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Carbohydrates - NEW

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules found in living organisms and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy for the body and are also important for structural support, energy storage, and other metabolic functions.

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111 views34 pages

Carbohydrates - NEW

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules found in living organisms and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy for the body and are also important for structural support, energy storage, and other metabolic functions.

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iromi
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CARBOHYDRATES

Nutrients

■ There are five main groups of nutrients:


– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Fats
– Vitamins
– Minerals
What are Carbohydrates ???
Carbohydrates
■ Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules found in
living organisms
■ Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones and their
derivatives
■ Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
■ In plants, energy from the Sun is used to convert carbon
dioxide and water into the carbohydrate glucose
■ Photosynthesis
■ Simple carbohydrates or the entire carbohydrate family may
call as Saccharides
Classification of carbohydrates

■ Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of


subunits (Sugar molecules) that make them up

– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Oligosaccharides
– Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
■ The simplest and smallest unit of the carbohydrates is the
monosaccharide
mono = one
saccharide = sugar

■ They are the simplest sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed


further into smaller units.
■ All the monosaccharides have a general formula

( CH2O ) N

■ The number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven

Number of Carbons Formula Type of sugar


3 C 3H6 O3 Triose
4 C 4 H8 O4 Tetroses
5 C 5 H10 O5 Pentose
6 C 6 H12 O6 Hexose
7 C 7 H14 O7 Heptose
Disaccharides
■ Disaccharides are composed of pairs of two monosaccharides
■ During this process, the hydroxyl group of one
monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another
monosaccharide,
■ Release a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond
■ Glycosidic bond
■ Difference combination of monosaccharides determine which
disaccharide is formed
■ Three most abundant disaccharides are
1. maltose
2. Lactose
3. Sucrose
Maltose
■ Maltose consists of two glucose molecules bonded together
■ common breakdown product of plant starches
■ It is formed because of the germination of grains
cereals, certain fruits and sweet potatoes
Lactose / milk sugar
■ formed by glucose and galactose
■ made in the mammary glands of lactating animals
Sucrose
■ Table sugar
■ formed by glucose and Fructose
■ Found naturally in plants: sugar cane, sugar beets, honey,
maple syrup
■ Sucrose may be purified from plant sources into Brown, White
and Powdered Sugars

Glucose Fructose Sucrose


1. What is the most abundant biomolecule in the world?
■ Proteins
■ Fats
■ Carbohydrates
■ Minerals
2. In polysaccharides and disaccharides, monosaccharides are join by
■ Peptide bonds
■ Glucose bond
■ Sugar bonds
■ Glyosidic bonds
3. Maltose is a disaccharide consist of
■ Glucose and fructose
■ Glucose and Glucose
■ Glucose and galactose
■ Galactose and fructose
4. Class of carbohydrates which can not be hydrolyzed further ?
5. Carbohydrates are also known as …………………………………….
Oligosaccharides
■ Complex sugar that has 3 – 10 monosaccharide molecules in a
chain.
■ Accordingly, an oligosaccharide yielding molecules of
monosaccharide on hydrolysis
– Trisaccharides – Rhamninose, Gentianose, Raffinose (= Melitose),
Rabinose, Melezitose
– Tetrasaccharides – Stachyose, Scorodose
– Pentasaccharide – Verbascose
Polysaccharides
■ Containing 10 or more monosaccharide units attached together
■ Carbohydrate polymers
■ Unlike monosaccharides and disaccharides, polysaccarids are not
sweet in taste.
Starch
Glycogen Polymers of glucose
Cellulose
■ Huge variety of carbohydrates can be formed by Changing the
type of monosaccharides
Starch
■ The major digestible polysaccharide in our diet
■ The storage form of carbohydrate in plants
■ Sources: Wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, potatoes, tubers, yams,
etc.
Glycogen

■ Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other


vertebrates
■ Synthesize in liver cells
■ Stored in liver and muscle cells
■ Energy storage
■ Not found in plants.
■ Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken
down to release glucose
Cellulose
■ Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide.
■ The cell wall of plants is mostly made of cellulose
■ Cellulose gives structural support to plants, fiber
■ cellulose molecule provide long, unbranched chains.
■ The absence of side chains allows cellulose molecules to lie close
together and form rigid structures.
Inulin
■ Inulin, also called fructans, are polymers consisting of fructose
units
■ Found in roots, fruits and vegetables
■ Act as a prebiotic

Chitin
■ An unbranched polymer of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine.
■ It is found in fungi and is the principal component of arthropod
and lower animal keletons
e.g., insect, crab, and shrimp shells.
Dietary fibers
■ Dietary fibers are polysaccharides that are highly branched
and cross-linked
■ Some dietary fibers are pectin, gums, cellulose, and lignin.
■ Humans do not produce the enzymes that can break down
dietary fiber
■ however, bacteria in the large intestine (colon) do
■ Dietary fibers are very beneficial to our health.
Functions
■ Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through
glucose, a simple sugar that is found in many basic foods.
■ As an immediate source of energy, glucose is broken down during
the process of cellular respiration, which produces ATP, the energy
currency of the cell.
■ Primary source of Energy. 1g of carb gives 4Kcal of energy
Functions …..
■ Store energy ( Glycogen)
■ Carbohydrates provide structural framework to the cells
(structural role)
■ Constituents of nucleotides and nucleic acid
■ They serves as a milk nutrient for young mammals
■ Inulin act as a Prebiotic and promote gut health
■ Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body can't digest
■ fiber,
– Promotes regular bowel movement
– Regulates the rate of consumption of blood glucose
– Remove excess cholesterol from the body
Assignment

■ Write a one page essay on carbohydrates and its


effect on health

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