SELF HEALING CONCRETE

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi-590018

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPOR

ON

(18CVS84)

“SELF HEALING CONCRETE”

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
AMAN KUMAR PAJIYAR
USN- 1RI20CV001

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. PRASEEDA E
Assistant professor
(Department of Civil Engineering, RRIT)

Department of civil engineering

R.R INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to VTU Belgaum and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka,
Accredited by NAAC and NBA with ‘A+’
Raja Reddy Layout, Chikkabanavara, Bengaluru – 560090
SELF HEALING CONCRETE
2023-2024

R R Institute of Technology
Affiliated to VTU Belgaum and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by Govt. of Karnataka,
Accredited by NAAC and NBA with ‘A+’
Raja Reddy Layout, Chikkabanavara, Bengaluru – 560090

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the technical seminar entitled “SELF HEALING CONCRETE” carried out
by AMAN KUMAR PAJIYAR (USN: 1RI20CV001), a bonafide student of R R Institute of
Technology in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering / Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi
during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental
library. The technical seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of seminar prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

External Viva:

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1.
SELF HEALING CONCRETE
2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual efforts
but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals, elders and friends. A
number of personalities, in their own capacities have helped us in carrying out this seminar
work. We would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

I grateful to the guidance and encouragement given by our guide Dr. PRASEEDA E Assistant
Professor and Guide, Department of Civil Engineering, RRIT, Bangalore, who also has helped
us in various stages of technical seminar, optimizing the report and making this technical
seminar a success.
I express gratitude to Dr.Kumar Rao, Prof & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, RRIT,
and Bangalore who has always been a great source of inspiration

First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Mahendra K V, Principal, RRIT, Bangalore, for
his moral support towards completion of our project work.

I grateful to our technical seminar Coordinators Prof. Aishwarya V Kakada, Assistant

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RRIT, and Bangalore for the support and
encouragement lender throughout technical seminar.

I also extend our sincere thanks to the teaching and non-teaching faculty of the Department of
Department of Civil Engineering, RRIT, and Bangalore, who have constantly supported us
throughout the course of our technical seminar work.

Last, but not the least, I would like to express our deep sense of thanks to family and friends for
their moral support to improve the technical seminar.

AMAN KUMAR PAJIYAR

USN: 1RI20CV001
SELF HEALING CONCRETE

DECLARATION

I AMAN KUMAR PAJIYAR (USN: 1RI20CV001), student of Eight semester in

Civil Engineering, R.R Institute of Technology, Chikkabanavara, Bangalore -560090,
declare that the technical seminar entitled “SELF HEALING CONCRETE” has
been carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfillment of the course requirements
for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of
Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum, during the academic year 2023-
2024. The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other
university or institution for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Date: AMAN KUMAR PAJIYAR

Place: USN: 1RI20CV001

SELF HEALING CONCRETE
TABLE OF CONTENT

VISION OF THE INSTITUTION

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION
VISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2:ROAD TRANSPORTATION IN NEPAL

2.1 ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN NEPAL

2.2 VEHICLE POPULATION IN NEPAL
CHAPTER 3: CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS
CHAPTER 4: MEASURE AGAINST ROAD ACCIDENTS
CHAPTER 5: ROAD SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENT
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES: –

SL NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

1. Road Accident
2. Analysis of Road Accidents in Nepal
3. Causes of Road Accident
4. Measures Against Road Accident
SELF HEALING CONCRETE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The modern era of concrete started 200 years ago, where instead of using
limestone, water, and volcanic ash Engineers started to use sand, cement, and
aggregate. With this new method of mixture, a new type of concrete was obtained,
with much higher concrete strength. Until now the method that 200 years ago was
being used. As mentioned, concrete is good in compressive force it cannot be used
against tension force. To give concrete tension strength, a steel bar is used to
reinforce the concrete against tension forces. Moreover, concrete is time-depended
on material, it continues to gain strength until 365 days and there is always
variation in concrete strength. While putting concrete in beams or columns of a
structure, an Engineer with his/her best try to avoid the cracks in concrete but there
will be some excessive crakes. These microscopic cracks are ignored at the
beginning, the problem starts when microscopic cracks find a way to each other
and make a big visible crack in the wall which may lead to the collapse of the
structure as shown in (Figure 1.0). Due to this excessive crack’s countries spend
billions for the maintenance of these structures. Europe only spends 9 billion euro
a year on the maintenance of structures such as highways, tunnels, buildings, etc.
So, we can say just due to small excessive cracks in concrete Europe expend 9
billion euro. Moreover, for almost 200 years, Engineers were trying to find a way
of avoiding the cracks in concrete. At Delft University, a microbiologist, Dr. Henk
Jonker, worked with concrete for three years. He brought a huge change in the
Civil Engineering industry by introducing self-healing concrete. As mentioned
early while putting concrete a Civil Engineer will try their best to avoid the small,
microscopic cracks, in the end, there will be some small cracks that will occur.
When these cracks find their way to each other, and it will make a relativity big
crack. If these cracks reach the steel

Fig:1

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Department Of Civil Engineering RRIT,Bangalore

SELF HEALING CONCRETE

3 bar inside the concrete, the steel will rust and at the end, the steel and concrete
will lose their strength which might cause the destruction of the structure. When
the small cracks occur the self-healing concrete comes to work. Self-healing
concrete is a bacterial substance that is added to concrete while mixing. These
bacteria have the ability to expand when it is exposed to water, humidity, and even
air. When the cracks occur, these bacteria expand and close the cracks and avoid
the further extension of the cracks as shown in (figure 1.1)

Fig:1.1 ( Bacteria healing concrete)

SELF HEALING CONCRETE:

Self-healing Concrete: After three years of experimenting Dr. Henk Jonker found
the perfect solution of selfhealing concrete with bacillus bacteria. While an
interview with CNN Dr. Henk Jonker said, “You need bacteria that can survive the
harsh environment of concrete” (CNN interview). Moreover, he mentioned, the
bacillus is a perfect match since the bacteria will thieve in the high-alkaline
condition of concrete and it will produce spores that can live up to four years
without any food or oxygen. Dr. Henk Jonker finally added calcium lactate to the
limestone concrete mixture to feed the bacillus so they can produce limestone to
repair cracks in the concrete. At the University of Michigan, according to
Professor Victor Li “Every time we load the concrete again after it heals, it always
acts just like a new”.

Self-healing Concrete Development Model:

The concept of self-healing concrete follows the concept of concrete damage

prevention. Moreover, the damage to be healed is mainly considered the durability
performance, to minimize the cost of maintenance and rapier.

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Professor Jonker friends in 2006 at the Delft University of Technology of

Netherlands where his Civil Engineer friend had read an article about adding
limestone-producing bacteria to monuments to increase the life of monument. His
friend wondered if the same approach can be used for construction material and
challenged Professor Jonker. Professor Jonker worked for three years until he
came up with a self-healing concrete solution. (Thomas Berry, 2018) Before Dr.
Henk Jonker, many other scientists used many approaches to come up with the
substance to heal concrete. Until now scientists use the three following approaches
to heal concrete as shown in (Figure 1.2). Dr. Henk Jonker used biological
approaches to heal the concrete. (Ishraq.H. A, Hazhar. S, Mohammad. A.A,2019)

Fig 1.2 (Concepts of self- healing concrete)

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Product Development:

Professor Jonker found out that the problem with concrete is small cracks which in
time these small cracks when it reaches to other make bigger crack. Moreover, he
also knew that the concrete is extremely alkaline, which means that the bacteria
need to survive the alkaline even re-produce in the harsh environment of concrete.
He finally found the best bacteria which is
bacillus bacteria. Bacillus bacteria can stay in concrete for many years without
food and even oxygen. While the problem of water and food was solved, Dr.
Jonkers needs to find a solution to feed the bacteria at the precise moment in order
to repair the cracks. Initially, he chose sugar to feed the bacteria, but he finds out
that mixing sugar with concrete will reduce the strength of concrete. Then Jonkers
used calcium lactate which does not reduce the strength of concrete. Moreover,
within the wet mix of concrete, he mixed the calcium lactate and bacteria capsules
with water and then added them to the concrete. Water leaks through cracks of
concrete, when the capsules are exposed to water it dissolves and then releases the
bacteria. When the bacteria release it feeds the calcium lactate which produces
calcite. As we mentioned calcite is limestone, limestone expands and fills the
cracks of concrete. Dr. Jonker calls this innovation “Bio-concrete”.

Alpha/ Betha (Lab & Field Testing):

The lab test was done successfully, and the product was ready to be tested on the
field. The full-scale outdoor testing was started in 2011. A small structure was
built from self-healing concrete and observed over two to four years. Bigger cracks
are made in the structure to determine how well and effectively they heal over two
to four years. The cracks are bigger and longer than the ones tested in the lab.
Finally, both the lab and field tests were done successfully. The Commercial
partners raised the question of, is it possible to use self-healing concrete capsules
on an existing structure. In 2011 to answer the mentioned question, the Dutch
government-funded University of Delft with 420,000 Euros and another 450,000
Euros for whether it can be used underground structures. For two years two
Postdoctoral scientists worked to find the answer to the question. (Ingrnia.org.uk
2011)

After two years of research, the scientists found that self-healing concrete can be
used on existing concrete structures as well as underground structures.

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Launch/ First Ship & Joint Venture: Since all the research is done at Delft
University and the researchers wanted to commercialize the self-healing concrete.
In 2015 the university founded Green-Basilisk company as a spin-out offering self-
healing concrete solutions. Moreover, a patent was registered in cooperation with
Henk Jonker, Sybrand van der Zwaag and Erik Schlangeon. The company was
founded by its CEO Bart van der. The company was initially financed by Shift
invest company in 2017. (Coribon, Press Release, 2019)

Later the Green-Basilisk Company made a joint venture agreement with Carbion
company to be able to be fit in the international market. Carbion is a global market
leader in lactic acid derivatives, emulsifiers, lactic acid, functional enzymes,
minerals, etc. Change

The first shipment of self-healing concrete was made in 2017.

NO Name Distributors in Countries

1 JP Concrete United Kingdom

2 Basilisk Caribbean Sint Maarten Caribbean

3 Comix Ltd United Arab Emirates

4 Comix Ltd South Korea

5 Aizawa Concrete Singapore

6 Current Pte Ltd Singapore

7 wba Abdichtungssysteme Germany

8 Bio International Portuga

9 ECMAS Construction Chemicals India, Sri Lanka &

Pvt. Ltd. Bangladesh

10 Fortius Belgium

11 Basilisk Taiwan Taiwan

12 UAB Betono Zona Baltic States

13 Markham Global New Zealand & Australia

14 Basilisk ME Middle East

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Table 1.0 (Distributors and partners)

Products:

As mentioned before self-healing concrete can also be used on existing concrete

structures. The company produces three types of products which separately can be
used in the existing concrete structure and ongoing concrete construction.

The first product is Basilisk Healing Agent which can be mixed with normal
concrete. The second product is self-healing repair Mortar MR3 which is also
called self-healing cement past. MR3 is

used for existing concrete cracks. The third product is liquid repair system ER7
which is selfhealing concrete for a small existing crack in liquid form. (Basilisk
concrete, product)

The three products are shown in Figure 1.3. Figure 1.3 (three products of self- healing
concrete)

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SELF HEALING CONCRETE

The application of Self-healing repair Mortar MR3 and liquid repair system ER7
are shown in

Figures 1.4, 1.5.

Figure 1.4 (MR3) Figure 1.5 (ER7)

Phase TRL Stages DESCRIPTION

Operation TR Operation Spin-off at Delf University and

9 commercialized 2011.
TRL Active Government Proven and awarded 450,000
8 Commissioning Euro.

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TR Inactive First demonstration in Delf

L7 Commissioning university. Concrete healed itself
after 7 days.
Developme TRL Large Scale Test concrete with different bacteria is
nt 6 successfully done.

The selection of bacteria for different

lengths of crack is founded.
TRL Pilot Scale Food supply for bacteria is provided,
5 now bacteria can live up to 200 years.
At Delft University.
TRL Bench-scale 2006-2008 Lab experiment in the Delft
4 University of Technology.
Research TRL Proof of concept The idea of self-Healing concrete was
3 proven by H. Jocker a microbiologist at
Delft University in 2007.
TRL Invention and 1994-2003 researchers tried to
2 Research develop a better way.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has

been used by Japan.by Ouchi M,
Osterberg T, Hallberg S-E, Lwin.
TRL Basic Principle Recovering the strength and properties.
1

Professor Carolyan Dry, first to

seriously consider the idea. 1994

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Intellectual Property:

After the invention of self-healing concrete, Mr. Henk Jonker founded a spin-off
Green Basilisk concrete company from Delft University. In the company, Mr.
Jonker is the Co-Founder and Mr. Bart van dae Woerd is the Co-Founder and CEO
not to forget Alfred Wiemer is the finance controller of the company.

To protect the invention Mr. Henk Jonker currently Holding four patents. The first
patent was registered in 2011 under healing agent for self-healing cementitious
material title and the second is registered 2012 under healing agent in cement-
based materials and structures, and process for its preparation. (Shifinvest, 2021)

Mr. Henk Jonker continues research on self-healing in order to

improve and make the product cheaper. Recently, Mr. H Jonker
with his team is working on the process to produce cementitious
material.

PESTLE Analysis of Basilisk Company:

Political Factor:

Political factors have a significant effect on Basilisk concrete company. For a

country, long- term profit from a certain company or market can have a positive
effect on a country. Moreover, as we mentioned before, self-healing concrete is a
relatively new market. According to Grand View Research Inc, the global self-
healing concrete is expected to reach 305 billion USD in 2027. (Grand View
Research Inc)
Since the self-healing concrete company is a pioneer company in
concrete and is already distributing to dozen countries this will
expose itself to a different type of political environment as well as

political risks. In order to achieve success in self - healing market

across different countries, the Basilisk concrete company can
closely analyse the following factors before investing in a market.

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1. The importance of self-healing concrete sector in-country and

political stability

2. Intellectual property protection

3. Trade regulation

4. Trade partners

5. Mandatory employee benefits

6. Industry safety regulation

In near future, different counties will invest in self-healing concrete, since concrete
is not a material that can be a substitute found for it.

Economic Factor:

The Macroeconomic environment factor is affected by the inflation rate, foreign

exchange rate, interest rate. Microenvironment factor for instance the norm of
competition impacts the competitive advantage. Basilisk Concrete may also use
the country's economic factors for instance growth rate,

inflation, consumer spending, etc in order to forecast the growth not just for the
Basilisk concrete company at the same time for the self-healing concrete industry.
Understood for the following is essential for a self-healing concrete company.

1. Stability of the country economy

2. Government interference in the market

3. Exchange rate, host country currency

4. Level of education regarding the economy

The stability of the country's economy has an effect on the company since the
country will open the gate for foreign trade. Understanding the host country's
currency as well as economy is the second step towards the successful economic
growth of a company.

Social Factors:

In an environment, the way of achieving something has an impact on the culture of

a company. Moreover, shearing the same belief as well as attitudes of a society
plays a great role in the self-healing concrete. It’s important for a company to

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understand the following factor which has a direct effect on the self-healing
concrete company.

Skill level of population

Cultural (gender, social convention)

Attitude towards the society

Technological Factor:

With the assistance of technology, self-healing concrete is growing fast. A good

example is the transportation of a good from one place to another. As we
mentioned before many countries are trying to make their type of self-healing
concrete, so they enter the market. Moreover, not only biologists and civil
engineers but chemical engineers, nano- engineers are also trying different
methods and techniques to achieve a new type of self-healing concrete. Moreover,
with the help of Delft University and Basilisk company technology equipment, the
company can achieve an even better and cheaper product.

Environmental Factors:
There are different kinds of norms or environmental
standards that have a direct impact on the income of a company.
Moreover, not only within a country but even stats laws may be
different from each other. it’s recommended that before entering
the market check where the following factors match the product.

1. Climate change
2. Environmental pollution
3. Recycling
4. Attitude toward the green

Regarding the Basilisk Concrete company, it has achieved the three

most important factors. Normal concrete produces much higher and
different CO2, whereas the Basilisk Concrete is friendly with the
environment. Moreover, the company produces concrete with
bacteria that come from the environment, so we can say that it is a
friendly environment. Basilisk concrete is a biological type of

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concrete, it is green, and it has a positive attitude towards the green

environment.

Legal Factors:
Numerous countries are not able to protect the intellectual
property rights of a company. Before entering a market needs to
carefully evaluate analyses the market and enter the market in the
patent so it avoids other companies to interfere with their product.
The following factor needs to be considered while entering a new
market.

1. Intellectual property law, copyright, patents

2. Discrimination
3. Data protection
4. Health and safety

The Co-Founder of Basilisk Concrete company Mr. H Jonker

currently holds four patents to protect his invention legally.
Moreover, apart from Basilisk Concrete company, many other
companies are trying to produce self-healing concrete. As
mentioned before, it is hard for a

Environmental Factors:
There are different kinds of norms or environmental
standards that have a direct impact on the income of a company.
Moreover, not only within a country but even stats laws may be
different from each other. it’s recommended that before entering
the market check where the following factors match the product.

5. Climate change
6. Environmental pollution
7. Recycling
8. Attitude toward the green

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SELF HEALING CONCRETE

Regarding the Basilisk Concrete company, it has achieved the three

most important factors. Normal concrete produces much higher and
different CO2, whereas the Basilisk Concrete is friendly with the
environment. Moreover, the company produces concrete with
bacteria that come from the environment, so we can say that it is a
friendly environment. Basilisk concrete is a biological type of
concrete, it is green, and it has a positive attitude towards the green
environment.

Legal Factors:
Numerous countries are not able to protect the intellectual
property rights of a company. Before entering a market needs to
carefully evaluate analyses the market and enter the market in the
patent so it avoids other companies to interfere with their product.
The following factor needs to be considered while entering a new
market.

5. Intellectual property law, copyright, patents

6. Discrimination
7. Data protection
8. Health and safety

The Co-Founder of Basilisk Concrete company Mr. H Jonker

currently holds four patents to protect his invention legally.
Moreover, apart from Basilisk Concrete company, many other
companies are trying to produce self-healing concrete. As
mentioned before, it is hard for a foreign company to understand
the legal aspect of a country. In these types of countries where it is
not easy to open a direct company a joint venture with another
inner company needs to do. As shown in Table 1.0 in some of the
country Basilisk didn’t open a direct company instead it used the
joint venture method. The joint venture company has the
responsibility to protect the Data, Intellectual property law,

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copyright, patents of the company. Moreover, the joint venture

company needs to do the marketing for the product.

Conclusion:

The modern era of concrete started 200 years ago, where

instead of using limestone, water, and volcanic ash Engineers
started to use sand, cement, and aggregate. With this new method
of mixture, a new type of concrete was obtained, with much higher
concrete strength. Until now the method that 200 years ago was
being used.
After three years of experimenting Dr. Henk Jonker found the
perfect solution of self-healing concrete with bacillus bacteria. The
first full-scale outdoor testing was started in 2011. Moreover, after
two years of research, the scientists found that self-healing concrete
can be used on existing concrete structures as well as underground
structures.
In 2015 the university founded Green-Basilisk company as a spin-
out offering self-healing concrete solutions to commercialize the
product. The company was initially financed by Shift invest
company in 2017. Later the Green-Basilisk Company made a joint
venture agreement with Carbion company to be able to be fit in the
international market.
Basilisk Concrete has partners in dozen countries. The company
has three types of products that can be used on existing concrete
structures. The products are MR3, ER7, and mortar.
To protect the invention Mr. Henk Jonker holds four patents, where
Mr. H Jonker is the Co- founder of the company.
Since the self-healing concrete company is a pioneer company in
concrete and is already distributing to dozen countries this will
expose itself to a different type of political environment as well as
political risks.

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SELF HEALING CONCRETE

References:

1. New Materials: Building with Living Materials - Henk

Jonkers, researcher at TU Delft. (2017, February 17).
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=xi6RJ4DpbVY
2. Andrew Stewart, 2016, CNN, The
living concrete,
https://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/14/tech/bioconcrete-delft-
jonkers/index.html
3. ThomasBerry, 2018, CNN,Self- Healingconcrete:
Reinforcements from bacteria
http://legacysearch.net/self-healing-concrete-of-the-future/
4. Ali Khattab. I & Shekha. H & Abdi. A, (2019). Study on self-healing
concrete Type.
5. Arnold, D. (2011, March 26). Ingenia - Self-Healing
Concrete. Ingenia.Ogr.Uk.
https://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/issue-46/self-healing-
concrete
6. Press Release, (2019), Corbion and Green-Basilisk
SENTIALL innovation Named Bio-based Produce of the
year
7. Delft, B. (2021, October 12). Products. Basilisk. Retrieved
November 29, 2021, from
https://www.basiliskconcrete.com/en/partners/
8. Delft, B. (2021, October 12). Products. Basilisk. Retrieved
November 29, 2021, from
https://www.basiliskconcrete.com/en/products/
9. Invest, S. (n.d.). New trend: managing cracks with self-
healing concrete. SHIFT Invest. Retrieved November 29,
2021, from https://shiftinvest.com/news/nieuwe-trend-
scheuren-managen-met- zelfhelend-beton
10.Construction, G. Stack Path. For
construction pros.
https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/news/211982
06/global-selfhealing-concrete- market-value-reports-
growth-to-30538-billion-by-2027
11.Senem Yalcintas, 2021, Her Hakki Saklidir

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Department Of Civil Engineering RRIT,Bangalore