BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT
AVALAHALLI, YELAHANKA, BENGALURU – 560064

(AUTONOMOUS UNDER VTU)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Advanced Electromagnetics– 21EC56

Alternate Assessment Tool Activity

Submitted by :
C MANJUNATH REDDY:1BY21EC034

Course Coordinator:
Dr. Rashmi N
Assistant Professor
Dept. of E.C.E,BMSIT
2023-2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.no CONTENT Pg.no

1 ABSTRACT 2
2 INTRODUCTION 2
3 VECTOR CALCULUS TOPICS
3.1 CURL 3
3.2 INTEGRAL OF DIVERGENCE 4
3.3 DIVERGENCE 5
3.4 GRADIENT 6
3.5 LINE INTEGRAL 7
3.6 SURFACE INTEGRAL 8
4 CONCLUSION 9
 1. ABSTRACT
This assignment explores the simulation of essential vector calculus operations
using MATLAB. The primary focus is on understanding and visualizing the
concepts of curl, divergence, gradient, line integral, and surface integral.
Through numerical simulations, the goal is to gain insights into these
mathematical operations and their applications in various fields.

2. INTRODUCTION
Vector calculus plays a crucial role in describing and understanding physical
phenomena in diverse scientific and engineering disciplines. The operations of
curl, divergence, gradient, line integral, and surface integral provide powerful
tools for analysing vector fields. In this assignment, we employ MATLAB to
simulate these operations, allowing for a hands-on exploration of their
properties and applications.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 2
 3. CONTENTS

1. CURL OF VECTOR

Definition: The curl of a vector field measures the rotation or angular tendency
of the field at a given point.
Formula: If F = [P, Q, R], then the curl of F is given by curl
(F) = (∂R/∂y - ∂Q/∂z, ∂P/∂z - ∂R/∂x, ∂Q/∂x - ∂P/∂y)

CODE

OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS OF CURL

Application 1: Fluid Dynamics

Simulate the curl of a vector field to analyze fluid flow patterns, crucial for understanding
turbulence and vortices in fluid dynamics.

Application 2: Electromagnetism

Explore the curl of a magnetic field vector to study electromagnetic induction, vital for
applications like transformers and generators.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 3
 3.2 DIVERGENCE INTEGRAL

Definition: The divergence integral, using the divergence theorem, relates the
flux of a vector field across a closed surface to the divergence of the field within
the enclosed region.
Formula: For a vector field F = [P, Q, R], the divergence theorem states
∬∬∬_V ∇· F dV = ∬∬_S F · n Ds

CODE

OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS OF DIVERGENCE INTEGRAL

Application 1: Fluid Flow Rate

Utilize the divergence theorem to simulate and calculate fluid flow rates through a closed
surface, demonstrating its application in fluid dynamics.

Application 2: Electric Flux

Apply divergence integral to study the electric flux through a closed surface, a fundamental
concept in electromagnetism.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 4
 3.3 DIVERGENCE

Definition: The divergence of a vector field represents the rate at which the field
flows out from a given point.
Formula: If F = [P, Q, R], then the divergence of F is given by
div(F) = ∂P/∂x + ∂Q/∂y + ∂R/∂z

CODE

OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS OF DIVERGENCE

Application 1: Conservation Laws

Simulate the divergence of a vector field to investigate how it relates to the conservation laws
in physics, such as mass or charge conservation.

Application 2: Heat Transfer

Explore the divergence of a heat flux vector to analyze heat transfer within a given region,
showcasing its application in thermal physics.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 5
 3.4 GRADIENT

Definition: The gradient of a scalar field is a vector field that points in the
direction of the steepest increase of the scalar field at each point.
Formula: If f is a scalar function, then the gradient of f is given by
∇f = (∂f/∂x, ∂f/∂y, ∂f/∂z)

CODE

OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS OF GRADIENT

Application 1: Potential Fields

Simulate and visualize the gradient of a scalar field to understand its role in potential fields,
including gravitational and electric potentials.

Application 2: Optimization

Apply the gradient to optimize a scalar function, demonstrating its importance in mathematical
optimization problems.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 6
 3.5 LINE INTEGRAL

Definition: The line integral of a vector field along a curve measures the total
effect of the field along that curve.
Formula: For a curve C parameterized by r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)], and a vector field
F = [P, Q, R], the line integral is given by
∫_C F · dr = ∫_a^b F(r(t)) · r'(t) dt

CODE

OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS OF LINE INTEGRAL

Application 1: Work Calculation

Simulate a line integral to calculate the work done by a force along a specified path, a common
application in physics and engineering.

Application 2: Path-Dependent Phenomena

Explore line integrals in vector fields to understand phenomena that depend on the path taken,
such as circulation in fluid dynamics.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 7
 3.6 SURFACE INTEGRAL

Definition: The surface integral of a vector field over a surface measures the flux
of the field through the surface.
Formula: For a surface S with a normal vector n and a vector field F = [P, Q, R],
the surface integral is given by
∬_S F · dS = ∬_S F · n Ds

CODE

OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE INTEGRAL

Application 1: Flux Calculation

Use surface integrals to calculate the flux of a vector field through a surface, applicable in
electromagnetism and fluid dynamics.

Application 2: Surface Area Calculation

Simulate surface integrals to calculate the surface area of a given 3D object, demonstrating its
significance in geometry and physical modelling.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 8
 4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this assignment has provided a comprehensive exploration of

vector calculus operations through MATLAB simulations. The applications
highlighted in fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, optimization, and other fields
showcase the versatility and significance of these operations in real-world
scenarios. The hands-on experience gained through simulations enhances
understanding and appreciation for the mathematical tools that underpin various
scientific and engineering disciplines.

Dept. of ECE,BMSIT 9