UIU SMART CARD

By

Ali Iktider Sayam

ID: 011 163 071
Kazi Muhibul Alam
ID: 011 163 075
Md. Akib Al Jawad Arnob
ID: 011 172 070
Arafat Hossain Kishor
ID: 011 162 009
Rafia Nuzhat Hriti
ID: 011 151 102
Farzana Sultana Soha
ID: 011 171 327

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering

November 5, 2020

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

United International University
 Abstract

Smart cards have been around for a while now. These days we see various use cases of
smart cards based on a number of different technologies, mostly in banking sectors and
in payments. Students are required to carry a separate identification card. These cards
however don’t allow the students to mark their attendance or make necessary payments in
campus. Student attendance is a one of the important issues for any educational institution
as it has shown to have an impact on the result of the students. Most of the universities in
Bangladesh still uses the outdated paper or name-calling for recording student attendance.
Moreover most of the educational institutions around the globe don’t allow the facility of
card payments in campus. Thus, there is a need to develop a system that reduces burden
in analyzing the attendance and enhance smooth functioning of educational institutions.
This report describes a brief introduction to a RFID based student smart card system that
compiles all the different aspects of a students’ in campus activities under one system.
RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is an emerging technology which brings enormous
benefits in applications where unique identification is required. With the usage of RFID
cards to identify the students uniquely, coupled with a robust web application and an an-
droid application for convenience, this system is sure to improve upon the existing methods
of attendance taking and in campus payments which would on terms greatly increase pro-
ductivity and benefit the educational institutions.

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 Acknowledgements

The completion of the project was a team effort. Hard work, determination, compat-
ibility and consistency of all the team members have made it possible. Throughout the
entire project we have received great support from both our supervisor Assistant Profes-
sor Mr. Suman Ahmmed and course instructor Professor Dr. A.K.M Muzahidul Islam.
Without their proper support and guidance we would have taken a longer time to achieve
the progress we have made so far. We also acknowledge all the researchers and the studies
they have published and made available which helped us learn a great deal about the
related topic, which have been a great help throughout the project.

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents iv

List of Figures v

List of Tables vi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Project Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Project Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.6 Organization of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.7 Research Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Literature Review and Analysis 4

2.1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Methodology 12
3.1 Requirements Analysis and Initial Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Methodology and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Accompanying Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4 Implementation and Results 20

4.1 Environment Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Implemented Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.1 Android Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.2 Web Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.3 Smart Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.4 Real Time Attendance Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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Table of Contents Table of Contents

4.2.5 Wallet For Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2.6 Upload/Change User Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.7 Vendor Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.8 Admin Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.9 Multi-platform Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.10 Finesse and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3 Application Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3.1 Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3.2 Admin Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.3 Dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.4 Attendance Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.5 Payment Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.6 Wallet Fill-up Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5 Standards and Design Constraints 27

5.1 Compliance with the Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.1 Software Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.2 Hardware Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.3 Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.4 Communication Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2 Design Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.1 Economic Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.2 Environmental Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.3 Ethical Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.4 Social Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.5 Political Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2.6 Health Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2.7 Manufacturability and Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2.8 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6 Conclusion 30
6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

References 33

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List of Figures

1.1 Research Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 Survey Results of 112 Responses of UIU Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.2 Block Diagram of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Activity diagram of Admin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Activity diagram of Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Activity diagram of Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Activity diagram of Vendor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Activity diagram of fill-up process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 Wireframe Design of the UI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.1 Login module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.2 Admin Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 Dashboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4 Attendance Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.5 Payment Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.6 Fill-up Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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List of Tables

2.1 Summary matrix of literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1 Required Hardware and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter is going to introduce the project in a systematic and brief manner by going
through the overview of the entire project first. Then the chapter will talk about the
motivation, problem statement, research objectives and expected outcomes of the project
for the ease of understanding of the readers. The organization of the report would guide
the readers throughout the entire report. And finally the research framework would paint
a rough picture about the approach taken to implement the project itself.

1.1 Project Overview

Manually maintained attendance , library book issuing, waiting in the queue to make
university related payments have always been cumbersome.
Our RFID based smart card system intends to enhance the experience of the students by
automating the tasks that every student and faculty member encounter on a daily basis
in the university premise. RFID student card coupled with web and android platform will
ensure the fluidity, reliability and security.

1.2 Motivation
Educational institutions’ administrations in our country and the whole world are concerned
about the regularity of student attendance. Students’ overall performance is affected by it.
The traditional method of registering attendance by calling names or by signing in paper
is very time consuming, not to mention inefficient as well. Moreover, students’ interaction
with other university activities such as tuition fee payments, library book issuing etc. are
handled by various different authorities having no correlation or collaboration among them.
Students have to maintain separate library cards and payment cards to take advantage of
services offered by these authorities. All of the above mentioned problems have motivated
us to take on this project to implement RFID based smart card system, which would solve
the issues and improve efficiency in the aforementioned fields.

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1.3. Problem Statement Chapter 1. Introduction

1.3 Problem Statement

Despite being of great importance there exists no robust method of tracking a students’
attendance. No reliable means of on-campus payment is available as well. A well-rounded
student smart card system needs to have a convenient way of recording attendance as
well as provide a hassle free payment solution. The system needs to provide security for
transactions. The android app needs to be intuitive for the users and provide convenience
to draw the users’ attention. The web application needs to be thorough about the infor-
mation it displays, it needs to provide a front for displaying deeper information for the
user to interact with, at the cost of some added complexity.

1.4 Research Objectives

The primary objectives of our research are:

• To thoroughly investigate and analyze the literature (literature review) of existing

projects.

• To develop a research framework for the project.

• To implement hardware part of the system (RFID card reader).

• To design UI/UX and develop both android and web applications.

1.5 Project Outcome

The outcome of this project is to be able to implement an intuitive, highly efficient and safe
system for both the students and teachers alike, where they will be able to use the RFID
technology, coupled with our android and web application to record attendance without
any wastage of time and make on-campus payments without having to carry cash, all with
just one card.

1.6 Organization of the Report

Chapter 1 of this report provides a brief introduction of the project by talking about
the motivation behind this project, formulating the problem statement and organising
the research framework. Chapter 2 provides review and analysis of related literature
and summarizes the literature in a matrix form. Chapter 3 talks about the design and
implementation methodology by providing the requirement analysis and a basic block
diagram of the the project. This chapter further talks about the outcome of the project
and provides a list of accompanying tools. Chapter 4 talks about the environment setup,
implemented features and expected results of the project. Chapter 5 talks about the
various standards used, and the different design constraints faced during the development
period of the project.

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1.7. Research Framework Chapter 1. Introduction

1.7 Research Framework

While developing the research framework for our project, first we reviewed and analyzed
12 papers on related topic to acquire in-depth knowledge about how we should approach
the project. Analyzing the papers thoroughly allowed us to find a number of shortcomings
in the existing systems and technologies. Having mentioned that, we proposed our idea
of an intuitive and efficient system, following which came the analysing phase. While
analysing the proposed idea, we focused on identifying each student uniquely. Finally,
we implemented the project on Web and Android platform for widespread compatibility.
The following diagram shows the research framework followed during the development
of the proposed system which briefly describes how the system is implemented from the
ground-up. Please see figure 1.1 .

Figure 1.1: Research Framework

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Chapter 2

Literature Review and Analysis

This chapter summarizes the related literature studied by the team to get a thorough
understanding of the condition of the real world in terms of usability and research on
the related sector. This would help the readers understand the lacking of the currently
implemented systems, and help them understand why this project is unique to the others.

2.1 Literature Review

Rehman, abbasi and shaikh (2008) [1] conducted a study on building a smart university
using RFID technology. This paper highlights the benefits of using RFID technology in
development of smart university which will contribute in improving room security, equip-
ment tracking, automation of electrical appliances and attendance record maintenance.
ZigBee, which is a wireless communication technology for Wireless Personal Area Net-
work is selected for this research due to its low cost, long communication range and low
power consumption. For their system, each employee, each student and different office
items will be tagged accordingly using smart employee card, having their unique ID i.e.
roll number and using RFID based labels. Furthermore, RFID reader unit will be placed
next to the door of each room, at the university entrance and exit. Though their intentions
were to curb the power loss working on room automation, a general perception of electrical
power loss remains with the administration. Some of the facilities like room automation,
object tracking, theft control and power conservation have been built effectively through
users’ unique ID which is broadcasted to the control circuit and the database server.

Liu, Zhao, Zhao, Li, Zhong, Zhou, Fu, and Kwak (2006) [2] worked on the GPRS mo-
bile payment system based on RFID. In this paper, the authors have introduced a design
of the GPRS Mobile Payment System based on RFID as a transitional solution before the
prevalence of the NFC cellphone. The system’s framework is easily understandable and
takes full advantage of the existing GSM mobile communication network. Besides, this
system does not require their user to change their cellphone to support RFID chip. It
provides an integrated and safe GPRS Mobile Payment System based on RFID which is

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2.1. Literature Review Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

composed of mobile terminal, Mobile Payment Platform, communication network, banks

and Certificate Authority. The RFID MPS could support existing MP Services provided by
the ‘Cellphone Wallet’ and realize ordinary functions of Bank Card. Because of the RFID
functions of tagging and saving, this system could also support off-line micro-payment
and ID service. Along with this, this system can also pay the living-fare bills, give mobile
insurance, give E-ticket service and provide cash, credit, membership card service.

Rinky Yadav et al.[3] worked on a multipurpose student smart card system by imple-
menting the hardware part with RFID tags, RFID readers and NodeMCU and used a web
page and database to implement the software side of their project. In their system, they
replaced a conventional student identification card with RFID card and used NodeMCU
with RFID readers that allowed their system to be OTA(over the air). Using NodeMCU
allowed their system to communicate with their web server via TCP/IP protocol stack.
When RFID cards get scanned by RFID reader, the associated NodeMCU with the reader
makes a HTTP request to the server and both credentials get verified and necessary data
gets exchanged from the database. Moreover, Their system allows a student to recharge an
amount via their web page which enables the students to enjoy cash-free daily campus life
and purchase various services without the hassle to wait in a queue. Though the system
is solely related to the transactional activities of the students and does not necessarily
provide other automated facilities such as attendance.

K.Sree et al.[4] developed bus surveillance and notification system using RFID cards
and reader, various sensors such as level and speed sensors, PIC micro-controller and An-
droid device coupled together. They aimed to determine the precise location of an ongoing
bus and monitor if everything is safe for the on-board students. RFID cards and reader
identifies every student on-board. Speed and level sensors paired with WIFI and GSM
module collect and sends data to the cloud. An android device used to provide internet
connectivity to the whole system. Using this framework data gets collected and saved in
the cloud database. Sensors collect data such as fuel level and speed and GSM provides the
GPS location of the bus to the cloud to save in the database. During an emergency situa-
tion there is a mechanical switch on board that triggers the system to send a notification
to the concerned authority and guardian of the students. As previously mentioned, the
detection of an emergency incident relies on pushing a manual mechanical switch which
might not be an optimal choice and it should have been replaced with a more logical
software solution.

Davinder Parkash et al. [5] in their paper “The RFID Technology and Its Applica-
tions: A Review” presents an overview of current state and trends of RFID technology.
In this paper, they give a consolidated introduction to principles of RFID, an overview of
current applications, frequencies used, types of RFID tags reader, its benefits also the
limitations. RFID is known as Radio Frequency Identification which is a generic term for

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2.1. Literature Review Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

technologies that use radio-frequency waves to transfer data. It can automatically identify
people/objects from a distance of several inches to hundreds of feet. An RFID system is
known as the combination of RFID technology and computing technology and it consists
of five components those are: Tag, Antenna, Reader, Communication infrastructure Ap-
plication software. In RFID technology four types of frequencies are mostly used: Low,
High, Ultra High Microwave.In this paper, they have mentioned the privacy issue of the
RFID technology but they did not elaborate or explain anything about this topic. Thus,
in the first part of their paper, they have explained the RFID technology its components,
the authors have discussed the terms of advantages limitations in the second part and in
the last part, explored RFID technology applications. The paper considers providing new
capabilities and efficient methods for several applications.

Leandre Nsengumuremy et al. [6] worked on a Smart id card system using RFID tech-
nology in which their system will ease the work of the student by helping to track money
transactions spent around the campus at a given time and also keep track of the atten-
dance reports. In this system, the administrator will be able to make reports easily by one
simple click. There are two major parts include in the system one is hardware and another
is software. The system will provide multiple functionalities such as managing student in-
formation, attendance management, conducting various reports. They have developed this
system specifically for colleges and universities. In the development process, some reviews
were conducted to understand the basic theory, system requirements, hardware require-
ments, methodologies that can be used to achieve the objectives of the system. By these
reviews which were conducted, research on the existing system was also enlightening which
gave them insights about the current system, requirements like hardware as well as soft-
ware to develop a system that can be related to the current one but with a better approach.

Agarwal and Bansal (2013) [7] in their paper “Online Attendance Management System
Using RFID with Object Counter” proposed a RFID based attendance system to mitigate
the wastage of time in taking attendance during class hours and came up with a solu-
tion to counter the practice of “Fake/Proxy Attendance”. They have discussed various
methods and systems for taking attendance and chosen RFID technology (with all of its
imposed limitations) to implement the system. The authors then characterize RFID tech-
nology in great detail, mentioning the physical structure of a RFID tag, different types of
RFID tags and their features, applications of RFID in various scenarios. They continue
by explaining their proposed system in a step by step manner in which the data from
RFID tags is recorded into the RFID card reader, then it gets sent over to a middleware
device which saves the data in a back-end database. Furthermore, the authors discuss the
implementation of an object counter to tackle the proxy attendance situation, in which
they are somewhat lacking in my opinion. In our project, we will try improving on the
said topic. The paper is concluded by debating the advantages of the system against the
conventional methods of taking attendance.

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2.1. Literature Review Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

Bose, Ngai, Thomposon and Spiekermann (2009) [8] in their paper “Managing RFID
Projects in Organizations” review the several existing and emerging use cases of RFID
technology. Bose et al.[8] first introduces RFID as a technology and then states, the key
advantage of RFID is that it leads to increased visibility of items, pallets or people on
the move and allows for real-time querying of the location of these entities[8]. The au-
thors then talk about the various applications of RFID including, but not limited to, in
healthcare eg: keeping track of pharmaceutical inventory, managing patient identification
and medication etc. , in natural disaster sensing using RFID and USN (ubiquitous sen-
sor networks) and livestock and food traceability applications: which would be able to
produce many benefits such as: fast withdrawal of various products, providing consumer
protection, higher efficiency etc. Additionally, the authors talk about the issues associated
with using RFID such as cloning RFID tags, using spy-chips to fool the RFID reader and
several other privacy concerns while also mentioning several campaigns against the use
of RFID, with hopes that with the advancement of time these issues will be addressed
accordingly. Finally, Bose et al.[8] scrutinize the value of RFID both in individual use
cases and RFID industry as a whole by reviewing several other papers on the said topic.

A.A. Olanipekun and O.K. Boyinbode [9] in their paper “A RFID Based Automatic At-
tendance System in Educational Institutions of Nigeria”, address issues involving current
manual attendance systems, which include delays regarding documentation, human errors
such as forgetfulness, and misinformation as a result of violation of the usual proper pro-
cedures. The issues are solved using Radio frequency identification (RFID) which involves
machines into the process, therefore allowing for better accuracy, fast implementation of
additional tasks such as processing student information regarding their eligibility for an
exam. Automated warnings are also implemented to allow for awareness among students
regarding their lack of presence in class. However, they have not given any solution for
the anti-proxy attendance issue which can be handled by implementing an object counter
that we have decided to add to our project. The implementation procedure discussed in
the paper uses a graphical user interface integrated into the host system, which consists
of login, admin, database, main menu, class record and admin registration. A database
record is also interfaced with USB UART serial communication with the RFID reader
which handles data records over 7 tables built in Microsoft Access. Eight frames were de-
signed by the team using vb.net which include frame login, class record, admin, database,
student evaluation, admin registration, student record and course record.

Srujana, Rama, Tanveer, Sunitha, Mahammad and Thimmaiah [10]have proposed a

RFID based system for library management in their paper. Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) technology has spread all over the world through different sectors of our life. It is
better than bar code technology in terms of accessing and retrieving data, environment,
reliability, readability and many more. The proposed RFID system for library manage-
ment has been developed by MATLAB and MySQL Server. DLP RFID1 method has

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2.1. Literature Review Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

been used to read or write necessary information to the tags. To create the user interface
of the system, MATLAB Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE)
tool has been used. For being so much secured and user friendly, the database has been
maintained with MySQL using MATLAB. As it’s range of frequency is 13.56 MHz’s and it
can read up to 15 tags at the same time, the end result after using this proposed system in
the library is very much pleasing though an additional web technology to search available
books could have made the experience better. Soon enough, this RFID technology will
take over all the current technologies due to its vast possibilities.

Peter et al. [11] worked on a project “RFID Based Security Access Control System
with GSM Technology” based on RFID and GSM technology. This entire system prevents
unauthorized access to controlled environments such as secured premises. To achieve this,
they have used RFID System with an operating frequency of 125 KHz, microcontroller
programmed to send control signals, DC motor, relay, buzzer, Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) and GSM/GPRS Modem. When the RFID tag, which contains the users informa-
tion, is scanned by the RFID reader and confirmed the match between the information
stored previously in the microcontroller, the microcontroller[11] turns on the DC motor
through L293D driver, displays “RFID tag” and “username” on the LCD display, turns
on the GPS/GPRS to send SMS alert “AUTHORIZED” to the security personnel. And
if not matched then the DC motor remains off, LCD displays “RFID not valid” and
“UNAUTHORIZED” SMS is sent to the security personnel via GSM system. The elec-
tronic circuit was implemented, the codes for microcontroller were written in assembly
language, debugged and compiled using the KEIL Micro vision 4 integrated development
environment.[11] Being cheap and more efficient compared to the manual operated systems
or key lock systems is one of the most important implication of this paper.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha and Anupam Chanda worked on a library management system
based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in their paper “EXPLORING
RFID TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION FOR MANAGING LIBRARY AND INFORMA-
TION SERVICES IN UNIVERSITY AND INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARIES OF NORTH
EAST INDIA: AN OVERVIEW”[12]. The first part of the paper is about the historical
development, concept, components of RFID technology. And second part describes about
the application of RFID technology for managing housekeeping operations. Whole RFID
system for library management has been described as combination of six components as
RFID tag, a staff checkout station, self return book drop with automatic check in feature,
a tagging station, a security gate and a shelf scanner for inventory as well administrative
station. One can borrow books and return them without help of staffs. And staffs are
also benefited by having the re-shelving of books and updating database faster. Shelving
station and self-check-out station make these returning books and sorting them for shelv-
ing tasks easy and fast. Basic RFID system contains of three main components which are
RFID tags, Sensors or readers and docking station. The tags are programmed electrically

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2.2. Summary Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

with unique information and readers are the devices that gather information from RFID
tags. Docking station or servers are considered as the heart of RFID system. It is told that
to enhance the performance of the RFID system and fix the existing gaps, soft computing
techniques, genetic algorithms, advance techniques like CDMA etc are yet to be added to
the system.

2.2 Summary
Rehman et al. (2008) [1] worked on building a smart university using RFID technology
to improve room security, equipment tracking, automation of electrical appliances and at-
tendance record maintenance. With this system, employee and student can be identified
along with the theft of costly equipment can be avoided too. Their system will work by
detecting RFID card and forward that to microcontroller which will generate a specific
number after authenticating that ID. Then this specific number will be forwarded to the
Zigbee where it is broadcasted to receiving nodes. Although they wanted to minimize the
level of power loss, a general perception of power loss still persists. Liu et al. (2006) [2]
conducted a study on the GPRS Mobile Payment System based on RFID. The authors
proposed this system, which would provide many services like online E-commerce payment,
pay the living-fare bills, off-line micro payment, mobile bank transactions, ID service, give
mobile insurance, give E-ticket service and provide cash, credit, membership card service,
after analyzing the MP service. Moreover, they also discussed about the disadvantages of
Cellphone wallet payment system like not being able to provide as many services as the
credit card or cash card could do. In their paper, they described the current status of
the mobile payment in china and why they took initiative to implement the GPRS mo-
bile payment system. The system structure of GPRS Mobile Payment System based on
RFID is composed of communication network, mobile terminal, Mobile Payment Platform
(MPP), banks and certificate authority. Rinky Yadav et al.[3] worked on a multipurpose
student smart card system. This system replaced a conventional student identification
card with RFID card and used NodeMCU with RFID readers. Moreover This system,
was implemented by implementing the hardware part with RFID tags,RFID readers and
NodeMCU and the software part with a web page and a database, allows the students
to enjoy cash-free daily campus life by recharging an amount via their web page. K.Sree
et al.[4] developed bus surveillance and notification system using RFID cards and reader,
various sensors, PIC micro-controller and Android device coupled together. Their target
was to determine the location of an ongoing bus and monitor if everything is safe for the
on-board students. Sensors collect data and then send to the cloud. At the same time,
GSM provides the GPS location of the bus to the cloud. In their system, they also pro-
vided an emergency service using a mechanical switch on board. Davinder Parkash et al.
[5] discussed about the RFID Technology and it’s applications. RFID is known as Radio
Frequency Identification which is a generic term for technologies that use radio-frequency

9
2.2. Summary Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

waves to transfer data. In the first part of their paper, they have explained the RFID
technology its components for instance it’s current applications, frequencies used, types
of RFID tags and reader, it’s benefits and limitations. The authors have discussed the
terms of advantages limitations in the second part and in the last part. Leandre Nsen-
gumuremy et al. [6] worked on a Smart id card system using RFID technology which will
track money transactions around the campus and keep track of the attendance reports. In
this system, making reports will be done with just one simple click. They also conducted
some reviews to build a system that can be related to the current one but with a better
approach. Agarwal and Bansal (2013) [7] implemented online attendance management
system using RFID with object counter which came up with a solution to counter the
practice of ”Fake/Proxy Attendance”. The authors discussed how the data from RFID
tags is recorded, it gets sent over to a middleware device and implementation of an object
counter. Furthermore, the paper is concluded by debating the advantages of the system
against the conventional methods of taking attendance. Bose et al. (2009) [8] in their pa-
per ”Managing RFID Projects in Organizations” review the several existing and emerging
use cases of RFID technology. The authors talked about the various applications like in
healthcare, livestock and food traceability applications. Moreover, they also conducted a
study on the issues associated with using RFID such as cloning RFID tags, using spy-chips
and several other privacy concerns. A.A. Olanipekun and O.K. Boyinbode [9] worked on
a RFID based automatic attendance system. This system can give automated warnings
regarding their lack of presence in class along with other tasks. The authors designed
eight frames using vb.net, a database record form with USB UART serial communication
and a graphical user interface into the host system. C. Srujana et al. [10] developed a
RFID based library management system using MATLAB. The system consists of RFID
reader/writer, RFID tag, serial to USB converter and personal computer. The authors
used MATLAB database toolbox which supports communication using ODBC or JDBC
driver with some compatible database. In the last part, the authors talked about how
versatile the RFID is in many real time applications, mainly in library management sys-
tem. Peter et al. [11] developed a RFID based security access control system with GSM
technology. This system prevents unauthorized access using RFID with an operating fre-
quency of 125 KHz, microcontroller programmed, DC motor, relay, buzzer, Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) and GSM/GPRS Modem. Moreover they implemented electronic circuit,
used assembly language for microcontroller code and then debugged and compiled using
the KELL micro vision 4. Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha and Anupam Chanda worked on a
library management system based on RFID technology [12]. In the first part the authors
discussed about the historical development, concept, components of RFID technology and
in the second part they described about the application of RFID technology for manag-
ing housekeeping operations. But for fixing the existing gaps, soft computing techniques,
genetic algorithms, advance techniques like CDMA etc are yet to be added to the system.

10
 Table 2.1: Summary matrix of literature review

Research Papers Introduced OTA(Over Security Systems Imple- Technologies Used

RFID The Air) Con- mented
Compatibil- cerns Ad-
ity dressed
Building a smart university using RFID Yes Yes Yes Attendance, Equipment Zigbee, RFID tag,
technology[1] tracking, Automated RFID reader
appliances
2.2. Summary

The GPRS mobile payment system based Yes Yes Yes Mobile Payment RFID tag, RFID
on RFID[2] reader, Java cell-
phone MP software
Multipurpose Student Smart Card[3] Yes Yes No Debit Payment, RFID card, RFID
Recharge Reader, NodeMcu,
Webserver
Acute school bus surveillance and notifi- Yes Yes No Bus Surveillance RFID card, RFID
cation system[4] Reader, GPS-GSM
The RFID Technology and Its Applica- Yes No No None None
tions: A Review[5]
Smart ID Card System using RFID Yes Yes Yes Attendance Manage- RFID Reader, RFID

11
Technology[6] ment, Transaction Tag
Model
Online Attendance Management System Yes Yes No Attendance System, Active RFID Tag,
Using RFID with Object Counter[7] Object Counter RFID Reader, Pro-
prietary Software.
Managing RFID Projects in Yes No Yes None None
Organizations[8]
A RFID Based Automatic Attendance Yes No No Attendance System RFID tag and
System in Educational Institutions of reader, USB UART
Nigeria[9]
Development of RFID based library man- Yes No No Library Management MATLAB, MySQL,
agement system using MATLAB[10] System DLP
RFID Based Security Access Control Sys- Yes Yes Yes Entering premises RFID tag,RFID
tem with GSM Technology[11] reader,GSM, Micro-
controller
Chapter 2. Literature Review and Analysis

Exploring RFID technology application Yes Yes No Library services RFID tag,RFID
for managing library and information reader, Docking
services in university and institutional station
libraries of north east India: An
overview[12]
Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter first describes why we chose this project and whether or not there is actually
a need for such a system. After that this chapter allows the readers to understand how
our project is being implemented step by step manner.

3.1 Requirements Analysis and Initial Planning

For the first phase of developing this project, an extensive survey has been performed on
112 UIU students as part of requirement analysis, where they were requested to answer
some strategically formed questions. From the feedback of 112 students, we have found
that 91.1% students have claimed that they feel distracted to manually present ID card
at the exam halls during exams. Moreover 90.2% students have voted yes when they were
asked if they felt insecure to carry large amounts of cash at the university premise. 96.4%
students have agreed that it would be helpful if there existed a system in which no manual
attendance or queue for making tuition fee payment is needed. Finally, 99.1% students
have responded positive to the fact that they are interested in an ”ALL IN ONE” card
based solution, given the proper security. Figures of the results have been attached as a
mean of transparency. Check figure 3.1 .

Figure 3.1: Survey Results of 112 Responses of UIU Students

12
3.1. Requirements Analysis and Initial Planning Chapter 3. Methodology

After receiving such feedback we decided to start working on implementing attendance

system first, as it was proven to be of the most concern to the students, and then move
on to implementing payment system. Moving onto phase two, we reviewed 12 journal
papers related to our project and based on the takeaways of the reviewed literature we
have decided to use the following hardware and software to implement the system.

Table 3.1: Required Hardware and Software

Hardware/ Description
Software
NodeMCU ESP-12E CP2102 NodeMcu Lua V2 Wireless Module Wifi Internet of
ESP-12E Things (IOT) Development Board Based On ESP8266.
RFID Tag NFC compatible 13.56MHz HF RFID tags with 1K byte EEPROM
memory (768 FREE BYTES availability), Reading distance is 0 - 10cm.
RC522 13.56MHz reader supporting all 13.56MHz, S50, Mifare One cards with
RFID a maximum data transfer rate of 10Mbit/s.
Reader
Arduino The Arduino Integrated Development Environment(IDE) is a cross-
IDE platform application that is written in functions from C and C++. It is
used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but
also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development boards
ie: NodeMCU.
Android Android Studio is the official integrated development environment for
Studio Google’s Android operating system, built on JetBrains’ IntelliJ IDEA
software and designed specifically for Android development.
MySQL MySQL is an Oracle-backed open source relational database manage-
Database ment system (RDBMS) based on Structured Query Language (SQL).
MySQL runs on virtually all platforms, including Linux, UNIX and Win-
dows.
HTML5 HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting con-
tent on the World Wide Web. HTML5 was the fifth and last major
version of HTML that is a World Wide Web Consortium recommenda-
tion.
Bootstrap Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at respon-
Framework sive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains CSS- and
for CSS3 JavaScript-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, nav-
igation, and other interface components.
Laravel Laravel is a free, open-source PHP web framework, intended for the
Framework development of web applications following the model–view–controller
for PHP architectural pattern.
JavaScript JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that
conforms to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript is high-level, of-
ten just-in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm.
AJAX Ajax is a set of web development techniques using many web technolo-
gies on the client side to create asynchronous web applications. With
Ajax, web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asyn-
chronously without interfering with the display and behavior of the ex-
isting page.

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3.2. Methodology and Design Chapter 3. Methodology

3.2 Methodology and Design

In the third phase, we finalized the data flow of the entire system and designed a block
diagram. The data-flow starts with the interaction of RFID student id card to the RFID
reader. Every RFID reader has its associated service to perform. As RFID reader is
coupled with NodeMCU it allows the reader to collect the data from the RFID card and
make an HTTP request using TCP/IP stack to the appropriate API. RFID reader makes
requests to the attendance module API that creates an entry to the database in case it is
used to keep track of the attendance record. The payment related RFID reader makes the
HTTP request to the payment module API. Payment module API is created in such a way
that it receives the request and robustly makes the transaction between service providers
such as the canteen, book store, and the students and makes entry to the database ac-
cordingly. Moreover, students and service providers can track their detailed activities
throughout the system that includes details of attendance records or any payment activ-
ity they make either via the Android app or Web app which gives them the flexibility of
accessing the system regardless of their device. All of the information related to the user’s
activities gets directly fetched from the database. Please see figure 3.2 .

Figure 3.2: Block Diagram of the Project

Moreover, we also designed the activity diagrams for all of our actors that will aid
the development process of our system. It illustrates a clear view of how the actors will
avail their services and also their interaction with the system. These diagrams will ease
the development process when we will be implementing the sytem. Please see the figures
below.

14
3.2. Methodology and Design Chapter 3. Methodology

Figure 3.3: Activity diagram of Admin

Figure 3.4: Activity diagram of Student

15
3.2. Methodology and Design Chapter 3. Methodology

Figure 3.5: Activity diagram of Teacher

Figure 3.6: Activity diagram of Vendor

16
3.3. Outcomes Chapter 3. Methodology

Figure 3.7: Activity diagram of fill-up process

Progressing onto phase four, we developed the UI (User Interface) for the student front
of our android application. We chose orange as the main color, symbolizing signature color
of our very own United International University. We went with a Materialistic Fluid design
for the android application for its’ smooth, pleasing, attractive and very natural feeling
interface. We were mindful to add all the necessary features such as: smart suggestive
login, logging in with the RFID card, payment and attendance systems, all the necessary
animations and custom GIF’s during the design phase so that later on during the coding
and implementation phase, there is no confusion among the programmers, all the while
trying to keep the UI fairly minimalistic as well, always displaying only what the user
needs to see. While designing the UI we were very cautious not to clutter the interface
with too many elements that might overwhelm the users. For better understanding of the
readers, we arranged the UI in a wireframe design at first and later replaced that with
proper mock-ups of the actual android application. Please check figure 3.3 .

3.3 Outcomes
The outcome of our project is to implement a secure, efficient and well-organized system
for both the students and teachers. For implementing our system, we have chosen RFID
technology which has been coupled with android and web application to record atten-
dance and make on-campus payments, such as canteen bills, tuition fees possible without

17
3.4. Accompanying Tools Chapter 3. Methodology

Figure 3.8: Wireframe Design of the UI

having to carry cash, which is not only safe and secure but also convenient. All of the
aforementioned systems are to be made available to users with only one card. The atten-
dance system offers significant speed and reliability benefits over the current backdated
method of recording attendance. In the payment process, the use of RFID technology has
a very short time which implies RFID-based payment systems have succeeded in shorten-
ing payment times. With the use of our system, students and faculty members can easily
make the payments in the canteen which will save a lot of time for both the buyers and
the service providers alike. Furthermore, students will not have to wait in a long queue
for tuition fee payments anymore. Finally, with an All-In-One RFID based smart card
system implemented, the users will be provided with an intuitive and convenient system
creating an advanced digitalized environment which will help everyone to keep pace with
the modern era of fast and rapid technological growth, all the while offering a peace of
mind in terms of security.

3.4 Accompanying Tools

There are several accompanying software that has been used throughout the development
of our system. Adobe XD has been utilized extensively to design the User Interface and
make prototypes of both the android application and the web application. This software
has allowed us to come up with a fluid design that is aesthetically pleasing to our users.
Moreover, Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator have been used to make animated
custom GIF’s that have added extra fluid design elements to our system. This proved to

18
3.5. Summary Chapter 3. Methodology

be rather challenging for us since our hardware wasn’t up to the mark to render 1440p
highly smooth frames. We had to settle for 1080p GIF’s with fairly above average smooth
frames for the time being. Secondly, Android Studio with various libraries has been used to
develop the android application that serves the users with robust functionality. Thirdly,
the XAMPP stack has been used to develop the entire web application along MySQL
for implementing the database. The data flow between the android application and the
database has been handled by several API’s written in PHP, which was also developed
from the ground up by us. Lastly, we have used Web-hosting and CPanel to make the web
application and database online into the World Wide Web. We have been able to organize
our resource files adroitly utilizing the vast functionalities CPanel provides.

3.5 Summary
With astoundingly positive responses from 112 UIU students, the necessity of such a
system is greater than ever before. Students have shared with us their honest thoughts
and suggestions, which honestly have overwhelmed us in the most humble way possible
because of the sheer amount of positive support and response we received. From the
comprehensive review of related literature that we did earlier, the required hardware and
software have been selected. A deeper analysis of the system allowed for a brief data
flow to conceptualize and a simple block diagram visualized that. This visualization of
the data flow in form of a block diagram has proven to be immensely helpful later on
during the implementation phase. The design of an aesthetic fluid android and web UI
has gone a long way in attracting the users and being pleasing to the eyes. Having a
good UI is always the first major step in terms of developing a project, because a bad
UI can break an otherwise very well done project. Whereas a well-done UI would even
mask many shortcomings of a mediocre one. This project offers a convenient and hassle
free attendance and payment system with a All-in-one smart RFID card. This entire
chapter paints a brief picture for the readers to understand the reasoning, inspiration and
methodology behind the development of the project.

19
Chapter 4

Implementation and Results

This chapter sheds light on the detailed process of implementation phase by first talking
about the environment setup in-depth. Then the chapter talks about the various imple-
mented features for the system. The chapter ends by talking about the results/outcomes
of the project.

4.1 Environment Setup

In order to begin developing this project we first had to make sure that our hardware
part is fully functional. To ensure that, first we made sure that our RFID card reader of
choice, which is RC522 is compatible with our NodeMCU microcontroller. We then had
to ensure that the Mifare HF RFID tags that we are using is compatible with the card
reader and most of the android devices that supports NFC. Having that done, we wired
the components correctly, ran a sample code in the Arduino IDE to test that all of the
hardware are in sync with one another and are in fact, reading and sending the correct
data. Secondly, we went onto designing a proper and perfectly functional database system
which will receive and send data to and from the hardware and android and web-based
applications respectively. We then downloaded and installed Android Studio for android
application development purposes and Sublime Text, which is our text editor of choice,
for web application development.

4.2 Implemented Features

4.2.1 Android Application
We have developed an android application for ease of use of the students, we aim to extend
this support to faculty members as well. The android application allows for a simpler and
more intuitive interaction with the attendance and payment data for the students. It
provides the ability to make secure payments on the go. It also acts as a security layer in
conjunction with the unique RFID tag number so that the sensitive information regarding

20
4.2. Implemented Features Chapter 4. Implementation and Results

student identification and amounts in wallet are not compromised simply by a stolen RFID
card or a device for that matter.

4.2.2 Web Application

The web application provides an extensive access and control over application for every
user. Teachers can view all the courses he is currently in charge of and can view any
students history of attendance for that particular course at any time. They can also have
a real time live feed while taking attendance of the students so that any proxy situation
is avoided. Students can view his enrolled courses for the running trimester and can view
his attendance history. Both teachers and students can check their wallet balance and top
it up as per their need. The web app is also a control hub for the administrators of the
system as well. The administrators can add and remove students and teachers to the main
database and can assign them new tag id’s if anyone of them loose theirs.

4.2.3 Smart Login

The login system on the android application is smart enough to detect whether there
is NFC available on the user device and can recommend the best way to log in too the
application based on that.

4.2.4 Real Time Attendance Update

In the web application the teacher can view in real time which student has recorded his/her
attendance on the respective course including the time and id and all other necessary
information. This feature is soon to be implemented on the android application in the
near future as well.

4.2.5 Wallet For Payments

Both the android and web applications allows the users to maintain a wallet for on campus
payments. The android application in particular allows the users to make on campus
payments while ensuring the security of the transactions. It also allows for properly
managed way to keep track of the money spent on campus.

4.2.6 Upload/Change User Details

Both the android application and the web application allows the users to change their
passwords, upload photographs.

4.2.7 Vendor Dashboard

A dedicated dashboard to the service providers AKA vendors so that they can manage
their menu items and sell them to the customer, namely the students and teachers, while

21
4.3. Application Outcome Chapter 4. Implementation and Results

having an intuitive UI to interact with. This would also allow the vendors to have and
provide visual feedback of their payments with card.

4.2.8 Admin Panel

An extensive admin panel allowing the admins to have the utmost control over what is
going on in the system. The admins have the unique features of adding/removing new
users into the system, assigning students to courses and binding them to sections, assigning
teacher to their respective sections and courses and access to many other highly sensitive
information that is otherwise not to be displayed to the users in general.

4.2.9 Multi-platform Compatibility

The android and web applications are always in sync. Both the applications are capable of
displaying real time data and so any changes made in the database through any application
are visible right away in the other in the connectivity is optimal. Users of each and every
eco-system, whether it is of android or IOS can use our system with the utmost comfort.

4.2.10 Finesse and Control

Our developed system provides a level of finesse and control to every kind of users like no
other solution out there. The teacher has utmost control over the attendance taken for
his course. Both the teacher and the student has control over when and how they want to
spend money from their wallets and when they want to top it off. The students will not
have to run around in different banks to pay their tuition fees anymore. They will be able
to do that directly from the android application itself. The administrators will be able
to add and/or block/remove students and teacher according to the authorities decision.
This level of absolute control for each of the actors is nowhere to be seen in the industry,
at the very least in a compact and combo system like ours.

4.3 Application Outcome

This section briefs about the outcome of the system. The system runs on the web as well
as on an android device.

4.3.1 Login
The system has a secured login process for each type of user that leads to their corre-
sponding offered services. Furthermore, the android app has a smart login feature that
facilitates fast and secured login to the system. Here is a glimpse of the login process.Figure
4.1 illustrates login on both web and android app.

22
4.3. Application Outcome Chapter 4. Implementation and Results

Figure 4.1: Login module

4.3.2 Admin Panel

The Admin panel provides the system administrator all the sensitive data that is not
available to others. It allows the system administrator to issue a new RFID card to a new
user and a lot of capabilities from managing courses to assigning sections to a student and
a faculty. Here, in Figure 4.2 we have a look at the admin panel.

Figure 4.2: Admin Panel

4.3.3 Dashboards
The system greets the user with their respective dashboard after successful login.Each
actor has his own dashboard which provides easier navigation to the services he intends

23
4.3. Application Outcome Chapter 4. Implementation and Results

to use.Moreover, the simplicity of the dashboard design makes the interaction with the
system fluid and to the point.The dashboards also contain profile details.The dashboards
ensure that user can access all of the features of the system in one place and in a more
efficient manner .Figure 4.3 shows a look of the dashboards.

Figure 4.3: Dashboards

4.3.4 Attendance Module

Students and faculties both can access the attendance module from their respective dash-
boards that allow giving attendance for a particular class and also provides a real-time
update. The faculty initiates the attendance module first and then the attendance module
registers the attendance of the students for any particular class. Students can view their
attendance update live on the android app too. Figure 4.4 demonstrates the attendance
module.

Figure 4.4: Attendance Module

24
4.3. Application Outcome Chapter 4. Implementation and Results

4.3.5 Payment Module

The payment module handles the transactions between the users and the service provider
AKA vendors. Upon buying items the user needs to touch the RFID card to the RFID
reader provided at the vendor’s location and the payment module makes the transaction.
The module is available on the user dashboards. Apart from handling the transactions it
also provides the transaction history to the users which are available on both web and the
android app.We see the payment module on of the system in figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: Payment Module

4.3.6 Wallet Fill-up Module

As the system has a feature to load cash against the RFID card to make payments, the
system features a nifty solution to recharge the card. The institutional account division
has access to the module and they will use the module to recharge the RFID card upon
recieving cash from the user. Here is a look at the fill-up module in figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6: Fill-up Module

25
4.4. Summary Chapter 4. Implementation and Results

4.4 Summary
The implementation of this system, however difficult has been worth it. The system has
been of tremendous help to both the students and the teachers alike, not to mention
to the vendors and the authority as well. Through the implementation of this system
we have been able to offer an entirely new experience to the users; offering fast, secure
and convenient method of recording attendance and making payments that have not yet
been introduced in our institution well enough. This system focuses on the ease of use
and proper visual feedback for the users, while also providing very sophisticated technical
benefits and control over the system.

26
Chapter 5

Standards and Design Constraints

This chapter talks about the various standards used in order to implement the project
in the first section. And in the second phase this chapter sheds lights to the various
impacts and constraints of the project on various aspects of the environment, society and
the industry in general.

5.1 Compliance with the Standards

There are no known standards and constraints in Bangladesh. As a result, international
standards are being followed:

5.1.1 Software Standard

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (US ASCII)

5.1.2 Hardware Standard

• Universal Serial Bus (USB) used to power hardware

5.1.3 Programming Languages

• JavaScript used for front-end programming

• SQL used for database manipulation

• PHP used for back-end programming

• Arduino Programming Language used to write sketches for NodeMcu

• Java used for android app development

27
5.2. Design Constraints Chapter 5. Standards and Design Constraints

5.1.4 Communication Standard

• W3C used for web development

• HTTP used to make HTTP requests

• Wireless IEEE 802.11b used to connect devices through WiFi

• RFID ISO/IEC 14443 used for RFID data read and write

5.2 Design Constraints

The constraints listed below reflect our implemented systems’ impact on the market, the
environment and other related fields such as social impact, ethical impact, health, man-
ufacturability, sustainability etc . Basically it points out the key factors that had been
considered during the development phase of the entire system.

5.2.1 Economic Constraint

This system is an enormous improvement on the existing market products. The holy-
grail of RFID access control system is thought to be BioStar SUPREMA, which despite
providing a finely tuned product, is far more expensive than it should be even at the entry
level.Which takes it far away from many out there who might be beneficial by getting the
services this system offers.But We are able to provide the same level of security and finesse,
with a much more streamlined and finely tuned software experience, at a fraction of the
cost for which people out there can be benefited by being valuable user of this system.

5.2.2 Environmental Constraint

The system doesn’t consume much energy and it doesn’t emit any waste at all, discarding
the possibility of any negative impact on the ecosystem. The wastage of energy due to
system loss is very minimum which is almost is negligible. It is ensured maintained very
carefully that the system doesn’t have any negative impact at all on environment and
ecosystem.

5.2.3 Ethical Constraint

As the entire system is fully automated, no question on its fairness will be risen. Every
actor will exactly be served as they have been promised by the system. It is designed
and implemented in such a way that no data or security breach is possible whatever the
consequences are.And It can not be used for unfair means at any situation.

5.2.4 Social Constraint

People of all sectors can use this system if the environment they are surrounded by has
this system installed. Especially the people working on a place where their activities are

28
5.3. Summary Chapter 5. Standards and Design Constraints

being recorded and are eligible to be fully automated will have the ultimate benefit of this
system.

5.2.5 Political Constraint

We have been concerned regarding the fact that the system doesn’t break any law during
its’ usage period or when the system is being implemented in a institution. As it is all
legal the system doesn’t need any approval from government or any organizations which
reduces the trouble which may occur while implementation of some other systems.

5.2.6 Health Constraint

We have been very mindful of the fact that the system doesn’t cause any health issues to
the users and it has been one of our top most priorities during the development period of
this system. We have utmost concern of the well-being of our users in mind at all times.

5.2.7 Manufacturability and Cost Analysis

We have thoroughly went through the system’s feasibility analysis and have been con-
vinced that we can produce this system in vast numbers as per requirement and might
even be able to upgrade the product with more advanced technologies which are yet to
come. Manufacturing the product in vast quantities would definitely be cost efficient and
profitable at the same time.

5.2.8 Sustainability
The entire system is designed in such a way that it is very durable during its usage period.
Any person related to the concerned institution in which the system has been implemented,
would have the eligibility of using the system without any hassle or trouble.

5.3 Summary
Our goal is to lessen the inconvenience and hassle of recording attendance and making on
campus all kind of payments. We have been aware of the fact during the development phase
that the whole system will be used by different level of people and everyone’s capability
of using a system can never be of same standard.So that, we have developed this system
with the ease-of-use and convenience in mind. We have opted for the highest international
standards and were mindful of various constraints during the development phase to ensure
the quality and credibility of our system.

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Chapter 6

Conclusion

This chapter closes the curtains on this report by summarizing the project first. Then
the chapter goes on to talk about some unwanted limitations that this project faces while
implementing in real life. And finally, this chapter ends the report by discussing the future
scope of our project.

6.1 Summary
Implementing any system in a real-world scenario is always a heavy task, especially when
the system takes on a challenge to improve existing systems. Our journey to implement
and introduce this new technology to our superiors wasn’t an easy task. But through
the numerous ups and downs we faced, we learned a lot of new things and discovered
an entirely new world of access control systems. We first conducted a survey on our
system’s acceptance and feasibility. We wanted to check the public response to our system.
There were several questions about this system and we have received tremendous positive
feedback from almost everyone which has given us more motivation to make this system
stand. Another purpose of conducting this survey was to find out if the system we want to
build is suitable for everyone or if everyone wants something like this. Since we have not
received any negative feedback, we are optimistic about our system. Our implementation
improves upon the conventional method of taking attendance and hazardous on-campus
payments and takes it to an entirely new level with the integration of android and web
applications and real-time visual feedback and wallet management. We, however, did
not stop there. We improved upon several other implementations of all-in-one student id
cards, by improving on checking the proxy attendance situation. At the same time, we
have tried to emphasize privacy and security in our system, because we think everyone
deserves privacy with their data. Security has also been emphasized so that everyone’s
privacy is maintained properly. We have made our attendance system proxy free. However,
we have big plans for new updates in the near future.

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6.2. Limitations Chapter 6. Conclusion

6.2 Limitations
Although trying our very best to rid the system of any major limitations or loopholes,
we still have some features to be desired, which is always the case with any and all first
generation products. We tried our best to extend our support to any and all users from
different ecosystems of technology. However, due to a shortage of time, we could not
make a native IOS application to support IOS users. Not to mention, our system requires
a constant supply of power and an ”always connected” environment to operate, which
might not always be possible in an underdeveloped or even in a developing country 24/7.
Although to be fair, as previously mentioned the power consumption of our device is very
minor in real world comparisons. But for the sake of transparency and argument, even
that should not be a concern in a perfect world or vacuum. Provided enough resources
and time, We hope to mitigate these limitations soon enough.

6.3 Future Work

Future work for our system includes implementation of a ticket checking system for univer-
sity bus services and implementation of an automated library book issuing system through
the usage of RFID in a similar manner. This would allow us to expand our services to
various new sectors and allow for an overall all-rounded experience for the users as well.
In terms of improving our already implemented system, we are looking forward to imple-
menting HCE(Host Card Emulation) and two-factor authentication for payments on the
android application side. We also have a big plan to implement an AI-based notification
system on the native android application that will notify the students to join classes if
they have less than minimal attendance in a particular course. Our main purpose in cre-
ating this system is to bring an end to the previously cumbersome manual methods of
making payments and taking attendance. We are trying to eliminate the wastage of time
that used to be a constant in previous systems through the implementation of our newly
improved system so that these certain tasks can be executed in a hassle-free and less time
consuming manner. Moreover, we will try to get important feedback from our respected
users in the future should they face any problems or have complaints or suggestions about
our system. We will be mindful to fix bugs and update the system as per user requirements
in timely manner for the betterment of both the system and the respected users. With
enough time and proper resources, we are confident that we can truly make this system
into a market-ready product that offers the best security and convenience at a fraction of
the price of current market standards.

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