CHAPTER 1 *Elementary the highest education at this era

A. Historical Antecedents in the World Dr. Jose P. Rizal- epitome of the Renaissance man in the Philippine.
- From Ancient Times to 600 BC He is a scientist, a doctor, an engineer (he designed and built a water
- The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD) system in Dapitan), a journalist, a novelist, an urban planner and a
- Islamic Golden Age hero
- Science and Technology in Ancient China
- The Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600AD) Scientific Research: Charity hospitals conducted research in
- The Enlightenment Period (1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.) pharmacy and medicine, focusing on infectious diseases.
- Industrial Revolution (1760 -- 1840)
- 20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila -In 1887 it was created
- Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial and whose functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public
Revolution health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and
B. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND medico--legal cases.
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINE
The current state of science and technology in the Government Initiatives: Government supported research in
country can be traced back to its historical development and agriculture, mining, and industry, leading to Manila's modernization in
the latent events that helped shape it since the pre-colonial the 19th century.
period to contemporary time.
Politics: Kabesang de Barangay- leader (Barangay as smallest unit)
--PRE-SPANISH ERA
Economy: The Kalakalang Galyon -Barter
There is not much written about the Philippines during pre-
Industrial Developments: Colonization led to industries like
colonial time but analysis from archeological artifacts revealed that the
agriculture, mining, and manufacturing, prompting scientific inquiries.
first inhabitants in the archipelago who settled in Palawan and
The Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural economy
Batangas around 40 000 years ago have made simple tools or
(Modernization on some sector notably sugar and hemp)
weapons of stone which eventually developed techniques for sawing,
drilling and polishing hard stones. Negative Influences:
Stone tools: Analysis of 40,000-year-old artifacts from Palawan and Church Control: Strict church control and fear of intellectual
Batangas indicates early Filipinos crafted tools and weapons from awakening hindered scientific progress.
stone, evolving from simple forms to techniques like sawing, drilling,
and polishing. Limited Research: Despite initiatives, overall scientific research and
technological advancements were limited.
Clay manipulation: Filipinos discovered that shaping clay and sun-
drying it created useful objects, demonstrating adaptability and Industrial Reliance: Industries relied heavily on foreign capital and
understanding of material properties. technology, limiting local innovation.

Metalworking: Filipinos extracted, smelted, and refined various metals Primary Economy: Philippines remained a primary agricultural export
like copper, gold, bronze, and iron, showcasing deeper knowledge of economy, not benefiting from research in this field.
natural resources and their properties.
--AMERICAN PERIOD
Settled communities: Shift from nomadism to settled life near water
sources led to advancements in cotton weaving, agriculture, and boat If the development in science and technology was very slow
building, reflecting practical ingenuity. during the Spanish regime, the Philippines saw a rapid growth during
the American occupation and was made possible by the government.
Craftsmanship: Stone carving, pottery, and metal smelting involved
understanding material properties and manipulating them, suggesting Growth Drivers:
knowledge of basic scientific principles.
Extensive Public Education System: Established elementary to
Banaue Rice Terraces: The Ifugao people's complex irrigation system tertiary schools, including Philippine Normal School and University of
demonstrated advanced engineering and understanding of water flow the Philippines, producing trained professionals.
and land management.
*Philippine Normal School and University of the Philippines
Metal alloy knowledge: Smelting practices suggest Filipinos *The Thomasite (American teacher)
understood alloy composition and controlled temperature for desired
metal properties. Health Sector: growth and application of science concentrated in
biochemical analyses in hospital
Sustainable living: Filipinos interacted with nature responsibly,
obtaining only what they needed through a basic understanding of Government Support: Funded basic and applied research in
natural processes. medicine, agriculture, and related sciences.

--SPANISH COLONIAL ERA *UPLB- College of Agriculture in 1909,

*UP Diliman opened the Colleges of Arts, Engineering and
As claimed by Caoili (1983), the beginnings of modern Veterinary Medicine in 1910. The College of Medicine was opened four
science and technology in the country can be traced back to the years later.
Spanish regime because they established schools, hospitals and
started scientific research that had important consequences in the Capacity Building Programs: Sent Filipinos abroad and to American
development of the country. colleges for advanced training in various fields. (teacher, engineers,
physicians and lawyers)
Positive Influences:
Bureau of Science: Served as a research center and training ground
Education and Healthcare: Spanish regime established schools for Filipino scientists. (former Bureau of Government Laboratories)
(University of Santo Tomas) and hospitals, creating the first Filipino
professionals (e.g., Dr. Jose Rizal).
 *composed of a biological laboratory, chemical laboratory, Lack of coordination and planning: Unclear objectives and
serum laboratory for the production of virus vaccine, serums and fragmented efforts limited the impact of these initiatives. Specifically
prophylactics, and a library. technology planning

Emphasis on commercialization: Research focused on quick

returns, neglecting long-term goals and basic science.
Philippine Journal of Science: Published local research and relevant
global developments. Education and Skilled Workforce Development:

National Research Council of the Philippines: Established in 1933 Expansion of trade schools: Produced craftsmen tradesmen and
to further advance research. technicians that helped in shaping a more technological Philippines
while still being an agriculturally based nation.
Challenges and Limitations:
Universities and professional organizations: Higher education
Unpopularity of Science & Technology Courses: Filipinos favored expanded, but with imbalances in graduate composition (fewer in
"prestigious" professions like law and medicine, leaving science & science and medicine).
technology under-enrolled.
--SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1960S TO 1990
Initial Reliance on Foreign Experts: Majority of early instructors and
professors were Americans, hampering local expertise development. 1968:

Key Achievements: -April 6: 35 hec .site for Philippine Science Community established in
Bicutan, Taguig. (Ferdinand Marcos)
Development of University of the Philippines campuses and colleges
focusing on various disciplines. -Government supports research and creates courses in S&T at private
universities. Conduct seminars HS and college teachers, training prog,
Pioneering research on tropical diseases prevalent in the Philippines. and scholarship for scholars (fisheries and oceanography)
*Study on various diseases: leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue
fever, malaria and beri-beri. 1970s:

Establishment of a national research institution (National Research -Focus on applied research and generating products/processes
Council of the Philippines). beneficial to society.

Increased participation of Filipinos in scientific research and -(NSDB) establishes various research institutes like the Philippine
leadership. Coconut Research Institute and Philippine Textile Research Institute.

--COMMONWEALTH PERIOD -Philippine Atomic Energy Commission explores atomic energy uses
for economic development. Pres. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in
Commonwealth Government (1935-1941): undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists abroad to study
Recognized the importance of S&T for economic development. nuclear science and technology, and providing basic training to 482
Established policies promoting research and invention. scientists, doctors, engineers and technicians
Limited progress: Short duration and external conflicts hindered
advancements. -1972(PD no.4), National Grains Authority and Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research created. improve the rice and corn industry
Japanese Occupation (1941-1945):
Minimal to no progress: War hampered scientific activities and -Philippine Council for Agricultural Research- progressive development
infrastructure. of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in the country.

Post-War Period: -(Marcos) PAGASA under the Department of National Defense

Focus on rebuilding the nation. established for environmental protection and safety. (Presidential
S&T efforts resumed, but faced significant challenges. Decree No. 78, s. 1972)

--SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE -Philippine National Oil Company created. (Presidential Decree No.
334, s. 1973) , to promote industrial and economic development
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute through effective and efficient use of energy sources.
of Science and was placed under the Office of the President of the
Philippines. 1976:

Post-War Challenges (1946-1958): -National Academy of Science and Technology was established under
Presidential Decree No. 1003--A, s. 1976.
Limited funding and infrastructure: Bureau of Science struggled
with financial constraints and planning issues. 1982:

Lack of data and research support: Basic information needed for -NSDB reorganized into National Science and Technology Authority
industry was missing, and government support for research was (NSTA) with four research councils:
inadequate.
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and
Low morale and brain drain: Poor salaries led to low scientist morale Development (PCARRD);Philippine Council for Industry and Energy
and talent emigration. Research Development (PCIERD); Philippine Council for Health
Research and Development (PCHRD) and the National Research
Science Act of 1958 and Institutional Expansion: Council of the Philippines (NRCP).
(during the regime of Pres. Carlos P. Garcia)
NSTA has also eight research and development institutes and support
Creation of National Science Development Board (NSDB): Aimed agencies under it.
to boost S&T through new research agencies and development
training. Scientific Career System established in the civil service.
1983: Diwata-1 Micro-satellite:

March, Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which -Designed and built by Filipinos with Japanese support.
provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of -Provides high-resolution images for applications like:
excellence in basic sciences. -Agriculture: monitoring crop health and productivity.
-Disaster management: assessing floods and deforestation.
As a consequence, six new institutes were created: The National -Water resource management: mapping watersheds and
Institutes of Physics, Geological Sciences, Natural Sciences Research, floodplains.
Chemistry, Biology and Mathematical Sciences.
Project NOAH:
establishment of a Scientific Career System in the Civil Service by
Presidential Decree No. 901 on 19 July 1983 -Uses LiDAR technology for hazard assessment and disaster
mitigation.
1986- 1987: -Enables six-hour flood warnings through high-resolution geospatial
data.
NSTA replaced by Department of Science and Technology (DOST) -Shared with Cambodia as part of ASEAN partnerships.
under Aquino administration.Science and Technology Master Plan -Just like in the case of Japan which assisted the country’s scientists
formulated for modernization and infrastructure development. and engineers in building its first micro--satellite
30 January 1987 (Executive Order 128) the functions and Intelligent Operation Center Platform:
responsibilities of DOST expanded correspondingly to include the
following: (1) Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local -Collaboration between Davao City and IBM.
scientific and technological effort;; (2) Develop local capability to -Provides real-time analytics for emergency response agencies:
achieve technological self--reliance;; (3) Encourage greater private Police: crime monitoring and response.
sector participation in research and development Firefighters: fire detection and resource allocation.
Anti-terrorism task force: threat tracking and analysis.
Funding for S&T tripled. from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992
These examples showcase the potential of S&T for societal benefit,
DOST: Department of Science and Technology even amidst challenges.
- is the premiere science and technology body in the country --CURRENT INITIATIVES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction, COUNTRY
leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological
activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to DOST-led initiatives are promoting R&D and supporting industries:
support national development.
Advanced testing facilities:
1990s:
--Advanced Device and Materials Testing Laboratories: analyze
Significant increase in S&T personnel, including two new Philippine materials for quality control, R&D, and forensics.
Science High Schools. (Fidel Ramos Term) 3,000 competent scientist --Electronics Products Development Center: designs and tests
and engineers in Ph. hardware and software for electronic products.
--High-performance computing facilities: support weather
The government provided 3,500 Scholarships for S&T students and prediction, climate modeling, data analysis, and more.
Magna Carta for S&T Personnel established.
Bioscience and healthcare:
DOST launches "Science and Technology Agenda for National
Development (STAND)", identifying priority sectors. It identified seven --Genome Center: conducts research on diagnostics, therapeutics,
export products, 11 domestic needs, three other supporting industries, forensics, and improved crops.
and the coconut industry as priority investment areas --Drug-discovery facilities: develop high-quality drug candidates.

-Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration Science, Technology and Nanotechnology:

Innovations (STI), “Filipinnovation”
--Nanotechnology Centers: provide services and support for R&D in
-Philippine Science High School (PSHS)- focuses in science, various nanotech applications.
technology and mathematics in their curriculum
Industrial applications:
2000s:
--Radiation Processing Facilities: improve materials for diverse
Focus on environmental protection and technology as a tool for uses.
economic growth under Arroyo administration. --Die and Mold Solutions Center: supports local tool and die
production.
Strengthening of schools like Philippine Science High School and
encouragement for private sector involvement. C. PARADIGM SHIFT
Philippines ranks 73rd in Global STI index, with strengths in research A scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly
and commercialization. accepted views about a subject, conventions about what direction
research should take and how it should be performed.
Challenges remain in weak ties between firms and government, and
low R&D expenditure. PADAMIGM SHIFT
Government seeks closer collaboration with private sector to utilize - "The successive transition from one paradigm to another via
S&T for economic and social progress. revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science" --
Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
--HOPES IN THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Despite limitations, several notable science and technology initiatives

have yielded impactful results:
 CHAPTER 2 1st Law of Kepler
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus
2nd Law of Kepler
Intellectual Revolution A planet sweeps out equal areas of the ellipse over equal
An intellectual revolution is a period where paradigm shifts time intervals
occurred and where scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced 3rd Law of Kepler
and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed. The square or any planet’s orbital period is proportional to
the cube if the semi-major axis
THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE
Kepler was open minded enough to realize that Brahe's data
ANCIENT GREEK: They were the first to explain the world in terms of
showed the planetary orbits were not circular. Finally, his calculations
natural laws rather than myths about gods and heroes.
showed that those orbits were elliptical.
ARISTOTLE:
GALILEO GALILEI:
--Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period
in Ancient Greece. Born: February 15, 1564
--Renaissance scholars: Challenged Aristotle by rediscovering other Died: January 8, 1642
Greek thinkers with opposing views. an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes
--Need for new explanations: Discrepancies between theories led to described as a polymath.
scientific exploration and experimentation. - He was the first to successfully use math to define the workings of the
--Skepticism, freethinking, and experimentation became pillars of cosmos. Although such a conclusion as elliptical orbits inevitably met
modern science. with fierce opposition, the combination of Brahe's observations and
Kepler's math helped break the perfection of the Aristotelian universe.
Pattern Development -Invention of the Refracting Telescope. Used the telescope to
observe celestial bodies, providing evidence against the geocentric
A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION: model.
-Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Worlds
NICOLAS COPERNICUS: -Showed that the orbits were elliptical and not a perfect circle
Born: February 19, 1473
-The Starry Messenger (1611)
Died: May 24, 1543
Galileo saw the sun's perfection marred by sunspots and the
He was a Renaissance polymath, active as a
moon's perfection marred by craters. He also saw four moons orbiting
mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon. A Polish scholar
Jupiter.
working at the University of Padua in northern Italy.
Retrogradations- they sometimes seem to move backwards –Dialogue on the Great World Systems (1632)
- By the 1500's, the model of the universe had some 80 which technically did not preach the Copernican theory
epicycles attached to ten crystalline spheres (one for the moon, sun, (which Galileo believed in), but was only a dialogue presenting both
each of the five known planets, the totality of the stars, a sphere to views "equally".
move the other spheres, and heaven).
-Proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, challenging Galileo's work was the first comprehensive attack on the
the prevailing geocentric model. Aristotelian/Ptolemaic cosmic model. He treated celestial objects as
being subject to the same laws as terrestrial objects.
Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial World in 1543
ISAAC NEWTON:
- It laid the foundations for a revolution in how Europeans Born: January 4, 1643
would view the world and its place in the universe. Died: March 31, 1727
-Copernicus' solution was basically geometric was an English polymath active as a mathematician,
- By placing the sun at the center of the universe and having physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was
the earth orbit it, he reduced the unwieldy number of epicycles from 80 described in his time as a natural philosopher.
to 34. Unified the laws of motion and gravity, creating a
-Geocentric to Heliocentric comprehensive model of the universe.
-Parallax Angle -Father of Physics and Calculus
--Newton's Apple and the Discovery of Gravity
PTOLEMY:
-Implications of Newton's Laws of Motion
The second century Greek astronomer, Ptolemy was the -Impact on Scientific Methodology
main authority who put order to and passed this cumbersome system -Principia Mathematica
of epicycles to posterity in 1687 is often seen as the start of the Enlightenment
(1687--1789). It was a significant turning point in history,for, armed with
JOHANNES KEPLER: the tools of Newton's laws and calculus, scientists had
anunprecedented faith in their ability to understand, predict, and
Born: December 27, 1571 manipulate the laws of nature for their own purposes.
Died: November 15, 1630
He was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer,
natural philosopher and writer on music. B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION:

CHARLES DARWIN:
Contributions:
Born: February 12, 1809
Used data and math to show elliptical planetary orbits,
Died: April 19, 1882
undermining the idea of perfect circles.
was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, widely
Successor of Tycho Brahe
known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
Planetary Orbits
Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection,
explaining the diversity and adaptation of life.
-Finishing what others started D. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MESOAMERICA
-Universe obeys immament laws
-It was shown that the earth is not the center of the universe, E. ASIAN SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
but a small planet rotating around an average star; that the universe is
immense in space and in time; and that the motions of the planets F. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MIDDLE EAST
around the sun can be explained by the same simple laws that account
G. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN AFRICA
for the motion of physical objects on our planet.
- Copernican revolution H. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
-Completed by drawing out for biology the notion of nature
as a lawful system of matter in motion. IMPACT OF INFORMATION REVOLUTION

The Origin of Species (1859)

− Theory of evolution by natural selection
− Transformed understanding of biology, evolutionary
− biology, genetics, ecology

Natural Theology by William Paley (1802)

− Seeks to demonstrate existence of a Creator
− Influential in both theological thought and scientific discourse

The Bridgewater Treatises by William Buckland (1833-1840)

− "The Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God as manifested
in the Creation."
− Commissioned by the 8th Earl of Bridgewater
− Eight volumes exploring science and religion relationship

Significance: Completed the Copernican revolution by demonstrating

natural laws governing biological change.

Shift: From explaining life through Divine design to understanding it

through scientific principles.

C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION:

SIGMUND FREUD:

Born: May 6, 1856,

Died: September 23, 1939
was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating
pathologies.
-Freud saw the entirety of the first World War.
-Freud's most obvious impact was to change the way society
thought about and dealt with mental illness

-The conviction that physical diseases of the brain caused

mental illness meant that psychological causes–the kinds that Freud
would insist on studying– were ignored.

-dividing line between the "insane" and the "sane

Developed psychoanalysis, proposing unconscious motivations and

conflicts influencing behavior.

Impact: Changed understanding of mental illness and human

behavior, blurring the line between "sane" and "insane."

Critique: Psychoanalysis largely considered ineffective in treating

mental illness today.

JEAN--MARTIN CHARCOT

The famous French psychiatrist.

Hysteria had primarily Organic causes and regular,

comprehensible pattern of symptoms

had claimed that the problems wereentirely in the hardware.

As psychoanalysis became increasingly popular, psychology and
psychiatry turned away from the search for organic causes and toward
the search for inner psychic conflicts and early childhood traumas.