CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1. Introduction
The term "logistics" originates from the ancient Greek "Nóyos" ("logos" - "ratio, word,
calculation, reason, speech, oration"). Logistics is considered to have originated in the military's
need to supply themselves with arms, ammunition and rations as they moved from their base to a
forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers
with the title 'Logistikas' who were responsible for financial and distribution of supplies.

The Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: The branch of military science having to do
with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities.

The American Council of Logistics Management defines logistics as 'the process of planning,
implementing and controlling the efficient and effective flow, and storage of goods, services and
related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for conforming to
customer requirements.'

Logistics management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the
efficient, effective, forward and backward (reverse) flow and storage of goods, services and
information between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet customers'
requirements rather to the customers' delight. A professional working in the field of logistics
management is called a logistician.

Logistics, as a business concept, evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the
increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials, and shipping out products in
an increasingly globalize supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply
Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right
time at the right place for the right price and to the right target customers (consumer); and it is
the science of process having its presence in all sectors of the industry.

The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and
resultant efficiencies. Logistics is Concerned with getting (or transmitting) the products and
services where they are needed or when they are desired. It is difficult to accomplish any
marketing or manufacturing without logistical support. It involves the integration of information,
transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging. The operating
responsibility of logistics is the geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in process, and
finished inventories where required at the lowest cost possible.

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Transportation, the movement of goods and persons from place to place and the various means
by which such movement is accomplished. The principal role of transport is to provide or
improve access to different locations for individuals and businesses. Transport thus facilitates a
wider range of social and economic interactions than would otherwise be possible. Transport is
an important sector of the economy in its own right. Inadequate transport investment can hold
back economic development. In countries with development potential, transport investment
facilitates economic growth. Organizations that are a part of the transportation business require
technical support to process day-to-day operations. As transportation processes are evolving,
enabling faster delivery of people, products, and services, companies need a more efficient
transportation billing solution. Manual transportation billing and invoicing results in incurring
higher costs in the supply chain. Equipping the manual processes with the right digital
innovation will help to manage better operations, dispatch, equipment, invoicing, and admin. It
will efficiently streamline the distribution and delivery processes.

The automated system takes up the repetitive tasks, thus freeing the
workforce to focus on other core competencies. A transportation bill is a legal contract between
the shipper and the carrier. Accounting personnel leverages it as support documentation based on
the contract terms to enable successful delivery of goods. The transportation management system
(TMS) [TallyPrime] with the billing module can automatically generate documents, match
invoices to loads, and use automation that will require zero manual intervention. With the right
billing and invoicing software solution, companies can accelerate their daily payment processes
and unlock agility and profitability. Faster billing will lead to faster transport. It will facilitate
better accuracy and accountability in the way the stakeholders carry out the business. The
transport invoicing software carries out all routine transactions of transport like Route Payment
Voucher, delivery challan, Fuel Management, GR, Hired Vehicle Billing, Tyre and Spare
Inventory Management, Repair and Maintenance, etc. As a transport company, it is very crucial
for expanding a business with the help of software technology.

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1.1.1. WHAT IS THE LOGISTIC?

Fig 1.1 : Logistic

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Logistics is the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources between the
point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements of consumers.

Logistic involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material

handling and packaging and occasionally security. The resources managed in logistics can
include physical items, such as food, materials, equipment, liquids and staff, as well as abstract
items, such as time, information, particles, and energy. The logistics of physical Items usually
involves the Integration of Information flow, material handling, production, packaging,
inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security. The complexity of logistics can be
modeled, analyzed, visualized, and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The
minimization or the use or resources is a common motivation.

1.1.2. Origin
The term logistics comes from the late 19th century: from French logistique, from loger 'to
lodge. Logistics is considered to have originated in the military's need to supply itself with arms,
ammunition, and rations as it moved from a base to a forward position. In the ancient Greek,
Roman, and Byzantine Empires, military officers with the title Logistics were responsible for
financial and supply distribution matters

The Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: "The branch of military science having to do
with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities."

IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

1. Logistics is the bed rock of trade and business:

• Without selling and or buying there can be no trade and business. Buying and or selling takes
place only when goods are physically moved into and or away from the market.

• Take away logistical support trade and business will collapse.

2. Integrates logistical activities:

In conventional management environment, various activities of logistics work in isolation under

different management functions. Each pocket trying to sub optimizes its objectives at the cost of
overall organizational objectives. Purchasing trying to purchase at minimum price at the cost of
what is needed by operations. Operations produce large quantities at minimum production cost
ignoring demand leading to doom inventory. Logistics function of management brings all such
functions under one umbrella pulling down inter departmental barriers.

3. Competitive edge:

In the fiercely competitive environment logistics provides the edge. Due to technological
revolution, most of the products are moving into commodity markets. In a commodity market

4
where price is controlled by competition, where there is no product differentiation in terms of
quality parameters like performance & reliability, where brands are almost irrelevant,
competitive edge is that of availability of product and service in terms of time, place and
quantity.

4. Leads to customer satisfaction:

Through superior customer service. Organizational objectives of P [Productivity], Q [Quality], C

[Cost], D [Delivery], E [Employee Morale], F [Flexibility], S [Safety], H [Health], E
[Environment] are set to meet customer expectations.

5. Supports critical functions like operations and marketing:

Strong logistics support enables a company to move towards JUST IN TIME production system
for survival in a highly competitive market

6. Logistics wins or loses wars:

British lost American war of independence due to poor logistics

• Rommel was beaten in the desert by superior logistics of Allies

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF LOGISTIC

The primary objective of logistics management is to effectively and efficiently move the supply
chain so as to extend the desired level of customer service at the least cost. Thus, logistics
management starts with ascertaining customers' needs till their fulfilment through product
supplies. However, there are some definite objectives to be achieved through a proper logistics
system. These can be described as follows:

1.2.1. Rapid Response:

Rapid response is concerned with a firm's ability to satisfy customer service requirements in a
timely manner.

Information technology has increased the capability to postpone logistical operations to the latest
possible time and then accomplish rapid delivery of required inventory.

1.2.2. Reduce total distribution costs:

The cost of physical distribution consists of various elements such as transportation,
warehousing and inventory maintenance. And any reduction in the cost of one element may
result in an increase in the cost of the other elements. Thus, the objective of the firm should be to
reduce the total cost of distribution and not just the cost incurred any one element.
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1.2.3. Generating additional sales:
A firm can attract additional customers by offering better services at lowest prices. For example,
by decentralizing its warehousing operations or by using economic and efficient modes of
transportation, a firm can achieve larger market share. Also by avoiding the out-of-stock
situation, the loss of loyal customers can be arrested.

1.2.4. Creating time and place utilities:

The products are physically moved from the place of their origin to the place where they are
required for consumption: they do not serve any purpose to the users. Similarly, The products
have to be made available all the time they are needed for consumption.

1.2.5. Price stabilization:

It can be achieved by regulating the flow of the products to the market through a judicious use of
available transport facilities and compatible warehouse operations. By stocking the raw material
during the period of excess supply and made available during the periods of short supply, the
prices can be stabilized

1.2.6. Quality improvement:

The long-term objective of the logistical system is to seek continuous quality improvement. Total
quality management (TQM) has become a major commitment throughout all facets of industry.
If a product becomes defective or if service promises are not kept, little, if any, value is added by
the logistics. Logistical costs, once expended, cannot be reversed.

1.2.7. Movement consolidation:

Consolidation one of the most significant logistical costs is transportation. Transportation cost is
directly related to the type of product, size of shipment, and distance. Many Logistical systems
that feature premium service depend on high-speed, small shipment transportation. Premium
transportation is typically high-cost. To reduce transportation cost. It is desirable to achieve
movement consolidation.

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1.2.8. Improving customer service:

An important objective of all marketing efforts, including the physical distribution activities, is
to improve the customer service. An efficient management of physical distribution can help in
improving the level of custom service by developing an effective system of warehousing, quick
and economic transportation, and maintaining optimum level of inventory.

1.3. INDIAN LOGISTIC INDUSTRY

India has hardly been able to position itself on the economic market despite its favorable location
between Asia and Europe and a populace of 1.21 billion. The World Bank in its Global Logistics
Report, 2012 has ranked India 46 among 150 countries in terms of logistics performance with its
future potential. India needs an integrated infrastructure and logistics policy to keep up the
growth of its gross domestic product. The major export countries for Indian products are the
United States, the United Arab Emirates, China, Singapore, Germany, Japan, Indonesia and
Great Britain. The major import trading partners are China, the United States, Switzerland, the
United Arab Emirates and Belgium. In recent years, BRIC countries have become vital players in
the world economy as a result of their high growth rates.

Infrastructure development is essential for the growth of an economy. Logistics infrastructure

covering the road, rail, waterways and air network is the backbone on which the nation marches
ahead. India's logistics infrastructure was developed in the colonial era to transport troops and
agricultural products. Since then, India has become one of the fastest growing economies in the
world, but its logistics infrastructure remains woefully inadequate to meet the demands bestowed
on it by the country's new-found status.

1.3.1. Overview
 The Logistics industry includes five broad segments - ocean freight, rail freight, air
freight, trucking and third party Logistics (3PL) services.
 The current size of the Indian Logistics Industry is estimated around $225bn and is
expected to reach around $350bn by 2015.
 As per industry estimates as provided by the Fitch Rating Agency, there is a positive
future outlook for the Indian Logistics Industry and it is estimated that the industry will
grow at 15-20% over the next few years.

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 Several factors helped the growth of logistics industry in India over the last decade that
include changing tax system as well as a rapid growth in industries such as automobile,
pharmaceuticals, FMCG and retail.
 70% of the total domestic product is transported through the road network and 15%
through the rail network. Domestic companies are willing to expand their efficiency to
meet rising demand globally according to a study by industry body.
 Logistics costs in India are estimated to be approximately 13% of GDP which is
considerably high when compared to the corresponding figures for other major
economies of the world (as per World Bank 2010 report). For example in 2011 the
logistics costs in the European Countries accounted for 7.15% of GDP (as per an article
in 'The Hindu')
 Higher logistics costs are mainly due to poor infrastructure facilities in the country. The
higher logistics cost represents higher products/services cost in the international market
 The country's organized logistics market represents 6% of the total market
 The three major contributors for the growth of logistics industry are: emergence of
organized retail, increase in foreign trade and India becoming a global manufacturing
hub.

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1.4. MEDIUMS OF LOGISTIC
There are four way of logistics services in India. These can be categorized in the following way:

1.4.1. ROAD:

The road freight industry in India is worth about IN 1.42 trillion and is growing at about 6-8
percent year on year. Manpower spends amount to only about 4 percent of sales as against the
overall sector average of 8-10 percent. The industry has traditionally been extremely fragmented
- almost 75 percent of the trucking 'companies' are single truck operators and almost 90 percent
of trucking companies have a turnover of less than INR 10 million.

A majority of players in this industry have been small entrepreneurs running family owned
businesses. Given their small scale and limited investment capability, most of their investments
have been focused on short term gains - direct and immediate impact on the top line / bottom line
of the business being the key decision criterion. As a result, investments that pay off in the
longer term, such as those in manpower development, have been minimal historically. Also,
these businesses are typically tightly controlled by the proprietor and his / her family and as
such, making it unattractive for professionals. Poor working conditions, low pay scales relative
to alternate careers, poor or non-existent manpower policies and prevalence of unscrupulous
practices have added to the segment's woes creating the image of a segment that holds few
attractions for those seeking employment.

While industry players have been incapable of investing in manpower development, the
government has also not focused sufficiently on the same. There exist very few formal training
institutions for driver training and practically none for operational training on associated areas
like loading / unloading supervisory, proper handling practices etc.

The result has been that in the current scenario, there exist gaps in core technical skills of the
existing set of personnel. For example, the backbone of the trucking industry truck drivers lack
knowledge of good driving practices and areas associated with driving like understanding of
VAT. Taking a level-wise view of the skill issues, it is seen that in the road sector, skill issues
are widespread across the board with the situation being most severe at the operational level.

Advantages:

 Road network of 3.3 million km is the second largest globally

 55% of total freight movement is via roadways
 Roads offer wide reach and easy accessibility to even small markets

Disadvantages:

 High cost of transportation

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  National Highways account for only 2% of the total network but carries 40% of total
freight

Key Developments:

 National Highway Development Project to upgrade and modernise highways

 24,000 km of National Highways are to be upgraded to four/six lanes. Connectivity to
ports is also being improved

1.4.2. RAILWAY:

Rail freight traffic revenues stood at around IN 350 billion in 2006 having grown at around 8
percent in the recent past with the growth in the last couple of years being around 10 percent. It
is the world's second largest rail network spread over 81,500 km and covering around 7000
stations. Manpower spends amount to about 45 percent of revenues as against the overall sector
average of 8-10 percent. Also, non-salary expenditure comprises 36 percent of overall manpower
expenditure compared to the sector average of 13-14 percent.

With the government being the only employer, recruitment systems in the railways segment are
formalized and there exists an institutionalized training infrastructure and policy. Though the
employee numbers are high (around 1.4 million) there are no significant skill gaps owing to this
traditionally strong in-house training infrastructure. With technological up gradation, certain jobs
are made redundant every year with the people on these jobs being absorbed in newer areas
through training. However, the rapid introduction of modern technology that is creating gaps
even in technical areas such as signaling and telecom. Also, the Railways is facing increase in
attrition levels due to gradual opening of the sector.

To counter the emerging gaps, the Railways is overhauling the curriculum and infrastructure and
rolling out training to the lowest levels (Grade D) to increase productivity. With competition
from road and air, the Railways is focusing on making its large manpower more customer
friendly. In the overall assessment, therefore, the skill gaps situation in the railways segment
does not seem to be alarming.

The host of new players entering into the rail container services segment (15 licenses have been
awarded for the same) will however require skills that hitherto were only residing with the Indian
Railways. While the quantum of requirement at this stage would be small and the need would
likely be filled by the buffer created by the Railways, this could become a gap area going
forward.

Advantages:

 Spread over 81,500 km, railways carries 25% of total freight movement
 Low transportation cost as compared to roads

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Disadvantages:

 Bulk commodities account for 90% of total freight revenues

 Inflexibility to reach deep interiors

Key Developments:

 Phase 1 of dedicated freight corridor along Golden Quadrilateral to be initiated in 2008-

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1.4.3. WATER/PORT:

The growth in shipping has been even higher than that of the railways driven by strong growth in
foreign trade both in bulk and containerized cargo. Manpower spends amount to about 8-10
percent; non-salary expenditure varies greatly between companies ranging from 3-20 percent of
overall man power expenditure.

The nature of liner shipping services to and from India has undergone a sea change in the last
few years as a result of the growth in break-bulk and conventional cargoes. With the nature of
goods being shipped changing, the potential and opportunities for container transport and
logistics companies are enormous. Over the past few years the size and the number of vessels
that are being deployed by India has increased.

With increasing capacity and infrastructural support, the scope of the operations is set to
increase! India now has the largest merchant shipping fleet among the developing countries!
India ranks 17th in the world in shipping tonnage. ! Indian share of maritime transport services is
1 percent of world market.! The container traffic has registered an impressive growth of 15 per
cent over the last five years.

The Government is responsible for creation of the trained manpower required for the country's
merchant navy fleet and also facilitation of training and employment of seafarers in foreign flag
vessels.

In addition to the above, there are about 124 training institutes in the private sector approved by
the Director General of Shipping, imparting pre-sea and post sea training in various disciplines.
The Directorate General of Shipping maintains a system of inspections to ensure the quality of
training. India is globally recognized as a very important source of mercantile manpower.

Accentuating the situation is the inherent disadvantage to the Indian ship owners as employers
arising by virtue of extra burden of income tax on Indian seafarers' income. This makes the
employment on a foreign flag the first choice of any Indian seafarer, and thereby denies the best
talent to the local shipping industry.

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Thus, in the core shipping industry, while the manpower situation in terms of quality fares much
better than the other segments of logistics, the issue here is that of quantity with an increasing
number of qualified people being attracted towards working on foreign vessels as they offer
better salaries and perks. However, if one were to look at the ports side, there is an increasing
lack of trained manpower for pilotage functions and equipment operators

Advantages:

 Cheapest mode of transportation

Disadvantages:

 Poor state of inland waterways in the country

 High turnover time

1.4.4. AIR:

Though the air freight segment holds a small share of India's freight market, it is growing at a
fast pace. While India accounts for meagre 3 percent of the global air cargo market, the Indian
air cargo industry is expected to double in size by the year 2010, as per an expert estimate.

As in the case of sea freight, the level of formalization and standardization of operations in the
air freight segment is greater than in the road sector. By virtue of the level of investments in
assets, network and relationships required to be a player in this segment, it has traditionally been
relatively more organized leading to greater regard for manpower development. The market
leaders typically have established internal structured training practices to train the staff employed
at this level.

Nevertheless, there exist perceived gaps at the operational / front line level and are primarily to
do with soft skills, such as relationship management, interpersonal and managerial, and
supervisory skills.

Advantages:

 Fastest mode of transportation

Disadvantages:

 Low freight movement

 87% of total freight traffic being handled by airports in metro cities

Key Developments:

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Modernization of 37 operational airports and development of new airports will increase air cargo
handling capacity.

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 CHAPTER 2

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is the most visible of all functions of logistics and high contributor to logistics
cost. We can see trucks, containers and wagonloads of material being moved from place to place
as an activity directly associated with trade and business. We should also appreciate that this is
an activity that adds highest amount of cost to the activity of making inputs and outputs available
to consumers. Transportation function moves the products to meet customer expectations at
minimum cost. Transportation is one of the most visible elements of logistics operations.

Transportation provides 2 major functions:

product movement & product storage.

Product Movement

Whether the product is in the form of materials, components, assemblies, work-in-process, or

finished goods, transportation is necessary to move it to the next stage of the manufacturing
process or physically closer to the ultimate consumer. A primary transportation function of
product movement is moving up and down the value chain.

Since transportation utilizes temporal, financial, and environmental resources, it is important that
items be moved only when it truly enhances the product value. Transportation involves the use of
temporal resources because product is inaccessible during the transportation process. Such
product, commonly referred to as in-transit inventory, is becoming a significant consideration as
a variety of supply chain strategies such as just - in - time and quick response practices reduce
manufacturing and distribution center inventories Transportation uses financial resources
because internal expenditures are necessary for private fleets or external expenditures are
required for Commercial or public transportation.

The major objective is to move product from an origin location to a prescribed destination while
minimizing temporal, financial and environmental resource costs. Loss and damage expenses
must also be minimized. At the same time the movement must take place in such a manner that
meets customer demands regarding delivery performance and shipment informationavailability.

Product Storage:

Temporary storage in stationary vehicles or Vehicles kept moving on a circuitous route - Product
storage is expensive in a transport vehicle. But sometimeskeeping overall cost in mind this is
adopted.

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A. When unloading and loading is more expensive thanstorage

B. When storage space is limited. [Situation when inventory levels are veryhigh]

15
Modes of Transportation: Five Types of Transportation

1. Road transport
2. Railway transport
3. Water transport
4. Air transport
5. Pipeline transport

Road transport

Road transport exists in all parts of the world, this involves the use of motor vehicles (cars,
lorries, buses, bicycles, and trucks). There are various types of roads according to size and
functions, some roads are tarred while others are not.

The best of these roads are the modern roads which link major towns. Road transport, when
compared with other modes of transportation, is more flexible. It is relatively cheaper and faster.
Road transport has a high capacity for carrying goods over short distances. Maintenance is one of
the major disadvantages of this mode of transport.

Railway transport

Railways were developed during the period of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, these
were partly for political reasons and for economic reasons. In many countries, they were built
especially to penetrate isolated regions and help promote political unity. The major advantage
of railway transport includes the provision of reliable services. It has the ability to convey heavy
and bulky goods; it is also very cheap, safe, and also comfortable for passengers over a long
distance.

Water transport

Water transport is very important because it is the cheapest way of transporting bulky goods over
a long distance.

In the world, there are two major types of water transport namely: Inland water transport and
ocean water transport.

Inland water transport

This is the system of transport through all navigable rivers, lakes, and man-made canals. Many
large rivers in different parts of the world are used by ships and barges for transportation; the

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main rivers where inland water transport is important are the Rhine and Dambe in Europe, Zaire
in Africa, the Nile in Africa, the Mississippi in the USA, etc.

Ocean Waterways

However, Ocean waterways carry a lot of the world’s trade, the majority of the bulky goods,
materials, and passengers pass through ocean waterways from one country to another at the
cheapest cost.

Air transport

Air transport is the newest means of transport; it was introduced in 1903 but developed into full
means of transporting people and goods in the 1930s. The greatest air transportation started after
the Second World War (WWII). This mode of transportation can be used for both domestic and
international flights.

Pipeline transport

This system of transportation involves the use of hollow pipes in the transportation of water,
crude oil, (petroleum) and gas. This mode of transportation is safer than using tankers or trailers
in the transportation of these liquids.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.1. Objective of the Study:

 To know about basic of logistic industry

 To know how logistics takes place
 To know about transportation

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3.2. Literature Review:

1. A systematic review of the literature consists on identifying, evaluating and interpreting all
available information on a research topic or phenomenon of interest by using a reliable, auditable
and rigorous methodology [13]. This systematic review consists of three phases: (i) planning the
review, (ii) conducting the review, and (iii) reporting the review.

2. Even though the concept of transport logistics has a long history, the first recorded mention of
the term was in 1977, when Mundy et al. (1977) researched evaluation by business executives of
courses offered in a large transportation/logistics curriculum. Further scientific research brought
the publication of the transportation logistics for spentfuel storage and disposal by Andrews et al.
(1978). Research by Lai et al. (2002) is the largest node on the co citation network (Figure),
which points to the importance of this publication for the transport logistics field. The au thors
researched measures of supply chain performance in a transport logistics setting and constructed
a measuring instrument for effectiveness and efficiency of transport lo gistics shippers, service
providers and consignees.

3. In the XXI century, electronic commerce is considered as an alternative to reduce costs,

increase the productivity, among other benefits, all of them perceived through the digitalization
of billing. Although there is a large amount of literature on this field, such literature is not
focused on electronic invoicing platforms with notification delivery. Thus, the present systematic
literature review has been performed, it is based on a reliable, auditable and rigorous
methodology in order to know and clarify the state of the art in the subject associated to
electronic invoicing, technological aspects related and notification systems. The analysis of the
39 selected papers from a total of 1202, shows the absence of studies that relate the use of
notifications into e-invoicing systems. [IEEE, 07 June 2018]

4. Based on stylized facts, the simple model developed in this section serves to illustrate the
basic trade-offs implicit in the cash holding literature. The main purpose of this section is to give
underlying reasoning behind various hypotheses tested in the literature. The model will high-

19
light the tension of financially constrained firm's need to hold cash fo precautionary motives
versus managers' desire to hold and use this cash for self-interested reasons, illustrating the role
of good corporate governance.[FINANA-00902; No of Pages 13]

5. Theoretical Background: The available literature has thoroughly discussed the cash holding
theories and mainly its determinants (Kuzey& Uyar,2014)found the evidence showing the impact
of previous cash holding to the current cash holding levels and also showing that thesefirms have
a target level of holding cash. As evidence with many in the literature cash flow, growth
opportunities show asignificant impact on the cash holding levels (Tim Opler,1999; islam,2012;
Brick & Liao, 2016, Oliveira et al,2006).Conversely on the other hand independent variables
such as capital expenditure, tangible assets, leverage ratio, financial debtand even the high link to
banking institutions, liquid assets which are used as substitutes for cash have a negative impact
onthe holding levels of cash (Martinez-Sola &García-Teruel, 2013) [BRFB VOL 2 NO 2
ISSN:2687-2501]

6. Based on their observations of successful organizations, Treacy and Wiersema (1997)

identified three generic market disciplines: Operational Excellence (OE), Product Leadership
(PL), and Customer Intimacy (CI). The OE (best cost) approach achieves a low cost of goods
sold and the lowest prices delivered to customers. CI (best solution) strategies utilize provide
tailored solutions to customer needs at a premium price. The PL (best product) includes
organizations that are first to market with new or upgraded products/services or the movement of
products/services to new markets. We used these market disciplines to represent the generic
market strategies in this study. We have crafted an organizational ideal-types typology using
expert judges. They focused on the trio of market strategies, supported by organization culture,
employee competencies, workforce (HR) practices, and business processes. The intention is to
determine the capability of each ideal-type in predicting market performance using the deviation
of empirical organizations in the study from each ideal type’s profile. [Volume 30 Number 2]

7. .Before starting with the literature review, it is important to develop the method being applied
in the literature review. The number of papers on AM to examine is very big; therefore, it is
possible to approach that problem by defining a method that can analyse and select the papers
automatically. The procedure is divided into the following several steps: Definition of the
keywords; Collection of papers from the main international scientific papers’ database; Analysis

20
of the papers’ characteristics among the first 100 papers sorted by relevance; Selection of the
most interesting theme defined by the keyword; Eventual knowledge lack of literatures. The
following keywords were investigated: (i) additive manufacturing overview and additive
manufacturing technology, (ii) additive manufacturing cost models and additive manufacturing
business model, (iii) additive manufacturing mechanical properties and additive manufacturing
material, (iv) additive manufacturing supply chain, (v) additive manufacturing sustainability and
(vi) additive manufacturing lifecycle cost. [Volume 8 Issue 2 pp.263-283,2017]

8. Cash management is the business strategy in managing cash for the purpose of optimizing
liquidity (Linert, 2009). Deb, Dey and Shil (2015) specifically defined cash management as the
managing of (i) cash flows into and out of the firm, (ii) cash flows within the firm, and (iii) cash
balances held by the firm at a point of time. Each business needs to have proper cash
management to achieve the targeted goals and objectives by enhancing their allocation and
planning in the cash. From that, a good cash management will ensure that the business can
achieve their main objectives in the long term period and plan for a good strategy. [Vol. 4,
(June.) ISSN 2289-9855].

9. This work introduces LibreDTE, an initiative providing software tools and support for
electronic invoicing in Chile. LibreDTE is mainly built upon libredte-lib, a free software library
that directly connects with the Chilean Internal Revenue Service, thus enabling automatic
emissions of official e-invoices and other electronic tax documents. LibreDTE is either: (1) the
first (and so far, the only one) Chilean framework for free-software-driven e-invoicing, and (2)
an official software solution with featured e-business capabilities. In this paper, we describe
both, the community (or free software) version, and the official (or commercial) version of
LibreDTE. We focus on their primary building blocks and major technical differences, and we
show, in a tutorial way, some of the key design considerations behind their common e-invoice
generation. We also discuss some lessons learned from earlier implementations, as well as the
latest (and promising) features incorporated within the official version. [Ref: CISTER-TR-
211002]

10. This special issue’s review of the Future of Transport looks at both the causes and effects of
these changes. In terms of the phenomenon of peak car, its socio-economic drivers are examined
in the context of changing urban demographics and the extent to which it is becoming a global

21
phenomenon. Environmental drivers of change are examined in the context of climate change,
public transport efficiency, rebates for retiring old higher polluting vehicles and fuel efficiency
standards. The emergence of the electric powered car (EV) and its likely rapid replacement of
internal combustion engine vehicles (ICVs) is shown to be a key agent in the transformation of
our transport systems. Technology is identified as an equally important driver through its
enabling of car sharing and autonomous driving systems. As the new forms of usage and
powering of vehicles progressively become integrated, new forms of transport are likely to
emerge and blur the distinction between private and public transport. In this way transport as a
service (TaaS) is beginning to emerge and the era or private ownership of cars recede. [Volume
61, March 2019]

22
3.3. Research Methodology

Research methodology is the process used to gather and analyze data when conducting a research
study. It involves designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting the results. The
research methodology includes the techniques and principles used to conduct the research, as well as
the tools and equipment used to gather and analyze data. It is an important aspect of research as it
helps to ensure that the results are reliable and accurate and that the study is conducted in a systematic
and ethical manner.

3.3.1. Research design

Descriptive study:

A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment
(i.e., nothing is manipulated). Sometimes these are referred to as “correlational” or
“observational” studies. The Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) defines a
descriptive study as “Any study that is not truly experimental.” In human research, a descriptive
study can provide information about the naturally occurring health status, behavior, attitudes or
other characteristics of a particular group. Descriptive studies are also conducted to demonstrate
associations or relationships between things in the world around you. Descriptive studies can
involve a one-time interaction with groups of people (crosssectional study ) or a study might
follow individuals over time (longitudinal study ). Descriptive studies, in which the researcher
interacts with the participant, may involve surveys or interviews to collect the necessary
information. Descriptive studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant
include observational studies of people in an environment and studies involving data collection
using existing records (e.g., medical record review).

Research methodology is a way of explaining how a researcher intends to carry out their
research. It's a logical, systematic plan to resolve a research problem. A methodology details a
researcher's approach to the research to ensure reliable, valid results that address their aims and
objectives. It encompasses what data they're going to collect and where from, as well as how it's
being collected and analyzed.

23
3.3.2. Data Collection:

a) Primary Data Collection methods

As the name implies, this is original, first-hand data collected by the data researchers. This
process is the initial information gathering step, performed before anyone carries out any further
or related research. Primary data results are highly accurate provided the researcher collects the
information. However, there’s a downside, as first-hand research is potentially time-consuming
and expensive.

b) Secondary Data Collection methods

Secondary data is second-hand data collected by other parties and already having undergone
statistical analysis. This data is either information that the researcher has tasked other people to
collect or information the researcher has looked up. Simply put, it’s second-hand information.
Although it’s easier and cheaper to obtain than primary information, secondary information
raises concerns regarding accuracy and authenticity. Quantitative data makes up a majority of
secondary data.

1. Reports – Industries and trade associations also publish reports periodically which contain
data regarding trade, production, exports, imports, and the like. The information in these reports
will facilitate different types of secondary research.

2. Publications by Renowned Organizations – Organizations and other renowned national and

bodies carry out timely surveys and case studies of their own which they then publish on their
websites. The data and statistics in these surveys can be accessed by almost everyone by visiting
their official website. 3. Research Articles – Several websites publish research papers by scholars
and scientists from respective fields like medicine, finance, economics, etc., which act as
secondary data information.

24
3.3.3. Instruments:

 Data, Records and Receipts.

3.3.4. Scope of Study:

 The analytical scope causes the fulfillment of the objectives set out for the study.
 The technological scope helped to understand the software system used for
Billing.
 The management scope actualized the importance of cost management.

3.3.5. Limitations of Study:

 The study is limited only for Transport sector of India.

 Confidentiality of Data.
 Limitation of time.
 Scope of work: Interns may not be able to perform all of the same tasks as
regular employees, and may be limited to certain projects or duties
 Experience and skill level: Interns are typically students who are still learning
and gaining experience in their field. As such, they may not have the same level
of knowledge or skill as a regular employee.
 Supervision: Interns may need to be closely supervised by a mentor or
supervisor, and may not have the same level of independence as regular
employees.
 Legal restrictions: Interns may be subject to certain legal restrictions, such as
limitations on the number of hours they can work per week.
 Limited access to resources: Interns may not have the same level of access to
resources and support as fulltime employees, which can make it more difficult for
them to complete projects and tasks.

25
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. Data Analysis

Data analysis is very important aspect of project, as it basically involve the analysis of all the
information that we collected. The information collected needs to be analyzed so that we can
interpret the information and provides the justification for the work we have done during our
research. Data analysis is a body of methods that help to describe facts, detect patterns, develop
explanations and test hypothesis.

Data analysis has been done with the help Practical from filing.

The data has been presented in the form of graphs, bar charts, pie charts etc,

After analysis of each of the question in a questionnaire the interpretation of the same is also
being provided which include the reason about the particular aspect of the organization and we
can also judge the frequency and application of the same in a particular context so that we are
able to find out the exact fact behind the particular aspect of the organization on which are whole
project report is based.

Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modelling data to discover
useful information for business decision making. The purpose of Data Analysis is to extract
useful information from data and taking the decision based upon the data analysis.Data
interpretation is the process of reviewing data through some predefined processes which will
help assign some meaning to the data and arrive at a relevant conclusion. It involves taking the
result of data analysis.

26
4.2.1. TRANSHIPMENT AND DELIVERY OPERATIONS:

Transshipment is the shipment of goods or containers to an intermediate destination, then to yet

another destination. One possible reason for transshipment is to change the means of transport
during the journey (e.g., from ship transport to road transport), known as Trans loading.

Transshipment Process:

Fig : 4.1 Unloading of the vehicle

 Unloading of the vehicle(Arriving from various places)

 Generating the tally sheet
 Checking the condition of the material whether there are any brokerage or
 Torn cartons, if any that has to be forwarded to the upper level management.

27
  Then comes Loading of the material (Mumbai-hub to Pune).
 Document Verification (Mumbai)
 Generating the Loading Tally (OK Material)
 Scanning of the material and loading the vehicle
 Preparing of the Hub Manifest.
 Entering the details in the PROPEL.
 Generating the Transit Pass. (By Hub Manifest No.)

Delivery Process:

Fig 4.2 Delivery

In this operation the goods are sent to their final destination for the delivery. It Includes the
following process:

 Documentation
 Route defining

28
 Updating the loading tally in the system.
 Prepare the final trip sheet.
 After E- Way bill generate.
 Gate Pass
 Reconcile trip sheet by filling customer details in the PROPEL.

29
4.3. Process of Logistic:

ORDER PROCESSING

WAREHOUSING

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

TRANSPORTATION

INFORMATION

FACILITIES

Fig 4.3 Process of Logistic

30
4.3.1. LOGISTICS PROCESS
Logistics is the process of movement of goods across the supply chain of the company. This
process is consisting of various functions, which have to be properly managed to bring
effectiveness efficiency in the supply chain of organization. The major logistical functions are
shown in figure.

Step 1 ORDER PROCESSING

Fig 4.4 ORDER PROCESSING

The starting point of physical distribution activities is the processing of customers’ orders. In
order to provide quicker customer service, the orders received from customers should be
processed within the least possible time. Order processing includes receiving the order, recording
the order, filling the order, and assembling all such orders for transportation, etc. the company
and the customers benefit when these steps are carried out quickly and accurately. The error
committed at this stage at times can prove to be very costly. Order processing activity consists of
the following: • Order checking in any deviations in agreed or negotiation terms. • Price,
payment and delivery terms. • Checking the availability in of the material stocks. • Production
and material scheduling for storage. • Acknowledge the order, indicating deviation.

31
Step 2: WAREHOUSING

Fig 4.5 WAREHOUSING

Warehousing refers to the storing and assorting products in order to create time utility. The basic
purpose of the warehousing activity is to arrange placement of goods, provide storage facility to
store them, consolidate them with other similar products, divide them into smaller quantities and
build up assortment of products. Generally, larger the number of warehouses a firm has the lesser
would be the time taken in serving customers at different locations, but greater would be the cost
of warehousing. Thus, the firm has to strike a balance between the cost of warehousing and the
level of customer service. Major decision in warehousing is as follow: • Location of warehousing
facility. • Number of warehousing. • Size of warehouse. • Design of the building. • Ownership of
the warehouse.

Step 3: INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

32
 Fig 4.6 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

Linked to warehousing decisions are the inventory decisions which hold the key to success of
physical distribution especially where the inventory costs may be as high 15 as 30-40 percent
(e.g., steel and automobiles). No wonder, therefore, that the new concept of Just-in-Time-
Inventory decision is increasingly becoming popular with a number of companies. The decision
regarding level of inventory involves estimate of demand for the product. A correct estimate of
the demand helps to hold proper inventory level and control the inventory costs. This is not only
helps the firm in terms of the cost of inventory and supply to 18 customers in time but also to
maintain production at a consistent level. The major factors determining the inventory levels are:
The firm’s policy regarding the customer service level, Degree of accuracy of the sales forecasts,
Responsiveness of the distribution system i.e., ability of the system to transmit inventory needs
to the factory and get the products in the market. The cost inventory consists of holding cost
(such as cost of warehousing, tied up capital and obsolescence) and replenishment cost
(including the manufacturing cost).

Step 4: TRANSPORTATION

33
 Fig 4.7 TRANSPORTATION

Transportation seeks to move goods from points of production and sale to points of consumption
in the quantities required at times needed and at a reasonable cost. The transportation system
adds time and place utilities to the goods handled and thus, increase their economic value. To
achieve these goals, transportation facilities must be adequate, regular, dependable and equitable
in terms of costs and benefits of the facilities and service provided.

Step 5: INFORMATION

34
 Fig 4.7 INFORMATION

The physical distribution managers continuously need up-to-date information about inventory,
transportation and warehousing. For example, in respect on inventory, information about present
stock position at each location, future commitment and replenishment capabilities are constantly
required. Similarly, before choosing a carrier, information about the availability of various
modes of transport, their costs, services and suitability for a particular product is needed. About
warehousing, information with respect to space utilization, work schedules, unit load
performance, etc., is required. In order to receive all the information stated above, an efficient
management information system would be of immense use in controlling costs, improving
services and determining the overall effectiveness of distribution. Of course, it is difficult to
correctly assess the cost of physical distribution operations. But if correct information is
available it can be analyzed systematically and a great deal of saving can be ensured.

Step 6: FACILITIES

35
 Fig 4.8 FACILITIES

The Facilities logistics element is composed of a variety of planning activities, all of which are
directed toward ensuring that all required permanent or semi permanent operating and support
facilities (for instance, training, field and depot maintenance, storage, operational, and testing)
are available concurrently with system fielding. Planning must be comprehensive and include the
need for new construction as well as modifications to existing facilities. Facility construction can
take from 5 to 7 years from concept formulation to user occupancy. It also includes studies to
define and establish impacts on life cycle cost, funding requirements, facility locations and
improvements, space requirements, environmental impacts, duration or frequency of use, safety
and health standards requirements, and security restrictions. Also included are any utility
requirements, for both fixed and mobile facilities, with emphasis on limiting requirements of
scarce or unique resources.

4.4. Integrated Logistics:

36
Logistics is about getting the right product, to the right customer, in the right quantity, in the
right condition, at the right place, at the right time, and at theright cost (the seven Rs of
Logistics)" - from Supply Chain Management: A Logistics Perspective By John J. Coyle

In the past, various logistics tasks were under different departments, but now they are under
"logistics department" and report to the same logistics head as be

Producti
Custome Purchasi Warehou Transpor
on
r Service ng se t
Planning

Fig 4.9 Integrated Logistics Process

Logistics Management deals with the efficient and effective management of day-to-day activity in
producing the company's finished goods and services" -from Integral Logistics Management by
Paul Schönsleben.

37
 Chapter 5

5.1. CONCLUSION AND FINDING

Logistics systems and transportation consist of interdependent relationships that logistics

management requires transportation to perform its day to day activities and meanwhile, a good
logistics system can efficiently improve transportation development andtraffic environment.

Logistics management is essential to the supply chain of a business. It ensures cost-effective

measures and helps achieve the highest degree of customer satisfaction.

The world is regularly witnessing unfathomable development in dominant part of the enterprises.
The coordination’s and cargo industry is one industry which is quickly developing. Overall
logistics coordination’s industry is recognized by quick innovative advances also is developing
swiftly than generally other ventures over the previous years. With hardened rivalry around, the
organization is probably going to lessen the productivity, but with legitimate administration of
tasks and by appropriate client wanted administrations, and furthermore adequately using its
unions it can keep up and enhance the execution. Joint operational endeavors for building up the
altered administrations for its enduring development. The association has huge chances to
develop past the desires, soul and so forth can be produced. Future supply chain has made
considerable progress from being only a specialist co-op. The association presently has the
benefit of being an extreme specialist organization for Freight, Transportation, Cross-docking
and Value Adding according to client needs. The present situation and the eventual fate of the
association concerning the administration are agreeable. The association can increment the piece
of the overall industry by enhancing with more condition of workmanship innovation. More
significance is to be given for HR improvement by having a different division for it. With the
advancement of such a division, a few good effects, for example, increment in output per worker,
expanded dependability, group. In any case, there are a few regions where the organization isn't
at the best most position yet it can unquestionably outfit sooner rather than later and is resolved
to procure that spot. On usage of the above suggestions, the administration can lead Future
supply chain to the best most position when seat set apart in the following years.

38
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39
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 google.com
 www.citefast.com
 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/transportation_sector.asp
 https://www.academia.edu/36730247/
THE_LITERATURE_REVIEW_FOR_ASSIGNMENT_AND_TRANSPORTATION_P
ROBLEMS
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performance-trade-logistics-global-trade

40
Research papers

 "The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains" by Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang
(MIT Sloan Management Review, 1998)
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Strategies, and Case Studies" by David SimchiLevi, Philip Kaminsky, and Edith Simchi-Levi
(McGraw-Hill, 2000)
 Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation" by Sunil Chopra and Peter
Meindl
 (Pearson, 2001) "A Review of Supply Chain Management and Logistics" by Jonatan Aliaga and
Juan Carlos Cárdenas
 (Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 2011) "Supply Chain Integration: A
Literature Review" by Bjoern Eskofier and Michael Gebhard
 (International Journal of Production Economics, 2013)

41