Dental Ceramics

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 Introduction
 Ceramic is derived from the Greek word “keramikos” -‘earthen’.
 Ceramic is derived from Sanskrit word meaning burnt earth.

 Although many advances have been made in composites and

glass ionomers, ceramic material holds a special place in dentistry.

 Its color, translucency and vitality cannot be matched by any

material.

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 Ceramics
 Compounds of one or more metals with a non metallic element that
may be used as a single structural component or as one of the
several layers that are used in the fabrication of a ceramic based
prosthesis . (GPT- 7)

Porcelain
 are composed of essentially the same materials, the principle
difference being in the proportion of the primary ingredients (such as
feldspar, silica and kaolin/ clay) and firing procedures (temperature,
method etc).
 All porcelains are ceramics, but not all ceramics are porcelains.
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4
History……..

 History of porcelain used as a dental material goes back nearly 250 years.

 1728 - the use of porcelain in dentistry was first mentioned by Pirre

Fauchard.

 1774 – Alexis Duchateau, with the assistance of a Parisian dentist Nicholas

Dubois de Chemant, made the first successful porcelain dentures replacing
the stained and malodorous ivory prostheses of Duchateau

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History……..

 1806 to1808 - Fonzi an Italian dentist introduced the first porcelain teeth that
contained embedded platinum pins. But they never met with great approval
because of their brittleness and opacity. He also used metal oxides to produce 26
shades of color in porcelain.

 1825- Samuel Stockton began fabrication of fused porcelain teeth in Philadelphia.

His initials were represented in the name of the S.S.White company.

 1837 – John Murphy of London introduced the plantium foil technique

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History……..

 1884 – Dr Charles H.Land pioneered the development of the first glass furnace
for fusing porcelain.

 1887 – Dr C.H.Land of Detroit developed the first porcelain jacket crown (PJC)
using the Platinum Foil Matrix technique.

 1894 – Levitt Ellsworth Custer developed the first electric furnace for porcelain.

 1903 - Dr.Charles Land introduced first ceramic crowns to dentistry.

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History……..

 1910 – High fusing electric furnaces (fusion at 20000 F) were

recommended to minimize the firing shrinkage and application of
hydrofluoric acid to the fitting surface to produce a ‘honeycomb’
appearance to enhance retention.

 1923 - Wain - inlays and onlays using dental porcelain.

 1940 - with advent of acrylics PJC lost popularity.

 1957 – S. D. Stookey invented glass-ceramic.

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History……..

 1958 - Vines et al, introduced finer porcelain powders for vacuum

firing. It was the first major improvement in the esthetics, because
it increased the translucency of all-porcelain crowns.

 1962- Weinstein et al patented formulations of feldspathic porcelain

and alloys that bonded chemically & were thermally compatible
with feldspathic porcelains.

 1963 - first commercial porcelain developed by Vita Zahnfabrik.

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History……..

 1965- McLean & Hughes introduced dental aluminous core

ceramic with significant improvement in fracture resistance.

 1968 – W.T. MacCulloch fabricated denture teeth from a glass-

ceramic. He suggested the possibility of using glass-ceramics in
inlays and crowns.

 1976 – McLean & Sced developed the platinum bonded alumina

crown. The attachment of aluminous porcelain to the platinum was
achieved by surface coating of the metal with a thin layer of tin.
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History……..

 1983 – Sozio & Riley first described shrink-free ceramics (marketed as

Cerestore), which was followed by development of injection-molded
castable glass-ceramic by the University of Zurich (marketed as IPS
Empress).

 1984- Adair & Grossman introduced Dicor glass-ceramic.

 1985 – First CAD/CAM crown was publically milled and installed in the
mouth
 1986 – The first generation CEREC 1 (Siemens) CAD/CAM system was
introduced.

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History……..

 1988 – Michael Sadoun first introduced In-ceram, a glass-infiltrated

aluminous porcelain.

 1989 – The concept of all-ceramic post & core was introduced using
Dicor glass-ceramic initially, followed by In-cream, IPS Empress and
Zirconica ceramics.

 1993 – The Procera CAD/CAM system was developed by Andersson

M. & Oden by a co- operative effort between Nobel Biocare and
Sandvik.
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History……..

 1994 – The second generation CEREC 2 (Siemens/Sirona)

CAD/CAM system was presented.

 Late 1990’s – IPS Empress 2, a second generation pressable

ceramic made from lithium-disilicate frame work with an apatite
layered ceramic was introduced

 1999 – IPS SIGN (Ivoclar AG), a feldspar-free fluorapatite glass

ceramic system for use in metal-ceramics was presented.

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History……..

 2000 – two dimensional CEREC 3 was presented.

 2002 - Lava uses a laser optical system to digitize information from

multiple abutment margins

 2005 – The three dimensional CEREC 3D was presented.

Scanning and designing 3 dimensional viewing Milling

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 Classification of Dental Ceramics

According to Type
1. Feldspathic porcelain
2. Leucite-reinforced porcelain
3. Aluminous porcelain
4. Alumina
5. Glass-infiltrated alumina
6. Glass-infiltrated spinel
7. Glass-ceramic.

According to Processing Method

1. Sintering
2. Casting
3. Machining
K.J. Anusavice, 1996, Phillips 10th edition) 15
Classification……

According to Use or Indications

Anterior Crowns Posterior Crowns

Veneers
Post & cores Fixed Partial Dentures
Denture teeth, inlay, onlay, Ceramic brackets for orthodontic treatment.
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(By K.J. Anusavice, 1996, Phillips 10th edition).

According to Substructure Material

1. Cast metal

2. Swaged metal

3. Glass-ceramic

4. CAD-CAM porcelain

5. Sintered ceramic core.

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According to Microstructure
1. Non-Crystalline Ceramics e.g.: Feldspathic porcelain
2. Crystalline Ceramics e.g.: Aluminous porcelain,
Glass-Ceramics

According to Method of Firing

1. Air fired.
2. Vacuum fired

According to Firing Temperature

1. Ultra low fusing (<850oC)
2. Low fusing (850oC -1100oC)
3. Medium fusing (1100oC -1300oC)
4. High fusing (>1300oC)

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Classification……

According to Varieties Used/ Application

1. Core porcelain

2. Opaque porcelain

3. Body (dentin) porcelain

4. Gingival, cervical or neck porcelain

5. Enamel (incisal) porcelain

6. Color frits (pigments)

7. Glazed porcelains

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Classification……

According to method of fabrication

-(Marc Rosenblum & Alan Schulman JADA March 1997).

 Cast metal systems : eg: Vita Metall Keramik (VMK 95)

 Non- Cast Metal Systems Foil Crown Systems /All – Ceramic
Systems

1. Conventional Powder – Slurry Ceramics

2. Castable Ceramics
3. Machinable Ceramics
4. Pressable Ceramics
5. Infiltrated Ceramics
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1.Conventional Powder – Slurry Ceramics
condensing & sintering.

1. Alumina reinforced Porcelain e.g. Hi-Ceram

2. Magnesia reinforced Porcelain e.g. Magnesia cores

3. Leucite reinforced (High strength porcelain)

e.g. Optec HSP

4. Zirconia whisker – fiber reinforced e.g. Mirage II

5. Low fusing ceramics

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 2. Castable Ceramics
casting & ceramming

1. Flouromicas e.g. Dicor

2. Apatite based Glass-Ceramics e.g. Cera Pearl

3. Other Glass-Ceramics e.g. Lithia based, Calcium

phosphate based

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3. Machinable Ceramics
Milling & machining

Analogous Systems
Grinding techniques :
a) Mechanical e.g. : Celay
b) Automatic e.g. Ceramatic II. DCP
Erosive techniques:
a) Sono-erosion e.g. Erosonic
b) Spark-erosion e.g. Procera

Digital systems (CAD / CAM):

Direct e.g. Cerec 1 & Cerec 2
Indirect e.g. Cicero, Denti CAD

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 4. Pressable Ceramics
pressure molding & sintering

1. Shrink-Free Alumina Reinforced Ceramic (Injection Molded)

E.g. Cerestore / Alceram

2. Leucite Reinforced Ceramic (Heat – Transfer Molded)

E.g. IPS Empress, IPS Empress 2, Optec OPC.

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5. Infiltrated Ceramics
slip-casting, sintering & glass infiltration
1) Alumina based

e.g. In-Ceram Alumina

2) Spinel based

e.g. In-Ceram Spinel

3) Zirconia based

e.g. In-Ceram Zirconia

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 Composition of Dental Ceramics
Ingredients Wt % Function

Feldspar 60-80 Basic glass former

Alumina 8-20 Strengthener, glass former, opacifier

Kaolin 3-5 Binder during firing

Quartz (crystalline silica) 15-20 Filler

Boric oxide 2-7 Glass modifiers, flux

Oxides of Na, K, Ca 9-15 Glass modifiers, interrupter, fluxes

Metallic pigments <1% Color matching

Oxides of Zr, Sn, Ba, Ti, B Trace As color pigments & shade
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 Composition …..

Feldspar
 These are a group of naturally occurring minerals, which are complex
alkali aluminium silicate.

Types of feldspar:
 Soda feldspar – Sodium alumina ( Na2O Al2O3, 2SiO2, 2H2O)
decreases fusion temperature
 Potash feldspar – Potassium aluminium silicate ( K2O, Al2O3, 6SiO2)
increases the viscosity of glass.

 Proper potash content decreases the danger of excessive pyroplastic

flow during firing of porcelain, which could otherwise result in rounding of
the edges, loss of form ,shape; and the obliteration of surface
characteristics which contribute to a life like appearance. 27
 Composition …..

Role of feldspar It is a basic glass former

 Glass phase formation:

During firing, the feldspar fuses and forms a glassy phase that softens
and flows slightly allowing the porcelain powder particles to coalesce
together, thus acts as a matrix and binds silica and kaolin.

Leucite formation
 Between 1150o & 1530oc it undergoes incongruent melting and forms
crystals of leucite.
 Leucite is a potassium aluminum silicate with large coefficient of
thermal expansion
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 Composition …..

Function of Leucite
 To raise the coefficient of thermal expansion of porcelain and bring it
closer to that of the metal substrate; consequently increasing the
hardness and fusion temperature.

 Strengthening of porcelain

e.g. Optec HSP, Cerinate, & IPS Empress.

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 Composition …..

Kaolin
Hydrated aluminum silicate.
 Increases the mouldability of the plastic porcelain
 Acts as a binder and helps in maintaining the shape of the unfired
porcelain during firing.
 At high temperature, it fuses and reacts with other ingredients to
form the glassy matrix.

Drawback
 Opacity even when present in very small quantities.
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 Composition …..

Quartz (Crystalline Silica)

 It is basically a glass consisting of 3-dimensional network of silica with a
very high fusion temperature.

Functions
 Acts as a filler
 Provides strength and hardness to porcelain.
 Because it has a high melting point, it maintains the form (shape)
of a freestanding object during firing.

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 Composition …..

Glass Modifiers or Fluxes

 Can be defined as elements that interfere with the integrity of the
SiO2 (glass) network and alter their three-dimensional state.
 Purpose
 To lower the fusion temperature of a glass by reducing the amount
of cross-linking between the oxygen and glass forming elements.
 Increase the flow of porcelain during firing.
e.g. Alkali metal ions such as Na, K or Ca (usually as carbonates).

If concentration is too high:

 It reduces chemical durability of the glass. (resistance to
attack by water, acids and alkalis)
 It causes the glass to crystallize or devitrify. 32
 Alumina (Aluminum oxide)
 One of the hardest and strongest oxides of aluminium
 Increases viscosity of porcelain during firing.
 Gives strength and opacity to the material.

Boric Oxide
 Boric Oxide (B2 O3) although a powerful flux (glass modifier), it can
also act as a glass former and form its own glass network, producing
Boron Glasses.
 12%- above which the less stable form BO3 takes over.
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 Composition …..

Water
 Water is an important glass modifier.
 The hydronium ion, H3O can replace Na or other metal ions in a
ceramic that contains glass modifiers.

Significance
 This replacement is responsible for the phenomenon of “slow crack
growth” of ceramics that are exposed to tensile stresses and stored in
moist environment

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 Composition …..

Coloring Agents
 Dental porcelains colored by the addition of concentrated color frits
(generally metallic oxides) into the basic glass.
 The glass thus obtained will be highly color saturated and when
ground to a fine powder, can be used in small amounts to modify the
uncolored porcelain powder.

 Pink- Chromium or chrome-aluminia

 Yellow – indium
 Blue- Cobalt salts in the form of oxide are useful in developing of the
enamel shades
 Grey- Iron oxide (black) or platinum Grey: used for producing enamels
or grayer section of the dentin colors, and also for an effect of
translucency. 35
 Composition …..

 Green- Chromium oxide: is generally avoided since green is the

characteristic color of glass.

Other pigments used may be –

 Titanium oxide –yellow brown,
 manganese oxide- lavender,
 iron/nickel oxide- brown,
 copper oxide – green.

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 Opacifying Agents
consists of a metal oxide.
 Reduces the translucency of porcelain
 Produces dentin colors in particular, which requires greater opacity
than that of enamel colors.

The common metallic oxides used are –

 Cerium oxide, Titanium oxide,Tin oxide, and
 Zirconium oxide (ZrO2)- most popularly used opacifying agent.

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 Mode of Supply
Porcelain kit consists of:
 Fine ceramic powders of different shades of enamel, dentin,
core/opaque
 Special liquid/ distilled water- vehicle/medium for ceramic powder
(binder)
 Stains or color modifiers
 Glazes

Various enamel, dentin and opaquer porcelains 38

 Methods of fabricating ceramic restorations

 Condensing and Sintering,

 Casting & Ceramming
 Milling (Machining) by mechanical and digital systems.
 Pressure molding & Sintering
 Slip casting, Sintering & Glass infiltration

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Fabrication of Porcelain
However, fabrication of a conventional porcelain restoration is
basically composed of the following stages:

 Condensation
 Sintering
 Glazing
 Cooling.

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Mixing of powder and liquid

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Condensation
 Process of packing the powder particles together & removing excess
water is known as condensation.

 Porcelain powder particles within the mass are closely packed in

order to reduce volume shrinkage of porcelain & minimize porosity in
the fired porcelain.

 Porcelain should not dry out as the porcelain is held together due to
surface tension.

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 Condensation…………

Methods of condensation

1. Spatulation

2. Brush technique

3. Vibration

4. Ultrasonic

Condensation of porcelain slurry on

a metal framework

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 Condensation…………

Spatulation
 Article is carefully smoothened with a spatula when extra water from
inside comes to the surface by capillary action which is removed by
blotting paper or linen cloth.

Brush technique
 This method employs the addition of dry porcelain powder on the
surface by a brush to the side opposite of wet porcelain to absorb the
moisture.
 As the water is drawn towards the dry powder, the wet particles are
pulled together.
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Condensation…………

Vibration Method
 This method used mild vibration to pack the wet powder densely on
the underlying framework.
 The excess water is blotted away with a clean tissue
 An electrically operated brush called the Vibra Brush can also be
used in this technique, which although very efficient, lacks the
flexibility offered by the light weight hand held sable brush.

Ultrasonic method
 Ultrasonic vibrations are transmitted electrically & water coming
out is removed using blotting paper or linen cloth.
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Sintering
 The process of fusing the condensed mass is known as firing/ sintering.
 Porcelain firing unit (muffle chamber) is preheated to 650oC & article to
be fired is placed in a fire clay tray & then placed on a platform.
 Preheating the porcelain by placing it in front of the muffle is essential.
Direct heating causes rapid steam production that breaks up the mass.

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 Firing procedure………

 Platform is raised & article is held inside

muffle chamber for 5 min. (remaining water is
converted into steam & comes out).

 Door of muffle chamber is closed & evacuated

by connecting it to a vacuum pump.

 Temperature is gradually raised to firing

temperature of porcelain.
Muffle Chamber

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 Shrinks 30-40% by volume.

 During firing there is partial fusion of particles at their point of

contact. As the temperature is raised the fused glass gradually
flows to fill up air spaces.

 Vacuum firing is done to reduce porosity in porcelain.

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 Firing procedure………

Stages of Maturity
Stages are known as bisque/biscuit stages.

Different stages are:

 Low bisque stage
 Medium bisque stage
 High bisque stage.

 Less the number of firings, higher is the strength and better

is the esthetics.

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 Firing procedure………

Low Bisque Stage

 As temperature rises, surface of the particles begin to soften &
these loose particles just begin to join.
 No volume shrinkage.
 If firing is stopped at this stage, particles form a porous mass.
 Weak & friable
 Opaque
 Used in glass infiltrated ceramics- Inceram

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 Firing procedure………

Medium Bisque Stage

 On further heating, more softening of particles takes place & they

begin to melt.
 Better cohesion.
 Slight volume shrinkage.
 Reduced although still porous
 Moderate strength
 Less opaque and color has developed

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 Firing procedure………

High Bisque Stage

 Further heating causes melting of all particles producing complete
cohesion & maximum volume shrinkage.
 Porosity absent
 High Strength
 Relatively smooth surface with a light sheen
 Color & translucency developed
 As liquid is highly viscous, it retains its shape for some time
 If heating is prolonged, liquid gradually flows under gravity i.e.
pyroplastic flow, & article looses sharp corners & its shape.
 Firing is discontinued usually at this stage for complete melting. 52
 Glazes
 Colorless porcelain applied to the surface to give it a glossy lifelike
appearance.
 Does not contain opacifiers.
 Low fusion temperature.
 Contain lot of glass modifiers.

Glazing
 To remove surface cracks & improve the flexure strength
Two types :
 Auto glazing or Self glazing
 Over glazing 53
Glazing……

 Auto glazing or Self glazing

Temperature of porcelain is quickly raised to melt surface particles

which flow & fill all the microcracks.

 Over glazing

A thin layer of transparent glaze porcelain of lower fusion temperature

is coated on body porcelain & is then fired at lower temperature only to

melt outer layer of glaze porcelain which flows into surface cracks.

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 Cooling of the fired article
 Muffle chamber is gradually cooled according to manufacturer instructions for
porcelain to undergo uniform shrinkage to minimize formation of micro cracks

 Platform is then brought down & the article is removed.

 Surface microcracks can be filled by the application of Glaze

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 Properties
 Excellent esthetic properties :: suitable stains can be applied ::

color parameters (hue, chroma & value) are permanent.

 Color stability

 Chemically inert, excellent biocompatibility

 Chemical stability: insoluble and impermeable to oral fluids,

chemical degradation by fluoride attack.

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 Properties
 Low coefficient of thermal expansion, nearly same as tooth enamel
6.4 -7.8 x 10-6/oc.
 Dimensional stability: stable after firing
 Low thermal conductivity
 Compressive strength: good 480 MPA.
 Greater surface hardness (460 KHN) than tooth enamel (343 KHN)
: abrasion & wearing of opposing natural tooth and metal
restorations

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 Properties
 Brittle
 Tensile strength - 35-50 MPA
 Modulus of elasticity: low 40 GPa
 Shear strength: low 110 MPa.
 Shrinkage
 Volumetric - 35 – 45 %, Linear - 11 – 14 %
 Minimized by using lesser binder, proper condensation, build – up of
restoration 1/3rd larger than original size and firing in successive
stages.
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Why are Ceramics weak ?
1. Brittle – Covalent bonds
2. Inherent flaws
3. > # in moist environment

Crack Growth
Sintering Process Griffiths Flaw
On moisture exposure crack growth is accelerated

D.W. Jones- 1983

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In ceramics, micro cracks are caused by
 The condensation, melting and sintering process.
 The high contact angle of ceramics on metal.
 Differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion between alloy or
core and veneers.
 Grinding and abrasion.
 Tensile stresses during function.

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 Methods
to
Strengthen Porcelain

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According to K. J. Anusavice
(Phillip’s Science of D Materials, 1996)

1. Methods of Strengthening brittle materials

2. Methods of designing components to minimize

stress concentrations and tensile stresses

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 A. Methods of strengthening brittle materials

Residual compressive Interruption of crack

stresses propagation

1.Ion exchange
2.Thermal tempering
3.Thermal compatibility Dispersion Transformation
of crystalline toughening
phase
Particle stabilized
Al, dicor zirconia

B) Methods of designing components to minimize stress

concentrations and tensile stresses
1. Reducing stress raisers
2. Minimize tensile stresses
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A. Methods of strengthening brittle materials

Development of Residual Compressive Stresses

 This is one of the widely used methods of strengthening glasses

and ceramics.
 Strengthening is gained by the fact that, residual stresses must first
be negated by developing tensile stresses before any net tensile
stress develops.

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 Development of residual compressive stresses………..

Ion exchange or chemical tempering

 Smaller Na+ ions are exchanged by K+ ion which are 35% bigger.
 This replacement by ion exchange introduces large residual
compressive stresses (roughly 700mpa/1,00,000 psi).
 Squeezing of K into a smaller space, termed as stuffing.
 Soda feldspathic porcelain is kept immersed in molten KNO 3 solution
for 20-30 min.

Limitation
 Alumina reinforced materials, Dicor glass-ceramic core and some
conventional feldspathic porcelains with high potash feldspar content.
65
 Development of residual compressive stresses………..

Thermal tempering
 It creates residual compressive stresses by rapidly cooling
(quenching) the surface of the object while it is still hot, and in the
molten state.
 This rapid cooling produces a skin of rigid glass surrounding a
molten core.
 As the molten core solidifies, it shrinks, creating residual
compressive stresses within the outer surface.

66
 Development of residual compressive stresses………..

Thermal tempering
 This method is used to strengthen glasses used for automobile
windows and windshield, sliding glass doors and diving masks.

 For dental applications, it is more effective to quench hot glass-

phase ceramics in silicone oil or other special liquids rather than
using air jets that may not uniformly cool

67
 Development of residual compressive stresses………..

Thermal compatibility /
Thermal expansion coefficient mismatching
 Veneering ceramic with two or more layers of ceramic

compositions having slightly different coefficient of thermal

expansions; one layer contracting slightly more than other layers

thus inducing residual compressive stresses.

 eg. Inceram, Metal-ceramic restorations

 On cooling metal contracts more than ceramic, thus leaving the

outer layer of ceramic in residual compressive stresses

68
A. Methods of strengthening brittle materials

Interruption of crack propagation

 This method involves strengthening glasses and

ceramics by reinforcing them with a dispersed phase

of a different material that is capable of hindering a

crack from propagating through the material.

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Interruption of crack propagation……

Dispersion of crystalline phase

 Tough crystalline material like alumina, leucite, lithia disilicate,
magnesia is added in particulate form.
 Crack cannot propagate through alumina as easily as it propagates in
the glass.
 E.g. Dicor
 Coefficient of thermal expansion between the particle and glass
requires a close match.

70
Interruption of crack propagation……

Transformation toughening
 A crystalline material that is capable of undergoing a change of
crystal structure when placed under stress is incorporated.

 E.g. partially stabilized zirconia which, at lower temperature,

transforms into more stable & harder monoclinic phase with an
increase in volume

 Refractive index of PSZ is higher than glass.

71
B. Methods of designing components to minimize stress
concentrations and tensile stresses

Reducing Stress Raisers

 Stress Raisers are discontinuities in ceramic structures that
cause stress concentration.

E.g. Abrupt changes in shape or thickness in the ceramic, renders the

restoration more prone to failure
 Creases or folds of the Platinum foil substrate in PJC, become
embedded in the porcelain and leave behind notches (stress
raisers).

72
B. Methods of designing components to minimize stress
concentrations and tensile stresses

Minimizing Tensile Stress

 In Metal-Ceramic Crowns -

 The strong, yet ductile metal coping minimizes flexure of the porcelain

structure in an attempt to overcome the associated tensile stress.

 Both, the Bonded Platinum foil technique and the Swaged Alloy foil

technique are also based on this same concept.

 Favorable occlusion in PJC helps to avoid tensile stress.

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 Esthetic Properties of Dental Ceramics
 The principal reason for the choice of porcelain as a restorative
material is its esthetic qualities in matching the adjacent tooth
structure in translucency, color and chroma.

74
Color production in natural teeth
E Incident = E Scattered + E Reflected + E Absorbed +E Transmitted

+E Fluoresced

75
 Variations of Tooth Color
Incisal third Middle third Cervical/gingival third

Enamel covering with little This region consists Enamel thins down
or no dentin underneath predominantly of dentin, towards the cervical line,
produces a wrap around hence the overlying hence the underlying
effect which results in enamel takes on some of dentinal hue results in a
increased translucency in the dentinal hue (yellow- deep hue ranging from
the incisal third and orange) which is modified orange-yellow to often a
approximal areas. by the translucent blue distinct brown depending
grey enamel resulting in a on the degree of
composite colour. calcification of dentin.

76
 photo
Shade Guide
 Dental porcelains are pigmented by the inclusion of oxides to
provide desired shades.
 Specimens of each shade (collectively called a shade guide).

Disadvantages in using shade guides

 Tabs are much thicker
 Tabs are more translucent than teeth
 The necks of the shade tabs are made from a deeper hue and this
region tends to distract the observers matching ability in the gingival
third of the tab
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 Shade Matching Guidelines
 Remove all lipstick, heavy make-up, or large jewelry

 Use cool, color-corrected fluorescent lighting or sunlight near the window

(during middle portion of the day )

 If eyes seem fatigued to yellow, look at a blue napkin or blue wall to

desensitize the eyes

 Select basic hue of tooth by matching the shade of patient’s canine

(most highly chromatic tooth)

 Color matching should be done under two or more different light sources

78
 Metal Ceramics
 Most widely used prosthesis system in fixed prosthodontics
 Mechanical properties Esthetic properties
 Metal Ceramic

79
Parts of Ceramic Crown

Cross section of metal-ceramic crown

80
 Technical procedures in Metal –ceramic restorations
 Casting

 Heat degassing treatment

 Finishing

 Sandblasting

 Condensation of porcelain

81
 Ideal Requirements for Metals & Ceramic
 Both the metal and ceramics must have coefficients of thermal

contraction that are closely matched such that the metal has a

slightly higher value.

 High proportional limit, high modulus of elasticity (to reduce stress

on the porcelain)

 High fusion temperature (more than porcelain)

 Should exhibit minimal creep during firing of the porcelain

82
 Ideal Requirements for Metals & Ceramic
 Possess adequate mechanical strength for multiple splinting and

bridge work.

 The surface metal oxide should not discolor the porcelain or

interfere with glass formation.

 Biocompatible

 Chemically stable (high corrosion resistance)

 Ability to wet & bond metal surface

83
Types of Metal Ceramic Systems

Cast metal ceramic alloys

• High Noble alloys
• Noble alloys
• Base-metal alloys

Foil Copings
 Bonded platinum foil coping
 Swaged gold foil coping
84
 High Noble alloys
 Metal-ceramic alloys containing > 40 wt% gold and at least 60 wt%

of noble metals (Gold, Platinum and palladium and/or the other

noble metals)

 Platinum - hardens the gold

 Palladium - lowers the coefficient of thermal expansion

 Melting temperature : 1000oC-1150oC.

85
 Noble alloys
 According to the ADA classification of 1984,noble alloys contain at
least 25 wt% of the noble metals, but not necessarily contain any
gold.
 Pd reduces tarnishing effect of Ag & Cu.
 Melting temperature : 1000oC-1250oC.

Base-metal alloys
 Cr or Ti alloys : Ni-Cr-Mo-Be, Ni-Cr-Mo, Co-Cr-Mo, Ti-Al-V.
 Superior mechanical properties.
 Melting temperature : 1300oC or more.
86
 Advantages of Base Metal Alloys
 Higher hardness and elastic modulus (stiffness) values, permit the

fabrication of thinner copings (upto 0.1mm) and thus its use in long

span FPD’s.

 More sag - resistant at elevated temperatures.

 Substantial cost difference between base - metal and noble metal

alloys. The intrinsic value of the component elements is significantly

lesser than that of noble-metal alloys.

87
 Limiting Features
 Higher solidification shrinkage requires special compensatory
procedures to obtain acceptable fitting.
 Potential for porcelain delamination due to separation of poorly adherent
oxide layer from the metal substrate.
 Potential toxicity of Beryllium and allergic potential of Nickel.

 Poor resistance to tarnish and corrosion of nickel containing alloys.

 Chair side-grinding and polishing requires more chair-side time and the
use of high-speed equipment due to the high hardness/strength.

88
 Non - Cast Metal - Ceramic Systems
 Non-Cast Metal-Ceramic Systems are an advancement in the

fabrication of metal-ceramic restorations, which permits the

fabrication of a metal-ceramic restoration without waxing, investing or

casting.

 It was introduced by Dr. Itzhak Shoher and Aaron Whiteman.

89
 Bonded Platinum Foil Coping

 Bonding aluminous porcelain to platinum foil.

 Platinum foil is electroplated with tin & then oxidized in a furnace

(degassing)

 Thicker cast metal coping is replaced by thinner platinum foil ::

allowing more space for porcelain :: improved esthetics

90
Swaged Gold Foil Coping
Renaissance type
 Use of a golden foil is intended to warm the color of the crown and
facilitate tooth color (Yellowish tinge).
 Laminated swaged gold alloy foil supplied in fluted shape
 Foil is swaged onto die & flame sintered to form a coping
 “Interfacial alloy” powder is applied & fired, & the coping is then
veneered with porcelain

Burnishing the margin

Flame sintering 91
 Captek System

 Bonding to porcelain is achieved by the formation of an intermediate

layer of material such as Capbond metal-ceramic ‘bonder’.

 Two strips of highly malleable metal powder impregnated ‘wax’ are

adapted to a refractory die.

 The first strip contains a gold, platinum and palladium alloy and the

second is impregnated with all-gold.

92
 Captek System
 The first strip is fired onto a refractory die at 10750 C for 11mins

producing a rigid porous layer.

 Application and firing of the second strip is said to result in capillary

infiltration of the spongiform network by the molten gold, resulting

in a metal alloy framework with density similar to that of

conventional castings.

93
 Metal-Ceramic Bonding
 Development of a durable bond and the thermal compatibility

between the porcelain and the alloy are the primary requirements

for the success of a metal - ceramic restoration.

Metal-Ceramic Bonding Techniques

 Mechanical
 Chemical
94
 Mechanical Method
 Bonding surface of cast metal is made rough using diamond &

carbide burs, or sandblasting (with pure alumina).

 This results in increased surface area.

 Mechanical interlocking

 Pd – Ag alloys form no external oxides- hence mechanical bonding

95
 Chemical Method
 Primary bonding mechanism

 Presence of adherent oxide layer is essential for good bond formation

 In precious metals, tin oxide and iridium oxide are responsible for bond

formation

 In base metals, chromium oxide forms the bond.

 For a good bond, metal substructure should be free of contamination

 Metal is oxidized in a furnace at 950oC for 5 min.

96
 Electrodeposition
 Ceramic bonding on to metals by electrodeposition of metal castings

and heating to form suitable metal oxides.

 Alloy coping is electrodeposited with a layer of pure gold & a

subsequent short “flashing” deposition of tin

 Used with Co-Cr, Pa-Ag, stainless steel, high- & low-gold alloys

97
 Electrodeposition

Advantages

 Improved bonding due to improved wetting and reduced porosity at the

porcelain metal interface
 Electrodeposited layer acts as a barrier between metal casting &
porcelain to inhibit diffusion of atoms from metal into porcelain
 Gold colour of the oxide film enhances the vitality and esthetics of the
porcelain
 Tin oxide aids in chemical bonding
 The deposited layer acts as buffer zone to absorb stresses caused by
differences in Coe. of thermal expansions
98
 Advantages of Metal-Ceramic
 High strength & durability
 High fracture resistance
 Permanent esthetic quality compared to acrylic veneer
 No staining along the interface between veneer & metal
 Adequate marginal fit

Disadvantages
 Flexure strains produced in long span bridges may fracture ceramics
 Slightly poor esthetics
 Darker margins near the gingiva 99
Bond Failures
O’ Brien (1977)

1.Metal – Porcelain

Seen when metal surface is devoid of oxides or due to porous and

contaminated metal surface.

2.Metal oxide-Porcelain

Oxide layer remains firmly attached to metal, seen mostly in base

metal alloys.

3.Metal –metal oxide

Metal oxide remains attached to porcelain, seen in base metal

alloys due to overproduction of chromium and nickel oxides.
100
Bond Failures

4.Metal oxide –metal oxide

Fracture within the metal oxide.

Results from overproduction of oxide causing sandwich effect between metal and
porcelain.

5.Cohesive within metal

Common in bridges where joint area breaks, rare in single crowns.

6.Cohesive within porcelain

Tensile failure within porcelain.

101
Interfacial bond failure occurs primarily at three sites

 Along the interfacial region between

opaque porcelain and the interaction
zone.

 Within the interaction zone.

 Along the interfacial region between

the metal and the interaction zone.

102
 Porcelain Teeth
 High-fusing or medium-fusing porcelains
 Manufactured by packing two or more porcelains of differing
translucencies for each tooth into split metal moulds & then fired at
high temperature

 Mechanical interlocking to denture base

 Anterior teeth : projecting metal pins
 Posterior teeth : diatoric holes

103
 Porcelain Teeth…..

Advantages
 More natural looking than acrylic teeth
 Excellent biocompatibility
 More resistant to wear than natural teeth

Disadvantages
 Brittle
 Clicking sound on contact with opposing teeth
 Require greater inter-ridge distance (cannot be ground like acrylic
teeth without destroying diatoric channels)
 Higher density- increases the weight
 Opposing natural teeth wear
 All- Ceramic Restoration
 Excellent esthetics as all its thickness is for the porcelain.
 Earlier made up of traditional low-fusing porcelain fired onto a thin
platinum foil. – PJC
 To improve its strength – use of a strong core of ceramics underneath
the traditional porcelain.

Core ceramics include:

 Aluminious based ceramic
 Magnesia based ceramic
 Glass infiltrated aluminous ceramic

105
 Aluminous porcelains (Hi-Ceram)
 Mclean and Hughes - 1965
 Contains 40-50% alumina
 Strengthens ceramic by interruption of crack propagation
 Used to construct core of PJC over which conventional enamel and
body porcelain are condensed

Mc lean 1979 Five year failure rate 2% for anteriors 15% for
posteriors
Seiber et al 1981: light reflection better than porcelain fused to metal
 Aluminous porcelains….

Advantages
 More esthetic than PFM
 Strength twice that of conventional porcelain
 Requires less removal of tooth structure

Disadvantages
 Inadequate strength to be used on posterior tooth
 More sintering shrinkage
 Magnesia core porcelains

 Used in place of aluminous core porcelains

 High Coe. of thermal expansion (14.5 x10-6)

 Castable Ceramics
1968 Mc Culloch
A glass ceramic material that can be casted using the lost wax process

 Di-Cor
 Cerestore
 IPS Empress
 New types

Cera pearl

Optimal pressable ceramic

Olympus castable ceramics

Castable glass ceramic
 It is formed in to desired shape as a glass then subjected to heat
treatment to induce devitrification of glass
 Known as ceramming
 The crystalline particles thus formed interrupts crack propagation &
improves strength and toughness
 The crown is cast at 1380oc
 Final shading is achieved with external staining
 Dicor
 Dicor by Corning glass works
 excellent esthetics because of the “chameleon” effect.
 contains about 55 vol% of tetrasilicic fluormica crystals
 Increased strength, thermal shock resistance, decreased translucency
 Dicor MGC is a higher quality product that is crystallized by the
manufacturer and provided as CAD – CAM blanks or ingots
 Low tensile strength
 Inability to be colored internally
Dicor ceramic crown
 Wax pattern Investing
Spruing Burnout
450 for 1\2 hr
1750 for 1\2hr

Centrifugal
casting 2600 f Cast glass coping

Divesting Ceramming
 Ceramming Ceramming oven Crystallised glass coping

Cerramming done from room temparature- 1900 f for 1½ hrs and sustained
for 6hrs inorder to form tetra silicic flouro mica crystals

Conventional porcelain application & Firing Finished crown

 Castable glass ceramic
 In another type ,ceramming produced hydrxyapatite crystals rather
than mica as in dicor

 Coors porcelain company produced Cerestore

 Cerestore contains 70% alumina and is partially crystallized as alpha-

Al203
 Leucite reinforced ceramic (Optec HSP)
 All ceramic crowns without a core
 contains up to 45 vol% tetragonal leucite.
 The greater leucite content leads to a higher modulus of rupture,
compressive strength and high thermal contraction of coefficient.
 This large thermal contraction causes mismatch between leucite and
the glassy matrix results in the development of tangential compressive
stresses in the glass around the leucite crystals when cooled, these
stresses can act as crack deflectors and contribute to increase the
resistance to crack propagation.
Leucite reinforced ceramic (Optec HSP)
Advantages
 High flexural strength
 Excellent esthetics

Disadvantages
 Abrasion against natural teeth is higher than that of conventional
feldspathic porcelain.
 Poor marginal fit due to sintering shrinkage
 Requires special equipment for fabrication

Indications
 Inlays
 Veneers
 Low stress crowns and veneers
IPS-EMPRESS (Pressable Ceramic)
Hot pressed ceramics

2 types
IPS Empress IPS Empress 2

Leucite reinforced Lithium Disilicate

reinforced
K2O – Al2O3 – 4 SiO2
SiO2 – LiO2 – P2O5 – ZrO2
 IPS Empress

 Developed by Wohlwend at the dental institute, Zurich University, 1991

 Type of leucite reinforced pressable ceramics contains about 35 vol%

leucite, available in pre-ceramed cylinders

 Crowns are formed using the lost-wax process and hotpressing leucite

reinforced material into the mold using special furnace

 IPS Empress

 Wax preparation is made and placed on a specially designed

cylindrical crucible former and invested using a phosphate bonded
investment, the mold is heated in a burnout furnace to 850 0C.

Wax pattern Investing Burn out 8500 C

 IPS Empress

 The pre- ceramed cylinder is heated to 1100 oc at which it is plastisized, injected

under pressure at high temperature in to the mould for complete filling of
investment cavity
 Injected under pressure at high temperature for 45 minutes into a mold to
produce ceramic substructure.

Ceramic ingot & Pressing under vaccum

Al plunger Sprue removal
11500C 26 min hold
 IPS Empress

 The crown is formed in dentin shades over which enamel layer is

added
 The crown can be finished by two techniques staining, glazing or
by layering, involving veneering porcelain.

Edward B Goldin 2005 compared leucite IPS Empress with PFM

Mean marginal discrepancy 94 + 41 PFM

81 +25 IPS
Clinical survival : Deniz G in 2002
95% survival  2-4 years
Marginal adaptation : Shearer et al in 1996 : better marginal adaptation
with hot pressed ceramics than aluminous core material. 122
 IPS Empress

 Indications Contraindications
Clinical crown length of the tooth is
Anterior crowns
exceptionally short
Inlays tooth, reduction would compromise
Laminate veneers resistance and retention of the
Post and cores preparation.
Parafunctional habit

 Advantages:
High flexural strength (126-165  Disadvantages:
Mpa ) Limited to single tooth restoration
No shrinkage after pressing Potential to fracture in posterior
Excellent fit and esthetics areas
Stability of shape
IPS Empress
 IPS Empress

PROPERTIES

 Flexural Strength - 120 Mpa initially and 182 Mpa

after heat treatment.
 Fracture toughness - 1.3 Mpa.
 Abrasion behaviour and Translucency -similar to that of
natural teeth
 Solubility - <200mg/cm2
 Pressing temperature - 11800 C
 Application of the - 9100 C
sintered glass ceramic
 IPS Empress 2
Lithium Disilicate reinforced
 To extend the use of resin-bonded ceramic restorations and use them for
bridge construction, a glass ceramic lithium based system has been
developed.
 The framework is fabricated with lost-wax and heat-pressure technique
 IPS Empress 2 has a core of lithia disilicate crystals in a glass matrix
and veneering ceramic contains apatite crystals which causes light
scattering similar to that of enamel

 The core microstructure of the two is different which is responsible for

slight decrease in translucency of IPS Empress 2
 IPS Empress 2

Full contouring Cut back

Sprued pattern

Investing Ingot pressing

 IPS Empress 2

 The needle-like crystals cause cracks to deflect, thus the

propagation of cracks through this material is arrested by the
lithium disilicate crystals, providing a substantial increase in the
flexural strength.
 IPS Empress 2

 INDICATIONS
 Three unit bridges for the anterior and posterior regions upto the
first premolar
 Crowns in anterior and posterior regions

 CONTRAINDICATION
 Short crown length
 Parafunctional habits
 ( Slip casting technique )
Saadoun 1989
In-ceram

A process used to form green ceramic shape by applying a slurry

of ceramic particles and water or a special liquid to a porous substrate
such as a die material, there by allowing capillary action to remove water
and densify the mass of deposited particles

In-ceram Alumina In-ceram In-ceram

Spinell Zirconia
Flexural
350 MPa 500 MPa 700 MPa
strength
Glass infiltrated alumina core porcelain- Inceram

 Relies on “slip casting” to produce high strength core

 Fine sized alumina core with improved strength

 The core is fired for 10hrs at 1100oc in a special furnace

 Glass is infiltrated in to core frame work over 4 to 5 hrs at 1120 oc

by capillary action, enhancing colour and strength
 Glass infiltrated alumina core porcelain-
INCERAM(ICA)
 The core of ICA consists of 70 wt% alumina
 infiltrated with 30wt% sodium lanthanum glass.

 Advantages
 Four times more strength than other ceramics
 Enhanced marginal adaptation

 Disadvantages
 Poor esthetics
 Complex procedure
 Cost

 Indications
 Anterior crowns and bridges
 Posterior crowns
Cross section of an INCERAM crown
 Al2O3 slip Glass infiltration

Giordono 1995 : Al2O3 Core glass infiltrated Ceramic > Strength

than Hi-Ceram, Di-Cor & Feldspathic Porcelain

Vita Inceramat3 Vaccumat 4000 Premium

 In-Ceram
Working model Duplication
refractory dies

In-Ceram Al2O3 slip

application vita inceramat
10 hrs 1120 c-
2hrs

Glass infiltration
Shrinkage of dies 4hrs 1100c
 Finished In-
Ceram copings Finished crowns
(Air abraded) Application of body
and incisal porcelain

Preoperative veiw Postoperative veiw

of In-Ceram crowns

Probster et al : Strength of In-Ceram > IPS Empress < PFM

 Glass infiltrated spinell core (Inceram Spinell) (ICS)
 Offshoot of inceram
 It uses MgAl2O4
 More translucent and so more esthetic
 Strength is low

Inceram – Zirconia (ICZ)

 Has a core of 30 wt % zirconia and 70 wt % alumina
 Strongest and toughest of all three core ceramics
 Its use is limited to posterior crowns and FPDs because of its high
level of core opacity
 CAD-CAM Ceramics
 These are known as COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN –COMPUTER
AIDED MACHINED CERAMICS
 CAD/CAM systems have dramatically enhanced dentistry by providing
high-quality restorations.
 The operator can design the inlay/ onlay and the computer directs the
milling machine in the appropriate fabrication of the restoration
 CAD-CAM Ceramics
 Advantages

Less chairside time

No need for impression making

Reduced porosity & greater strength

Single appointment (inlays)

 Disadvantages

Cost

Marginal inaccuracy

Technique sensitive

Inability to build layers of porcelain

 Copy milled ceramics
 A new system (Celay by Mikron Technologies, Switzerland) uses a copy
milling technique to produce ceramic cores and substructures for
bridges

 A pattern of coping is prepared directly or indirectly with special blue

resin based composite

 A tracing tool passes over the pattern and guides a milling tool which
grinds a copy of the pattern from a block of ceramic (Inceram or
Inceram spinell)

 It is then infiltrated with glass and veneered with porcelain and fired to
complete the restoration
 Celay
 Introduced in 1992, by Dr. Stefan Eeidenbaez, Zurich
 Uses copy-milling technique to manufacture ceramic inlays or onlays
from resin analogs
 It is fine grained feldspathic porcelain that is said to reduce the wear of
antagonist tooth structure
 Mechanical device based on pantographic tracing of a resin inlay or
onlay fabricated directly onto the prepared tooth or onto the master die
 Material used is a ceramic blank available in different shades, contains
sanidine as the major crystalline phase within a glassy matrix.
 Celay
 Scanning of the prepared cavity is done with a 3-D scanner,
restoration is designed from the image shown on the computer
screen by using a series of icons or symbols
 Can electronically design the restoration by moving a cursor along
the limits of the preparation, thereby defining its boundaries
 Design phase usually takes from 2 to 8 minutes
 After data have supplied, the computer selects the size of ceramic
block to be used in the milling process
 Diamond wheel is driven by the electric motor, which generally takes
4 to 7 minutes to complete the procedure
 CELAY

 It is then infiltrated with glass and veneered with porcelain and fired to
complete the restoration
 Cementation involves etching the tooth with a 37 % solution of
phosphoric acid for 20 seconds, tooth is then washed and dried and a
bonding agent is applied, ceramic restoration is etched on its
undersurface, outside the mouth
 Dual cure microfill composite resin luting agent is used to bond the inlay,
onlay or veneer, after photocuring the occlusal anatomy can be created,
accomplished intraoraly with fine-particle diamonds.
 CELAY
 ADVANTAGES
Single appointment
Bonded restoration for strength.
Reduced marginal gap
Hardness similar to enamel
Less fracture of the inlay because it is milled from a solid
Homogeneous block
Excellent polishing characteristics, esthetics
Preparation, fabrication, Cementation in 1 to11/2 hours.
 Procera

 Introduced in 1994
 Embraces the concept of CAD/CAM to fabricate dental restorations
 Available as Procera laminate
 Procera crowns
 Procera Bridge
 Procera Implant Bridge
 This crown is composed of a densely sintered high-purity
aluminum oxide coping that as combined with the low-fusing
Allceram veneering porcelain
 Content of aluminum oxide in these coping is 99.9% and the
strength for this ceramic material is highest among all-ceramic
restoration
 PROCERA PREPARATION

 Die is prepared from impression, scanned at a local laboratory,

which is saved as file in computer and
 send to laboratory in Sweden, where coping is
 prepared
 Coping is produced by a special process, which
 involves sintering 99.5% pure alumina at
 1600–1700°C,fully densified
 coping is then returned to the dental laboratory for building in the
crown’s aesthetics using compatible feldspathic glasses,
turnaround time is approximately 24 hours
 PROCERA
 ADVANTAGES
 Biocompatibility -Aluminum oxide coping material does not show
any leakage or dissolution of aluminum at any of the pH levels
 Occulsal surface will not damage the opposing natural tooth
 Translucency-Procera coping is translucent, thus will not allow any
staining of the underlying dentin
 High strengthFlexural strength 700 mpa.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Very few laboratories offer this system
 INDICATIONS
 Used in metal sensitive patients
 Procera Alltitan

 In this technique titanium core is used, the external contours of the

individual titanium cores for bridges are milled and graphite rods
create the fitting surface by the spark erosion process.

 Individual components of the bridge are then welded by laser before

the addition of special porcelains to layer the surface to the full
contour
 CEREC

 Introduced in 1991, feldspathic porcelain of high strength and fine

grain size is used.
 Used in cases of inlays, onlays, partial crowns, crowns (posterior
& anterior), and veneers
 One of the most researched restorative systems on the market,
with documented success rates of more than 90% after 10 years
Preparation Of CEREC

 A cast of the prepared teeth made using a specialized CAD-CAM-

compatible stone that is sprayed with Quickcheck indicator spray
 After the die preparation, the die is loaded into the bridge holder of
the CEREC inLab unit; the bridge holder is then placed in the
machine for scanning.
 A digital image of the cast is displayed on
 the screen, In-Ceram block is inserted
 into the unit for automatic milling
 CEREC

 After milling is complete, the fit of framework

 is tested on the die stone.
 Consistency of a coping is chalk-like, any
 necessary adjustments can be accomplished
 quickly and easily
 The proper amount and shade of glass required
 is applied
 The coping is placed in the In-Ceram furnace
 for infiltration.
CEREC

 Excess glass is removed by sandblasting the coping, luminary coat

is applied for refraction of light.
 The appropriate shade of porcelain and modifiers are applied for a
natural appearance
 Glaze is applied, and the restoration is now complete and ready for
placement
 LAVA
 Introduced in 2002, Lava uses a laser optical system to digitize
information from multiple abutment margins
 The Lava All-Ceramic System comprises a CAD/CAM procedure
for the fabrication of allceramic Crowns and Bridges for anterior
and posterior applications.
 CAD software scan the die automatically finds the margin and
suggests a pontic, the framework designed to be 20% larger to
compensate for sintering shrinkage
 LAVA

 After the cut dies of the preparation is made, the milling center
will digitalize the model by using the optical scanner Lava Scan
 The restoration will then be virtually designed on the monitor
using a CAD, the data is sent to Lava Form, a milling unit (CAM)
 The restoration is milled from a pre-sintered zirconia blank,
which can be colored in 8 different shades and which is then
sintered to its final density in the furnace
 The milling center returns the finished framework to the lab who
will then veneer the framework with Lava Ceram and give it the
final artistic finish.
 LAVA

 ADVANTAGES
 With the classic color scheme, all tooth shades can be easily
reproduced, special effect components and stains lead to a natural
esthetic
 High level of biocompatibility
 Anterior and posterior crown and bridge
Conclusion
The difference with & without Ceramics is self evident

156
 References
 Journal of Indian Prosthodontic society –oct.2002,vol.2
no.3
 Notes on dental materials- V K Subbarao
 Basic dental materials- Manappallil
 The science and art of dental ceramics –Mc lean vol 2

157
 References
 Anusavice : Philips’ Science of Dental Materials Xth & XIth
Edn.
 Craig : Dental Materials : Properties & Manipulation VI th,
VIIth & VIIIth Edn.
 J. F. McCabe : Applied Dental Material VIIth Edn.
 Jack Ferracane : Materials in Dentistry Principles &
Application

158
Repair of Ceramic Restoration

 This can be done if the fracture is not too

extensive.

 Repaired in the mouth using a resin

composite in dry field.
Residual stresses in porcelain when coe. Of
thermal expansion of porcelain is more than
metal
 Metal-Ceramic Bonding
 Fusion temperature of ceramics : 900oC-1000oC.

 Highly viscous liquid having large surface tension (365

dynes/cm).

 Angle of contact (130o) with alloy surface.

 Ceramic liquid does not wet & bond with metal surface.

161