Number of
the y-coordinate (because y 5 x 2 5). In the situation, this
Flower Boxes is expressed as follows: the sum of the number of flower
boxes and shrubs is exactly 25 and there are precisely 5
3 a) The polygon of constraints has five sides. more flower boxes than the number of shrubs.

b) Sample explanation:
7 Sample answer:
Yes, there is one in this case. It is the side represented by
A vertex in the polygon of constraints corresponds with a
a dotted line. It consists of points whose coordinates
point of intersection between two boundary lines. The lines
cannot be accepted as possible solutions because this
are defined by equations derived from the transformation of
side is associated with the strict inequality (x 1 y , 60) of
the inequalities that describe the constraints of the situation.
the system of inequalities.
To find the coordinates of a vertex in the polygon of

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

constraints, you must solve a system of equations (defined
4 Sample answer: according to the two inequalities) corresponding to the
Since the variables of the situation are discrete, the solution sides forming the targeted vertex of the polygon of
set corresponds to all of the coordinates in the polygon of constraints.
constraints, such that (x, y)  N 3 N. Therefore, only the
coordinates with integer values are acceptable.

176 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
ACQUISITION 1.2 PAGES 35 TO 43
CHAPTER 1
1 a) Sample graph: d) For vertex D

Prices Displayed During Vertex D is the point of intersection of these two lines:
the Artisans’ Exhibit 50x 1 18y 5 400
Price for a
Serving Dish y 5 4x
($)
22 y  4x
C B A Sample solution using the substitution method:
20
y  20
18 Determining the x-coordinate
16 y  x  6.75
50x 1 18(4x) 5 400

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
14 D 50x 1 72x 5 400
12 122x 5 400
10 E 400 _ 200
x5_ ​​   ​​ or ​​   ​​
8 F 122 61
y  2.78x  22.22
6
Determining the y-coordinate
4
2 y 5 4x
y 5 4​​(_​   ​)​​
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 61
800
Price for a y5_ ​​   ​​
Coffee Bowl 61
The coordinates of vertex D are precisely​​(​ ___
61 61 )
($) 200 ___ 800
​, ​  ​ .​​
b) This is polygon DBAE.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

c) Since these vertices are on boundary line y 5 20, their NOTE: Since the coordinates of the vertices correspond in
the context to monetary values, they can be represented by
y-coordinate is 20.
values rounded to the nearest hundredth.
d) The x -coordinate of points A and B is determined by
substituting y with 20 in the equation of the other The coordinates of vertex D are (3.28, 13.11).
boundary line that determines the point.
For vertex E
For point A
Vertex E is the point of intersection of these two lines:
y 2 x 5 6.75
50x 1 18y 5 400
20 2 x 5 6.75
y 2 x 5 6.75 (or y 5 x 1 6.75)
x 5 13.25
Sample solution using the substitution method:
The coordinates of point A are (13.25, 20).
Determining the x-coordinate
For point B
50x 1 18(x 1 6.75) 5 400
y 5 4x
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50x 1 18x 1 121.5 5 400

20 5 4x
68x 5 400 2 121.5
x55
68x 5 278.5
The coordinates of point B are (5, 20). 278.5 _ 2785 _ 557
x5_ ​​   ​​ or ​​   ​​ or ​​   ​​
68 680 136
2 a) Green line: 50x 1 18y 5 400 Determining the y-coordinate
Pink line: y 5 4x
y 5 x 1 6.75
b) Green line: 50x 1 18y 5 400 557
y 5 ​​ _ ​​ 1 6.75
136
Blue line: y 2 x 5 6.75
1475
y5_ ​​   ​​
c) Sample explanation: 136

The coordinates of vertex E are (

136 136 )
557 _ 1475
The two equations defining the boundary lines form a ​​ _
​   ​, ​   ​ .​​
system of equations. The latter can be solved using any
of the following algebraic methods: comparison, Since a monetary context is being considered, you can
substitution or elimination. The solution is then a say that the coordinates of vertex E are (4.10, 10.85).
coordinate pair that defines the point of intersection
between the lines. In this case, intersection points D and
E are vertices in the polygon of constraints.

177
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
3 a) Sample solution: b) Sample solution:

CHAPTER
Given the 1
following polygon of constraints: Given the following polygon of constraints:

y
NOTE: The polygon of constraints is not bounded. It is an
14 unbounded polygon. This means that there is no "limit" to
12 the solution set in the unbounded region. This polygon has
10 only two vertices.
A B
8
6 y
4 280
260
2 240
C 220
200 A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x 180
160
140
For vertex A 120
100 B
80
System of equations: 60
40
20

{ 2.5x 5 y
y58 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 x
​​  ​ ​ ​​​
For vertex A
Using the comparison method: System of equations:
2.5x 5 8

{ 12y 1 672 5 25x

x 5 3.2 3x 1 y 5 540 (or y 5 23x 1 540)
​​  ​    ​  ​   ​​​​
Coordinates of vertex A: (3.2, 8).

For vertex B Using the substitution method:

System of equations: 12y 1 672 5 25x y 5 23x 1 540

y 5 23​​(_
61 )
12(23x 1 540) 1 672 5 25x 7152
​   ​ ​​ 1 540
236x 1 6480 1 672 5 25x

{ 0.6x 2 y 5 21
y58 11 484
​​  ​ ​ ​​​ 7152 5 61x y 5 ​​ _  ​​
7152 61
​​  _  ​​ 5 x
61
Using the substitution method:
Coordinates of vertex A: (
61 )
7152 _ 11 484
​​ _
​   ​, ​   ​.​​
0.6x 2 y 5 21 61
0.6x 2 8 5 21 For vertex B
0.6x 5 7
7 70 35 System of equations:
x5_ ​​   ​​ or _
​​   ​​ or ​​ _ ​​

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

0.6 6 3
3x 1 y 5 540 (or y 5 23x 1 540)
{ y 5 ​  5 ​ 1 80
35
Coordinates of vertex B: (​​ _ ​​, 8). ​​
 ​    x ​  ​   ​​​​
3 __
For vertex C

System of equations: Using the comparison method:

x​
1 540 5  ​  ​_​ ​ 1 80
23x 3x 1 y 5 540
{ 0.6x 2 y 5 21
2.5x 5 y 5​
3​(
4 )
​​  ​ ​ ​​​ 23x 1 540 5 0.2x 1 80
575
_
​ ​   ​ ​​ 1 y 5 540
23,2x 1 540 5 80
1725
23.2x 5 2460 ​​ _  ​​ 1 y 5 540
Using the substitution method: 4 1725
x5_
2460
​​  2  ​​ or _
​​ 
4600
 ​​ y 5 540 2 _ ​​   ​​
0.6x 2 y 5 21 2.5x 5 y 3.2 32 435 4
y 5 ​_
2.5​​(​   ​)​​ 5 y
10
_ 575 ​   ​ ​
0.6x 2 (2.5x) 5 21 4
19 x5_ ​​   ​​
2 1.9x 5 21 4
25 10
​​ _ ​​ 3 _
Coordinates of vertex B: (
4 )
21 10
x 5 ​​ _  ​​ or _ ​​   ​​ 5 y 575 435
21.9
​​   ​​
19 10 19 ​​ _
​   ​, ​ _ ​ .​​
25 4
​​ _ ​​ 5 y
19
Coordinates of vertex C: ​​(_
19 19 )
10 25
​   ​, _
​   ​ .​​

178 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
NOTE: You must be careful when estimating the coordinates of
Using the substitution method:

CHAPTER
a vertex after 1
a calculation. For example, if you estimate the 4y 2 x 5 22 2x 1 8 5 y

(5)
coordinates of vertex A: (
61 )
​​ ____
​ 
7152 _____
​, ​ 
11 484
​ ​​as (117, 188), this point is 4(2x 18) 2 x 5 22 34
2​​ ​ _ ​ ​​ 1 8 5 y
61
not vertex A, but, more importantly, it may not belong to the 24x 1 32 2 x 5 22
6
polygon of constraints. To check, you need to replace these
​​ _ ​​ 5 y
25x 5 234 5
estimates in the inequalities defining the boundary lines at the 34
x5_ ​​   ​​
intersection where vertex A is located. 5

Coordinates of vertex C: ( ​   ​, ​ _ ​).​​

Example: 34 6
​​ _
3x 1 y . 540 12y 1 672 # 25x 5 5
3(117) 1 (188) . 540 12(188) 1 672 # 25(117) For vertex D

ANSWER KEY
539 . 540 2928  2925

CHAPTER 1
System of equations:
False inequality True inequality

{ x185y
You can see that point (117, 188) does not belong to the polygon y 5 4x
of constraints because its coordinates do not satisfy all of the ​​  ​2 ​ ​​​
constraints of the situation.
Using the comparison method:
c) Sample solution:
4x 5 2x 1 8 y 5 4x
y 5 4​​(_ ​   ​)​​
Given the following polygon of constraints: 8
5x 5 8
8 5
y x5_ ​​   ​​ 32
5 y5_ ​​   ​​
5
12
Coordinates of vertex D: ( ​   ​, ​ _ ​).​​
8 32
10 ​​ _
5 5
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

8
6
D
NOTE: Some polygons of constraint, such as the one in
4
question c), include negative coordinate pairs in their
2 C
solution set. It is therefore important to consider whether the
0 negative values are acceptable for the variables of the
2 2 B 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
situation. In this case, yes, negative values are acceptable
because x and y are real values.
For vertex B
In most real-life contexts, the situations have positivity
System of equations: constraints, which are constraints x  0 and y  0.

{ y 5 4x
4y 2 x 5 22
​​  ​  ​​​​ 4 Sample answers:
a) Side BD belongs to the boundary line of a half-plane
Using the substitution method: defined by an inequality with a strict inequality sign. In
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

4y 2 x 5 22 the situation, the constraint that was used to determine

4(4x) 2 x 5 22 this inequality excludes the coordinates of points that
15x 5 22 belong to this boundary line as possible solutions to the
2 situation.
x52 ​_
​   ​​
15
b) The coordinates of vertices B and D are not acceptable as

( 15 )​​ 5 15 ​​
2
2​ ___ 8
2​​ ___ possible solutions to the situation.
y 5 4​​  ​

c) Yes. Since the coordinates (

​​ ___ 61 )
​  61 ​, ​ ___
200 800

( ​  15 ​, ​  15 ​).​​
2 2_ 8 ​ ​​and (3.28, 13.11) do
Coordinates of vertex B: ​​ 2_
not have the same values, they each define a different
For vertex C point on the Cartesian plane.

System of equations: d) To be a valid replacement point, the coordinates must

define a point in the immediate vicinity of the vertex, and
the coordinate values of the replacement point must
{ 4y 2 x 5 22
2x 1 8 5 y
​​ ​ ​ ​​​
have been estimated well enough that they satisfy the
constraints of the situation.

179
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
5 a) Sample answers: b) The polygon of constraints

CHAPTER
Coordinates1of
Vertices of the
Coordinates of
Is the Replacement Point Part of
Composition
a Replacement of a Bag of
Polygon of the Polygon of Constraints? Amount of
Point Herbicide
Fertilizer
Constraints
(kg) 55 x  4.5
Yes, because the point 50
belongs to horizontal side 45
A(13.25, 20) (13, 20) 40 2y  3x
AB and it is to the left of 35
vertex A. 30
25 A 2x  3y
Yes, because the point 20
belongs to horizontal side 15 D
B(5, 20) (6, 20) 10 B
AB and it is to the right of 5
vertex B.
C
Yes, because the 0 10 20 30
x-coordinate of the 1.5x  0.8y  40 Amount of
replacement point is greater Fertilizer
(kg)
D​​(_
​   ​, ​ _ ​)​​
200 800 than the x-coordinate of
(4, 13)
61 61 vertex D and the point is
located to the right of vertex c) The vertices of the polygon
D and therefore belongs to
the polygon of constraints. For vertex A
The graph is not accurate
E​​(_
136 136 )
557 _ 1475 System of equations:
​   ​, ​   ​ ​​ (4, 11) enough to validate
graphically.

{ 2y 5 3x
b) Sample validation: 1.5x 1 0.8y 5 40
​​  ​   ​  ​  ​ ​​​
(becomes y 5 1.5x)
y 2 x  6.75 50x 1 18y  400
11 2 4  6.75 50(4) 1 18(11)  400 Using the substitution method:
7  6.75 200 1 198  400 1.5x 1 0.8(1.5x) 5 40
398  400 1.5x 1 1.2x 5 40
True inequality False inequality 2.7x 5 40
40 400
x 5 ​​ _ ​​ or _
​​   ​​
Point (4, 11) does not belong to the polygon of 2.7 27
and y 5 1.5​​(_ ​   ​)​​
400
constraints because it does not satisfy certain
27
inequalities. It is not a valid replacement point for vertex
_ 600 _ 200
E. Therefore, Oliver cannot request $4 for a coffee bowl y 5 ​​   ​​ or ​​   ​​
27 9
and $11 for a serving dish if he wants to respect all of the
Coordinates of vertex A: (
27 9 )
400 200
constraints he set for himself. ​​ _
​   ​; ​ _ ​ .​​

For vertex B
6 a) The defined variables
System of equations:
x: amount of fertilizer (kg)

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

​​{ ​
y: amount of herbicide (kg) x 5 4.5
​​​​
2y 5 3x
System of inequalities
Using the substitution method:

⎪
⎧x  0
y0 2y 5 3(4.5)
1.5x 1 0.8y # 40

⎪
​​⎨ ​   ​ ​ ​​​
​ ​ 2y 5 13.5
x  4.5
2x , 3y y 5 6.75
⎩ 2y , 3x
Coordinates of vertex B: (4.5, 6.75).

For vertex C

System of equations:

​​{ ​
x 5 4.5
​​​​
2x 5 3y

180 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Using the substitution method:
Coordinates of vertex D: (
​​ _
​ 
61 61 )
1200 _ 800
 ​, ​   ​ .​​
CHAPTER
2(4.5) 5 3y 1
9 5 3y The four maximum values represented by the vertices are:
A​​(___  ​ ​​, B(4.5, 6.75), C(4.5, 3) and D​​(____
9 )
​  27 ​, ​ ___ 61 )
​  61 ​, ​ ___
400 200 1200 800
y53  ​ .​​

Coordinates of vertex C: (4.5, 3). d) Sample answers:

For vertex D A(14.8, 22)

System of equations B(4.6, 6.7)

C(4.6, 3.1)

{ 2x 5 3y
1.5x 1 0.8y 5 40

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
​​  ​   ​  ​  ​ ​​​
(becomes x 5 1.5y) D(19.6, 13.2)

Using the substitution method: NOTE: The replacement vertices must satisfy all of the
constraints of the system of inequalities. It is important to
1.5(1.5y) 1 0.8y 5 40 validate them.
2.25y 1 0.8y 5 40
3.05y 5 40
40 4000 _ 800
y5_ ​​   ​​ or _
​​   ​​ or ​​   ​​
3.05 305 61

and x5 1.5​( ​   ​)​​

800
​_
61
1200
x 5 ​​ _  ​​
61
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

SOLUTION 1.2
Beautifying Your Neighbourhood
PAGES 44 TO 45 Polygon of constraints

Sample answer: Example graph with letters naming the vertices:

The system of inequalities determined in the Exploration Control over the

Grouping of Parents
Variables Number
of Shrubs
x: number of flower boxes 80

y: number of shrubs 70
60
These are discrete variables given their nature.
x  y  60 50 y  x5
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

System of inequalities 40
30

⎪
⎧x  0
20 C
x  y  25
y0 10 B D
A
x 1 y , 60

⎪
​​⎨   
E
​ ​ ​  ​​​
​ ​ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
y#x25
Number of
22x 1 50y # 1500 22x  50y  1500 Flower Boxes
⎩ x 1 y  25
Analyze the polygon of constraints and the situation

You will need to determine a number of flower boxes and shrubs

that satisfy the following two conditions:

• the total amount is $1500 (22x 1 50y 5 1500);

• the number of flower boxes is 5 more than the number of
shrubs (y 5 x 2 5).

181
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Vertex C
CHAPTER 1
You must solve the following system of equations to obtain the
Control over the
Grouping of Parents
Number
coordinates of vertex C: of Shrubs
80

{y 5 x 2 5
22x 1 50y 5 1500
​​  ​    ​​​​ 70

60

Example using the substitution method: 50

22x 1 50y 5 1500 40

22x 1 50(x 2 5) 5 1500 30
(0, 30)
22x 1 50x 2 250 5 1500  11
y 11 20 (25, 19)
72x 5 1750 
1750 _ 875 x 25
x5_ ​​   ​​ 5 ​​   ​​ 10  25
72 36
Interpretation of this vertex 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of
Since the variables of this situation are discrete, only coordinates Flower Boxes
with integer values are acceptable as possible solutions. You can
Validation of these two solution pairs
see that you cannot determine two integers with a deviation of 5
so that if you multiply one by 22 and the other by 50, the result is You can validate that point (25, 19) belongs to boundary line
1500. 22x 1 50y 5 1500:
Determining a solution pair near this vertex 22x 1 50y 5 1500
22(25) 1 50(19) 5 1500
An example if you want to satisfy the budget constraint rather than
550 1 950 5 1500
the constraint of 5 more flower boxes than the number of shrubs.
1500 5 1500
You want two positive integers where the result of multiplying
Since this point belongs to the polygon of constraints, its
one by 22 and the other by 50 gives exactly 1500 and that
coordinates satisfy all of the constraints of the situation.
respects the constraints of the situation. If they exist, these two
integers correspond with the coordinates of one of the points on
ANSWER: It is impossible to determine a number of flower boxes
the side of the polygon of constraints that belongs to the
and shrubs with a difference of 5 and whose total cost of purchase is
boundary line of equation 22x 1 50y 5 1500.
exactly $1500. However, if you buy 25 flower boxes and 19 shrubs, the
To determine such a point on this side, you can use a total cost of the purchase will be $1500 and these quantities meet all
technological tool to perform a search using the zoom function of the constraints of the situation, without having an exact difference
and then draw on the graph. Or you can use the following of 5 between the number of flowers boxes and the number of shrubs.
This is the solution that comes closest to this second constraint.
reasoning:

Line 22x 1 50y 5 1500 becomes y 5 ____

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

211x
​​  25 ​​ 1 30 in standard form
(y 5 ax 1 b). Graphically, from the y-intercept (b 5 30), you can
use the value of parameter a (which is ___
211
​​  25 ​​) to determine the
coordinates of the next point with integer coordinates, as shown
in the graph to the right:

CONSOLIDATION 1.2 PAGES 46 TO 52

1 a) Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates
NOTE: The information about x  0 and y  0 simply indicates
that the representation is in the first quadrant. The half planes in y50
A (75, 0)
x 5 75
these two inequalities are usually not graphed.
x 5 75
B (75, 25)
x 5 3y
x 1 y 5 200
C (150, 50)
x 5 3y
y50
D (200, 0)
x 1 y 5 200

182 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
b) Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates b) Example of the graphic representation of the polygon of

CHAPTER
A 1 y53
x 5 2y
(6, 3)
constraints:
y
x 1 y 5 24
B (16, 8)
x 5 2y A(0, 12.5) 14 y  3x
y53 12
C (21, 3)
x 1 y 5 24
10 2x  3y
c) Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates 8 B(2.78, 8.33)
x 5 10 D(0, 5) 6 y5
A (10, 15)
y 5 15 4 C(1.67, 5)
x 5 10 2
B (10, 70)
x 1 2y 5 150

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
x 1 2y 5 150
C (50, 50) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
x5y
3x  2y  25
y 5 15
D (15, 15)
x5y The vertices of the polygon of constraints
d) Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates
y 5 4x d1: x 5 0
A (1.25, 5) A (0, 12.5)
y55 d3: 3x 1 2y 5 25

(
​​ ​   ​, ​   ​)​​
y 5 4x d3: 3x 1 2y 525 25 _
_ 25
B (0.5, 2) B
4x 1 5y 5 12 d6: y 5 3x 9 3
5
​​(_
​   ​, ​ _ ​)​​
d5: y 5 5
C
4x 1 5y 5 12 12 36 C (​​ _ ​​, 5)
3x 2 5y 5 0 7 35 d6: y 5 3x 3

(
​​ ​   ​, ​   ​)​​
5x 1 4y 5 30 150 _ 90 d1: x 5 0
D _ D (0, 5)
3x 2 5y 5 0 37 37 d5: y 5 5
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

y55
E (2, 5)
5x 1 4y 5 30 3
NOTE: Naturally, the letters of your vertices may vary. Create the
2 a) 
Example of the graphic representation of the polygon of necessary associations.
constraints:
y a) The polygon of constraints

7 Sample graph:
x3
6
y
5
3x  2y  8
4 14 x2
13
3 12
A(1.53, 1.71) B(3, 2) x 7  5y 11 A(2,10)
2 10
x  5y 9
1 x  y  12 8 x  2y
7
C(3, 0.8) 6
5 D(8, 4)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 4
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

3 C(4,2) y2
D(2.35, 0.47) 2
1 B(2, 2)
The vertices of the polygon of constraints 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates The vertices

( 17 17 )
d3: 3x 1 2y 5 8 26 29
A ​​ _
​   ​, _
​   ​ ​​
d6: x 1 7 5 5y Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates
d5: x 5 3 x52
B (3, 2) A (2, 10)
d6: x 1 7 5 5y x 1 y 5 12
d4: x 5 5y x52
C (3, 0.6) B (2, 2)
d5: x 5 3 y52

(
​​ ​   ​, ​   ​)​​
d3: 3x 1 2y 5 8 40 _
_ 8 y52
D C (4, 2)
d4: x 5 5y 17 17 x 5 2y
x 1 y 5 12
D (8, 4)
x 5 2y

183
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
b) The polygon of constraints The vertices of the polygon of constraints

CHAPTER 1
Sample graph: Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates
x58
y A (8, 8)
x5y
x 1 y 5 15
y  2x B (8, 7)
140 x58
120 A(24, 120) x 1 y 5 15
C (10, 5)
x  y  144 y55
100 C(48, 96) x 1 y 5 18
80 D (13, 5)
y55
60 x 1 y 5 18
B(24, 48) E (9, 9)
40 x5y
y  24
20
x  24 c) They will have to buy between 8 and 13 vegetables and
between 5 and 9 fruits to properly follow Canada’s Food
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 x
Guide.
The vertices
5 Sample solution:
Vertex Equations of the Common Boundary Lines Coordinates
x 5 24 a) The defined variables
A (24, 120)
x 1 y 5 144
x 5 24 x: number of days in Spain
B (24, 48)
y 5 2x y: number of days in Greece
x 1 y 5 144
C (48, 96) System of inequalities
y 5 2x

⎧x  0
⎪
4 Sample solution:
y0
a) The defined variables x 1 y # 14
​​⎨ ​
⎪
​ ​ ​​​
x4
x: number of servings of vegetables per day
y5
⎩ 337x 1 307y # 4500
y: number of servings of fruit per day

System of inequalities
b) The polygon of constraints

⎪
⎧x  0
y0 Trip to Spain
and Greece
x 1 y # 18 Number

⎪
​​⎨ x​ 1 y ​​​
of Days
​ 15​​ in Greece 16
x4
y5 15
14
x8 13
⎩x  y x  y  14
12
10 A

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

9
8
b) The polygon of constraints 7 D
6 y5
5 B C
Recommendations 4
3
from the Food Guide 2
Number of 1
Servings
of Fruit 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
19
18 x8 337x  307y  4500 Number of
17 Days in Spain
16 xy
15
14 c) If they wan to take a 14-day trip, you must only
x  y  18 1312
11 consider combinations with 14 days (so on boundary
10 line x 1 y 5 14) that are in the polygon of constraints.
9 E(9, 9)
8 A(8, 8) y5
7 B(8, 7) Possible stays are: 4 days in Spain and 10 days in Greece,
6
5 C(10, 5) D(13, 5) 5 days in Spain and 9 days in Greece or 6 days in Spain
4
3 and 8 days in Greece.
2 x  y  15
1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of Servings
of Vegetables

184 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
d) The polygon with the modified constraint The coordinates of the vertices in the polygon of
constraints (with replacement point for non-integer
CHAPTER 1 Trip to Spain vertices)
and Greece
Number
of Days Equations of the Common Replacement
Vertex Coordinates
in Greece 16 x4 Boundary Lines Vertex

​​(_
​   ​, ​ _ ​)​​
x 1 y 5 10 20 10
x  y  14 14 A (8, 3)
12 x 52y 3 3
10 x 1 y 5 10
A(4, 10) B (10, 0)
y50
8 D(6.73, 7.27) x 1 y 5 40
6 y5 C (40, 0)
y50

​​(_
​   ​, ​ _ ​)​​
4 B(4, 5) C(9, 5) x 1 y 5 40 80 40

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
D (27, 13)
2 x 5 2y 3 3

b) Sample solution:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
16 18 20
Number of With the 15 minute wait time for mild cases and 30
229x  407y  4500 Days in Spain
minutes for serious cases, the result for each of the
With the new prices for hotel rooms, a new constraint vertices is:
(229x 1 407y # 4500) replaces 337x 1 307y # 4500.
Coordinates of Waiting Time
Possible stays change to: 7 days in each country, 8 days in Waiting Time According to
the Vertices According to Vertex
Vertex Coordinates
Spain and 6 days in Greece or 9 days in Spain and 5 days (or a Nearby Coordinates
(min)
Point)) (h)
in Greece.
(8, 3) 15(8) 1 30(3) 5 210 min 3 h and 30 min
(10, 0) 15(10) 1 30(0) 5 150 min 2 h and 30 min
6 a) Sample solution:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

(40, 0) 15(40) 1 30(0) 5 600 min 10 h

System of inequalities (27, 13) 15(27) 1 30(13) 5 795 min 13 h and 15 min

The minimum time would be 2 hours and 30 minutes

⎧x  0
⎪y  0
and the maximum time would be 13 hours and
15 minutes.
​​⎨ x​ 1 y ​#
⎪ x 1 y . 10
40​
 ​​​
c) Sample solution:
⎩ x  2y
With the change in times, you can obtain the following
times:
Polygon of constraints
(8, 3) 10(8) 1 45(3) 5 215 min 3 h and 35 min
The Waiting Room of a Clinic (10, 0) 10(10) 1 45(0) 5 100 min 1 h and 40 min
Number of
Serious (40, 0) 10(40) 1 45(0) 5 400 min 6 h and 40 min
Cases 42 (27, 13) 10(27) 1 45(13) 5 855 min 14 h and 15 min
40
38 The minimum and maximum times would be
36
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

34 respectively 1 hour and 40 minutes and 14 hours and

32
30 15 minutes with the new consultation times.
28
26 D(26.667, 13.33)
24 x  y  40
22
20
18
16 x  2y
14
12 x  y  10
10
8
6
4
A(6.67, 3.33) B(10, 0) C(40, 0)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Number of
Simple Cases

185
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
INTEGRATION PAGES 56 TO 61
CHAPTER 1
1 a) Sample solution: True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible
solutions.
Associate the boundary lines with the inequalities
5y x
The inequality ​​ _ ​​ ​​ _ ​​1 2
Example using the standard form of the equation of the 12 10
5(0) 0
boundary line: ​​ _ ​​  _
​​   ​​ 1 2
12 10
The inequality 15x 1 16y # 1250 02
Its boundary line is 15x 1 16y 5 1250 False inequality: The point (0, 0) is not one of the possible
16y 5 215x 1 1250 solutions.
215 625
y5_ ​​   ​​x 1 ​​ _  ​​
16 8 The inequality 2y 1 80  5x
The y-intercept is 78.125. 2(0) 1 80  5(0)
It is therefore the line between regions 1 and 2 that 80  0
corresponds with this inequality. True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible
5y x solutions.
The inequality ​ ​_ ​​ ​​ _ ​​1 2
12 10
The polygon of constraints
5y x
Its boundary line is ​​ _ ​​ 5 _​​   ​​ 1 2
12 10
y
12x 24
y5_ ​​   ​​ 1 ​​ _ ​​ 2y  80  5x
50 5 100
_ 6x _ 24 80
y 5 ​​   ​​ 1 ​​   ​​
25 5 60
5y x
The y-intercept is 4.8. 40 2 12  10  2
20
It is the line between regions 2 and 3 that corresponds
with this inequality. 0 20 40 60 80 100 x
15x  16y  1250
The inequality 2y 1 80  5x

Its boundary line is 2y 1 80 5 5x Zone 2 corresponds to the polygon of constraints.

5x
y 5 ​​ _ ​​ 2 40 b) Sample graph:
2
The y-intercept is 240. y
15x  16y  1250
It is the line between regions 3 and 4 that corresponds 100 2y  80  5x
with this inequality. 80
60 6
Graph 5y x
12  10  2

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

40
20
y

100
2y  80  5x 0 20 40 60 80 100 x
80
60 EXPLANATION: The inequalities for which the inequality
15x  16y  1250 5y x
40 12  10  2 sign has changed will have the half-plane on the opposite
20 side as a half-plane solution. For inequalities 1) and 3) where
the inequality sign has changed, it is the half-planes on the
0 20 40 60 80 100 x opposite side that define the possible solutions.
Consequently, this results in a change in the region for the
Identifying the half-planes polygon of constraints. Zone 6 now corresponds with the
polygon of constraints.
Example using the point at the origin to validate the
corresponding region: c) The polygon of constraints defined in a) is bounded
The inequality 15x 1 16y # 1250 because it is bounded on all sides (it is a quadrilateral)
given that x and y represent positive real numbers. The
15(0) 1 16(0) # 1250 polygon of constraints defined in b) is unbounded
0 # 1250 because it is not bounded on all sides.

186 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
2 The inequality y , 4 The inequality 6 2 y  x

CHAPTER 1
Boundary line Boundary line

The boundary line will be horizontal and defined by 62y5x

equation y 5 4. It is solid because it is a non-strict inequality (#).
It is a dotted line, because it is a strict inequality (.). The intercepts of the boundary line
The region of the plane to be shaded x y

Hatch the half-plane below this boundary line. 0 6

6 0
The inequality 5x  y

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
The region of the plane to be shaded
Boundary line
Example with point (0, 0):
5x 5 y 62yx
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict 6200
inequality (#). 60

The intercepts of the boundary line True inequality; the half-plane is below the boundary line.

Polygon of constraints
x y
0 0 y
Only one intercept. 10 5x  y
9
The second point of the boundary line 8
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

7
6 5x  4y  16
x y 5
4
y4
2 10 6yx 3
2
1
The region of the plane to be shaded
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
Example with point (5, 5):

5x  y 3 Sample solution:
5(5)  5
25  5 NOTE: From this question in the Integration answer key onward,
the steps for representing boundary lines and locating
True inequality; the half-plane below this boundary line. half-planes will not be explicitly shown. Do not hesitate to return
The inequality 5x 2 4y , 16 to other problems of this type in the questions in Acquisition for
a reminder of the steps to follow.
Boundary line
The boundary lines
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

5x 2 4y 5 16
Example when boundary lines are defined using standard
It is a dotted line, because it is a strict inequality (,). equations (y 5 ax 1 b):
The intercepts of the boundary line 250  4x 1 10y becomes y 5 20.4x 1 25 (d1)
x y 5y 2 95 # x becomes y 5 0.2x 1 19 (d2)
0 24
8x 2 35 # 5y becomes y 5 1.6x 2 7 (d3)
3.2 0
Polygon of constraints
The region of the plane to be shaded
y
Example with point (0, 0):
d3
30 8x  35  5y
5x 2 4y , 16 28
26 d2
5(0) 2 4(0) , 16 24
22 E
0 # 16 20 A
18 5y  95  x
16 D
True inequality; the half-plane is above the boundary line. 14
12 d1
10 250  4x  10y
8
6
4
2 B C
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x

187
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The vertices of the polygon of constraints Coordinates of vertex E(10, 21)

CHAPTER
For vertex A 1 The vertices of the polygon of constraints are A(0, 19), B(0, 0),
C(4.375, 0), D(16, 18.6) and E(10, 21).
System of equations:

4 a) Sample solution:
​​{ ​
x50
​ ​​​
y 5 0.2x 1 19 Defined variables

x: amount of carbohydrates (g)

Using the substitution method:
y: amount of fat (g)
y 5 0.2(0)1 19
The variables are continuous.
y 5 19
System of inequalities
Coordinates of the vertex

⎧x  0
⎪
A(0, 19)
y0
For vertex C
x # 18
​​⎨ ​y . 0.5
⎪
​ ​​ ​​​​
System of equations:
x 1 y , 19
⎩ 10y # x
{ y 5 1.6x 2 7
y50
​​  ​ ​ ​​​
Polygon of constraints
Using the comparison method:
Composition of the Meal
Amount Replacement Drink
0 5 1.6x 2 7 of Fat
7 5 1.6x (g) 2.5
x  y  19
2.25
4.375 5 x 2
1.75 10y  x
1.5
Coordinates of the vertex 1.25
y  0.5
1
0.75
C(4.375, 0) 0.5
x  18
0.25
For vertex D 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Amount of
System of equations: Carbohydrates
(g)

{ y 5 1.6x 2 7
y 5 20.4x 1 25
​​  ​    ​​​​ Five possibilities

All of the pairs of values that belong to the polygon of

Using the comparison method: constraints are possible.

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

20.4x 1 25 5 1.6x 2 7 y 5 20.4x 1 25 See below (in b) for an example of five possibilities.
20,4x 2 1.6x 5 225 2 7 y 5 20.4(16) 1 25
b) Example:
22x 5 232 y 5 18.6
x 5 16 Possible Combination Cost
10 g of carbohy-
Coordinates of vertex D(16, 18.6) drates and 0.75 g 0.00125 3 10 1 0.0035 3 0.75 < $0.02
of fat
For vertex E
8.5 g of carbohy-
System of equations: drates and 0.70 g 0.00125 3 8.5 1 0.0035 3 0.70 < $0.01
of fat
12 g of carbohy-
0.00125 3 12 1 0.0035 3 1 < $0.02
{ y 5 20.4x 1 25
y 5 0.2x 1 19 drates and 1 g of fat
​​  ​   ​ ​​​
14.2 g of carbohy-
drates and 0.6 g 0.00125 3 14.2 1 0.0035 3 0.6 < $0.02
of fat
Using the comparison method:
17 g of carbohy-
0.2x 1 19 5 20.4x 1 25 y 5 0.2(10) 1 19 drates and 1.25 g 0.00125 3 17 1 0.0035 3 1.25 < $0.03
of fat
0.2x 1 0.4x 5 219 1 25 y 5 21
0.6x 5 6
x 5 10

188 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
5 Defined variables Polygon of constraints

CHAPTER 1 on board
x: number of cars Roxanne’s Lessons
y: number of trucks on board and Rehearsals
Weekly
Time for
The variables are discrete. Rehearsals 24
(h)
y  2x
System of inequalities 20
16

⎧x  0
12

⎪y 0 100x  40y  900

8

⎨ 4 x  y  20
⎪ x 1 y # 150
​​ x​ . 2y​ ​ ​ ​​​

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
⎩ 1.5x 1 14y # 720
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Weekly Time
for Lessons
(h)
Polygon of constraints
Organizing time for possible rehearsals
Vehicles on a Ferry
Number of
Trucks on
Several possible answers. Choose three points belonging to
Board 160 the polygon of constraints:
140
4 hours of classes and 11 hours of rehearsals
120
100 1 hour of classes and 4 hours of rehearsals
80 x  y  150 2 hours of classes and 15 hours of rehearsals
60 x  2y
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

b) Sample solution:
40
1.5x  14y  720
20 You must solve the following system of equations:

{ 100x 1 40y 5 900

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 x 1 y 5 20
Number of ​​  ​ ​ ​​​
Cars on Board

Sample using the elimination method:

Income opportunities
100x 1 100y 5 2000
Choose three points in the polygon of constraints and use 2 100x 1 40y 5 900
2
their coordinates to obtain three possibilities for the number
60y 5 1100
of cars and trucks on board. 55
y 5 ​​ _ ​​
Sample answer: 3
x 1 y 5 20
Possible Combination Cost 55
x1_
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

100 cars and 20 trucks 100 3 35 1 20 3 80 5 $5100 ​​   ​​ 5 20

3 ​​  55 ​​
134 cars and 11 trucks 134 3 35 1 11 3 80 5 $5570 x 5 20 2 _
5 3
92 cars and 29 trucks 92 3 35 1 29 3 80 5 $5540 x5_ ​​   ​​
3

6 a) Sample solution The coordinates of the vertex at the intersection of lines

2 and 3 are ​​(_​  3 ​, __
​  3 ​).​​
5 55
Defined variables
She must do 1 hour and 40 minutes of classes and 18
x: weekly time for classes (h/wk) hours and 20 minutes of rehearsals.
y: weekly time for rehearsals (h/wk)
The total time is 20 hours, which is ​​ _3 ​​ 1 __
5 55
​​  3 ​​, and the total
The variables are continuous.
cost is $900, which is 100​​(_​  3 ​)1
​​ 40​​(__
​  3 ​).​​
5 55

System of inequalities

⎧x  0
⎪y 0
​​⎨ y​ . 2x​ ​
⎪ x 1 y # 20
​ ​​​

⎩ 100x 1 40y # 900

189
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
7 NOTE: This question involves the concept of optimization that 8 NOTE: This question also suggests optimization, which will be
CHAPTER 1in greater detail in the next chapter. However the
will be covered covered in greater detail in the next chapter. However, the
knowledge acquired in this chapter already allows for the skills knowledge acquired in this chapter already allows for the skills
required to solve this situational problem. required to solve this situational problem.

Sample solution: Sample solution:

Defined variables Defined variables

x: number of telephones in the warehouse x: distance travelled with the gas engine (km)
y: number of tablets in the warehouse y: distance travelled with the electric motor (km)
The variables are discrete. The variables are continuous.

System of inequalities System of inequalities

⎧x  0 ⎧x  0
⎪y 0 ⎪y 0
​​⎨ 4.5y ​​⎨ ​3x
⎪ x 2 y  21
​ x​ ​ ​​​
⎪ 0.1x 1 0.02y # 60
​ #    # ​y​  ​​​​

⎩ x 1 y # 100 ⎩ x 1 y . 800

Polygon of constraints Polygon of constraints

Merchant Distance Travelled with

Inventory the Hybrid Car
Number of With the
Tablets in the Electric Motor
Warehouse 120 (km) 1200
110 3x  y
100
90 900
80
x  y  100 70 60
x  y  21
50 600
40
30 300
20 x  y  800
10 4.5y  x
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 300 600 900 1200
Number of Phones With the
in the Warehouse 0.1x  0.02y  60
Gasoline Engine
(km)
Searching for the solution
Searching for the solution
You must determine the coordinates of the point at the
intersection of lines 1 and 3 because this is where you find You must determine the coordinates at the point of

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

the highest value of x and y belonging to the polygon of intersection of lines and add the two coordinates to define
constraints. the total distance.
You must solve the following system of equations: The following system of equations must therefore be solved:

{ x 1 y 5 100 { 0.1x 1 0.02y 5 60

4.5y 5 x 3x 5 y
​​  ​ ​ ​​​ ​​  ​ ​ ​​​

Using the substitution method: Sample using the substitution method:

4.5y 1 y 5 100 0.1x 1 0.02(3x) 5 60 3x 5 y
5.5y 5 100 0.16x 5 60 3(375) 5 y
y < 18 (because the variables are discrete, you must x 5 375 1125 5 x
round down to the next integer to respect
the constraint of 100 devices maximum). The total number of kilometres of the trip is 1500 km, or
375 km with the gas engine and 1125 km with the electric
4.5y 5 x motor.
4.5(18) 5 x
81 5 x
The greatest number of telephones and tablets that satisfies
all constraints is 81 telephones and 18 tablets.

190 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
LES
CHAPTER 1 Vegetable Garden
A Roof-Top
PAGES 62 TO 63 The inequality y  1000

Sample solution: Boundary line

Defined variables The boundary line will be horizontal and defined the equation
x: mass of raw materials (kg) y 5 1000.
y: mass of secondary materials (kg) The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict inequality ().
The variables are continuous.

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 1
The region of the plane to be shaded
System of inequalities
Example with point (0, 0):

⎧x  0
⎪
y  1000
y0 0  1000
x 1 y , 10 000
​​⎨ ​  
⎪
​  ​​​
​​ ​ False inequality: The point (0, 0) is not one of the possible
x  3000
y  1 000 solutions.
⎩ 3.5y . x Hatch the half-plane above this boundary line.

Regions in the polygon of constraints The inequality 3.5y . x

The inequality x 1 y , 10 000 Boundary line

This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Boundary line 3.5y 5 x

x 1 y 5 10 000 The boundary line is dotted, because it is a strict inequality (.).

The boundary line is dotted because it is a strict inequality (,). The intercepts of the boundary line
The intercepts of the boundary line x y
0 0
x y
0 10 000 Only one intercept.
10 000 0
The second point of the boundary line
The region of the plane to be shaded
Example with x 5 7000:
Example with point (0, 0):
3.5y 5 x
x 1 y , 10 000
3.5y 5 7000
0 1 0 , 10 000
y 5 2000
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

0 , 10,000
x y
True inequality; the point (0, 0) is one of the possible solutions.
7000 2000
Hatch the half-plane below this boundary line.
The region of the plane to be shaded
The inequality x  3000
Example with point (4000, 4000):
Boundary line
The boundary line will be vertical and defined by x 5 3000. NOTE: When the line passes through the origin, you must use
another point on the Cartesian plane to check the region of the
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict inequality ().
half-plane to be shaded.
The region of the plane to be shaded
3.5y . x
Example with point (0, 0): 3.5(4000) . 4000
x  3000 14 000 . 4000
0  3000 True inequality; the point (4000, 4000) is one of the possible
False inequality: The point (0, 0) is not one of the possible solutions.
solutions. Hatch the half-plane above this boundary line.
Hatch the half-plane to the right of this boundary line.

191
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Polygon of constraints Interpretation

CHAPTER 1 Mass of Materials This vertex is at the intersection of two boundary lines of half
on the Roof for a planes defined by strict inequalities. As a result, the coordinates
Secondary Vegetable Garden of this vertex are not in the solution set defined by the polygon
Materials
(kg) 12 000 of constraints. You must therefore define a replacement point. To
do this, you could slightly decrease the value of the x-coordinate
9 000
x  3 000 of the point to have a replacement point that belongs to the
x  y  10 000
6 000 polygon of constraints.
3x  y 3.5y  x
3 000 However, since the building standards accept a variation of 1%
y  1 000
or less in the total mass, you can consider the values directly at
0 3 000 6 000 9 00012 000 the intersection.
Raw Materials
(kg) By rounding to the nearest hundredth, you can consider point
(7777.78, 2222.22) as the solution point.
Analyze the polygon of constraints according to the context
of the situation
ANSWER: The mass of secondary materials that residents can put
The maximum mass of raw materials is near the vertex of the on the roof is 2222.22 kg, whereas the mass of raw materials is
polygon of constraints which is at the intersection of the dotted 7777.78 kg.
lines. You will also find the mass for secondary materials.

Coordinates of this vertex You may now fill in the self-evaluation grid for the five
targeted criteria. Refer to the grid at the end of the guide.
To determine the values of the coordinates of this vertex, you must
Your teacher or tutor may also provide you with the
solve this system of equations:
evaluation indicators for this LES. These will help you judge
the quality of your problem-solving.
{ 3.5y 5 x
x 1 y 5 10 000
​​  ​    ​​​​

Sample using the substitution method :

20 000
x 1 y 5 10 000 x 1 ​​ _  ​​ 5 10 000
9 70 000
3.5y 1 y 5 10 000 x5_ ​​   ​​
4.5y 5 10 000 9
10 000 _ 20 000
y5_ ​​   ​​ or ​​   ​​
4.5 9

The vertex at the intersection of the dotted lines is:

​​(_
9 )
70 000 _ 20 000
​   ​, ​   ​ .​​
9

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192 CHAPTER 1 – Constraints and systems of inequality

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER
SITUATION32.1
3D PRINTING
EXPLORATION 2.1 PAGES 67 TO 68

1 Examples of explanations: Every month, Kelvina sets up a certain budget for the
manufacture of 3D objects. This month, Kelvina’s budget
From the context, Kelvina has set some general parameters
is $375 . Below is the offering from two polymer merchants
for the quantities of polymer she wants to buy each month.
for 3D printing:
These are the constraints of the situation and they are
invariable from one month to another (unless Kelvina Merchant 1 Merchant 2
decides to change them).
Price for the ABS: . . . . . $24.95/kg Price for the ABS: . . . . . . . . $30/kg
Kelvina's budget and offers from both merchants are
Price for the PLC: . . . . . $34.95/kg Price for the PLC: . . . . . . . . $32/kg
information that affect the amount of polymer Kelvina can
buy and these vary from month to month. Fee of $2/kg of material for Fixed delivery fees of $15.
delivery.
2 Below are the constraints:
4 Sample explanation:
To meet monthly requirements, Kelvina needs
at least 10 kg of polymer . Also, she always wants to Since x and y represent the quantity in kg of ABS and PLC

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
have a maximum of 7 kg of ABS and less than 8 kg of PLC . respectively, an algebraic equation can be used to describe
each of the merchants’ offerings. The price/kg for each
Defined variables material would then act as the coefficient of the variables.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

x: amount of ABS (kg)

5 Sample solution:
y: amount of PLC (kg) B 5 24.95x 1 34.95y 1 2(x 1 y), where B represents Kelvina’s
The variables are continuous and positive. total purchasing budget based on the number of kgs of ABS
(x) and PLC (y).
System of inequalities
The expression on the right of the equation can be reduced
⎧x $ 0 as follows:
⎪y $ 0 B 5 26.95x 1 36.95y.
​​⎨x​ 1 y​ ​​​
⎪x # 7
​$ 10​
Algebraically, this equation allows you to define a set of pairs
⎩y , 8 (x, y) that determine a certain constant purchasing budget
(B). In the context, the equation represents all of the possible
combinations of quantities of ABS and PLC which would
3 Financial information leads to constraints in this situation. represent the total purchase cost from merchant 1.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Below are the elements in the text to be highlighted about

the financial information for the situation: 6 Purchased quantities must satisfy the constraints of the
situation regarding the eligible quantities of ABS and PLC
(see question 2).

ACQUISITION 2.1 A PAGES 69 TO 77

1 Sample answers: Defined variables

a) The constraints x: weekly time allocated to painting work (hr/wk)

There are three constraints in this situation, excluding y: weekly time allocated to carpentry work (hr/wk)
positivity constraints:
The variables are continuous and positive.
Fabio does not want to exceed 25 hours of work
per week . Every week, he always spends more
time on painting work than on carpentry work ,
but not more than three times the amount of time .

193
 TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY
System of inequalities System of inequalities

CHAPTER
⎧x $ 0
3 ⎧x $ 8 000
⎪y $ 0 ⎪y . 5 000
⎨
​​ x​ 1 y​# 25​​​​ ​​⎨  
​x 1 y , ​​​
25​ 000​
⎪x . y ⎪
⎩y # ​ 8 ​x
5
__
⎩3y $ x

b) The company wants to optimize the number of each

b) To calculate weekly wages, you must know:
camera model it makes per week to minimize its
the weekly time (hr/w) allocated to painting work production costs (Z).
(variable quantity)
c) Statement to be highlighted: Model A has a production
the weekly time (hr/w) allocated to carpentry work cost of $5.25 / unit, whereas that of model B is $8.75 /
(variable quantity) unit.
the hourly wage ($/hr) earned for painting work (number Since x represents the number of model A cameras made
of hours determined by the situation) per week and y, the number of model B cameras made
per week, the rule for the function to be optimized is
the hourly wage ($/hr) earned for carpentry work
Z 5 5.25x 1 8.75y, where Z represents the weekly
(number of hours determined by the situation)
production costs ($).
NOTE: Based on this question, the positivity constraints
should not be written with inequalities x $ 0 and y $ 0. 4 a) Sample answer:
We will rather indicate that these variables represent positive Fabio wants to maximize his employment income
values, which is equivalent.
according to the constraints on the number of hours
worked.
2 Sample solution:
The rule for the function to be optimized is Z 5 20x 1 40y,
a) The defined variables where Z represents Fabio’s weekly salary ($) and x and y
x: number of bags of dozens of ears of corn the variables of the situation.
y: number of bags of half-dozens of ears of corn b) Examples of answers and representations:
The variables are discrete and positive. In words
System of inequalities The equation 480 5 20x 1 40y represents the different
combinations of hours worked painting (x) and hours
⎧12x 1 6y # 540 worked in carpentry (y) in one week providing Fabio with
​​⎨y​  
⎪

$x1 10​
 ​​​ ​ a weekly salary of $480.
⎩4x $ y
⎪

Graph of the line 480 5 20x 1 40y

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

b) The farmer wants to maximize the amount of money The intercepts of this line are (0, 12) and (24, 0).
associated with his sales (Z).
Distribution of Services
c) Statement to be highlighted: The farmer has set his Provided by Fabio
Weekly Time
prices at $4 per half dozen and $6 per dozen. Allocated to
Carpentry Work
Since x represents the number of bags of dozens of ears (hr/wk) 28
of corn and y, the number of bags of half-dozen ears of 24
corn, the rule for the function to be optimized is Z 5 6x 20 xy
1 4y, where Z represents the sales revenue ($) at the 16 x  y  25
3y  x
public market. 12
8
3 Sample solution: 480  20x  40y 4

a) The defined variables 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Weekly Time Allocated to
x: number of model A cameras made per week Painting Work (hr/wk)
y: number of model B cameras made per week

The variables are discrete.

194 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
c) Sample graph: 5 a)
NOTE: See the solution to question 2 p. 222 for information
CHAPTER 3 the line of equation 560 5 20x 1 40y.
Simply graph relating to the next solution.

The intercepts of the line are (0, 14) and (28, 0).
Polygon of constraints
Distribution of Services
Provided by Fabio Number of
The Farmer’s Sales
Weekly Time
Half-dozens
Allocated to
Carpentry Work 100
(hr/wk) 28 90
24 80
20 xy
70
16 x  y  25 60
560  20x  40y 3y  x
12 50
8 40
480  20x  40y 4 30
20
6x  4y  300
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Weekly Time Allocated to 10
Painting Work (hr/wk)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of
d) Sample answer: Dozens

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
All solution pairs in the polygon of constraints, that are b) The intercepts of the line of the equation
located on each of the lines. For example: 300 5 6x 1 4y
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Point (14, 5) is on the line whose equation is x y

480 5 20x 1 40y; this point is part of the polygon
0 75
of constraints.
50 0
Point (12, 8) is located on the line whose equation is
Line in the plane
560 5 20x 1 40y; and this point is part of the polygon of
constraints. The line defined by equation 300 5 6x 1 4y passes
through the following points: (0, 75) and (50, 0) and it
e) Sample solution:
is drawn in blue on the previous graph.
Equation ① Equation ②
Sales opportunities
480 5 20x 1 40y 560 5 20x 1 40y
There are several possible answers for the three
40y 5 220x 1 480 40y 5 220x 1 560 opportunities. Since the decision variables are discrete,
20x 480 20x 560 you must identify the points that consist of integer
y 5 ​​ _  ​​ 1 ​​ _ y 5 ​​ _  ​​ 1 ​​ _
2 2
40 40
 ​​ 40 40
 ​​
coordinates that are part of the line and polygon of
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

​​  2x ​​ 1 12
y5_ ​​  2x ​​ 1 14
y5_
2 2
constraints. Below are the possibilities:
Parameter a in each of the equations has the same value.
Possible
Since this parameter corresponds to the slope of the lines In Words Income
Pair
defined by the equations, the lines have the same slope, (26, 36) 26 dozen and 36 half dozen 6(26) 1 4(36) 5 300
or inclination. They are therefore parallel.
(24, 39) 24 dozen and 39 half dozen 6(24) 1 4(39) 5 300
f ) Sample justifications: (22, 42) 22 dozen and 42 half dozen 6(22) 1 4(42) 5 300

1) In the graph, the lines representing the values of (20, 45) 20 dozen and 45 half dozen 6(20) 1 4(45) 5 300
Z greater than $480 should be above the line of (18, 48) 18 dozen and 48 half dozen 6(18) 1 4(48) 5 300
the equation 480 5 20x 1 40y. (16, 51) 16 dozen and 51 half dozen 6(16) 1 4(51) 5 300

2) In the graph, the lines representing the values of (14, 54) 14 dozen and 54 half dozen 6(14) 1 4(54) 5 300

Z lower than $480 should be below the line of the

equation 480 5 20x 1 40y.

195
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
6 a) See the solution to question 3 on p. 193 for information relating to the next solution.
CHAPTER 3constraints
Polygon of

The Manufacture of Cameras

for Smart Phones
Weekly
Production
of Model B 28 000
24 000 x  8 000
20 000
16 000 x  y  25 000
12 000
y  5 000 y  58 x
8 000
4 000 5.25x  8.75y  150 000

0 8 000 16 000 24 000

Weekly Production
of Model A

b) The intercepts of the line of the equation 150 000 5 5.25x 1 8.75y

x y
0 17 142.86
28 571.43 0

Line in the plane

The line defined by equation 150 000 5 5.25x 1 8.75y passes through the following points: (0, 17 142.86) and (28 571.43, 0) and
it is drawn in blue in the previous graph.

Sales opportunities

There are several possible answers for the three opportunities. Although the decision values are discrete, the size of the
numbers combined with the context of manufacturing items inexpensively in high volumes makes it more realistic to accept all
pairs of points that are part of the line and polygon of constraints. Rounding each coordinate to the lower integer would be
enough to avoid exceeding $150 000 in production costs. Below are some possibilities:

Pair of Coordinates from Values Rounded to the

In Words Production Cost ($)
the Line Lower Integer
(15 000, 8 142.86) (15 000, 8 142) 15 000 model A cameras and 8 142 model B cameras 5.25(15 000) 1 8.75(8 142) 5 149 992.50
(17 000, 6 942.86) (17 000, 6 942) 17 000 model A cameras and 6942 model B cameras 5.25(17 000) 1 8.75(6 942) 5 149 992.50
(18 902.29, 5 801.48) (18 902, 5 801) 18 902 model A cameras and 5 801 model B cameras 5.25(18 902) 1 8.75(5 801) 5 149 994.25

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

SOLUTION 2.1
3D Printing PAGES 78 TO 79
Sample solution: Reminder of the system of inequalities from the Exploration

Reminder of variables defined in the Exploration ⎧x $ 0

x: amount of ABS (kg) ⎪y $ 0
⎨
⎪x # 7
​​ x​ 1 y ​ ​​​
$ 10​
y: amount of PLC (kg)
⎩y , 8
The variables are continuous and positive.
The functions to be optimized
Merchant 1: equation determined in the Exploration
375 5 26.95x 1 36.95y

196 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Merchant 2 From the graph, you can see that that the two lines of the
functions to be optimized intersect in the polygon of constraints.
CHAPTER 3 to be optimized is Z 5 30x 1 32y 1 15,
The rule for the function
where Z represents Kelvina’s budget ($) based on the number of
Therefore, using these precise values of x and y, the offering from
both merchants is the same.
kgs of ABS (x) and the number of kgs of PLC (y).
Knowing that Kelvina plans to buy $375 worth of plastic polymer: To the left of the point of intersection, you can see that merchant
2 is more advantageous, since for the same price, you can
375 5 30x 1 32y 1 15. purchase a higher total quantity of polymer, whereas to the right
The polygon of constraints with the graph of the functions to of this point, merchant 1 is more advantageous. You will also
be optimized note that the further the pairs of values (x, y) are to the right and
higher up in the polygon of constraints, the higher the price.
Amount of Polymer
for 3D Printing Sample validation:
Amount of PLC
(kg) 30x  32y  15  375 Merchant 1
12 375 5 26.95x 1 36.95y (equivalent to* y  20.7294x 1 10.1488)
10 Value of Total Number
x Corresponding Value of the Function to be Optimized of kg of
8 y Polymer
26.95x  36.95y  375
4 7.23 26.95 1 36.95(7.23) 5 375 11.23
6 y8
5.29 6.29 26.95(5.29) 1 36.95(6.29) < 375 11.58
4 6 5.77 26.95(6) 1 36.95(5.77) < 375 11.77

ANSWER KEY
7 5.04 26.95(7) 1 36.95(5.04) < 375 12.04

CHAPTER 2
2 x  y  10
x7 meeting point of the two lines
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Merchant 2
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Amount of ABS
(kg) 375 5 30x 1 32y 1 15 (equivalent to* y  20.9375x 1 11.25)
Value of Total Number
The interpretation of functions to be optimized in the x Corresponding Value of the Function to be Optimized of kg of
situation y Polymer
The quantities of polymer that Kelvina can purchase are 4 7.50 30(4) 1 32(7.50) 1 15 < 375 11.50
represented by all the pairs of points (x, y) that are on the two 5.29 6.29 30(5.29) 1 32(6.29) 1 15 < 375 11.58
lines of the function to be optimized within the polygon of 6 5.62 30(6) 1 32(5.62) 1 15 < 375 11.62
constraints. Each of these points corresponds to quantities that
7 4.68 30(7) 1 32(4.68)y 1 15 < 375 11.68
Kelvina can purchase for $375 from either of the merchants.
* Four decimal places are used for greater accuracy in comparing
That said, even if the purchase price of these different polymer
the two tables.
combinations is the same, or $375, the total quantity in kg is not
the same. Therefore, the merchant that allows Kelvina to
ANSWER: If Kelvina wants to have the maximum amount of
purchase the highest quantity of polymer for $375 is the most
polymer, Merchant 1 is more advantageous because she can purchase
interesting.
a higher total number of kilograms at a price of $375.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Determine which offering is more advantageous

To determine which offering is the most advantageous, use a
graph to compare.

CONSOLIDATION 2.1 PAGES 80 TO 85

1 a) Statement: Natural juice costs 0.65 ¢/ml, whereas juice The rule for the function to be optimized is:
with artificial flavour costs only 0.13 ¢/ml.
Z 5 98x 1 329y, where Z represents the construction cost
The rule for the function to be optimized is: ($) for the bridge, x the number of wooden beams and y
the number of steel beams.
Z 5 0.65x 1 0.13y, where Z represents the cost of
production, x the number of ml of natural juice and y the c) Statement: A hybrid bus emits 1 m³ and a diesel bus
number of ml of juice with artificial flavour. emits ten times that amount.
The rule for the function to be optimized is:
b) Statement: A steel beam costs $329, whereas a wood
beam costs $98. Z 5 10x 1 y, where Z corresponds to the level of pollution
(m3/h) between 100 and 200 m3, x to the number of diesel
buses and y, the number of hybrid buses.

197
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
2 a) Sample solution: Possible pairs of coordinates

CHAPTER 3 the function to be optimized

The rule for All the pairs of integer points that are both on the line
and in the polygon of constraints.
50 5 3x 1 2y
For example: the pairs of values (10, 10) and (8, 13) would
The coordinates of two points give Micheline a total of $50 in sales because they are on
the line and in the polygon of constraints.
x y
b) Sample solution:
0 25
16.67 0
The rule for the function to be optimized
40 5 25x 1 10y
Determine the coordinates of points on the line:
Point coordinates on the line
for example one intercept:
50 5 3(0) 1 2y x y
0 4
50 5 2y
28 0
25 5 y
16 12
Therefore, the point is P1(0, 25).
40 5 25(0) 1 10y
(This point is off the graph. Another point is required.)
40 5 10y
Also, for example, the x-intercept: 45y
50 5 3x 1 2y Therefore, the point is P1(0, 4).
50 5 3x 1 2(0)
For example, x-intercept is:
50 5 3x
40 5 25x 1 10(0)
16.67 < x
40 5 25x
Therefore, the point is P2(16.67, 0). 28 5x
Another point that will be on the graph: Therefore, the point is P2(28, 0).
for example when x 5 4, Since this one is not on the graph, another point P 3
50 5 3x 1 2y is required:
50 5 3(4) 1 2y For example when x 5 16:
50 5 12 1 2y 40 5 25(16) 1 10y
38 5 2y 40 5 280 1 10y
19 5 y 120 5 10y
Therefore, the point is P3(4, 19). 12 5 y

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The graph for the function to be optimized Therefore, the point is P3(16, 12).
The graph for the function to be optimized
Sale of Vegetables
Quantity
of Peppers Possible Profit at a
(kg) 20 Number of Lemonade Stand
Glasses of
18 Lemonade 20
16 Sold
18
14 16
12 14
10 12
8 10
6 8
4 6
2 4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Quantity of Tomatoes
(kg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of Glasses of
Lemonade Prepared

198 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Two possible answers among the following:
Production of Handbags
CHAPTER 3 pairs (x, y) with the following values
The coordinate
Number of
and Backpacks
would give Mark a total of $40 in profit: (6, 7), (8, 8), Backpacks
14
(10, 9) and (12, 10).
12
10
3 a) 1) Value of Z:
8
The point (14, 6) is on the line. The values are 6 x  2y  26
substituted in the rule of the function to be optimized: 4 x  2y  22
Z 5 x 2 7y 2
x  2y  11
Z 5 (14) 2 7(6) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Number of
Z 5 14 2 42 Handbags
Z 5228
4) The green line crosses the polygon of constraints, but
2) If you double Z, you get 256. The linear equation is only associated with one solution pair because the
becomes 256 5 x 2 7y. variables are discrete. The pink line passes through
one side of the polygon of constraints so that all five
3) If you add 24 to the value of Z, you get the linear
solution pairs on that side are also on the line.
equation 24 5 x 2 7y.
c) 1) Value of Z:

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
Below is the graph of these two lines on the same
Cartesian plane. The point (7, 4) is on the line. The values are
substituted in the rule on the function to be
Attendance of Volunteers and
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

optimized:
Employee Shortage
Number of Hours
with an Employee Z 5 2x 1 3y
Shortage 20
Z 5 2(7) 1 3(4)
16
12
Z 5 14 1 12
x  7y  56
8 x  7y  28 Z 5 26
4 x  7y  4 2) If you double Z, you get 52. The linear equation
0 4 8 12 16 20
becomes 52 5 2x 1 3y.
Number of Surplus
Volunteer Hours 3) If you subtract 6 from the value of Z, you get the
linear equation 2x 1 3y 5 20.
4) The pink line crosses the polygon of constraints,
providing a multitude of different solution pairs Below is the graph of these two lines on the same
because the variables are continuous. The green line Cartesian plane.
only touches one vertex and therefore only defines
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Mix of Fruit in a
one solution pair. Homemade Juice
Quantity of Pears
b) 1) Value of Z: (kg)
20
The point (10, 6) is on the line. The values are 16
substituted in the rule of the function to be optimized: 12

Z 5 x 1 2y 8 2x  3y  26
4 2x  3y  52
Z 5 10 1 2(6) 2x  3y  20
Z 5 10 1 12 0 4 8 12 16 20
Quantity of Apples
Z 5 22 (kg)

2) If you decrease Z by half, you get 11. The linear 4) The pink line does not intersect the polygon of
equation becomes 11 5 x 1 2y. constraints. There is therefore no solution pair that gives
3) If you add 4 to the value of Z, you get the linear you Z 5 52. The green line crosses the polygon of
equation 26 5 x 1 2y. constraints, providing a multitude of different solution
pairs because the variables are continuous.
Below is the graph of these two lines on the same
Cartesian plane.

199
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
4 a) x: number of hats sold Solution pair

CHAPTER
y: number3
of sweaters sold Several possible answers.

Rule: Z 5 2x 1 3y, where Z represents the total profit ($). All points that belong to line segment GE and the
polygon of constraints. Example: Points F(25, 83.57) and
b) Sample solution:
G(12, 99.54), but not point E, because it is on an excluded
The rule boundary.

The rule for the function to be optimized is 500 5 2x 1 3y.

6 a) Sample solution:
The graph of the line
Defined variables
Sales for the Financing x: number of seats in first class
Number of
of Activities
Sweaters Sold y: number of seats in economy class
216
192 A(48, 192) The variables are discrete and positive.
168 C(80, 160) System of inequalities
144
D(48, 134.67) E(62.5, 125)
120
x 1 y # 428

{y . 2x
96 ​​ x​ $ 60​ ​​​ ​
B(48, 96)
72
2x  3y  500
48
24 The family of lines of the function to be optimized

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 1) 50 000 5 179x 1 109y for question a).

Number of
Hats Sold 2) 50 000 5 169x 1 129y for question b).

Solution pair Polygon of constraints

All points with integer coordinates that belong to line Number of Seats on a Plane
Seats in
segment DE. For example: (49, 134) and (61, 126). Economy 400
Class A(60, 368)
360
D(60, 360.18)
5 a) x: number of hectares for corn production 320
G(60, 308.99)
280 C(142.67, 285.33)
y: number of hectares for wheat production E(125.94, 251.89)
240
F(117.10, 234.19)
200
Rule: Z 5 43x 1 35y, where Z represents the total 179x  109y  50 000
160
amount ($) earned by corn and wheat. 120 169x  129y  50 000
B(60, 120)
80
b) Sample solution:
40

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The rule
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
Number of Seat
The rule for the function to be optimized is: in First Class
4000 5 43x 1 35y.
The number of seats
The graph of the line
50 000 5 179x 1 109y
Production of Cereal
Number of The point (107, 283) defines a solution pair, because
Hectares of
Wheat 140 it is a point with integer coordinates on segment DE.
One solution would be 107 seats in first class and 283
120 A(12, 113)
in economy class.
100
G(12, 99.54) D(35.71, 89.29)
80 E(30.65, 76.63)
F(25, 83.57) EXPLANATION: Points D (60, 360.18) and E (125.94, 251.89)
60
satisfy all the constraints, but the coordinates of these points
40
B(12, 40) C(16, 40) 43x  35y  4000 are not integers and point E is on the excluded boundary of
20 the polygon of constraints. You must therefore use
replacement points.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Number of Hectares
of Corn

200 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
NOTE: Without using technology, it is very difficult to
System of inequalities

CHAPTER
determine3whether or not there is a solution pair that ⎧x 1 y # 100
consists of integers on the line. ⎪x $ 60
​​⎨​  ​​​
​ ​
⎪y $ 10
⎩x  3y
You can choose replacement points with integers, that
are close to points D and E and therefore the function to
be optimized. Possible close values could be (60, 360)
The lines in the family of the function to be optimized
and (125, 252). These points satisfy all the constraints of
the situation as they are within the polygon of 1) 150 5 2x 1 y for question a).
constraints. These are possible combinations that 2) 125 5 2x 1 y for question b).
provide an income of approximately $50 000.
Polygon of constraints
b) Sample explanation:
Composition of a Cotton
The rule for the function to be optimized is:
and Polyester Fabric
50 000 5 169x 1 129y. Amount of
Polyester
150  2x  y
See this line in the previous graph. (m²) 100

There are no solution pairs because the lines intersect 80 125  2x  y

outside the polygon of constrains.
60 E(64.3, 21.4)

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
EXPLANATION: Points F (117.10, 234.19) and G (60, 308.99) 40
satisfy all of the constraints, but the coordinates of these
points are not integers and point F is on the excluded A(60, 20) D(75, 25)
20
boundary of the polygon of constraints. You must therefore B(60, 10) C(90, 10)
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

use replacement points, but only one combination consists

of integers for the function to be optimized: (89, 271). 0 20 40 80 100

It would be possible to change the prices without changing F(70, 10) Amount of Cotton
(m²)
the model of the aircraft because the second function to be
optimized also passes through the polygon of constraints. Composition of the fabric
However, the income will not be exactly $50 000 if you use
approximate values. With values ranging from 64.3 to 70 for cotton, you can
determine many combinations that satisfy all of the
7 a) Sample solution: constraints and that are in the first function to be
optimized because the variables are continuous.
Defined variables
The combinations are between points (64.3, 21.4)
x: number of m² cotton and (70, 10) inclusively.
y: number of m² polyester
b) Sample explanation:
The variables are continuous and positive.
The rule for the function to be optimized is: 125 5 2x 1 y.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

It is impossible to have combinations that meet all of the

constraints and that are on the second function to be
optimized because they are outside the polygon of
constraints.

SITUATION 2.2
LOUIS’ CABIN
EXPLORATION2.2 PAGES 87 TO 88 of litres of syrup and that of taffy must be at least 50 L.
However, the daily quantity of syrup must never exceed
1 Sample answer: 8 times that of taffy produced.

He essentially creates two products here: maple taffy 2 Sample answers:

and maple syrup . The daily expenses generated by
Defined variables
producing one litre of syrup are $2 and those generated
for the production of one litre taffy are $2.50. For a good x: daily quantity of maple taffy (L)
yield, the daily production of syrup and taffy must be at y: daily quantity of maple syrup (L)
least 95 L . Every day, the difference between the number
The variables are continuous and positive.

201
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Objective function (to be optimized) 5 a) Several lines possible, depending on the selected value of Z.
CHAPTER 3 , where Z represents the daily production
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y Example (see the preceding graph):
expenses ($).
220 5 2.50x 1 2y.

NOTE: The objective function is a synonym of the function to The intercepts of this line
be optimized. It can be used in a context where you are not
searching for the highest value. The term "objective" explains x y
the desired goal in the situation. 0 110
88 0
System of inequalities
Graph the line that passes through points (0, 110) and
(88, 0) in the graph of the polygon of constraints.
x 1 y $ 95
b) Sample of the line graphed:
y 2 x $ 50
Since Z 5 220 in the function to be optimized, this means
y # 8x
that the daily production expense would be $220.

c) Sample explanation:
3 Sample explanation:
No, this is not the lowest value. A parallel line drawn
In the task, a sentence describes this objective: lower on the graph, while being in the polygon of
… determine how many litres of syrup and taffy he can constraints, would give a value lower than $220 in daily
produce per day to minimize his expenses . expenses.
Louis therefore wants to spend as little as possible for his d) Sample explanation:
daily production.
Since the function to be optimized defines a family of
4 and 5 a) Sample graph: lines (line with the same slope) that all have different
values of Z, the line sought would be parallel to that
Polygon of constraints
graphed earlier and therefore, the value of Z would be as
Louis’ Cabin low as possible. At least one point of this line must also
Daily
Quantity be in the polygon of constraints.
of Maple 110
Syrup (L)
100 y  x  50 NOTE: The Acquisition that follows explains how this line is
90 determined.
80
70
60 220  2.50x  2y
50 y  8x

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

40
30 x  y  95
20
10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Daily Quantity of
Maple Taffy (L)

ACQUISITION 2.2 PAGES 89 TO 97

1 Sample solution: System of inequalities

a) The defined variables

⎧x 1 y $ 20
x: number of craft kiosks ⎪x 1 y # 75
​​⎨​  ​​​
​​
y: number of commercial kiosks ⎪y 1 5 # x
⎩4y $ x
The variables are discrete and positive.

202 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
b) Z 5 12x 1 8y, where Z represents the total area (m2) e) Yes because this value of the function to be optimized,

CHAPTER 3
occupied by the kiosks. which is 840 m2, represents the maximum size occupied
by the kiosks while satisfying the constraints of the
c) The intercepts of the line of the equation
situation.
552 5 12x 1 8y
This is the last point in the polygon of constraints that is
x y
intercepted by one of the lines representing the function
0 69 to be optimized when the value of the latter
46 0 progressively increases. The coordinates of this point
represent the values of the decision variables that
The graph of this line
maximize the function to be optimized.
Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit
Number of 3 a) This is the vertex of the polygon of constraints at the
Commercial
Kiosks 80 intersection of boundary lines x 1 y 5 20 and y 1 5 5 x
70 (0, 69) (see the point circled in green on the graph below).
60
50 Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit
Number of
40 Commercial
30 Kiosks 80
70 (0, 69)
20
60

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
10
(46, 0) 50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 40
Number of 30
Craft Kiosks
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

20
10
d) This means that x craft kiosks and y commercial kiosks (46, 0)
occupy a total area of 552 m2. Points with integer
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
coordinates on the line defined by 552 5 12x 1 8y are Number of
Craft Kiosks
possible combinations of each type of kiosk that occupy
a total area of 552 m2.
b) Sample solution:
e) Several possible points. For example: (45, 15)
Solving the system of equations
Z 5 12x 1 8y

{y 1 5 5 x
Z 5 12(45) 1 8(15) x 1 y 5 20
​​ ​  ​​​​
Z 5 540 1 120
Z 5 660
Using the substitution method:
This point therefore represents a total area of more x 1 y 5 20 y155x
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

than 552 m2.

(y 1 5) 1 y 5 20 (7.5) 1 5 5 x

2 Sample explanations: 2y 1 5 5 20 12.5 5 x

2y 5 15
a) These are lines that do not intercept the polygon of
constraints. y 5 7.5

b) This is the vertex of the polygon of constraints located at The coordinates of the intersection point are (12.5, 7.5).
the intersection of boundary lines x 1 y 5 75 and 4y 5 x
c) No because the decision variables only allow integers in
(see the point circled in pink in the graph above).
this situation.
c) The coordinates of the point are: (60, 15). They represent
d) Sample explanations:
the values of the decision variables that maximize the
function to be optimized. The point with integer coordinates in the polygon of
constraints is the one closest to the vertex. There are two
d) Z 5 12x 1 8y
possibilities in the graph; (13, 7) and (13, 8). To confirm:
Z 5 12(60) 1 8(15)
Z 5 840

203
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
For point (13, 7) For point (13, 8) 3) The coordinates of vertex D

CHAPTER
Z 5 12x 13
8y Z 5 12x 1 8y Solving the system of equations:
Z 5 12(13) 1 8(7) Z 5 12(13) 1 8(8)

{​  4 ​ 5 y
x 1 y 5 12
Z 5 212 Z 5 220 ​​ __​x  ​​​ ​
Point (13, 7) is the lowest value in the function to be
optimized, which is 212 m2.
x 1 ​​ _4x  ​​ 5 12 x 1 y 5 12
e) Yes. This value of the function to be optimized, which is 5x
​​ _
4
 ​​ 5 12 9.6 1 y 5 12
212 m2, represents the minimum size occupied by the
kiosks while respecting the constraints of the situation. 5x 5 48 y 5 12 2 9.6

This is the last point with integer coordinates in the x 5 9.6 y 5 2.4
polygon of constraints that is intercepted by one of the The coordinates of vertex D are (9.6, 2.4).
lines representing the function to be optimized when the
value of the latter progressively decreases. The The maximum value of Z
coordinates of this point represent the values of the Z 5 3x 2 y
decision variables that minimize the function to be Z 5 3(9.6) 2 2.4
optimized.
Z 5 26.4

4 Sample solution: The maximum value of the function to be optimized

is 26.4 where x 5 9.6 and y 5 2.4.
a) 1) The value of Z of the line graphed
The coordinates of vertex B
The point (6, 6) is on the line.
In a graph: (2, 4).
Z 5 3x 2 y
The minimum value of Z
Z 5 3(6) 2 6
Z 5 12 Z 5 3x 2 y
Z 5 3(2) 2 4
The value of Z for the line graphed is 12.
Z52
2) The effect of moving the objective line
The minimum value of the function to be optimized
This is the test point (7, 3). is 2 with x 5 2 and y 5 4.
Z 5 3x 2 y b) 1) The value of Z from the line graphed
Z 5 3(7) 2 3 The point (50, 100) is on the line.
Z 5 18
Z 5 5x 1 2y
18 . 12, the values of Z increase when moved Z 5 5(50) 1 2(100)

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

downward.
Z 5 450
The point that maximizes Z
The value of Z for the line graphed is 450.
By moving the objective line down, the last point in
2) The effect of moving the objective line
the polygon of constraints encountered is vertex D.
Vertex D is the point whose coordinates maximize This is the test point (60, 120).
function Z. Z 5 5x 1 2y
The point that minimizes Z Z 5 5(60) 1 2(120)

By moving the objective line up, the last point in Z 5 540

the polygon of constraints encountered is vertex B. 540 . 450, therefore the values of Z increase when
Vertex B is the point whose coordinates minimize moved up.
function Z.
The point that maximizes Z
By moving the objective line up, the last point in the
polygon of constraints encountered by the translated
line is vertex C. Vertex C is the point whose
coordinates maximizes function Z.

204 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The point that minimizes Z The point that maximizes Z

CHAPTER 3 the objective line down, the last point in

By moving By moving the line graphed upward, the line
the polygon of constraints encountered by the coincides with AE in the polygon of constraints.
translated line is vertex A. Vertex A is the point whose The objective line therefore does not intersect the
coordinates minimize function Z. polygon at one single point. There will be several
possible points whose coordinates maximize function
3) The coordinates of vertex C
Z (points with integer coordinates that belong to side
AE). Vertex E is a valid option.

{100 1 __​ 2x ​ 5 y
y 2 x 5 45
​​ ​ ​ ​​​ The point that minimizes Z

By moving the line down, the last point in the

​​  2x  ​​ 2 x 5 45
100 1 _ y 2 x 5 45
polygon of constraints encountered by the translated
​​  x  ​​
2_
2
5 45 2 100 y 2 110 5 45 line is vertex D. Vertex D is the point whose
coordinates minimize function Z.
​​  2x  ​​ 5 255
2_ y 5 45 1 110
3) The coordinates of vertex E
x 5 110 y 5 155
The coordinates of vertex C are (110, 155). From the graph, you can identify the
coordinates (30, 45).
The maximum value of Z
The maximum value of Z

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
Z 5 5x 1 2y
Z 5 2y 2 x
Z 5 5(110) 1 2(155)
Z 5 2(45) 2 (30)
Z 5 860
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Z 5 60
The maximum value of the function to be
optimized is 860 with x 5 110 and y 5 155. The maximum value of the function to be
optimized is 60 with x 5 30 and y 5 45.
The coordinates of vertex A
The coordinates of vertex D
From the graph, you can see that the
coordinates are (20, 110). From the graph, you can identify the
coordinates (75, 0).
The minimum value of Z
The minimum value of Z
Z 5 5x 1 2y
Z 5 2y 2 x
Z 5 5(20) 1 2(110)
Z 5 2(0) 2 (75)
Z 5 320
Z 5 275
The minimum value of the function to be
The minimum value of the function to be
optimized is 320 where x 5 2 and y 5 110.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

optimized is 275 with x 5 75 and y 5 0.

c) 1) The value of Z of the line graphed
d) 1) The value of Z of the line graphed
The point (40, 20) is on the line.
The point (6, 10) is on the line.
Z 5 2y 2 x
Z 5 x 2 3y
Z 5 2(20) 2 (40)
Z 5 6 2 3(10)
Z50
Z 5 224
The value of Z for the line graphed is 0.
The value of Z for the line graphed is 224.
2) The effect of moving the objective line
2) The effect of moving the objective line
Given the test point (50, 10):
Given the test point (10, 8):
Z 5 2y 2 x
Z 5 x 2 3y
Z 5 2(10) 2 (50)
Z 5 10 2 3(8)
Z 5 230
Z 5 214
230, 0, therefore the values of Z decrease
214 . 224, therefore the values of Z increase
when moved down.
below the graphed line.

205
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEYThe point that maximizes Z The equation of one of the lines in the family of lines of
the function to be optimized
CHAPTER 3 the objective line downward, the last
By moving
Several possible answers for the value of Z.
point in the polygon of constraints encountered by
the translated line is Vertex C. Vertex C is the point Example of an answer with point (450, 250):
whose coordinates maximize function Z.
Z 5 20x 1 10y
The point that minimizes Z
Z 5 20(450) 1 10(250)
By moving the line upward, the last point in the
Z 5 11 500
polygon of constraints encountered by the translated
line is Vertex A. Vertex A is the point whose 11 500 5 20x 1 10y
coordinates minimize function Z.
The intercepts of the line
3) The coordinates of vertex C
x y
From the graph you can identify the 0 1150
coordinates (10, 5). 575 0
Since the decision variables represent positive
The graph of the line
integers, these coordinates are acceptable. However,
since the boundary line that passes through points C Number of Visitors
and D is defined by an equation that corresponds to a to a Festival of
strict inequality, the points belonging to side CD, Number of Circus Schools
which includes vertex C, have coordinates that do not Children
satisfy all of the constraints of the situation. You must 1200

therefore determine a replacement point near point 1000 11 500  20x  10y
C that belongs to the polygon of constraints. 800
600
In the graph, several points are possible, but if you
400
consider the slope of the line defined by the function
200
to be optimized, point (11, 6) is the best choice
because it is the last point with integer coordinates 0 300 600 900 1200
encountered by the translated line before exiting the Number
of Adults
polygon of constraints.

You should therefore consider point (11, 6) to The point that maximizes the situation
maximize the function to be optimized.
Effect of moving the objective line
The maximum value of Z
Point (500, 300)
Z 5 x 2 3y
Z 5 20x 1 10y
Z 5 11 2 3(6)
Z 5 20(500) 1 10(300)
Z 5 27
Z 5 13 000

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The maximum value of the function to be Since 13 000 . 11 500, therefore the values of Z increase
optimized is 27 with x 5 11 and y 5 6. rightward from the graphed line.
The coordinates of vertex A Maintaining the slope of the graphed line, translate it to the
right. The last point in the polygon of constraints
From the graph you can identify the
encountered by the translated line is the vertex circled in
coordinates (0, 18).
pink on the previous graph. Consequently, this vertex is
The minimum value of Z defined by the coordinates that maximize function Z.
Z 5 x 2 3y The coordinates of the point that maximize the function
Z 5 0 2 3(18)

{x 5 2y 1 350
Z 5 254 x 1 y 5 850
​​ ​ ​ ​​​
The minimum value of the function to be
optimized is 254 with x 5 0 and y 5 18. (2y 1 350) 1 y 5 850 x 5 2y 1 350
5 The rule for the function to be optimized 2y 1 y 5 850 2 350 x 5 2​​(_ 3 )
​  500
 ​ ​​ 1 350
3y 5 500 ​​  2050
x5_  ​​
Z 5 20x 1 10y 3
500
y 5 ​​ _3
 ​​

206 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The coordinates of the target vertex are ​​(____
​  2050
3 3 )
​  500
​, ___ ​ .​​ The maximum income

CHAPTER 3 variables represent positive integers,

Since the decision Z 5 20x 1 10y
these coordinates are not acceptable. Z 5 20(683) 1 10(167)

You must determine a replacement point near the target Z 5 15,330

vertex that belongs to the polygon of constraints. If you The maximum value of the function to be optimized
consider the slope of the line defined by the function to be is 15 330.
optimized, point (683, 167) is the best choice because it is
The maximum income from visitors to the festival taking
the last point with integer coordinates encountered by the
constraints into account is $15 330.
translated line before exiting the polygon of constraints.

SOLUTION 2.2
Louis’ cabin PAGES 98 TO 99
Sample solution: Since 220 . 207.5, the values of Z decrease if the graphed line is
moved leftward.
Elements defined in the Exploration
x: daily production of maple taffy (L) Maintaining the slope of the graphed line, translate it leftward

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
and the last point in the polygon of constraints encountered by
y: daily production of maple syrup (L)
the translated line is the vertex to the left of the polygon of
The variables are continuous and positive. constraints, which is vertex A. Therefore, this vertex is defined by
the coordinates that minimize function Z.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

⎧x 1 y $ 95
​​⎨y​ 2 x $
⎪
The coordinates of the vertex that minimize the function
50​​
 ​​​
⎩y # 8x
⎪

{y 5 8x
x 1 y 5 95
​​ ​  ​​​​
The objective function is: Z 5 2.50x 1 2y, where Z represents the
daily production expenses ($).
x 1 y 5 95 y 5 8x
The Polygon of constraints and line of the equation x 1 8x 5 95 y 5 8​​(__ 9)
​  95
 ​ ​​
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y, from the Exploration
9x 5 95 ​​  760
y5_  ​​
9
Louis’ Cabin ​​  95
x5_  ​​
Daily 9
Quantity
of Maple 100
The coordinates of vertex A are ​​(_
​  95
9 9 )
​  760
 ​ , _  ​ .​​
y  x  50
Syrup (L) Since the decision variables represent positive positive real
90
80 A numbers, these coordinates are acceptable. However, these
(15, 85)
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

70 variables represent a quantity in litres. It is therefore preferable

B
60 220  2.50x  2y to express each number in decimal form. This gives you the
50 y  8x following coordinates: (< 10.56, < 84.44).
40
The minimum daily expenses
30 x  y  95
Z 5 2.50x 1 2y
20
10 Z 5 2.50(10.56) 1 2(84.44)
Z 5 195.28
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Daily Quantity of
Maple Taffy (L) ANSWER: Louis should produce approximately 10.56 L of maple
taffy and approximately 84.44 L of maple syrup on a daily basis to
The effect of moving the objective line minimize his daily expenses to $195.28.
Example with point (15, 85):

Z 5 2.50x 1 2y
Z 5 2.50(15) 1 2(85)
Z 5 207.50

207
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
ACQUISITION 2.2 B PAGES 100 TO 109
CHAPTER 3
1 Sample answer: For vertex B

If one of the sides of the polygon of constraints is parallel to

{2x 5 y
x 1 y 5 10
the family of lines in the function to be optimized. ​​ ​  ​​​​

2 Sample explanation:
Using the substitution method:
No. The function to be optimized is represented by a family
x 1 (2x) 5 10 2​​(​ _
3)
10
 ​ ​​ 5 y
of parallel lines. Therefore, if one of them intersects a side in
20
the polygon of constraints at a point other than one of its 3x 5 10 ​​ _
3
 ​​ 5 y
ends, there will necessarily be another line in this family that ​​  10
x5 _ 3
 ​​
will intersect the ends of the side (one of the vertices of the
The coordinates of B are ​​(_ 3 3)
​  10 ​  20 ​ .​​
 ​, _
polygon of constraints).
Since the variables are continuous, these values are
NOTE: If the decision variables are discrete, you will have to acceptable as a solution. However, since the variables
determine a replacement point at the vertex that optimizes the represent quantities in litres, it is preferable to express
situation. the numbers in_decimal form when calculating Z, in
_
other words (​3.​3​​,​ 6.​6​​).
3 Sample descriptions:
For vertex C
1) Determine the coordinates on a graph, by reading the

{​  3 ​ 1 4 5 y
coordinates on the axes of the Cartesian plane. x 1 y 5 10
​​ ​__x  ​​​​
2) By solving the system of equations of the two lines that
determine each of the vertices.
Using the substitution method:
NOTE: Algebraically solving the system of equations x 1 (​​ _3x  ​​ 1 4) 5 10 4.5 1 y 5 10
ensures that the coordinates obtained are accurate. This is
x1_​​  3x  ​​ 5 6 y 5 5.5
not necessarily true using the graphing method, especially if
4x
you draw your graph approximately. ​​ _3
 ​​ 5 6
4x 5 18
4 a) Vertices A, B, C or D of the polygon of constraints. x 5 4.5
b) Z 5 3x1 5y, where Z corresponds to the production cost The coordinates of D are (4.5, 5.5).
($) of the glue.
Since the variables are continuous, these values are
c) Sample solution: acceptable as a solution.
The coordinates of the vertices

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

For vertex D
For vertex A

{​  3 ​ 1 4 5 y
x 1 2y 5 36
​​ ​__x  ​​​​

{2x 5 y
x 1 2y 5 36
​​ ​  ​​​​
Using the substitution method:
Using the substitution method: x 1 2 (​​ _3x  ​​ 1 4) 5 36 16.8 1 2y 5 36
x 1 2(2x) 5 36 2(7.2) 5 y ​​  2x
x1_ 3
 ​​ 18 5 36 2y 5 19.2
5x
x 1 4x 5 36 14.4 5 y ​​ _ 3
 ​​ 5 28 y 5 9.6
5x 5 36 5x 5 84
x 5 7.2 x 5 16.8
The coordinates of A are (7.2, 14.4). The coordinates of D are (16.8, 9.6).
Since the variables are continuous, these values are Since the variables are continuous, these values are
acceptable as a solution. acceptable as a solution.

208 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The optimization chart For vertex C

CHAPTER 3 Calculation of the Value of Z

{x 1 2.5 5 y
Coordinates of 3x 1 2y 5 32
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z ​​ ​  ​​​​
the Vertex
3x 1 5y 5 Z
A(7.2, 14.4) 3(7.2) 1 5(14.4) 5 93.6 $93.60
B​​(__ Using the substitution method:
3 3)
​  10 ​  20 ​ ​​
 ​, __ 3(3.33) 1 5(6.67) 5 43.34 $43.34
C(4.5, 5.5) 3(4.5) 1 5(5.5) 5 41 $41 3x 1 2(x 1 2.5) 5 32 5.4 1 2.5 5 y
D(16.8, 9.6) 3(16.8) 1 5(9.6) 5 98.40 $98.40 3x 1 2x 1 5 5 32 7.9 5 y

d) 1) $41 5x 5 27
x 5 5.4
2) $98.40
The coordinates of C are (5.4, 7.9).
3) 4.5 L of liquid A and 5.5 L of liquid B.
Since the variables are continuous, these values are
4) 16.8 L of liquid A and 9.6 L of liquid B.
acceptable as a solution.

5 Sample solutions: For vertex D

{x 1 2.5 5 y
NOTE: For the situations in question 5, the vertices of the polygon x 1 y 5 18
of constraints are named starting at the highest vertex on the ​​ ​ ​​​​

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
graph (vertex A), and continue in a counterclockwise direction.

Using the substitution method:

a) The coordinates of the vertices
x 1 (x 1 2.5) 5 18 7.75 1 2.5 5 y
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

For vertex A
2x 5 15.5 10.25 5 y

{3x 5 y
x 1 y 5 18 x 5 7.75
​​ ​  ​​​​
The coordinates of D are (7.75, 10.25).

Using the substitution method: Since the variables are continuous, these values are
acceptable as a solution.
x 1 (3x) 5 18 3(4.5) 5 y
4x 5 18 13.5 5 y The optimization chart

x 5 4.5 Calculation of the Value of Z

Coordinates of
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
The coordinates of A are (4.5, 13.5). the Vertex
10x 1 25y 5 Z

Since the variables are continuous, these values are A(4.5, 13.5) 10(4.5) 1 25(13.5) 5 382.5 382.5 km

acceptable as a solution. B​​(__ 9 3)

​  32 ​  32 ​ ​​
 ​, __ 10​​(__  ​ ​​ 1 25​​(__
9)
​  32 3)
​  32 ​​  2720
 ​ ​​ 5 ____ 9
 ​​ or 302,22 302.22 km
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

For vertex B C(5.4, 7.9) 10(5.4) 1 25(7.9) 5 251.5 251.5 km

D(7.75, 10.25) 10(7.75) 1 25(10.25) 5 333.75 333.75 km

{3x 5 y
3x 1 2y 5 32 To maximize the distance travelled to complete his
​​ ​  ​​​​
training program (km), the athlete must run for 4.5 hours
and cycle for 13.5 hours. This will make it possible for him
Using the substitution method: to cover a maximum distance of 382.5 km.
3x 1 2(3x) 5 32 3​​(​ _
9)
32
 ​ ​​ 5 y b) The coordinates of the vertices
32
3x 1 6x 5 32 ​​ _
3
 ​​ 5 y
For vertex A
9x 5 32
​​  32
x5_
{2x 2 12 5 y
9
 ​​ x 1 y 5 200
_ _ ​​ ​ ​​​​
The coordinates of B are ( 9 3)
32 _
​​ ​ _ ​, ​  32 ​ ​​ or (3.​​5​​, 10.​6
​).

Since the variables are continuous, these values are

acceptable as a solution.

209
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Using the substitution method: Using an equation from the initial system, you get:

CHAPTER 3 5 200 ​​ _

x 1 (2x 2 12) 212
3
 ​​ 1 y 5 200 152 1 y 5 200
3x 5 212 ​​  388
y5_ 3
 ​​ y 5 48
​​  212
x5_ 3
 ​​ The coordinates of D are (152, 48).
The coordinates of A are ( ​  212
​​ _ 3
 ​, _ 3 )
​  388
 ​ ​​ or approximately Since the variables are discrete, these values are
(70.67, 129.33). acceptable as a solution.

NOTE: Since the variables are discrete, these values are not The optimization chart
acceptable as a solution. You must therefore determine a
Calculation of the Value of Z
replacement point near this vertex that still belongs in the Coordinates of
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
polygon of constraints. Depending on the accuracy of the the Vertex
850x 1 1000y 5 Z
graph, point (71, 129) can be determined as the best choice. A(71, 129) 850(71) 1 1000(129) 5 189 350 $189 350

For vertex B B(50, 88) 850(50) 1 1000(88) 5 130 500 $130 500
C(50, 23) 850(50) 1 1000(23) 5 65 500 $65 500

​​{​
x 5 50 D(152, 48) 850(152) 1 1000(48) 5 177 200 $177 200
​ ​​​
2x 2 12 5 y
The minimum profit that the dealer may consider is
Using the substitution method: $65 500, which is for the sale of 50 family cars and
23 sports cars.
2(50) 2 12 5 y
88 5 y 6 a) The rule for the function to be optimized.
The coordinates of B are (50, 88). b) The polygon of constraints will be the same, but the
Since the variables are discrete, these values are slope of the family of lines representing the function to
acceptable as a solution. be optimized (the objective line) will be different.

For vertex C c) Sample solution:

The rule for the function to be optimized

{y 2 __
x 5 50
​​ ​ ​ ​​​
​  4x ​ 5 10 Z 5 25x 1 100y

The value of Z according to one of the points in the

Using the substitution method:
polygon of constraints
50
y 2 ​​ _ ​​ 5 10
4 Example (40, 10):
y 5 22.5
Z 5 25x 1 100y
The coordinates of C are (50, 22.5). Z 5 25(40) 1 100(10)

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Z 5 2000
NOTE: Since the variables are discrete, the 2nd coordinate is
not acceptable as a solution. You must therefore determine a Equation of the line: 2000 5 25x 1 100y.
replacement point that is near this vertex and that still
belongs to the polygon of constraints. Depending on the
The coordinates of two points on the line
accuracy of the graph, point (50, 23) can be determined as
x y
the best choice.
Point used to determine the rule for the
40 10
function to be optimized
For vertex D
y-intercept 0 20

{y 2 __​  4x ​ 5 10
x 1 y 5 200
​​ ​  ​​​​ y-intercept

25x 1 100y 5 2000

Using the elimination method: 25(0) 1 100y 5 2000
x 1 y 5 200 100y 5 2000
2 2
​​  x  ​​
2_
4
1 y 5 10 y 5 20
​​  5x ​​
_
4
5 190 (0, 20)
5x 5 760
x 5 152

210 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Line in the graph The coordinates of the vertex that minimize the
function (vertex circled in pink)
CHAPTER 3 Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit
Number of

{4y 5 x
Commercial x 1 y 5 20
Kiosks 80 ​​ ​  ​​​​
70
60 (4y) 1 y 5 20 x 1 y 5 20
50
5y 5 20 x 1 4 5 20
40
30 y54 x 5 16
20 The coordinates of the target vertex are (16, 4).
10
Since the decision variables represent positive integers,
these coordinates are acceptable.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of
Craft Kiosks The value of Z

Z 5 25x 1 100y
The effect of moving the objective line
Z 5 25(16) 1 100(4)
Using a test point, such as (35, 20): Z 5 800
Z 5 25x 1 100y The maximum value of the function to be optimized

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
Z 5 25(35) 1 100(20) is 800.
Z 5 2875
ANSWER: Respecting all of the constraints of the situation,
Since 2875 . 2000, therefore the values of Z increase
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

the organizers can expect a minimum income of $800 with

upward from the graphed line. 16 craft kiosks and 4 business kiosks, or a maximum income
of $4500 with 40 craft kiosks and 35 business kiosks.
Maintaining the slope of the graphed line, translate it
upward and the last point in the polygon of constraints
encountered by the translated line is the vertex circled in 7 a) y 1 5 # x becomes y 1 12 # x.
pink in the graph above. Consequently, this vertex is
b) Sample solution:
defined by the coordinates that maximize function Z.
The equation of the boundary line
Then translate the line drawn downward and the last
point in the polygon of constraints encountered by the y 5 x 2 12
translated line is the vertex circled in green in the graph The line passes through points (12, 0) and (25, 13).
above. Consequently, this vertex is defined by the
The new polygon of constraints
coordinates that minimize function Z.

The coordinates of the vertex that minimize the Kiosks at the Regional Exhibit
Number of
function (vertex circled in green)
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Commercial
Kiosks 80
For the vertex circled in green, its coordinates can be 70
identified from the graph. They are (40, 35). 60
50
Since the decision variables represent positive integers,
40 y  12  x
these coordinates are acceptable.
30
The value of Z 20
10
Z 5 25x 1 100y
Z 5 25(40) 1 100(35) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of
Z 5 4500 Craft Kiosks

The maximum value of the function to be optimized

c) Sample explanation:
is 4500.
There are three constraints (three boundary lines) that
define the new polygon of constraints. Therefore, one of
the constraints that defined the former polygon is no
longer necessary.
This is constraint x 1 y $ 20.

211
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
8 Sample solution: 9 a) Sample from the optimization chart:
CHAPTER 3the graph in question 7, translating the blue
a) Referring to The rule for the function to be optimized
line rightward shows that the same vertex maximizes Juliette pays $2.40 for 100 g of peanuts and $3.40 for 100 g
function Z1. of almonds. These costs represent $0.024 for one gram of
peanuts and $0.034 for one gram of almonds.
However, if the blue line is translated downward, a new
vertex will be identified to calculate the minimum of The rule for the function to be optimized is:
function Z1. This is the one that is defined by the two Z 5 0.034x 1 0.024y, where Z represents the cost ($)
of these two products.
boundary lines whose equations are y 1 12 5 x and
4y 5 x. The recipe can contain up to 120 g of almonds and 120 g
of peanuts, which represents a cost of $6.96 (or 0.034(120) 1
Using the comparison method: 0.024(120)). The optimization chart, which takes all of the
y 1 12 5 4y 4y 5 x constraints of the situation into consideration, allows you to
determine that this is the maximum cost for these products
12 5 3y 4(4) 5 x
in the recipe.
45y 16 5 x
The optimization chart
This is vertex (16, 4) and the value of function Z1 is 224,
NOTE: The coordinates for all of the vertices can be determined
because 12(16) 1 8(4) 5 224.
on a graph.
The new minimum is 224 m2 in total for the area
occupied by the kiosks. Calculation of the Value of Z
Coordinates Value of Z
Using the Function to be Optimized:
of the Vertex ($)
b) Referring to the graph in question 7b), observe that Z 5 0.034x 1 0.024y

translating the pink line downward shows that the same A(40, 120) 0.034(40) 1 0.024(120) 5 4.24 4.24

vertex minimizes function Z2. B(30, 100) 0.034(30) 1 0.024(100) 5 3.42 3.42
C(30, 50) 0.034(30) 1 0.024(50) 5 2.22 2.22
However, by translating the pink line upward, a new D(70, 50) 0.034(70) 1 0.024 (50) 5 3.58 3.58
vertex will be identified to calculate the maximum of E(120, 100) 0.034(120) 1 0.024(100) 5 6.48 6.48
function Z2. This is the one that is defined by the two F(120) 120 0.034(120) 1 0.024(120) 5 6.96 6.96
boundary lines whose equations are y 1 12 5 x and
The maximum cost of Juliette’s recipe is $6.96, using 120 g of
x 1 y 5 75.
almonds and 120 g of peanuts.
Using the substitution method:
​​  4x ​​ # 130.
b) The inequality for the new constraint is: y 1 __
y 1 12 1 y 5 75 y 1 12 5 x The equation of the boundary line is y # 2_​​  4x ​​ 1 130,
2y 5 63 31.5 1 12 5 x the area in the plane to be shaded is below the line.
y 5 31.5 43.5 5 x This line passes through points (120, 100) and (40, 120).
The modified polygon of constraints
This is the vertex (43.5, 31.5). However, these numbers
cannot be considered because the decision variables are Recipe for Juliette’s

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Protein Bars
defined for positive integers. You must therefore Quantity
of Peanuts
determine a replacement point that is near the target (g) 160
vertex and that belongs to the polygon of constraints. 120
A F
B
80 E
If you consider the slope of the line defined by the
function to be optimized, point (44, 31) is the best choice 40 C D
because it is the last point with integer coordinates
0 40 80 120 160
encountered by the translated line before exiting the Quantity of Almonds
polygon of constraints. (g)
From, the graph, you can see that the constraints
The value of function Z2: 4200 5 25(44) 1 100(31).
associated with the boundary lines x 5 120 and
The new maximum is $4200. This is the new maximum y 5 120 (pink) are no longer useful in the situation
income that the organizers can expect to raise with the because the new constraint (green) limits the possible
contributions requested from the owners of kiosks. quantities of products to only itself.
c) The maximum cost will change because point F no
longer belongs to the polygon of constraints. Since there
is no new vertex, from the optimization chart you can
determine that vertex E now maximizes the situation
with its coordinates of (120, 100) which results in a total
cost of $6.48.

212 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
d) The new rule for the function to be optimized Maximum value of Z

CHAPTER 3 for almonds has changed. It is now $2.80

Only the price The maximum cost of almonds and peanuts in Juliette's
for 100 g. The rule is now: Z 5 0.028x 1 0.024y. recipe is $5.76 taking her discount and the new
The optimization chart constraint into consideration. This cost can be obtained
from vertex E.
Calculation of the Value of Z
Coordinates Value of Z
Using the Function to be Optimized:
of the Vertex ($)
Z 5 0.028x 1 0.024y
A(40, 120) 0.028(40) 1 0.024(120) 5 4 4
B(30, 100) 0.028(30) 1 0.024(100) 5 3.24 3.24
C(30, 50) 0.028(30) 1 0.024(50) 5 2.04 2.04
D(70, 50) 0.028(70) 1 0.024(50) 5 3.16 3.16
E(120, 100) 0.028(120) 1 0.024(100) 5 5.76 5.76

CONSOLIDATION 2.2 PAGES 110 TO 118

1 a) Vertex C minimizes the function and vertex A maximizes
NOTE: These validations using a graph are not required.
the function.
They are only included to allow you to see the graph of the

ANSWER KEY
b) Vertex A minimizes the function and vertex C maximizes

CHAPTER 2
optimization. They will not be included systematically in the
the function. following questions to lighten the answer key.
c) All points on side AB minimize the function and vertex C
b) The optimization chart
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

maximizes the function.

d) Vertex C minimizes the function and vertex A maximizes Coordinates of the Value of the Function to be Optimized:
Vertices Z 5 5x 1 3y
the function.
A(7, 8) 5(7) 1 3(8) 5 59
e) Vertex A minimizes the function, and a replacement
B(3, 5) 5(3) 1 3(5) 5 30
point at vertex C maximizes the function because it is
excluded. C(6, 0) 5(6) 1 3(0) 5 30

f ) Vertex B minimizes the function and vertex E maximizes D(9, 3) 5(9) 1 3(3) 5 54

the function. Vertex A maximizes the function with a value of 59.

2 Examples using the optimization chart: Validation with a graph

a) The optimization chart y

Coordinates of the Value of the Function to be Optimized: 14

Vertices Z 5 2x 2 y 12
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

A(5, 14) 2(5) 2 (14) 5 24 10

A(7, 8)
8
B(1, 10) 2(1) 2 (10) 5 28

6 B(3, 5)
C(2, 2) 2(2) 2 (2) 5 2
4
D(5, 1) 2(5) 2 (1) 5 9
2 D(9, 3)
E(9, 1) 2(9) 2 (1) 5 17 C(6, 0)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
Vertex E maximizes the function with a value of 17.

Validation with a graph 3 a) Since vertices A and B minimize the situation, the
function to be optimized passes through both of them at
y
the same time, which means that the slope of segment
A(5, 14)
14 AB is the same as that of the line for the function to be
12 optimized.
10
B(1, 10) Equation of the optimization line
8
6 Slope:
4
​​  180
a5_ 2 80
120 2 60
​​  100
 ​​ 5 _ 60
​​  53 ​​
 ​​ 5 _
2 D(5, 1)
C(2, 2) E(9, 1)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x

213
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The rule for the function to be optimized: 5 a) Sample solution:
CHAPTER 3
​​ _53 ​​ 5 _
y 2 80
​​  x 2 60 ​​ Polygon of constraints

5(x 2 60) 5 3(y 2 80) Sale of Zucchinis by a

5x 2 300 5 3y 2 240 Vegetable Merchant
Number
of Yellow
5x 2 3y 5 60 Zucchinis 10
(kg)
Therefore, the rule for the function to be optimized is: 8
6 A
Z 5 5x 2 3y D
4
The optimization chart 2
B C
Coordinates of the Value of the Function to be Optimized:
0 2 4 6 8 10
Vertices Z 5 5x 2 3y Number of Green
C(80, 60) 5(80) 2 3(60) 5 220 Zucchinis
(kg)
D(180, 80) 5(180) 2 3(80) 5 660
The coordinates of vertex A
Vertex D maximizes the function with a value of 660.
Since x 5 3,
b) Example using the optimization chart:
5(3) 1 16y 5 88
The optimization chart 15 1 16y 5 88
Coordinates Value of the First Function Value of the Second 16y 5 73
of the to be Optimized: Function to be Optimized:
Vertices Z 5 5x 1 2y Z 5 2x 1 3y y 5 4.5625 or y < 4.56

A(6, 7) 5(6) 1 2(7) 5 44 2(6) 1 3(7) 5 33 A(3, 4.56)

B(2, 6) 5(2) 1 2(6) 5 22 2(2) 1 3(6) 5 22 The coordinates of vertex B
C(2, 5) 5(2) 1 2(5) 5 20 2(2) 1 3(5) 5 19
Since x 5 3 and y 5 2
D(5, 3) 5(5) 1 2(3) 5 31 2(5) 1 3(3) 5 19
B(3, 2)
1) Vertex A maximizes the function Z 5 5x 1 2y with a
The coordinates of vertex C
value of 44.
Since y 5 2:
2) Vertices C and D minimize the function Z 5 2x 1 3y
with a value of 19. 5x 1 4(2) 5 42
5x 1 8 5 42
4 Example using the objective line: 5x 5 34
The polygon of constraints and the line of the x 5 6.8
function to be optimized C(6.8, 2)

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

y
The coordinates of vertex D
16
A(9, 15) Example of an answer using the elimination method:
14
12 3 21
{5x 116y 5 88 {5x 116y 5 88
10 E(14, 10) 5x 1 4y 5 42 25x 2 4y 5 242
​​ ​ ​ ​​​ ​​ ​    ​​​​ 1
8 B(2, 8)
6
D(13, 6) By elimination, you get:
4
2 12y 5 46
C(5, 2)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x y5 _ 6
 ​​ or y 5 ​3.​‾
​​  23 83​​ or y < 3.83

a) Vertex A maximizes the function Z 5 2.5x 1 4.75y with a And for x:

value of 93.75.
5x 1 4​​(_ 6)
​  23
 ​ ​​ 5 42
b) If you change the function to be optimized, vertex E now
maximizes the function with a value of 91.5. ​​  92
5x 1 _ 6
 ​​ 5 42

If you change the function to be optimized, the ​​  160

5x 5 _ 6
 ​​
maximum value has dropped by 2.25. 16
_
x 5 ​​ _
3
 ​​ or x 5 ​5.​3​​ ou x < 5.33
D(5.33, 3.83)

214 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The optimization chart The coordinates of vertex C

CHAPTER
Coordinates3
of the Value of the Function to be Optimized: Since x 5 32,
Vertices Z 5 2.75x 1 4.35y
2(32) 1 3y 5 80
A(3, 4.56) 2.75(3) 1 4.35(4.56) 5 28.09
64 1 3y 5 80
B(3, 2) 2.75(3) 1 4.35(2) 5 16.95
C(6.8, 2) 2.75(6.8) 1 4.35(2) 5 27.4 3y 5 16
16 _
D(5.33, 3.83) 2.75(5.33) 1 4.35(3.83) 5 31.32 y 5 ​​ _
3
 ​​ or x 5 ​5.​3​​ or x < 5.33

Vertex D(5.33, 3.83) maximizes the function with a value C(32, 5.33)
of $31.32. The coordinates of vertex D
b) Sample solution: Since y 5 0,
Polygon of constraints 2x 1 3(0) 5 80

Storage Space 2x 5 80
Space
Rented to the x 5 40
Sub-Contractor 60
(m³) 50 D(40, 0)
40 The optimization chart
30 A

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
20 The System of The Value of the Function to be
B Vertices The Coordinates
Equations Optimized: Z 5 25x 1 3y
10
C D y 5 0.5x
A (57.14, 28.57) 25(57.14) 1 3(28.57) < 2200
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 5x 5 3y 1 200
Space Available
y 5 0.5x
for Rent B (32.16) 25(32) 1 3(16) 5 2112
(m³) x 5 32
x 5 32
The coordinates of vertex A C (32, 5.33) 25(32) 1 3(5.33) < 2144
2x 1 3y 5 80
y50

{5x 5 3y 1 200
y 5 0.5x D (40, 0) 25(40) 1 3(0) 5 2200
​​ ​ ​ ​​​ 2x 1 3y 5 80

Vertex B(32, 16) maximizes the function to be optimized

By substitution: (the profits). Since this is a negative income, this
represents losses of $112.
5x 5 3(0.5x) 1 200
5x 5 1.5x 1 200 6 Variables
3.5x 5 200
x: number of croissants
​​  400
x5_  ​​ or x < 57.14
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

7
y: number of baguettes
And for y :
The variables are discrete and positive.
Since y 5 0.5x
Function to be optimized
y 5 0.5​​(_ 7 )
​  400
 ​ ​​
Z 5 1.45x 1 2.75y
​​  200
y5_ 7
 ​​ or y < 28.57
Constraints
A(57.14, 28.57)
⎧x $ 144
⎪y $ 36
The coordinates of vertex B
⎨
​​ __
​    ​​​
​​ ​
⎪
Since x 5 32, ​  17 ​  23
​x 1 __ ​y # 360
36 12
y 5 0.5(32) ⎩x $ 3y
y 5 16

B(32, 16)

215
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Polygon of constraints The optimization chart

CHAPTER
Number of
3Production of a Bakery Vertices
Value of the Function to be Optimized
Z 5 1.45x 1 2.75y
Baguettes
210 1.45(616) 1 2.75(36) 5 992.2
A(616.23, 36)
180 With the replacement point (616, 36)
150 B(324, 108) 1.45(324) 1 2.75(108) 5 766.8
120 B C(144, 48) 1.45(144) 1 2.75(48) 5 340.8
90 D(144, 36) 1.45(144) 1 2.75(36) 5 307.8
60 C
30 The production of 616 croissants and 36 baguettes
D A
optimizes sales with an amount of $992.20.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Number of NOTE: Since the bakery bakes its croissants in batches of 36
Croissants
and that 616 is not a multiple of 36, you need to consider
The coordinates of vertex A another point. In this context, realistically, the bakery would
probably choose the multiple of 36 closest to 616, which is 612.
​​ 17
Since y 5 36, by substitution: _36
​​  23
 ​​x 1 _ 12
 ​​(36) 5 360.

​​  17
_
36
 ​​x 1 69 5 360 7 Sample solution:
17
​​ _ 36
 ​​x 5 360 2 69 Variables
17
_ x: amount of soft cheese (kg)
​​  36 ​​x 5 291

x 5 616.24 y: amount of firm cheese (kg)

Since vertex A does not consist entirely of integers, you can The variables are continuous and positive.
use the replacement vertex (616, 36).
Function to be optimized
The coordinates of vertex B
Z5x1y
Since x 5 3y, using the substitution method:
Constraints
​​  17
_
36
 ​​(3y) 1 _ ​​  23
12
 ​​y 5 360
⎧x 1 y # 150
⎪y $ 20
51
​​ _ 36
​​  69
 ​​y 1 _ 36
 ​​y 5 360
120 ​​⎨  
⎪31.98x 1 41.98y $ 2500
​​ _ 36
 ​​y 5 360 x​ $ 20​ ​​​
​ ​ ​

y 5 108 ⎩y $ 2x
and x 5 3(108) 5 324
Polygon of constraints
B(324, 108)

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

Inventory of a
The coordinates of vertex C
Cheese Counter
Amount of
Since x 5 144 Firm Cheese
(kg) 160
144 5 3y 140
120 A
y 5 48
100
C(144, 48) D
80
The coordinates of vertex D 60
40 B
According to the constraints, C
20
x 5 144 and y 5 36.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
D(144, 36) Amount of Soft Cheese
(kg)

216 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The coordinates of vertex A 8 System of inequalities
CHAPTER
Since x 5 20 3 x: number of chairs

20 1 y 5 150 y: number of tables

y 5 150 2 20 5 130 The variables are discrete and positive.
A(20, 130)
⎧y . 20
The coordinates of vertex B ⎪25x 1 120y # 4800
​​⎨​x  
. 4y​  ​​​​
x 5 20
⎪__1
⎩​  3 ​x 1 ​  4 ​ y # 40
3
__
31.98(20) 1 41.98y 5 2500
639.6 1 41.98y 5 2500
Polygon of constraints
41.98y 5 1860.4
y < 44.32 Production of a
Woodworking Shop
Number
B(20, 44.32) of Tables
80
The coordinates of vertex C
60
Since y 5 2x, by the substitution method: 40
20

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
31.98x 1 41.98(2x) 5 2500
31.98x 1 83.96x 5 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100
Number
115.94x 5 2500 of Chairs
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

x < 21.56 After constructing the polygon of constraints, you can see
and y < 43.12 that there is no region that satisfies all of the constraints.

C(21.56, 43.12) In the fourth constraint, there are three parameters that can
be changed: the production time per chair or per table and
The coordinates of vertex D
the total production time. Among these three parameters,
Since y 5 2x, by the substitution method: the maximum production time per week seems the most
logical to change, because it does not entail any major
x 1 2x 5 150
changes in the manufacturing process for the items.
3x 5 150
The boundary of the constraint must be above the
x 5 50
intersection of constraints 1 and 3.
and y 5 2(50) 5 100
Sample solution:
D(50, 100)
The coordinates of the intersection of constraints
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The optimization chart 1 and 3

Coordinates of the Value of the Function to be Optimized:

{x 5 4y
y 5 20
Vertices Z5x1y ​​ ​  ​​​​
A(20, 130) 20 1 130 5 150
B(20, 44.32) 20 1 44.32 5 64.32 x 5 4(20) 5 80
C(21.56, 43.12) 21.56 1 43.12 5 64.68
The coordinates are (80, 20), but this point is excluded from
D(50, 100) 50 1 100 5 150
the polygon of constraints.
The minimum amount of cheese in the counter is 64.32 kg,
obtained by having 20 kg of soft cheese and 44.32 kg of firm
cheese.

217
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Modifying the total time The graph of the situation, including the function to
be optimized with the objective of $2460
CHAPTER 3 constraint:
Based on the original

​​  34 ​​y # 40
​​  13 ​​x 1 _
_ Inventories of
Used Vehicles
Number
Becomes: of SUVs
24
​​  34 ​​ (20) # K
​​ _13 ​​ (80) 1 _
20
80
​​ _
3
 ​​ 1 15 # K 16
12
41.67 # K
8
The company can produce the necessary quantity of items if 4 D
2460  250x  320y
it increases its production hours to over 41.67 hours per week.
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
The constraint can become: Number
of Cars
​​  34 ​​y # 45
​​  13 ​​x 1 _
_
A coordinate pair (x, y) that obtains the objective
In the graph, you would obtain the following polygon of $2460
constraints:
Point D(6, 3) belongs to the line for the function to be
Production of a optimized with the objective of $2460 and consists of
Woodworking Shop integer coordinates.
Number
of Tables
If he sells six cars and three SUVs, he will reach his
25
minimum objective.
23
21 b) Sample answer:
19
To ensure that the sales commission income is at least
17
$2460, you must determine a constraint that provides
0 76 80 84 88 92 the minimum number of cars to be sold. However, in a),
Number
of Chairs it was determined that the pair (6, 3) resulted in a
commission income of $2460. This is a total of nine
9 a) Example using the objective line: vehicles sold. Therefore, you can assume that a minimum
of nine cars must be sold, or x 1 y $ 9.
Variables
This can all be validated in a graph.
x: number of cars
Inventories of
y: number of SUVs Used Vehicles
Number
The variables are discrete and positive. of SUVs

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

24
Constraints 20
16
⎧x  0 and y  0 12
⎪x 1 y # 23
​​⎨  
8
​ ​  ​​​
​ ​
⎪x . y 4 D
⎩x , 3y 2460  250x  320y
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Number
Function to be optimized of Cars

Z 5 250x 1 320y
ANSWER: The new constraint creates a lower boundary
NOTE: Knowing that you want at least a commission (Z) of line for the polygon of constraints, and point D(6, 3), is clearly
$2460, you must construct line 2460 5 250x 1 320y and located on the side of the polygon of constraints.
establish the intersection points with the polygon of
constraints.

218 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
10 a) Example using the objective line The coordinates of vertex D

CHAPTER
Variables 3 Since x 1 y 5 200 and by the positivity constraint y 5 0

x: number of free trials x 1 0 5 200

y: number of subscriptions sold x 5 200

The variables are discrete and positive. D(200, 0)

The first function to be optimized The optimization chart

Z 5 2x 1 5y Coordinates of the Value of the Function to be Optimized:

Vertices 2x 1 5y 5 Z
Constraints A(0, 0) 2(0) 1 5(0) 5 0
B(168, 24) 2(168) 1 5(24) 5 456
5x 1 15y # 1200 (the maximum number of calls in C(180, 20) 2(180) 1 5(20) 5 460
20 hours, which is 1200 minutes)
D(200, 0) 2(200) 1 5(0) 5 400
x $ 7y
x 1 y # 200 Vertex C(180, 20) maximizes the function with a value
of $460 per week by selling 180 free trials and 20
Polygon of constraints subscriptions.

b) Function Z modified

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
Free Trials and
Number of
Subscriptions
Coordinates of the Equation of the New Function to be Optimized
Subscriptions Vertices Z 5 10y 1 200
Sold 120
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

A(0, 0) 10(0) 1 200 5 200

100
80 B(168, 24) 10(24) 1 200 5 440
60 C(180, 20) 10(20) 1 200 5 400
40 D(200, 0) 10(0) 1 200 5 200
B(168, 24) C(180, 20)
20
A(0, 0) D(200, 0) With the new compensation method, Simon’s maximum
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 salary will be $440 if he sells 168 free trials and 24
Number of subscriptions.
Free Trials
The change in the compensation method lowers his
The coordinates of vertex B income by a maximum of $20.
Since x 5 7y, using the substitution method:
11 For each of the vertices, use the function to be optimized,
35y 1 15y 5 1200 which is Z 5 cx 1 dy. Calculate the value of Z for each of the
50y 5 1200 vertices by substituting the coordinates of the point to x and
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

y 5 24 y taking into account the fact that c 5 2d.

and x 5 7(24) 5 168 For vertex A

B(168, 24) The coordinates of A are (a, b), so cx 1 dy becomes:

The coordinates of vertex C c(a) 1 d(b) 5 2d(a) 1 d(b)

Example of an answer using the elimination method: 5 2ad 1 bd

3 21 For vertex B

{x 1 y 5 200 { 5x 25y 5 21000

5x 1 15y 5 1200 5x 1 15y 5 1200
​​   
​  ​​​ ​ ​​ 2
  
​ ​ ​​​ 1 The coordinates of B are (a 1 1, b 1 2), so cx 1 dy becomes:

c(a 1 1) 1 d(b 1 2) 5 2d(a 1 1) 1 d(b 1 2)

By elimination, you get:
5 2ad 1 2d 1 bd 12d
10y 5 200
5 2ad 1 bd 1 4d
y 5 20
And for x:
x 1 (20) 5 200
x 5 180

C(180, 20)

219
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
For vertex C System 2

CHAPTER 3 of C are (a 1 3, b 1 1), so cx + dy becomes:

The coordinates

{bx 1 ay 5 c
ax 1 by 5 c
​​ ​  ​​​​
c(a 1 3) 1 d(b 1 1) 5 2d(a 1 3) 1 d(b 1 1)
5 2ad 1 6d 1bd 1 d
Solving the system of equations using the comparison
5 2ad 1 bd 1 7d
method:
For vertex D
ax 1 by 5 bx 1 ay
The coordinates of D are (a 1 1, b 2 2), so cx + dy becomes:
by 2 ay 5 bx 2 ax
c(a 1 1) 1 d(b 2 2) 5 2d(a 1 1) 1 d(b 2 2) y(b 2 a) 5 x(b 2 a)
5 2ad 12d 1 bd 2 2d y5x
5 2ad 1 bd
Using the substitution method:
Since 2ad 1 bd 1 7d . 2ad 1 bd 1 4d . 2ad 1 bd.
ax 1 bx 5 c
The lowest value is 2ad 1 2d, because all the parameters are x(a 1 b) 5 c
positive. c
x 5 ​​ _
a1b
 ​​
Since vertices A and D give this optimization value, the line
The coordinates of the vertex are:
for the function to be optimized passes through these two
(​​ ​  a 1 b ​, ​  a 1 b ​)​​
c _
_ c
vertices, and therefore all points between them would
minimize the situation.
System 3
12 Sample solution:

{bx 1 ay 5 c
ax 1 cy 5 b
a) Since the polygon of constraints has a triangular shape, ​​ ​  ​​​​
each constraint determines a vertex at the intersection of
one of the two other constraints. There are therefore
Using the substitution method:
three systems of equations to be solved to determine the
b 2 cy
vertices. x 5 ​​ _ a ​​

b​​(​ _ ))​​ 1 ay 5 c
b 2 cy
System 1 a ​
​b​​  2​  2 bcy
​​ _
a ​​ 1 ay 5 c

{ax 1 cy 5 b
ax 1 by 5 c
​​ ​ ​​​​
b2 2 bcy 1 a2y 5 ac

a2y 2 bcy 5 ac 2 b2
Solving the system of equations using the elimination
method: y(a2 2 bc) 5 ac 2 b2

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

​​  ac2 2 ​b​​  ​ ​​
2
ax 1 by 5 c y5_
2 ​a​​  ​  2 bc
ax 1 cy 5 b For x:
b 2 c​(_
​  ac2 2 ​b​​  ​ ​)​
2
by 2 cy 5 c 2 b b 2 cy ​a​​  ​  2 bc
x 5 ​​ _ a ​​ becomes x 5 ​​ 
___________
a ​​
y(b 2 c) 5 c 2 b
b 2 ​(_
​a​​  ​  2 bc )
​  a​c​​  2​  2 ​b​​  ​   ​
c
2 2
​
c2b x 5 ​​ ___________
   a ​​
y 5 ​​ _
b2c
 ​​ 5 21
2 ​(_
​a​​  ​  2 bc )
​  ​a​​  ​  b2 2 ​b​​   ​ 
​  c
​  a​c​​  2​  2 ​b​​  ​   ​
c
2 2 2 2
_ ​
for x: ​a​​  ​  2 bc
x 5 ​​ _________________
   a ​​
ax 1 b(21) 5 c ​a​​  ​  b 2 ​b​​  ​  c 2 a​c​​  ​  1 ​b​​  ​  c
2
________________
​   
2
 ​
2 2

x 5 ​​ ______________
   ​a​​  2​  2 bc
a ​​
ax 5 c 1 b
​a​​  2​  b 2 a​c​​  2​ _ a(ab 2 ​c​​  2​  ) _ (ab 2 ​c​​  2​  )
​​  c 1
x5_ b x 5 ​​ _  ​​ 5 ​​  2  ​​5 ​​   ​​
a ​​ a(​a​​  2​  2 bc) a(​a​​  ​  2 bc) (​a​​  2​  2 bc)
The coordinates of the vertex are: The coordinates of the vertex are:

​​(_  ​)​​
c1b 2 (ab 2 ​c​​  2​) ac 2 ​b​​  2​
(​​ _a ​​, 1) ​  2  ​, _
​  2
(​a​​  ​  2 bc) ​a​​  ​  2 bc

220 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
b) As a concrete example for c . b . a . 0, you can use the values a 5 1, b 5 2 and c 5 3.

CHAPTER 3 vertex
For the first
c1b 2 312 2
(​​ _ _
a ​​, 1) transforms into (​​  1 ​​, 1) and becomes (5, 1).
2

Then, validate in the system of equations

{ax 1 cy 5 b {1(5) 1 3(21) 5 2​​​​  : the vertex is validated.

ax 1 by 5 c 1(5) 1 2(21) 5 3
​​ ​ ​​​​ which becomes ​​ ​  

For the second vertex

​​(_
​  a 1 b a 1 b)
c _
 ​, ​  c  ​ ​​ transforms into (
​​ _ 2 1 1 2)
3 _
​  1 1  ​, ​  3  ​ ​​and becomes (1, 1).

Then, validate in the system of equations

{bx 1 ay 5 c {2(1) 1 1(1) 5 3

ax 1 by 5 c 1(1) 1 2(1) 5 3
​​ ​ ​​​​which becomes ​​ ​  ​​​​ : the vertex is validated.

For the second vertex

( (​a​​  ​  2 bc) ​a​​  2​  2 bc )

​  ac 2 ​b​​  ​ ​ ​​ transforms into (
( ​1​​  ​  2 2 3 3) ​1​​  2​  2 2 3 3 )
​  1 3 3 2 ​2​​  ​ ​ ​​ and becomes ( ​  15 ​).​​
(ab 2 ​c​​  2​  ) 2 (1 3 2 2 ​3​​  2​  ) 2
​​ _
​  2  ​, _ ​​ _
​  2  ​,_ ​  75 ​ , __
​​ _

Then, validate in the system of equations

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
1​(_
​  75 ​)​  1 3​(_
​  15 ​)​  5 2
{bx 1 ay 5 c {2​ _​  7 ​ ​  1 1​ _​  1 ​ ​  5 3
ax 1 cy 5 b
​​ ​ ​​​​ which becomes​​ ​  ​​​ ​: the vertex is validated.
(5) (5)
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

INTEGRATION PAGES 123 TO 127

1 Sample solution: y

The region associated with the polygon of constraints

14 y  2.5x  14
By isolating y in each of the inequalities, you can quickly find 12
the feasible regions. 10
10  y  1.5x
8
x $ 2y 2 4 B
6 x  2y  4
x 1 4 $ 2y Minimum A
4
​​  12 ​​x 1 2 $ y
_ 2
C Maximum
​​ 12 ​​and the feasible
The y-intercept of the line is 2, the slope is _
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
region is below the boundary line.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The effect of moving the line

10 # y 1 1.5x
21.5x 1 10 # y Example using the test point (2, 4):

The y-intercept of the line is 10, the slope is 21.5 and the Z 5 2x 2 3y
feasible region is above the boundary line. Z 5 2(2) 2 3(4)

y $ 2.5x 2 14 Z 5 28

The y-intercept is 214, the slope is 2.5 and the feasible region Since 0 . 28, the values of Z decrease by translating the
is above the boundary line. blue line toward the top of the graph.

Two points on the line sought for Z 5 0

2x 2 3y 5 0, therefore you need to find two points on this

line, for example:

x y
0 0
3 2

221
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The vertices to be identified The function to be optimized must have a slope of 0.25.

CHAPTER 3the slope of the graphed line, translate it

Maintaining
In this way, you can define the family of lines
representing Z2 as follows:
downward and the last point in the polygon of
constraints encountered by the translated line is the y 5 0.25x 1 Z2 or Z2 5 y 2 0.25x
vertex circled in pink on the previous graph. It represents
the vertex whose coordinates maximize function Z. In the 3 Sample solutions:
same way, translate it upward and the last point in the
a) The vertices of the polygon of constraints
polygon of constraints encountered by the translated
line is the vertex circled in green on the preceding graph. Solving systems of equations to determine the
It represents the vertex whose coordinates minimize coordinates of each of the vertices:
function Z.
For vertex A (at the top of the graph)
The optimal values

{3y 1 2x 5 70
48 2 4x 5 y
On the graph, the coordinates of the vertex that ​​ ​ ​ ​​​
maximize the situation are (6, 1) and those of the vertex
that minimize it are (4, 4).
Using the substitution method:
The maximum
3y 1 2x 5 70 48 2 4x 5 y
Z 5 2(6) 2 3(1) 3(48 2 4x) 1 2x 5 70 48 2 4(7.4) 5 y
Z59 144 2 12x 1 2x 5 70 18.4 5 y
The minimum 210x 5 274

Z 5 2(4) 2 3(4) x 5 7.4

Z5 24
The coordinates of A are (7.4, 18.4).

Since the variables are continuous, these values are

2 Sample answers:
acceptable as a solution.
a) Determine the slope of boundary lines AB and CD
For vertex B
The family of lines representing the function to be
optimized Z1 must have a slope between that of side AB
{x 2 6y 5 240 {2x 2 12y 5 280
3y 1 2x 5 70 3y 1 2x 5 70
and side CD so that points A and D contain the ​​ ​ ​​​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​​
32
coordinates that optimize the function.

Slope of the line passing through A(6, 4) and B(4, 7): Using the elimination method:

​​  74 2
a1 5 _ 4
​​  32 ​​
 ​​ 5 2_ 3y 1 2x 5 70
26 2 2
212y 1 2x 5 280
Slope of the line passing through C(8, 8) and D(14, 2):

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

15y 5 150
228
a2 5 _
​​  14 28
 ​​ 5 21
y 5 10
The function to be optimized must have a slope between
Using an equation from the initial system, you get:
21.5 and 21.
x 2 6y 5 240
Its rule must be such that:
x 2 6(10) 5 240
y 5 ax 1 Z1 or Z1 5 y 2 ax, where 21.5 # a # 21
x 2 60 5 240
b) The family of lines representing the function to be x 5 20
optimized Z2 must have the same slope as that of side BC
to ensure that all points on side BC contain the The coordinates of B are (20, 10).
coordinates that maximize the function. Since the variables are continuous, these values are
Slope of the line passing through B(4, 7) and C(8, 8): acceptable as a solution.

​​  88 2
a1 5 _ 24
7
​​  14 ​​
 ​​ 5 _

222 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The optimization chart Polygon of constraints

CHAPTER 3
Coordinates of
Calculation of the Value of Z Conditions for the
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z Formation of Solid
the Vertex
3x 1 8y 5 Z Metallic Hydrogen
Temperature
A(7.4, 18.4) 3(7.4) 1 8(18.4) 5 169.4 $169.40 (degrees Kelvin)
600
B(20, 10) 3(20) 1 8(10) 5 140 $140 y  4000  1000x
500
120x  y  1000
The minimum price is $140. You will therefore use 20 kg 400
of plastic and 10 kg of carbon fibre. 300
B
y  40x  420
200
b) The slope of the boundary line that passes through C
100
the two vertices of the polygon of constraints A D

3y 1 2x 5 70 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pressure
y 5 2_​​  23 ​​x 1 _ ​​  70
3
 ​​ (millions of Atmospheres)

The slope is 2_ ​​  23 ​​. The vertices

The value of the desired slope of the function to be For vertex A

optimized must be lower than 2_ ​​  23 ​​. Several possible
answers, for example, a slope of 2_ ​​  56 ​​. In this way, you can
{y 5 0
y 1 4000 5 1000x
​​ ​    ​​​​
define the family of lines representing the new function Z

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
as follows:
Using the substitution method:
​​  56 ​​x 1 Z or Z 5 6y 1 5x.
y 5 2_
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 1 4000 5 1000x
The price of materials and their mass under these
new conditions x54

Considering the previous calculations, if the plastic for The coordinates of A are (4, 0).
this assembly is sold at $5/kg and carbon fibre at $6/kg,
Since the variables are continuous, these values are
you can determine the new minimum cost of materials
acceptable as a solution.
and their mass.
For vertex B
Optimization chart

{y 1 4000 5 1000x
Calculation of the Value of Z y 5 240x 1 420
Coordinates of ​​ ​  ​ ​​​
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
the Vertex
5x 1 6y 5 Z
A(7.4, 18.4) 5(7.4) 1 6(18.4) 5 147.4 $147.40 Using the substitution method:
B(20, 10) 5(20) 1 6(10) 5 160 $160 240x 1 420 1 4000 5 1000x y 5 240(4.25) 1 420
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The minimum price is $147.40. You will therefore use 240x 2 1000x 5 2420 2 4000 y 5 250
7.4 kg of plastic and 18.4 kg of carbon fibre. 21040x 5 24420

4 Sample solution: x 5 4.25

Variables The coordinates of B are (4.25, 250).

x: pressure (in millions of atmospheres) Since the variables are continuous, these values are
acceptable as a solution.
y: temperature (in degrees Kelvin)
For vertex C
The variables are continuous and positive.

{120x 1 y 5 1000
System of inequalities y 5 240x 1 420
​​ ​  ​ ​​​

⎧y # 240x 1 420
​​⎨120x
⎪
Using the substitution method:
​  
   1 y # 1000​
​ ​​​
⎩y 1 4000 # 1000x
⎪

120x 2 40x 1 420 5 1000 y 5 240(7.25) 1 420

80x 5 580 y 5 130
x 5 7.25

The coordinates of C are (7.25, 130).

223
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Since the variables are continuous, these values are The boundary line passes through the following points:

CHAPTER 3
acceptable as a solution. (0, 10) and (10, 20). It should be drawn with a solid line.
The region of the plane to be shaded is above the line.
For vertex D
The inequality x 1 2y # 150

{y 5 0
120x 1 y 5 1000
​​ ​    ​​​​ x y
0 75
Using the substitution method: 150 0

120x 1 0 5 1000 The boundary line passes through the following points:
120x 5 1000 (0, 75) and (150, 0). It should be drawn with a solid line.
_ The region of the plane to be shaded is below the line.
​​  25
x5_ 3
​​ or x < 8.33
 ​​ or x 5 ​8.​3
Polygon of constraints
The coordinates of D are (8.33, 0).
Since the variables are continuous, these values are Rehabilitation Program
Walking
acceptable as a solution. Time
(min)140
The optimization chart
120
Calculation of the Value of Z 100
Coordinates of
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
the Vertex 80
1500x 1 100y 5 Z
60 150x  90y  9000
A(4, 0) 1500(4) 1 100(0) 5 6000 $6000
40
B(4.25, 250) 1500(4.25) 1 100(250) 5 31 375 $31 375
20
C(7.25, 130) 1500(7.25) 1 100(130) 5 23 875 $23 875
D(8.33, 0) 1500(8.33) 1 100(0) 5 12 495 $12 495 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Running Time
(min)
The maximum cost for producing solid metallic hydrogen in
the lab is $31 375 at a pressure of 4.25 million atmospheres Function to be optimized
and a temperature of 250 degrees Kelvin.
Z 5 150x 1 90y, where Z represents the distance
5 Sample solution: covered (m). Note that the speed of 9 km/h corresponds
to 150 m/min and that the speed of 5.4 km/h corresponds
System of inequalities to 90 m/min.
x: running time on the treadmill (min)
To graph a line for the function to be optimized, set a
y: walking time on the treadmill (min) possible value of Z. For example, using pair (30, 50):
The variables are continuous and positive.
9000 5 150x 1 90y

15 # x # 45 (area included between the vertical The intercepts

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

lines x 5 15 and x 5 45)
x y
30 # y # 90 (area between the horizontal lines y
0 100
5 30 and y 5 90)
60 0
y . x 1 10
x 1 2y # 150 (150 min equals 2 hours and The vertex for a minimum value of Z
30 minutes) Maintaining the slope of the graphed line, translate it
downward and the last point in the polygon of constraints
The regions of the plane encountered by the translated line is the vertex whose
The inequality y . x 1 10 coordinates minimize function Z. This is the vertex at the
intersection of line x 5 15 and y 5 30.
Intercepts
Coordinates of the vertex that minimize function Z: (15, 30).
x y
-10 0
0 10
10 20

Since the y-intercept is not in the first quadrant, another

point must be considered.

224 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The vertices for a maximum value of Z Polygon of constraints

CHAPTER 3 if you translate the line upward, the last

In the same way, Time for a Facial
point in the polygon of constraints encountered by the Recognition System to
translated line is the vertex whose coordinates maximize Analyze an Image
Number
function Z. This is the vertex at the intersection of lines of Elements
x 1 2y 5 150 and y 5 x 110. Other than 240
Faces 200 x  50
Coordinates of the vertex that maximizes function Z: 160 A
y  80
120
B
{y 5 x 110
x 1 2y 5 150 80
​​ ​  ​​​​ x  y  200
40

Using the substitution method: 0 40 80 120 160 200 240

Number
x 1 2(x 1 10) 5 150 y 5 x 1 10 of Faces

x 1 2x 120 5 150 y 5 43.33 1 10 The optimization chart

3x 5 130 y 5 53.33
130
_ Coordinates of
Calculation of the Value of Z
x 5 ​​ _3
​​ or x < 43.33
 ​​ or x 5 ​43.​3 the Vertex
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
0.001x 1 0.0003y 5 Z
(43.33, 53.33) A(50, 150) 0.001(50) 1 0.0003(150) 5 0.095 0.095 sec

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
Since the decision variables represent positive real numbers, B(120, 80) 0.001(120) 1 0.0003(80) 5 0.144 0.144 sec
these coordinates are acceptable.
The minimum time to identify the set of elements in the
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

The minimum and maximum distances travelled image submitted is 0.095 sec, identifying 50 faces and
150 elements other than faces.
The minimum distance covered by following the training
program is 4 950 m or 4.95 km, which is 150(15) 1 90(30).
7 System of inequalities
The maximum distance covered by following the training
program is 11 300 m or 11.3 km, which is 150(43.33) 1 x: analgesic dose (mg)
90(53.33). y: hypnotic dose (mg)
The variables are continuous and positive.
6 Sample solution:
Variables 18 # x # 40 (area between two vertical lines
x 5 18 and x 5 40)
x: number of faces
5 # y # 30 (area between the horizontal lines
y: number of elements other than faces y 5 5 and y 5 30)
The variables are discrete and positive. 2y # x
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

x 1 y # 48
System of inequalities
Polygon of constraints
x $ 50

{x 1 y $ 200
​​ y​ $ 80​ ​​​ The inequality 2y # x

y # 0.5x

The inequality x 1 y $ 200 Two points belonging to the boundary line:

Intercepts x y
0 0
x y
20 10
0 200
200 0 The boundary line passes through the following points: (0, 0)
and (20, 10). It should be drawn with a solid line. The area of
The boundary line passes through points (0, 200) and
the plane to be shaded is below the line.
(200, 0). It should be drawn with a solid line and the
region of the plane to be shaded is above the line. The inequality x 1 y # 48

y # 2x 1 48

225
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Intercepts: b) To maintain the minimum value of $2400 when

CHAPTER
x 3 y
changing the price for customers with a subscription,
the parameters of the function to be optimized must
0 48
be changed.
48 0
This is therefore in the following form: Z 5 7x 1 Ky,
The boundary line passes through (0, 48) and (48, 0).
where K is the price of a ticket for a non-subscriber.
It should be drawn with a solid line. The area to be
You are trying to maintain Z 5 2400.
shaded is that below the line.
Polygon of constraints The optimization chart

Dosage of Drugs for By substituting the vertices:

the Operation
Hypnotic
Dose Coordinates of Function to be Optimized for Z 5 2400 : Value of K
(mg) the Vertices Z 5 7x 1 Ky ($)
48 18  x A(150, 300) 7(150) 1 K(300) 5 2400 4.5

40 x  40 B(100, 200) 7(100) 1 K(200) 5 2400 8.5

x  y  48 C(160,160) 7(160) 1 K(160) 5 2400 8
32
D(300, 150) 7(300) 1 K(150) 5 2400 2
24 y  30
C(32, 16) To determine which value of K should be chosen, you
2y  x
16 must place the lines on the polygon of constraints.
5  y B(18, 9)
D(40, 8)
8
Distribution of Clients
A(18, 5) E(40, 5)
in a Theatre
Number of Customers
0 8 16 24 32 40 48
Without Subscription 7x  2y  2400
Analgesic Dose 360
(mg)
320
The vertices 7x  8y  2400 A(150, 300)
280
The coordinates can be read on a graph:
240
A(18, 5), B(18, 9), C(32, 16), D(40, 8) and E(40, 5). 7x  8.5y  2400 200
The optimization chart 160 B(100, 200)
D(300, 150)
C(160, 160)
120
Calculation of the Value of Z
Coordinates of 80
Using the Function to be Optimized: Value of Z
the Vertex 7x  4.5y  2400
x 1 5y 5 Z 40
A(18, 5) 18 1 5(5) 5 43 43 kg
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
B(18, 9) 18 1 5(9) 5 63 63 kg
Number of Customers
C(32, 16) 32 1 5(16) 5 112 112 kg With Subscription

D(40, 8) 40 1 5(8) 80 kg
Each of these lines intersects a vertex. By moving them to

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

E(40, 5) 40 1 5(5) 65 kg
the left, they will reach their minimum income at vertex
The minimum mass of a person who can undergo this B, but then only one of them matches the income of
surgery is 43 kg, with 18 mg of an analgesic and 5 mg of $2400. This is the line that already passes vertex B. The
hypnotic. The maximum mass is 112 kg, with 32 mg of an function to be optimized is Z 5 7x 1 8.5y.
analgesic and 5 mg of hypnotic.
The price must therefore be set to $8.50 for customers
8 a) Sample using the optimization chart: without a subscription to ensure that the minimum value
of income remains $2400 with 100 customers with a
The function to be optimized is:
subscription and 200 customers without a subscription.
Z 5 8x 1 8y
c) To maintain the minimum value of $2400 when changing
The optimization chart
the price of tickets for those who have a subscription,
Coordinates of the parameters of the function to be optimized must
Z 5 8x 1 8y
the Vertices
be changed.
A(150, 300) 8(150) 1 8(300) 5 3600
This is therefore in the following form: Z 5 Kx 1 9y.
B(100, 200) 8(100) 1 8(200) 5 2400
C(160,160) 8(160) 1 8(160) 5 2560
D(300, 150) 8(300) 1 8(150) 5 3600

The minimum value is $2400 with 100 customers with a

subscription and 200 customers without a subscription.

226 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The optimization chart Each of these lines results in an income of $2400, but

CHAPTER 3 the vertices:

By substituting
some of them intersect the polygon of constraints and
therefore do not minimize the situation. A line passes
Vertices Z 5 Kx 1 9y Value of K ($) through vertices B and C by minimizing the situation,
A(150, 300) K(150) 1 9(300) 5 2400 22 which is the function to be optimized Z 5 6x 1 9y.

B(100, 200) K(100) 1 9(200) 5 2400 6 The price must be set to $6 for customers with a
C(160,160) K(160) 1 9(160) 5 2400 6 subscription to ensure that the minimum value remains
D(300, 150) K(300) 1 9(150) 5 2400 3.5 at $2400 for 100 customers with a subscription and 200
customers without a subscription, for 160 customers with
To determine which value of K should be chosen, you a subscription and 160 customers without a subscription
must place the lines on the polygon of constraints. or any other point with integer coordinates on side BC.

Distribution of Clients
in a Theatre
Number of Customers
Without Subscription
360  2x  9y  2400
320 A(150, 300)
280
240
200
B(100, 200) D(300, 150)
160

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
C(160, 160)
120 3,5x  9y  2400
80
40 6x  9y  2400
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

Number of Customers
With Subscription

The inequality x $ 15
LES
Earning a living from • The boundary line is vertical and passes through the
point (15, 0).
your passion PAGES 128 TO 129 • The inequality is a non-strict inequality ($). The line
Sample solution: should therefore be graphed as a solid line.

1) The maximum salary that Adrian can earn • The area to the right of the boundary line is the
solution set.
Defined variables
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

The inequality y . x
x: number of hours work per week as a security guard
• The boundary line passes through (0, 0) and (2, 2).
y: number of hours work per week as a website designer
• This is a strict inequality (.) The line should therefore be
The variables are discrete, integers and positive.
drawn as a dotted line.
System of inequalities
• Since y is isolated, you can say that the area above the
boundary line is the solution set.
⎧x $ 15
⎪y . x The inequality y # 2x 1 8
​​⎨​y # 2x​ ​1 8​​​​
⎪
⎩x 1 y # 65 • The boundary line passes through (0, 8) and (24, 0).

• The inequality is a non-strict inequality (#). The line

Function to be optimized should therefore be drawn as a solid line.
Salary as a security guard: $20/h • Since y is isolated, you can say that the region below the
Salary as a website designer: $25/h boundary line is the solution set.

Z 5 20x 1 25y, where Z represents Adrian’s weekly income.

227
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The inequality x 1 y # 65 The inequality x 1 y # 50

CHAPTER
You can isolate3
y: You can isolate y:

y # 2x 1 65 y # 2x 1 50

• The boundary line passes through (0, 65) and (65, 0). • The boundary line passes through (0, 50) and (50, 0).

• The inequality is a non-strict inequality (#). The line • The inequality is a non-strict inequality (#). The line
should therefore be drawn as a solid line. should therefore be drawn as a solid line.

• Since y is isolated, you can say that the region below the • Since y is isolated, you can say that the region below the
boundary line is the solution set. boundary line is the solution set.

Polygon of constraints The modified polygon of constraints

Adrian’s Work Week Adrian’s Work Week

Number of Hours Number of Hours
as a Website as a Website
Designer 70 Designer 70
x  15
60 y  2x  8 60
y  x  65
 yx
50 A yx 50
40 D 40 y  2x  8
B Objective Line E
30 30 F
z  20x  25y
20 20 C
C
10 10
x  15 y  2x  50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of Hours as Number of Hours as
a Security Guard a Security Guard

Adrian’s maximum salary

NOTE: Note with the graph of the new polygon of constraints
Using the objective line method, vertex A maximizes the that inequality y # 2x 1 8 is no longer necessary in the situation.
situation. Its coordinates determine the number of hours
Coordinates of the vertices in the new polygon of
worked as a security guard and as a website designer. constraints
On the graph, you can read that the coordinates of point A Graph method:
are (19, 46), but you can also solve the following system of
equations algebraically: Coordinates of
Note
the Vertex
y 5 2x 1 8 x 1 y 5 65 Vertex E totals 50 hours of work. It therefore
E(15, 35) represents a possible choice for maximizing the
Using the substitution method: situation.
Vertex F totals 50 hours of work, but is excluded

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

x 1 (2x 1 8) 5 65 y 5 2(19) 1 8
F(25) 25 from the polygon of constraints, because one of the
3x 5 57 y 5 46 boundary lines that defines it is strict.
x 5 19 Vertex C only totals 30 hours of work and does not
maximize the situation. Furthermore, it is excluded
C(15, 15)
A(19, 46). from the polygon of constraints, because one of the
boundary lines that defines it is strict.
Therefore, Adrian's maximum weekly salary under the current
Vertex E represents the vertex for which you must define a
conditions is 19(20) 1 46(25) 5 $1530.
function to be optimized, such that 20(15) 1 a(35) 5 1530,
2) The maximum salary that Adrian can earn by working no where a is Adrian’s hourly rate for designing websites.
more than 50 hours per week
In other words, you are trying to determine the hourly rate
Only the following inequality changes: that Adrian must establish for the design of websites (a) in
order to get the same maximum salary as before, which is
x 1 y # 65 becomes x 1 y # 50
$1530, working a total of 50 hours (15 1 35) per week and
You only need to determine the solution set of the inequality with an hourly rate of $20 per hour as a security guard.
that has changed in comparison to the previous graph.

228 CHAPTER 2 – Linear Programming

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The new hourly rate for the design of websites

CHAPTER 3 can be solved algebraically and you

The previous equation
can thereby determine a new function to be optimized,
which would allow Adrian to achieve his objective:

20(15) 1 a(35) 5 1530

a(35) 5 1230
a 5 or a < 35.14

The new function to be optimized is therefore:

Z 5 20x 1 35.14y, where Z is Adrian’s weekly salary
and x and y are the variables of the situation.

By requesting a rate of $35.14 per hour for the design of

websites, Adrian could work a maximum of 50 hours per
week and maintain the same maximum salary as when he
worked 65 hours per week. He would work 15 hours as a
security guard and 35 hours as a website designer.

Validation using a graph

ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 2
Adrian’s Work Week
Number of Hours
as a Website
Designer 70
x  15
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

60
yx
50
40 y  2x  8
E
30 Objective Line
20 F Z  20x  35.14y
C
10
y  x  50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of Hours as
a Security Guard

ANSWER: To maintain the same maximum salary as before

while decreasing his work week to a maximum of 50 hours, Adrian
must increase his hourly rate for the design of websites to $35.14.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

You are now invited to complete the self-evaluation grid of

the five criteria concerned. Refer to the grid at the end of
the guide. Your teacher or tutor may also provide you with
the evaluation indicators for this LES. These will help you
judge the quality of your problem-solving.

229
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

SELF-EVALUATION
ANSWER KEY
The region of the plane to be shaded
CHAPTER
PART 1: 3
EXPLICIT EVALUATION Example with point (0, 0):

OF KNOWLEDGE PAGES 132 TO 135 0 1 3(0) . 150

False inequality; the half-plane is above the

1 a) The inequality x # 150 boundary line.
Boundary line
The inequality y 1 3x $ 250
x 5 150
Boundary line
The line is vertical and passes through (150, 0).
y 1 3x 5 250
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict
inequality (#). The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict
inequality ($).
The region of the plane to be shaded
The intercepts of the boundary line
Example with point (0, 0):
x y
0 # 150
0 250
_
True inequality; the half-plane is to the left of the 83,​​​​
3 0
boundary line.
The region of the plane to be shaded
The inequality y # x 1 50
Example with point (0, 0):
Boundary line
0 1 3(0)  150
y 5 x 1 50
False inequality; the half-plane is above the
The boundary line is solid because it is a non-strict boundary line.
inequality (#).
Sample graph:
The intercepts of the boundary line
The solution areas
x y
0 50 y
250 0 280
x  150
200 250 240
200 A y  x  50
The region of the plane to be shaded y  3x  250
160
Example with point (0, 0): 120
B
80

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

0 # 0 1 50 x  3y  150
40
True inequality; the half-plane is below the boundary C D
line. 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 x

The inequality x 1 3y . 150 b) Sample solution:

Boundary line Vertex A

x 1 3y 5 150 The equations of the lines in question are:

The boundary line is dotted because it is a strict

​​{ ​
y 5 x 1 50
inequality (.).  ​​​​
x 5 150
The intercepts of the boundary line
Using the substitution method:
x y
y 5 150 1 50 5 200
0 50
150 0 The coordinates of vertex A are (150, 200).

230 ANSWER KEY

 TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY
Vertex B 2 Constraints
CHAPTER 3 of the lines in question are:
The equations ⎧x $ 0
⎪ y $ 20
​​⎨ x​ # 100​
{ y 1 3x 5 250
y 5 x 1 50
⎪ x $ 2y
​​  ​ ​ ​​​ ​ ​​ ​​​

⎩ x 1 y # 160
Using the substitution method:
The variables are discrete.
x 1 50 1 3x 5 250 Then, for y:
4x 1 50 5 250 Function to be optimized
y 5 50 1 50 5 100
4x 5 200 For each bracelet, the profit will be: 20 2 (12 3 1) 2 2 5 6.
x 5 50 For each necklace, the profit will be: 50 2 (38 3 1) 2 2 5 10.
The coordinates of vertex B are (50, 100). Therefore, Z 5 10x 1 6y,
Vertex C where Z represents the profit ($).
The equations of the lines in question are:
3 Sample solution:

{ y 1 3x 5 250
x 1 3y 5 150 The optimization chart
​​  ​ ​​​​
Function to be Optimized
Vertex Coordinates
Using the substitution method: Z 5 24.95x 1 14.95y
A (3, 8) 24.95(3) 1 14.95(8) 5 $194.45
y 1 3(−3y 1 150) 5 250 Then, for x:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

B (4, 3) 24.95(4) 1 14.95(3) 5 144.65 $

y 2 9y 1 450 5 250 x 1 3(25) 5 150 C (9, 1) 24.95(9) 1 14.95(1) 5 239.50 $
28y 5 250 2 450 x 1 75 5 150
28y
The minimum value is $144.65, which is obtained from the
5 2200 x 5 75 sale of 4 games and 3 plush toys. The maximum value is
y 5 25 $239.50, which is obtained from the sale of 9 games and
The coordinates of point C are (75, 25). 1 plush toy.

Vertex D 4 Sample solution:

The equations of the lines in question are: With function Z1

​​{ ​
x 5 150 Vertex Coordinates Z1 5 7x 1 4y
​ ​​​
x 1 3y 5 150 A (2, 3) 7(2) 1 4(3) 5 14 1 12 5 26
B (4, 7) 7(4) 1 4(7) 5 28 1 28 5 56

SELF-EVALUATION
Using the substitution method:
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

C (6, 3) 7(6) 1 4(3) 5 42 1 12 5 54

ANSWER KEY
150 1 3y 5 150 D (4, 2) 7(4) 1 4(2) 5 28 1 8 5 36
3y 5 0
With function Z2
y50
Vertex Coordinates Z2 5 9x 1 4y
The coordinates of vertex D are (150, 0).
A (2, 3) 9(2) 1 4(3) 5 18 1 12 5 40
The coordinates of the vertices are: B (4, 7) 9(4) 1 4(7) 5 36 1 28 5 64

A(150, 200), B(50, 100), C(75, 25) and D(150, 0) C (6, 3) 9(6) 1 4(3) 5 54 1 12 5 66
D (4, 2) 9(4) 1 4(2) 5 36 1 8 5 44

Function Z2 is optimized by a different vertex than for

function Z1. Vertex B maximizes Z1 with a maximum of 56,
while vertex C maximizes Z2 with a maximum of 66.

231
 TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY
PART 2:
Using the substitution method:

CHAPTER 3 OF COMPETENCIES
EVALUATION 2(4) 1 3y 5 25

PAGES 136 TO 142 8 1 3y 5 25

3y 5 17
Task 1 y  5.67
The Seedlings are Growing! The coordinates of vertex A are (4, 5.67).
Sample solution:
Vertex B
Variables
The equations of the lines in question are:
x: number of trays of bean seedlings

{ 9.80x 1 4.90y 5 100

y: number of trays of corn seedlings 2x 1 3y 5 25
​​​ ​ ​​​
The variables are discrete and positive.

Constraints Isolate x in the equation 2x 1 3y 5 25:

2x 5 25 2 3y
⎧x $ 4
⎪y# 8 x 5 12.5 2 1.5y
​​⎨ ​2x 1 ​3y . 25​
⎪ 5x 1 8y # 90
​​​ Using the substitution method:

⎩ 9.80x 1 4.90y # 100 9.80(12.5 2 1.5y) 1 4.90y 5 100 Then, for x:

122.5 2 14.7y 1 4.90y 5 100 x 5 12.5 2 1.5(2.3)
Function to be optimized
122.5 2 9.8y 5 100 x 5 12.5 2 3.45
Z 5 x 1 y, where Z represents the total number of trays. 29.8y 5 222.5 x 5 9.05
The graph of the polygon of constraints with a budget y  2.3
of $100
The coordinates of vertex B are (9.05, 2.3).
Trays of Seedlings for Vertex C
Number of Trays of the Experiment
Corn Seedlings
18 The equations of the lines in question are:
16 x4

{ 9.80x 1 4.90y 5 100

14 5x 1 8y 5 90
9.80x  4.90y  100 ​​​ ​ ​​​
12
10
E D Isolate x in the equation 5x 1 8y 5 90:
8
C
6 2x  3y  25 y  8 5x 5 90 2 8y
A
4

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

B
2 x 5 18 2 1.6y
5x  8y  90
Using the substitution method:
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Number of Trays of
Bean Seedlings 9.80(18 2 1.6y) 1 4.90y 5 100 Then, for x:
176.4 2 15.68y 1 4.90y 5 100 x 5 18 2 1.6(7.09)
Since the variables only allow integers, only pairs whose values
176.4 2 10.78y 5 100 x 5 18 2 11.34
are integers are possible answers.
210.78y 5 276.4 x 5 6.66
Vertex A
y  7.09
The equations of the lines in question are:
The coordinates of vertex C are (6.66, 7.09).

​​{ ​
x54 Vertex D
​ ​​​
2x 1 3y 5 25
The equations of the lines in question are:

{ 5x 1 8y 5 90
y58
​​​ ​ ​​​

232 ANSWER KEY

 TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY
Using the substitution method: Task 2
CHAPTER 3
5x 1 8(8) 5 90 I am Reaching my Goal!
5x 1 64 5 90 Sample solution:
5x 5 26
Variables
x 5 5.2
x: number of hours running
The coordinates of point D are (5.2, 8).
y: number of hours cycling
Vertex E The variables are continuous and positive.
According to the constraints, Constraints
x 5 4 and y 5 8, so E(4, 8).
⎧ x $ 1.5
Thus, the coordinates of the five vertices are A(4, 5.67), ⎪ y # 2.5
​​⎨ ​ ​ ​ ​​​
⎪ x , 2y
B(9.05, 2,3), C(6.66, 7.09), D(5.2, 8) and E(4, 8).
⎩x 1 y # 6
Determining how much more to spend

To determine the necessary increase in the budget, you must The function to be optimized
first determine the maximum number of trays of seedlings in the
Z 5 472x 1 415y,
situation if constraint 9.8x 1 4.9y # 100 were not present. This
changes the appearance of the polygon of constraints. where Z represents the number of kilocalories.

The function to be optimized in this new polygon of constraints The graph of the polygon of constraints
is Z 5 x 1 y, where Z is the total number of trays of seedlings.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Distribution of
The graph of the new polygon of constraints Cycling Time
Training Hours
(h)
Trays of Seedlings for 8
Number of Trays of the Experiment 7
Corn Seedlings
18 6 x  1.5
16
x4 5 x  2y
14 4
12 zxy 3 A D
10 2
E D C
8 1 B y  2.5
6 2x  3y  25 xy6
A y8
4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5x  8y  90 Running Time
2
G F (h)

SELF-EVALUATION
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Vertex A

ANSWER KEY
Number of Trays of
Bean Seedlings
The equations of the lines in question are:

You can see that the vertex F(18, 0) maximizes the function to be
​​{ ​
x 5 1.5
optimized with a total of 18 trays of seedlings.  ​​​​
y 5 2.5
You must now determine the cost associated with this number of
trays. Since each tray of bean seedlings costs $9.80 and each tray The coordinates of vertex A are (1.5, 2.5).
of corn seedlings costs $4.90, then 9.8(18) 1 4.9(0) 5 $176.40. Vertex B
The initial constraint set the maximum budget to $100. To reach The equations of the lines in question are:
the maximum number of trays of seedlings, you must spend
$176.40.
​​{ ​
x 5 1.5
 ​​​​
x 5 2y
ANSWER: To reach the maximum value of 18 trays, which is
obtained at point F, you must increase the value of the budget
constraint by $76,40, increasing the budget from $100 to $176.40.

233
 TABLE OF
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ANSWER KEY
Using the substitution method: Task 3
CHAPTER 3
1.5 5 2y More Games or More Dancing? Let's Move!
y 5 0.75 Sample solution:
The coordinates of vertex B are (1.5, 0.75). Coordinates of vertices of the polygon of constraints
Vertex C Vertex A
The equations of the lines in question are: The equations of the lines in question are:

{ x 5 2y { 15x 16y 5 120

x1y56 y50
​​​  ​​​​ ​​​ ​ ​​​

Using the substitution method: Using the substitution method:

2y 1 y 5 6 Then, for x: 15x 1 6(0) 5 120

3y 5 6 x 5 2(2) 15x 5 120
y52 x54 x58

The coordinates of vertex C are (4, 2). The coordinates of vertex A are (8, 0).

Vertex D Vertex B

The equations of the lines in question are: The equations of the lines in question are:

{ x 1 y 5 10
15x 1 6y 5 120
{x 1 y 5 6
y 5 2.5 ​​   
​  ​​​ ​
​​
​ ​ ​​​

Using the substitution method: By isolating x in the 2nd equation, you get:
x 5 10 2 y.
x 1 2.5 5 6
x 5 3.5 Using the substitution method:

The coordinates of the vertex D are (3.5, 2.5). 15(10 2 y) 1 6y 5 120

150 2 15y 1 6y 5 120
The optimization chart
29y 5 120 2 150
Vertices Coordinates Function Z 5 472x 1 415y 29y 5 230
A (1.5, 2.5) 472(1.5) 1 415(2.5) 5 1745.5
y  3.33
B (1.5, 0.75) 472(1.5) 1 415(0.75) 5 1019.25
C (4, 2) 472(4) 1 415(2) 5 2718 Value of x:

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

D (3.5, 2.5) 472(3.5) 1 415(2.5) 5 2689.5 x 5 10 2 3.33 5 6.67
The coordinates of vertex C optimize the situation with an The coordinates of vertex B are (6.67, 3.33).
energy expenditure of 2718 kcal.
Vertex C
To determine the minimum number of kilocalories to deduct
The equations of the lines in question are:
from his intake, find the difference between the objective of
7700 kcal and the calories burned during training:
{ 4x 5 3y
x 1 y 5 10
​​​  ​​​​
7700 2 2718 5 4982 kcal.

ANSWER: To achieve her objective, Paule must reduce her caloric By isolating x in the 2nd equation, you get:
intake by 4982 kcal per week.
x 5 10 2 y.

Using the substitution method:

4(10 2 y) 5 3y
40 2 4y 5 3y
23y 2 4y 5 240
27y 5 240
y  5.71

234 ANSWER KEY

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Value of x: Value of x:

CHAPTER 3
x 5 10 2 5.71 5 4.29 x 5 6 2 3.43 5 2.57
The coordinates of vertex D are (2.57, 3.43).
The coordinates of vertex C are (4.29, 5.71).
Vertex E
Vertex D
The equations of the lines in question are:
The equations of the lines in question are:

{y 5 0
x1y56
{x 1 y 5 6
4x 5 3y ​​
​  ​​​​
​​
​ ​ ​​​

Using the substitution method:

By isolating x in the 2nd equation, you get:
x1056
x 5 6 2 y.
x56
Using the substitution method:
The coordinates of vertex E are (6, 0).
4(6 2 y) 5 3y
The functions to be optimized
24 2 4y 5 3y
Z1 5 25x 1 20y
23y 2 4y 5 224
Z2 5 22.5x 1 22.5y,
27y 5 224
y  3.43 where Z1 represents the cost ($) with the same animation team
and Z2 represents the cost ($) with the other animation team.
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

The optimization chart

Vertices Coordinates Z1 5 25x 1 20y Z2 5 22.5x 1 22.5y

A (8, 0) 25(8) 1 20(0) 5 200 22.5(8) 1 22.5(0) 5 180
B (6.67, 3.33) 25(6.67) 1 20(3.33) 5 233.35 22.5(6.67) 1 22.5(3.33) 5 225
C (4.29, 5.71) 25(4.29) 1 20(5.71) 5 221.45 22.5(4.29) 1 22.5(5.71) 5 225
D (2.57, 3.43) 25(2.57) 1 20(3.43) 5 132.85 22.5(2.57) 1 22.5(3.43) 5 135
E (6, 0) 25(6) 1 20(0) 5 150 22.5(6) 1 22.5(0) 5 135

For each of the two options, combination D can minimize the cost for the evening. For the new option, all of the combinations between
D and E minimize the cost for the evening.

However, vertex D is excluded from the polygon of constraints. You must therefore find a replacement vertex.

SELF-EVALUATION
Simply consider a coordinate in x that is slightly larger, such as 2.58 rather than 2.57.
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

ANSWER KEY
The replacement vertex is then (2.58; 3.43) and it satisfies all of the constraints:

2.58 $ 0; true

3.43 $ 0; true

2.58 1 3.43 $ 6; true

2.58 1 3.43 # 10; true

4(2.58) . 3(3.43) 5. 10.32 . 10.29; true

15(2.58) 1 6(3.43) # 120 5. 59.28 # 120; true

In function Z1, you have: 25(2.58) 1 20(3.43) 5 $133.10

In function Z2, this becomes 22.5(2.58) 1 22.5(3.43)  $135.23; this replacement vertex does not minimize the situation with function
Z2. Keep the value of $135 obtained with the combinations in segment DE.

ANSWER: The difference in price between the two entertainment team options for the evening is approximately $1.75. This does not represent a
significant difference in the context. Jules can hire the team of his choice.

235
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
Task 4 The inequality is validated since b and c allow a positive value.
2c
Therefore, _
CHAPTER
It’s Part of the3Solution
​​  ​​​ is necessarily greater than 0.
b
With the third constraint: abx 1 by . 2c
Sample solution:
This becomes:
To demonstrate that a point is a possible solution for a system,
ab​​​(​  ) ​​ b​​(_
​  )
2c c
you must prove that this point belongs to the polygon of ​_ ​ 1 ​ .
​​ 2c
ab ab
constraints. All of the constraints must be satisfied.
2abc ___ bc
​​ _____
 ​​ 1 ​​   ​​ . 2c
Verification of belonging to the polygon of constraints ab a​b
c
With the first constraint: abx 1 aby , 4c 2c 1 _
​  ​​ . 2c
a
This becomes: c
​​ _​​​ . 0
ab​​​(
​ ​ _)
a
​ ​​ 1 ab ( ​  )
2c c
​​ _ ​ ,
​​ 4c
ab ab The inequality is validated since a and c are positive values.
c
2abc ____ abc Therefore, _
​​  ​​​is necessarily greater than 0.
​​ _____
 ​​ 1​   ​, 4c a
ab ab
ANSWER: Since point P​​(__ ​  ​)​​ validates the three inequalities in
2c c
2c 1 c , 4c ​  ​, __
ab ab
the polygon of constraints for all positive values of a, b and c, point P
3c , 4c
is still a solution to the system.
3,4

The inequality is validated regardless of the value of parameters

a, b or c, since 3 is smaller than 4.

With the second constraint: ax 1 aby . c

This becomes:

a( ​  ) ​​ ab ( ​  )
2c c
​​​​ _ ​ 1 ​​ _ ​​ c
​ .
ab ab
2ac abc
​​ ____ ​​ 1 ​​ ____ ​​ . c
ab ab
2c
​​ _​​​ 1 c . c
b
2c
​​ _​​​ . 0
b

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

236 ANSWER KEY

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

REFRESHER
ANSWER KEY
3 Sample solution:
REFRESHER
PAGES 146 TO 149
Half-Plane a) x: mass of one dumbbell (kg)

y: mass of one belt (kg)

1 a) 4) b) 1)
The inequality that expresses this situation is:
c) 2) d) 3) 2x 1 4y , 52.

2 Examples of graphs Graph of the

Solution Set
y
a) y

4 20
16
2
12

0 8
4
2 2
2 2 4 x 4
2
2

4
2 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x

b) Graph of the
Solution Set
y
b) y

4 20
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

16
2
12 (6, 10) (10, 10)
8 (7.5, 7.5)
0
2 4 2 2 2 4 x 4 (10, 6)
2 2

2 4
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x

1) No, this combination of masses does not respect the

c) y load that can be supported by Chloe because the
4 point (6, 10) is on the boundary, and since this is a
strict inequality, the boundary is excluded from the
2
solution set.

0 2) Yes, this combination of masses respects the load

© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

4 2 2 4 x

REFRESHER
2 2

ANSWER KEY
2 2 that can be supported by Chloe since the point (10, 6)
is in the shaded area (the solution set).
2 4
3) No, this combination of masses does not respect the
load that can be supported by Chloe because the
point (10, 10) is not in the shaded area.
d) y
4) Yes, this combination of masses respects the load
4
that can be supported by Chloe since the point
2 (7.5, 7.5) is in the shaded area (the solution set).

0 4 Sample solution:
2 4 2 2 2 4 x
2 2 a) x: number of hours at current job
2 4 y: number of hours at new job

The inequality that expresses this situation is: x 1 y , 50.

237
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
b) Sample explanations: 6 Sample solutions:
REFRESHER
1) Yes, because this combination satisfies the inequality: a) Inequality Verify Using x 5 7
20 1 20 is smaller than 50. 2x 1 3
​​ _____
2
​​  4x 32 2 ​​
​​ # _____ ​​  2x 21 3 ​​ # _____
_____ ​​  4x 32 2 ​​
2) No, because this combination does not satisfy the 2(7) 1 3 4(7) 2 2
3(2x 1 3) # 2(4x 2 2) ​​ ______ 2
​​ # ______ ​​  3 ​​
strict inequality: 15 1 35 is not smaller than 50. 6x 1 9 # 8x 2 4 14 1 3
​​ _____ ​​ # ______
4(7) 2 2
​​  3 ​​
2
3) Yes, because this combination satisfies the inequality: 6x 1 9 2 9 # 8x 2 4 2 9 ​​  17
__
2
​​ # __ ​​  26
3
​​
12.5 1 30 is smaller than 50. Furthermore, since the 6x # 8x 213 8.5 # 8.​​‾
66​​
variables of the situation are continuous, it is
6x 2 8x # 8x 2 8x 2 13 It is true.
conceivable to work a non-integer number of hours,
22x # 213
such as 12.5 h.
22x 213
​​ ___ ___
22 ​​ $ ​​  22 ​​

Solving inequalities ​​  13

x $ __ 2
​​ or 6.5

5 Sample solutions: ​​  13

Set-builder notation: {x  R | x $ __ 2
}​​

a) Inequality Verify Using x 5 1

b) Inequality Verify Using b 5 26
4a 2 2 # 6 4a 2 2 # 6 2b 2 4 . 3b 1 1 2b 2 4 . 3b 1 1
4a 2 2 1 2 # 6 1 2 4(1) 2 2 # 6 2b 2 4 1 4 . 3b 1 1 1 4 2(26) 2 4 . 3(26) 1 1
4a # 8 422#6 2b . 3b 1 5 212 2 4 . 218 1 1
​​  4a
__
4
​​  84 ​​
​​ # __ 2#6 2b 2 3b . 3b 2 3b 1 5 216 . 217
a#2 It is true. 2b .5 It is true.
2b
Interval: ]2∞, 2] ___ ​​  251 ​​
​​ 21 ​​ , __
b , 25
b) Inequality Verify Using t 5 2
Set-builder notation: {b  R | b , 25}
5t . 4 1 t 5t . 4 1 t
c) Inequality Verify Using c 5 6
5t 2 t . 4 1 t 2 t 5(2) . 4 1 2
4t . 4 10 . 6 ​​ __25 c​​ 2 2 $ 2​__
​ 3 c​​ 1 4 ​​  25 c​​ 2 2 $ 2​__
__
​ 35 c​​ 1 4
5
4t
​​ __ ​​  44 ​​
​​ . __ It is true. ​​  25 c​​ 2 2 1 2 $ 2​​ __3 c​​ 1 4 1 2
__ __ 2
​​  5 (​​ 6) 2 2 $ 2​__ ​ 35 (​​ 6) 1 4
4 5

t.1 ​​ __25 c​​ $ 2​__​ 35 c​​ 1 6 ​​  12

__
5
​​ 2 2 $ 2​__ ​ 18 ​​ 1 4
5
0 Interval: ]1, 1∞[ ​​  25 c​​ 1 __
__ ​​  35 c​​ $ 2​​ __3 c​​ 1 __
​​  35 c​​ 1 6 2
​​ __5 ​​ $ __ 2
​​  5 ​​
5
c$6 It is true.
c) Inequality Verify Using x 5 1
Set-builder notation: {c  R | c $ 6}
5(x 2 2) , 0 5(x 2 2) , 0
5x 2 10 , 0 5(1 2 2) , 0
d) Inequality Verify Using a 5 4

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5x 2 10 1 10 , 0 1 10 5(21) , 0 8 , 3a 2 2 8 , 3a 2 2

5x , 10 25 ,0 8 2 3a , 3a 2 3a 2 2 8 , 3(4) 2 2

​​  5x
__
5
​​  10
​​ , __ 5
​​ It is true. 8 2 3a , 22 8 , 12 2 2

x,2 8 2 8 2 3a , 22 28 8 , 10
Interval: ]2∞, 2[ 23a , 210 It is true.
23a
___ ​​  210
​​ 23 ​​ . ___
2
3
​​
d) Inequality Verify Using s 5 4
10
a . ​​ __ ​​
​​  23 (​​ s 2 3) $ __
__ ​​  14 (​​ 4 2 s) ​​ __23 (​​ s 2 3) $ __ ​​  14 (​​ 4 2 s) 3
10
Set-builder notation : {a  R | a . ​​ __ }​​
​​ __23 s​​ 2 2 $ 1 2 __ ​​  14 s​​ ​​ __23 (​​ 4 2 3) $ __ ​​  14 (​​ 4 2 4) 3
2
​​  3 s​​ 2 2 1 2 $ 1 2 __
__ ​​  14 s​​ 1 2 ​​  3 (​​ 1) $ ​​  14 (​​ 0)
__ 2 __

__ ​​  23 s​​ $ 3 2 __ ​​  14 s​​ ​​  23 ​​ $ 0

__

​​ __23 s​​ 1 __ ​​  14 s​​ $ 3 2 __ ​​  14 s​​ 1 __ ​​  14 s​​ It is true.

__ 11
​​  12 s​​ $ 3
​  11 ​s
__
3
___
​​  12 __
11 ​​ $ ​​  __ ​​
__
​  12 ​ ​  11
12
​

​​  36
s $ __ 11
​​ or 3.​​‾
27​​
36 1
Interval: [​​ __
11
,​​ ∞[

238 ANSWER KEY

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
7 Sample solution:
Value of y: Value of x:

REFRESHER 27y
____ 27
​ 2 ​​ 5 ​___
7 27
​
2x 2 3(1) 5 5
2x 5 8
If Roxanne’s age is represented by x, Vivian’s age is x 1 2.
y51 2x __
___ 8
The inequality is therefore: x 1 x 1 2 . 31. ​ ​ ​​5 ​​ ​
2 2
Solution: 2x 1 2 . 31 x54
2x 1 2 2 2 . 31 2 2
2x . 29 ANSWER: The solution is (4, 1).
2x
​​ __
2
​​  29
​​ . __ 2
​​
b) Sample solution:
x . 14.5 years
Verify using x 5 15: 2x 1 2 $ 31 { 1.5x 1 4.5y 5 6
​ ​  ​
2x 1 1.5y 5 17 3 23 { 1.5x 1 4.5y 5 6
​ ​   ​ ​
26x 2 4.5y 5 251

2(15) 1 2 $ 31
32 $ 31 By the elimination method, you get:

It is true. 1.5x 1 4.5y 5 6

1 1
26x 2 4.5y 5 251
ANSWER: Roxanne is therefore over 14.5 years old and Vivian 24.5x 5 245
(x 1 2), is over 16.5 years old.
Value of x: Value of y:
24.5x 245 1.5(10) 1 4.5y 5 6
The algebraic solution of a system of equations ​______
24.5
​​ 5 _____
​2 ​
4.5 4.5y 5 29
8 Sample solutions: x 5 10 4.5y 29
​ ​______​​5 ​​___​
4.5 4.5
a) Solution by comparison method y 5 22
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

You get the equation 2x 2 3 5 4x 1 5.

2x 2 3 1 3 5 4x 1 5 1 3 ANSWER: The solution is (10, 22).
2x 2 4x 5 4x 1 8 2 4x
22x 5 8 c) Sample solution:

{ {
8 33
x 5 ___
​2 ​​5 24 5x 2 5y 5 4 15x 2 15y 5 12
2 ​​ ​​ 35 ​ ​  ​ ​
4x 1 3y 5 41 20x 1 15y 5 205
The value of y is determined by substituting this value of
x in one of the equations of the system. For example: After elimination, you get:
y 5 2(24) 2 3 5 28 2 3 5 211.
35x 5 217
35x 217
​____​​ 5 ____
​ ​
ANSWER: The solution pair is (24, 211). 35 35
x 5 6.2
b) Solution by comparison method
Value of y:
You get the equation 22x 1 1 5 3x 1 7.
15(6.2) 2 15y 5 12
Solving gives you x 5 21.2.
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215y 5 281

REFRESHER
ANSWER KEY
215y 281
y 5 22(21.2) 1 1 5 3.4 ​​ _____ ____
215 ​​ 5 ​2 ​
15
y 5 5.4
ANSWER: The solution pair is (21.2, 3.4).

ANSWER: The solution is (6.2, 5.4).

9 a) Sample solution:

{2x 2 3y 5 5
​​ ​
x 1 2y 5 6 3 2
2
{ ​2x​ ​2​ ​3y​ ​5​ ​5​
​22x​ ​2​ ​4y​ ​5​ ​212​ 10 Sample solutions:
a) By replacing y with 3x 2 21 in the first equation, you get:
By elimination, you get:
Value of x: Value of y:
2x 2 3y 5 5
1 1 5x 1 2(3x 2 21) 5 2 y 5 3(4) 2 21
22x 2 4y 5 212 5x 1 6x 2 42 5 2 y 5 29
27y 5 27 11x 5 44
44
x 5 ​___​
11
x54

ANSWER: The solution is (4, 29).

239
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
b) By replacing y with 1.2 x 2 3 in the second equation, you
get:
b) Sample solution:
34
REFRESHER
Value of x:
x 2 (1.2x 2 3) 5 2
Value of y:
y 5 1.2(5) 2 3 5 3
{ x 2 y 5 1.75
6x 5 13 2 4y { 4x 2 4y 5 7
6x 1 4y 5 13

x 2 1.2x 1 3 5 2 Elimination by addition gives:

20.2x 5 21
4x 2 4y 5 7
21
x 5 ​_____ 1 1
​2 ​ 6x 1 4y 5 13
0.2
x55 10x 5 20

ANSWER: The solution is (5, 3). Value of x: The value of y:

10
___ 20
​ ​x 5 ___
​ ​ 2 2 y 5 1.75
c) There are two ways to proceed. You can replace y with x 10 10 2 2 1.75 5 y
x52
2 1.5 in the second equation or replace x with 3 2 2y in 0.25 5 y
the first equation. With the second option, you get:
Value of y: Value of x: ANSWER: The solution is (2, 0.25).
y 5 (3 2 2y) 2 1.5 x 5 3 2 2(0.5) 5 2
y 5 3 2 2y 2 1.5 c) Sample solution:
3y 5 1.5
{ { {
2x 2 1 5 23y 2x 1 3y 5 1 38 16x 1 24y 5 8
1.5
y 5 ​___
​ ​ 2(8x 1 12y) 5 8 16x 1 24y 5 8 3 21
216x 2 24y 5 28
3
y 5 0.5
Elimination by addition gives you:

ANSWER: The solution is (2, 0.5). 0x 1 0y 5 0

11 a) Sample solutions: ANSWER: This is a true equality so the system has an

infinite number of solutions.
Using the elimination method, by isolating the 8 from the
first equation.
12 Sample solution:
{ {
32 ​4x 2 5y 5 16​
{
2x 2 2.5y 5 8
​ ​  ​ 3 24 x​ 5 y 1 59​​
x 1 3y 5 21 ​24x 2 12y 5 284​
12x 1 15y 5 654​
Elimination by addition gives: Substitution gives you:
4x 2 5y 5 16 12(y 1 59) 1 15y 5 654
1 24x
1
2 12y 5 284 12y 1 708 1 15y 5 654
217y 5 268 27y 5 654 2 708
27y 5 254
The value of y: The value of x : x 5 22

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217y 268 x 1 3y 5 21
​_____
217
​​ 5 ​____
​2 ​ This is impossible, because there cannot be a negative
17 x 5 21 2 3(4)
y54 x 5 21 2 12 number of sticks.
x59
ANSWER: There is no solution to this problem.
ANSWER: The solution is (9, 4).
13 Sample solution:
Validation:
2x 2 2.5y 5 8 x 1 3y 5 21 Using the comparison method:
2(9) 2 2.5(4) 5 8 9 1 3(4) 5 21 3x 1 1 5 25x 1 2
18 2 10 5 8 9 1 12 5 21
8x 5 1
858 True. 21 5 21 True.
​​  18 ​​
x5_

Therefore,

y 5 3​​(_
​  18 ​)​​ 1 1 5 _
​​  11
8
 ​​

y 5 25​​(_
​  18 ​)​​ 1 2 5 _
​​  11
8
​​

​​  11
y5_ 8
​​

The coordinates of the intersection point are (

​​ _ 8)
​  18 ​, ​ _
11
 ​ .​​

240 ANSWER KEY

 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

ANSWER KEY
The translation 15 Sample solution:
REFRESHER
14 Sample construction:
A
A t
Aˈ
B
Bˈ
C
C
Cˈ

D 16 Sample solutions:
B
a)
Aˈ

The steps below show you how you can build these parallels
with a ruler and a set-square. A Bˈ Cˈ

Step 1
t
First place one side of the set-square along segment AB,
then press a ruler on the other side of the set-square.
B C

b)
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

D
A

A C
Dˈ B
Aˈ t
C

Cˈ
Bˈ

B 17 Sample solution:
y
Step 2
y  5x  130
Hold the ruler so that it does not move. Slide the set- 50
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.

square along the ruler to point C. Draw the line that

REFRESHER
ANSWER KEY
passes through C. 40

(20, 30)
30

20
A (10, 10)
10
(40, 5)
y  5x  20
C 0
10 10 20 30 40 50 x
10
y  5x  60 y  5x  205

Use the same method for point D by moving the set-square

in the other direction.

241
© SOFAD - Reproduction prohibited.
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

EVALUATION GRID
Competency 1: Uses Strategies to Solve Situational Problems

Evaluation Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very Poor

A B C D E

1.1 Identifies Identifies nearly Identifies Identifies Identifies very

Indication of all relevant all relevant some relevant little relevant little relevant
an appropriate information. information. information. information. information.
understanding of the
situational problem,
in oral or written form
1.2 Always uses Generally uses Sometimes uses Rarely uses Uses
Application of appropriate appropriate appropriate appropriate appropriate
strategies and strategies. strategies. strategies. strategies. strategies with
knowledge*
appropriate to the
difficulty.
situational problem

* The evaluation pertains to the strategies applied.

Competency 2: Uses Mathematical Reasoning
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

Evaluation Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very Poor

A B C D E

2.1 Uses all Uses nearly Uses some Uses necessary Uses the
Correct use of necessary all necessary necessary mathematical required
appropriate mathematical mathematical mathematical knowledge mathematical
mathematical knowledge and knowledge and knowledge and with difficulty knowledge
concepts and obtains all the obtains nearly obtains some and obtains few with great
processes correct results all the correct of the correct of the correct difficulty and
results. results. results. obtains very
few correct
results.

EVALUATION GRID
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2.2 Presents an Presents an Presents Presents an Presents an

Proper approach that is approach that a solution approach that approach that
implementation consistent with is consistent that is fairly is lacking in is very lacking
of mathematical all the selected with nearly all consistent with consistency. in consistency.
reasoning strategies and the selected the selected
appropriate to the knowledge. strategies and strategies and
situation
knowledge. knowledge.
2.3 Presents a clear Presents a Presents a fairly Presents an Presents an
Proper organization and organized generally complete but approach that approach
of the steps in solution that clear and fairly insufficiently is incomplete that is very
an appropriate complies with organized organized and not well incomplete and
procedure mathematical solution that solution that organized and disorganized
conventions. complies with complies adheres to few and adheres
mathematical with some mathematical to very few
conventions. mathematical conventions. mathematical
conventions. conventions.

243
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

QUICK REFERENCE
Name of learner:
This book is the property of Yufan Cheng.

QUICK REFERENCE
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* The quick reference must have a maximum length of one page (front) 8½ × 11, be handwritten or electronically created by the learner (minimum
font size 12 points, single spaced) and approved by the teacher. Examples provided by the learner and mathematical formulas are permitted. 245
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FUNDAMENTAL CONTEXT 2 Inductive and deductive questions give meaning
IN A FUNDAMENTAL CONTEXT 2

to the knowledge and strategies to be acquired.

The learning guides offer a multitude of simple
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