NUMBER SYSTEM Tmapartance : Beinga basic concept of mathematics 1 and 2 questions on number syater are regularly asked tn alferent competitive exams. Its knowledge 1s also essential (o solve other questions. Scope of questions : Different type of questions lke based on fractions, even/odd/whole/divisible/prime/ coprime rational/irrational/numbers and related to davisibilty, order, ascending, descending. addition. ‘ulpieation, saverse numbers may be asked Way to success : These questions are solved by Auferent methods, Maximum practice and rechecking s the way to success for this chapter. ‘Natural Nambers : Set of counting numbers is callled rsatural numbers. Its denoted by N. where, NL. 2,8, 00} Even Numbers: The set of all natural numbers which are divisible by2are called even numbers It1s denoted by E. Where. B= 12. 4,6, 8,10, ..20} dd Numbers : The set ofall natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. In other words, the natural numbers which are not even numbers, dare edd numbers. Le. 0811, 3,6. Fens ‘Whole Numbers: When zero is included in the set of natural numbers, then it forms set of whole numbers. 1s denated by W. where, We 10.1.2, 3, nce) Integers : When in the set of whole numbers, natural ‘numbers with negative sign are included, then it becomes sel oftntegers. is denoted by Lor Z Ie. 1A, -B,-2.-1,0,1,2, 3, | Integers can further be classified into negative or postive Integers. Negative integers are denoted by Z: and positive Integers are denoted by Z*. -3.-2,-I)and 1.2.3. | Further 0 is neither negative nor positive integer. Prime Numbers: The natural numbers which have no factors other than 1 and itself ar ealled prime numbers. Note that, () in other words they can be divided only by themselves ar Y only. As. 2, , 5.7, 11 ete. (W All prime aumbers other than 2 are odd numbers but all odd numbers are not prime numbers. 2s the only one even Prime nunber Co-Prime Numbers : Two numbers which have no common factor except 1, are called Co-Prime naimbers, Such as. 8 and 16, 4 and 17, 60 and 81 ete: Its not necessary that two co-prime numbers are prime always. They may or may not be prime numbers. Divisible numbers/composite numbers : The whole ‘numbers which are divisible by numbers other than itself and 1 are called divisible numbers or we can say the ‘numbers which are not prime numbers are composite or divisible numbers. As, 4, 6,9, 15, Note ; 1 is neither Prime number nor composite number. Compasite numbers may be even or odd. Rational Numbers : The numbers which can be expressed inthe formot © wherep anda are integers and q coprime and q #0 are called rational numbers. It 1s denoted by Q. These may be poslllve, or negauve, asl em Beye yee are rational numbers Irrational Numbers : The numbers which are not rational numbers, are called irrational numbers, Such as f@ = 1414219562. = 8141592658 ern Real Numbers: Set ofall rational numbers as well a tational numbers is called Real numbers. The square of all of them 1s positive. Gyclle Numbers : Cyclic numbers are those numbers of n digits which when multiplied by any other number upto n gives same digits in a diiferent order. They are in the same line. As 142857 285714 : 3 x 142857 = 428571 5871428 : 5 x 142857 = 714285 Perfect Numbers: Ifthe sum ofall divisors of a number IN (except N) is equal fo the number N itself then the number {s called perfeet number. Such as, 6, 28, 496. 128 etc. ‘The factor of 6 are 1. 2 and 3 Since, 6:1+2+3=6 28:1424447+ 14-28 496: 1424448416 +31 462+ 124 +248 = 496 8128: 1424448416432 +644 127 +2544 508 + 1016 + 2032 + 4064 = 8128. etc Note: Ina perfect number, the sum of inverse ofall of {ts factors including Itself is 2 always, e.g. Factors of 28 are 1,2.4.7,14 are Complex Numbers : Z = a + tb is called complex number, where a andb are relriumbers,b #0 andi= =T- Such as, {B. YB ete. So, a+ Ib or 4 + 51 are complex numbers, >Rational Numbers (Q) Integers () Negative Integers (2) Positive (1-2) Integers NUMBER SYSTEM Number Tree >———_, Real Numbers (R) Imaginary Numbers () (v-1.v-2) Irrational Numbers Complex (i2-vs) Nai Fractional Numbers (3s) Zero (0) pi. —, Natural Numbers (x) Whole Numbers (W1 1,2,3, Prime Numbers Composite Numbers Even Numbers (2.5.7, 1 (4, 6.15, 16, } (0.1.2.3, 00 Odd Numbers (2.4...) 01,3,5,-1 Additive Identity : Ifa + 0a, then 0 (zero) is called additive Identity. Additive Inverse : If a + (-a) = 0, 0 ‘a’ and ‘Wa! are called additive inverse to each other, As, 2 + (-2) ‘Additive inverse of 2 is ~2 Multiplicative entity : [fax 1 ‘multiplicative identity. eg. 3x 1 = 3 ete, ‘Multiplicative inverge : [fx b= 1. then we can say that a and b are multiplicative inverse of each other. As then 1 Is called 1 axe L ‘So, multiplicative inverse of 2 is ‘SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ON NUMBERS la) _2 18 the only even prime number [b) Number 1 ts nesther divisible nor prime. |) Two consecutive odd prime numbers are called prime pair, |) All natural numbers are whole, rational, integer and real. lel All whole numbers are rattonal Integer and real. |) All whole numbers are rational and real. 12) All whole numbers, rational and ratlonal numbers are real. () Whole numbers and natural numbers can never be negative, i) Natural (Including Prime, Composite, even or odd) ‘numbers and whole numbers are never negative. () Fractions are rational id All prime numbers except 2 are odd ) 0 ts neither negative nor positive number. (im) fais any number then, ifa divides zero, result will be zero, IFO divides a, then result will be infinite or ‘not defined or undetermined Le io! = S sonnet 2 + etiam where a is real number, o (n)_ Dividing 0 by any number gives zero e.g, 5 =O (o) The place or position of a digit in a number 1s called Us place value such as Place value of 2 In 5283 is 200. (p)_ The real value ofany digit ina certain number is called, Us face value. AS, face value of 2 in 5283 18 2. (q) The sum and the product of two rational numbers 18 always a rational number. (2) The product or the sum of a rational number and irrational number is always an irrational number. (6) ie an irrational number. > _____—.(0) There can be infinite number of rational or irrational numbers between two rational numbers or two (rational numbers. (uy) Decimal indication ofan irrational number js infinite coming. as V3, 12 (#1 The square of an even number is even and the square of an odd number is odd, [prenaat ‘The decimal reprcentaton ofa rational number 18 3 either finite or infinite recurring e.g. = | jw ig 00 nc tat (x) If decimal number 0, x and 0. xy are given, then they ai siaipSad wiicinw at (9) Udceimal recurring numbers 0, and 0.33) are given, B then they can be expressed in the form of ¢ As 0. 9 (2) The recurring decimal numbers of type 0.8 oF ana og = 2 BR 0.7 may be converted to rational form as follows. DIVISIBILITY Importance : Divisibility questions, if not asked directly. still ts knowledge Is very essential to solve different questions in stmplications. ‘Scope of questions : The study of this concept is, very useful to increase speed in simplication and number system. ‘Way to success : The knowledge of divisibility rules, (cf 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 8, 9) and of osculaters for 7, 11. 13 ete & mental calculations increase our (speed) time management and accuracy. Basic Formulae of Divisibility from 2 to 19: 1. Divisibility by 2 : Ifthe last digit of a number ts 0 or an even umber then that number is diviisible by 2. ‘Such as, 242, 540 etc ‘2. Divisibility by 3: Ifthe sum of all digits of a number 4s divisible by 3, then that number will be divisible by 3. Such as. 432 : 4 +3 +2 = 9 which ts divisible by 3. So, 432 Is divisible by 3. ‘3. Divisibility by 4: Ifin any number last two digits are divisible by 4, then whole number will be divisible by 4. Such as, 48424. In this number 24 is divisible by 4. So, 48424 ‘will be divisible by 4. 4, Diviaibility by 5 : [last digit ofa number ts 5 or 0, then that number is divisible by 5. Such as 200, 225 ete. 5. Divisibility by 6 : Ifa number is divisible by both 2and 3, then that number is divisible by 6 also, such as 216, 25614 etc. ‘G. Divisibility by 7 : Here concept of osculator should ‘be applied. The meaning of negative osculator Is - there Increases or decreases 1 from the factor of 10 of the number. As, 21:2% 1041221 49 5x 10-1=50-1=49 To check the divistbility of 7, we use osculator 2’, as. 11-2% 227 whichis divisible by 7 12 Again, 343: 34~ 2x3 = 28 which Is divisible by 7. Then 343 ‘wall be divisible by 7. 7. Divisibitity by 8 :Ifin any number last three digits are divisible by 8, then whole number is divisible by 8, such as. 247864 since 864 is divisible by 8. ‘So, 247864 Is divisible by 8. ‘Similarly, 289000 is divisible by 8. £8. Divisihility by 9: Ifthe sum ofall digits of anumber 4s divisible by 9, then that whole number will be divisible by 9.As, 249243:2+4+342+4+3= 18is divisible by 9. ‘So, 243243 Is divisible by 9. 9. Divisibility by 10: ‘The number whose last digit is, “0 is divisible by 10, such as, 10, 20, 200, 300 ete. 10. Divisibility by 11 : Ifthe difference between “Sum of digits at even place” and “Sum of digits at odd place” is, divisible by 11, then the whole number ts divisible by 11 such as, 9174 5 16 (9+ 7)- (44 1) = 16-5 = 11 ts divisible by 11 ‘So, 9174 will be divisible by 11 11, Divisibility by 12 : fa number is divisible by 3 and 4 both, Then the number is divisible by 12. Such as, 19044 ete. 12, Diviaibility by 13 : For 13 we use osculator 4 but our osculator 4s not negative here. It 1s one-more osculator (4) 143: 1443x4226 and 26 is divisible by 13, So, 143 1s divisible by 13. ‘Similarly for 325: 32+5 x4 =52 52 is divisible by 13, Hence, 325 will also be divisible by 13. 13. Divisibility by 14 : Ifa number 1s divisible by 2 and 7 both then that number is divisible by 14 fe. number {seven and osculator 2 ts applicable. 14, Diviatbiity by 16 : Ifa number Is divisible by 3 and 5 both, then that number ts divistble by 15. $$$ Gas _—_____——15, Divistbility by 16 :Iflast 4 digits ofa number are divisible by 16, then whole number is divisible by 16. Such ‘a8 341920. 16. Divisibility by 17 : For 17. there Is a negative “osculator 5’. This process is same as the process of 7. As. 1904 : 190-5 x 4=170. 170{sdivisible by 17. So 1904 will be divisible by 17. 17. Divisibility by 18 : 1-2 number is divisible by 2 and 9 both, then that number ts divisible by 18. 18. Divisibility by 19 : For 19, there Is one-more (positive) osculator 2, which is same processed as 13. As. 361 = 96 +1x2=38 : 3€ Is divisible by 19. So 361 Is also divisible by 19. ‘Few more Important Points: 1. Out of a group of n consecutive integers one and only one number Is divisible by n. 2. The product of n consecutive numbers is always divisible by nl or = in. 3. For any number n, (n?-b) is always divisible by P where P is a prime number, for e.g., ifn=2 and P =5 then. (2'~ 2) = (32 - 2) = 30 which is divisible by 5. 4, The square of an odd number when divided by 8 always leaves a remainder 1, as we divide 7*= 49 or 5?= 25 by 8 then remalnder wil be 1. 5. For any natural number n. n* or n*¥* ' is having same unit digit as m has, where kis a whole number, such as, 9° = 243 has 3 at its unit place. 6. Square of any natural number can be written in the form of Sn or $n + 1 or 4nor (in + 1). eg. square of 11 = 121 = 3x 4041 or4x30+1 be ‘where a, b and © are prime numbers and p. q and rare natural numbers, then 1, Number of factors of Nis given by Pepe tls Were Mn 2, Number of ways to express the number as.a product F Fat of two factors are 3 F is even or ~3~ i F ts odd respectively. 3, Sum of all the factors of the number N. (0P-taa) (ta) (ay a sr 4. The number of ways in which a number N can be| resolved Into co-prime factors 18 2¥-', where kc is the number of different Prime factors of the number N. ‘5. The number of co-primes to number N is given by Ly Wy wa(t-2-2 2 oval 3]0-5)0-4) Special le ule ibe sum of digts of wo dig number ia and ithe dg othe mame are roel, auch at Stnberreutes by 0 then Mab z or example: (or number 62|a=8 +2 = 10 sim Original Number = NUMBER SYSTEM and b = 82 - 28 = 54s given then 1d0+54 164 original number = —3—=* = 2 Rule 2 : If the sum of digits of two digit number |s ‘a ‘and if the digits of the number are reveresed, such that ‘number increases by ‘b’, then, lla 2 4g (For number 47): a= 4+7=11 & b= 74-47 = 27 thus the 111-27 2 a7 Rule 3 : the difference between a number and formed by number reversing digit is x. then the difference between, (Original Number = original number = both he igs of te nambers oe or 60.x=69-98=27 = Required difference as Rule 4: Ifthe sum of anumber and thenumber formed by reversing the digits is x. then the sum of digits of the number Is 7] - e.g (For number 76) = x = 67 + 76 = 143 Required sum of numbers = 67 + 76 = 143 143, Weis Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder Dividend Remainder Quotient Required sum Divisor = Dividend - Remainder Divisor Remainder = Dividend ~ (Divisor x Quotient ‘Special Rule for Remainder Calculation: ‘Quotient = ae Rule 5: if then remainder will always be 1, whether n is even or odd. leven muraber) Rule 6: f <7 —- then remainder will be 1 aloddensmaber) aay then remainder will be a ‘nis a single digit aumber, then in n®, n will ‘be at unit place. It Is valid for the number 9, 1, 4.5, 6 or 9 As, digit at unat place in (4°) is 4. Rule 9 : Ifn isa single digit number then in n?, where is any number (+ve), n will be at untt place. It valld for 5 and 6. apa >