EVOLUTION OF DESIGN:ASIA

ASSIGNMENT 3
FUSION OF PERSIAN INDIAN & CENTRAL STYLES-ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHY

NAME-JIYA VIKRAM JAIN

COURSE-BDES ID SEM 2 1ST YEAR
INIFD GHATKOPAR
REGISTRATION NUMBER -230710300005
FACULTY-MITHILA KULKARNI
DATE- 4th MAY 2024
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
THE ISLAMIC ERA BEGAN WITH THE FORMATION OF ISLAM
UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF MUHAMMAD IN EARLY 7TH-
CENTURY ARABIA
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CAN BE DEFINED AS A BUILDING
TRADITION OF MUSLIM POPULATION OF THE MIDDLE
EAST AND ANY COUNTRIES WHERE ISLAM HAS BEEN
DOMINANT FROM 7TH CENTURY
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ENCOMPASSES COMMON
BUILDINGS SUCH AS TOMBS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS LIKE
SCHOOLS, PALACES, AND FORTRESSES, AND SMALLER
ONES LIKE PUBLIC BATHS, FOUNTAINS, AND
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE.
THE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL STYLE IS
CHARACTERIZED BY A REPETITION THAT IS WELL-
ORDERED, STRUCTURES THAT ARE RADIATING, AND
RHYTHMIC PATTERNS.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Use of geometric patterns: Domes and arches:
Islamic architecture often Islamic architecture is
features intricate geometric renowned for its elaborate
patterns, including arabesques, domes and arches, which can
tessellations, and interlocking be found in mosques, palaces,
designs. These patterns can be and other structures. These
found in everything from tilework architectural elements not
to stonework and are symbolic of only serve functional purposes
the infinite nature of God. but also carry symbolic
significance, representing the
Courtyard heavens and the divine.
The courtyard provides
stillness and privacy to the
worshipers. It is also
essential as it allows for
lighting and cooling.
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
The Mughal dynasty in India is founded by Bābur, a descendant of Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and of Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane). Bābur
defeats the sultan of Delhi, Ibrāhīm Lodī, in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. At the time of Bābur’s death in 1530, his empire includes all of northern India
from the Indus River on the west to Bihar on the east and from the Himalayas south to Gwalior. The Mughals, who are Muslims, will become noted for
their well-organized government, sophisticated culture, and their attempt to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.

TIMELINE
1526 Babur established the Mughal rule
1569 Humayun’s tomb was constructed
1566-67 Tomb of Ataga Khan was constructed
1569-71 Construction of Fatehpur Sikri HUMAYUN TOMB
1571-72 Jame mosque was constructed within fatehpur sikri
1601 Bulanddarwaza was built by akbar to commemorate the
victory of Gujarat
1612-13 Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra was constrcuted
1597 Palace complex of Rohtasgarh was constructed
1616 Tomb of Makhdum Shah Daulat
 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE-INTRODUCTION
Influences: Mughal architecture was influenced by various sources,
including Persian, Islamic, Indian, and Central Asian architectural
traditions. The fusion of these influences resulted in a unique and
distinct architectural style.
Patronage: Mughal emperors were great patrons of art and
architecture. They commissioned numerous buildings and
monuments, including palaces, forts, mosques, mausoleums, and
gardens, which showcased their wealth, power, and cultural
sophistication.

Key Characteristics:
THE TOMB OF SHAIKH SALIM CHISTI
Symmetry and Balance: Mughal architecture is known for its
symmetrical layouts and balanced proportions, reflecting the Islamic
principles of order and harmony.
Intricate Ornamentation: Mughal architecture is characterized
by intricate ornamentation, including delicate carvings, inlaid
floral motifs, and intricate calligraphy, showcasing the skill of
artisans and craftsmen.
Large Bulbous Domes: Mughal buildings typically feature large
bulbous domes, often adorned with intricate designs and topped with
Buland Darwaza,
finials, such as the lotus or kalash. Fatehpur Sikri
 AKBAR
Akbar, the third Mughal emperor who ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent from 1556 to 1605.
Akbar is often regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history due to his administrative reforms,
religious tolerance, and patronage of art and culture.

Early Life:
Akbar was born on October 15, 1542, to Emperor Humayun and his wife Hamida
Banu Begum. His father's death when Akbar was just 13 years old plunged the
empire into chaos, and Akbar ascended to the throne in 1556 after defeating
Hemu, the Hindu ruler of North India, at the Second Battle of Panipat.

Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, played a significant role in shaping Mughal
architecture, which reached new heights during his reign. Akbar's architectural
style was characterized by a fusion of Persian, Indian, and Central Asian
influences, resulting in the creation of monumental structures that reflected his
grand vision and cultural sophistication
 AKBAR-REIGN PERIOD
Administrative Reforms:
Akbar implemented various administrative reforms to centralize power and strengthen the empire.
He abolished the discriminatory jizya tax on non-Muslims, introduced a centralized revenue system
based on land cultivation, and established a system of provincial governors known as "subahdars"
to oversee regional administration.

Religious Tolerance:
Akbar was known for his policy of religious tolerance, which was ahead of its time. He fostered an
atmosphere of religious harmony and encouraged dialogue among different faiths. Akbar initiated
discussions among scholars of various religions at the Ibadat Khana (House of Worship) in Fatehpur
Sikri, where he sought to understand different religious perspectives.

Cultural Patronage:
Akbar was a great patron of art and culture. He established a rich court culture that attracted
artists, poets, musicians, and scholars from all over the world. Akbar's court included prominent
figures like the poet-saint Kabir and the historian Abu'l-Fazl. He also commissioned the
construction of architectural marvels, including the Fatehpur Sikri complex and the Agra Fort.
 AKBAR-ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Syncretic Fusion: Akbar's
Monumental Scale: Akbar
architectural style was
commissioned the
characterized by a synthesis of
construction of grandiose
Persian, Indian, and Central Asian
structures on a
influences. He aimed to create
monumental scale,
buildings that reflected the
symbolizing the power and
diversity and richness of the
prestige of the Mughal
Mughal Empire, drawing inspiration
Empire. Examples include
from various cultural traditions.
the Agra Fort, Fatehpur
Use of Materials: Sikri, and the Tomb of
Akbar's buildings often featured a combination of red sandstone Akbar at Sikandra, all of
and white marble, creating striking contrasts and adding to the which feature imposing
visual appeal of the structures. These materials were sourced from facades, expansive
various regions of the empire, showcasing the wealth and courtyards, and intricately
resources at Akbar's disposal. decorated interiors.
AKBAR-ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHY
Religious Tolerance: Akbar's approach to architecture was influenced by his philosophy of
religious tolerance. He sought to create spaces that were inclusive and welcoming to
people of all faiths, fostering an environment of harmony and coexistence.
Symbolism and Meaning: Akbar infused his architectural projects with layers of symbolism
and meaning, drawing upon religious and cultural motifs to convey messages of power,
piety, and unity. For example, the design of Fatehpur Sikri incorporates elements from
Hindu, Islamic, and Persian traditions, reflecting Akbar's vision of a cosmopolitan empire.
Civic Engagement: Akbar believed in the importance of engaging with local communities
and incorporating their input into architectural projects. He encouraged dialogue and
collaboration among architects, artisans, and craftsmen from diverse backgrounds,
resulting in buildings that reflected the collective aspirations of the empire.
Legacy and Continuity: Akbar's architectural legacy endured long after his reign,
influencing subsequent generations of builders and architects in the Mughal Empire and
beyond. His emphasis on innovation, inclusivity, and cultural exchange laid the foundation
for the flourishing of Mughal architecture in subsequent centuries.
 AGRA FORT
The Agra Fort (Qila Agra) is a historical fort in the city of Agra, and also known as Agra's Red Fort. Mughal emperor
Humayun was crowned at this fort. It was later renovated by the Mughal emperor Akbar from 1565 and the present-
day structure was completed in 1573. originally built as military fortification, the agra fort served as the main
residence of the rulers of the Mughal dynasty until 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi by shah
jahan.

The Agra Fort is constructed primarily of red sandstone, giving it the characteristic reddish hue for which it is
famous. However, marble was also used in some sections, particularly during the reign of Shah Jahan.
The fort complex is spread over an area of approximately 94 acres and is surrounded by massive defensive
walls that stretch for 2.5 kilometers.
Within the fort, visitors can explore a series of palaces, mosques, audience halls, and other structures, each
showcasing a unique blend of Islamic, Persian, and Indian architectural styles.
 Diwan-i-Am (AGRA FORT) Diwan-i-Khas (AGRA FORT)
(Hall of Public Audience) (Hall of Private Audience)
The Diwan-i-Khas was a private audience hall where the Mughal
The Diwan-i-Am served as the public audience hall where the Mughal
emperor would meet with dignitaries, nobles, and other important
emperor would receive commoners, subjects, and ambassadors from
guests in a more intimate setting.
foreign countries.
It is believed that the Diwan-i-Khas was primarily used for
This hall was designed to accommodate a large number of people, with an
confidential discussions, private audiences, and matters of state that
open courtyard and a raised platform where the emperor would sit to
required discretion.
address his subjects. The hall is notable for its architectural elegance and exquisite
The architecture of the Diwan-i-Am is characterized by its grandeur and ornamentation, featuring intricate marble work, decorative arches,
simplicity, with red sandstone pillars supporting the roof and providing and carved columns.
shade to the audience below. One of the most famous features of the Diwan-i-Khas is the central
The hall also features a series of arched alcoves along the sides, which pillar, which was once adorned with the famous "Peacock Throne," a
were used by court officials and attendants during public audiences. magnificent throne embellished with precious jewels and gems.
However, the original Peacock Throne was later taken to Delhi by
Shah Jahan and eventually lost to history.
 Diwan-i-khas (FATEHPUR SIKRI ) Diwan-i-am (FATEHPUR SIKRI )
(Hall of Public Audience) (Hall of Public Audience)
The public audience hall (Diwan-i 'Amm) was the space
appointed for various purposes of public nature,
including the first daily public appearance of the
Emperor, approximately three hours after sunrise
the Diwan-i 'Amm was used extensively as a prayer space
The entry and exit points are asymmetrically positioned
with regard to the primary axes of the enclosure. The
dalans, constructed from red sandstone, are set on a
raised plinth and are composed of square stone columns
the Diwan-i-Khas or Hall of Private Audience, is a plain with plain bases and slightly molded capitals.
square building with four chhatris on the roof.
However it is famous for its central pillar, which has a
square base and an octagonal shaft, both carved with
bands of geometric and floral designs, further its thirty-
six serpentine brackets support a circular platform for
Akbar, which is connected to each corner of the building
on the first floor, by four stone walkways.
It is here that Akbar had representatives of different
religions discuss their faiths and gave private audience.
 MATERIALS
White marble was a favoured building material
Aesthetic Appeal: White marble and red sandstone provide a striking contrast in color, creating
visually stunning structures. The combination of the bright white marble and the warm red
sandstone adds a sense of grandeur and beauty to Mughal buildings.
Symbolism: In Mughal culture, white marble symbolizes purity, spirituality, and luxury, while
red sandstone symbolizes strength, power, and resilience. The combination of these materials
helped convey the grandeur and authority of the Mughal Empire.
Religious Significance: White marble holds religious significance in Islam, the predominant
religion of the Mughal rulers. It is often associated with purity and is commonly used in the
construction of mosques and mausoleums. The Taj Mahal, for example, is primarily made of
white marble and serves as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Emperor Shah Jahan.
Practical Considerations: Red sandstone is readily available in the region where many Mughal
monuments were constructed, particularly in the area around Agra and Delhi. Its abundance
made it a practical choice for building material. Additionally, red sandstone is durable and
weathers well, making it suitable for the construction of large-scale monuments that were
intended to last for centuries.
 SHAHJAHAN
Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor, ruling from 1628 to 1658. He is perhaps best known for
commissioning the Taj Mahal, one of the most iconic examples of Mughal architecture.

Period: Shah Jahan's Architectural Style: Shah Jahan's architectural style, like
reign lasted from 1628 that of other Mughal emperors, was a blend of Persian,
to 1658, during which Indian, and Islamic influences. Mughal architecture
he oversaw the
during his reign is characterized by its grandeur,
construction of several
symmetry, use of white marble and red sandstone,
iconic monuments,
including the Taj Mahal, intricate carvings, domes, and minarets. The Taj Mahal, in
the Red Fort in Delhi, particular, exemplifies Shah Jahan's architectural style,
the Jama Masjid in with its symmetrical layout, white marble construction,
Delhi, and the Shah and intricate decorative elements.
Jahan Mosque in
Thatta, among others. Construction: Shah Jahan was deeply involved in
the construction of many of the architectural
History: Shah Jahan, whose birth name was Khurram, marvels of his time. He employed skilled architects,
was born on January 5, 1592, in Lahore, Mughal Empire craftsmen, and artisans from across the empire and
beyond to realize his vision. The construction of
(present-day Pakistan). He was the third son of Emperor
monumental structures like the Taj Mahal was a
Jahangir and became the Mughal emperor in 1628 after massive undertaking that required extensive
a brief succession struggle following his father's death. resources and labor. Thousands of workers,
Shah Jahan's reign is often referred to as the "Golden including artisans, masons, and laborers, were
Age of the Mughal Empire" due to the flourishing of art, involved in the construction process, which took
architecture, and culture during this period. over twenty years to complete.
 SHAHJAHAN-ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Symmetry: Symmetry is a fundamental aspect of
Mughal architecture, and Shah Jahan's buildings are no
exception. Many of his structures, including the Taj
Mahal and the Red Fort, are meticulously designed with
symmetrical layouts, reflecting a sense of balance and
harmony.

Domes and Minarets: Domes and minarets are

characteristic features of Mughal architecture and are
prevalent in Shah Jahan's buildings. Domes, often
bulbous or onion-shaped, crown important structures
like mosques and mausoleums, while minarets serve as
architectural elements and sometimes as vantage points
for calls to prayer.
Gardens and Water Features: Shah Jahan was fond of gardens and
incorporated them into many of his architectural projects.
Gardens surrounding buildings like the Taj Mahal and the Shalimar
Bagh in Lahore provide a serene and picturesque setting. Water
features such as fountains, pools, and canals are also common,
adding to the beauty and tranquility of the surroundings.

Fortifications and Gateways: Many of Shah Jahan's architectural projects, such as the Red Fort in Delhi
and the Lahore Fort, incorporate imposing fortifications and grand gateways. These structures served
both defensive and symbolic purposes, showcasing the might and authority of the Mughal Empire.
 TAJ MAHAL
The Taj Mahal was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth.
Construction of the Taj Mahal took around 20 years to complete, with thousands of artisans and craftsmen working on
it.
It was finished in 1653 and stands as a testament to the emperor's love for his wife.

Architecture:
The Taj Mahal is renowned for its exquisite Mughal architecture, which
combines elements from Persian, Islamic, Turkish, and Indian architectural
styles.
The main building material used is white marble, which was brought from
Makrana in Rajasthan.
The complex is symmetrical, with the mausoleum at the center, surrounded
by a charbagh (a Persian-style garden) and various other structures.
The mausoleum itself is a masterpiece of architectural design, with a
central dome surrounded by four smaller domes. The entire structure is
adorned with intricate carvings, calligraphy, and inlaid gemstones.
The four minarets at the corners of the platform are slightly tilted outwards
to prevent them from collapsing onto the main tomb in the event of an
earthquake.
The reflection pools in front of the Taj Mahal enhance its beauty, especially
during sunrise and sunset.
 JAMA MASJID
Jama Masjid was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor
Shah Jahan, who is also known for building the Taj Mahal
and the Red Fort in Delhi.
Construction of the mosque began in 1650 and was
completed in 1656.
It was constructed using red sandstone and marble and is
situated in the heart of Old Delhi, near the Red Fort.

Jama Masjid is an excellent example of Mughal architecture, characterized

by its grand scale, symmetrical design, and intricate decoration.
The mosque features three large domes, two minarets, and four towering
gateways.
The main prayer hall can accommodate thousands of worshippers at once.
The mosque's courtyard is one of the largest in India, capable of holding up
to 25,000 people for prayer.
The interior of the mosque is adorned with marble inlay work, calligraphy,
and floral motifs.
The minarets offer stunning views of Old Delhi and the surrounding area.
 MOTI MASJID-AGRA FORT
The Moti Masjid was built during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan, who also built the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort in Delhi.
Construction of the mosque began in 1648 and was completed in 1654.
It was primarily built to serve as a private mosque for the emperor and
his family, offering them a place of worship within the Agra Fort comple
The Moti Masjid holds historical and architectural significance as one of
the few mosques built by Shah Jahan and as a symbol of the Mughal
Empire's religious tolerance and artistic achievement.
.

The Moti Masjid is a fine example of Mughal architecture,

characterized by its symmetrical design, white marble
construction, and elegant domes.
The mosque is built on a raised platform and features three
domes, two minarets, and a large central prayer hall.
The exterior of the mosque is adorned with intricate carvings and
inlaid patterns, while the interior is relatively simple in design.
The name "Moti Masjid" comes from the white marble used in its
construction, which gives it a pearl-like appearance.
Thank
you!!