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AAM 1st Unit QB

The document discusses supervised learning algorithms, feature engineering techniques, and the process of training and evaluating supervised learning models. It defines supervised learning and lists common algorithm types. It also describes various feature engineering methods and the overall steps involved in building a supervised learning model.

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Sachin Mahale
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27 views4 pages

AAM 1st Unit QB

The document discusses supervised learning algorithms, feature engineering techniques, and the process of training and evaluating supervised learning models. It defines supervised learning and lists common algorithm types. It also describes various feature engineering methods and the overall steps involved in building a supervised learning model.

Uploaded by

Sachin Mahale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. What is supervised learning algorithm?

List types
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model is trained on a labelled dataset,
meaning that each input data point is associated with a corresponding target label. The goal is to
learn a mapping from inputs to outputs, based on the labelled examples provided during training, so
that the model can make predictions on unseen data.

Types of supervised learning algorithms listed:

1. Linear Regression

2. Logistic Regression

3. Decision Trees

4. Random Forest

5. Support Vector Machines (SVM)

6. K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN)

7. Naive Bayes

8. Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM)

3. What is Feature Engineering?


Feature engineering is the process of preparing and selecting the most relevant data features for
training machine learning models, including transforming, creating, and selecting features to
improve model performance.

Key aspects of feature engineering:

1. Feature Selection

2. Feature Transformation

3. Feature Creation

4. Handling Missing Values

5. Encoding Categorical Variables

6. Feature Scaling

7. Feature Extraction
5. List out feature engineering techniques for text data.
Feature engineering techniques for text data:

1. Tokenization

2. Stopwords Removal

3. Stemming

4. Lemmatization

5. TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency)

6. Bag of Words (BoW)

7. N-grams

8. Word Embeddings

9. Topic Modeling

10. Named Entity Recognition (NER)

11. Part-of-Speech Tagging

12. Sentiment Analysis

8. Which steps are involved while training a supervised learning


model?
Training a supervised learning model involves several steps:

1. **Data Collection**: Gather the data needed to train the model. This data should include both
input features and corresponding target labels.

2. **Data Preprocessing**:
- **Cleaning**: Handle missing values, outliers, or errors in the dataset.
- **Feature Engineering**: Transform, select, or create features to represent the data effectively.
- **Normalization/Scaling**: Scale the features to ensure they are on a similar scale, which can
improve the performance of some algorithms.
- **Encoding**: Encode categorical variables into numerical format if necessary.

3. **Splitting the Data**: Divide the dataset into two or three subsets:
- **Training Set**: The portion of data used to train the model.
- **Validation Set**: (Optional) Used to tune hyperparameters and evaluate model performance
during training.
- **Test Set**: (Optional) Used to evaluate the final model's performance after training.

4. **Selecting a Model**: Choose an appropriate supervised learning algorithm based on the


problem type (classification or regression), dataset size, complexity, and other factors.
5. **Training the Model**:
- **Input**: Provide the training data (features and labels) to the model.
- **Learning**: The model learns the relationship between the input features and the target labels.
- **Optimization**: Adjust the model parameters to minimize the difference between predicted
and actual labels (i.e., minimize the loss function).

6. **Model Evaluation**:
- **Validation**: Evaluate the model's performance on the validation set. Adjust hyperparameters
if necessary to improve performance.
- **Test**: Evaluate the final trained model on the test set to assess its performance on unseen
data and ensure generalization.

7. **Hyperparameter Tuning** (Optional):


- Adjust the hyperparameters of the model (e.g., learning rate, regularization parameter) to
optimize performance.
- Techniques such as grid search, random search, or Bayesian optimization can be used for
hyperparameter tuning.

8. **Model Deployment** (Optional):


- Once satisfied with the model's performance, deploy it to production for making predictions on
new, unseen data.
- Monitor the model's performance over time and retrain/update it as needed.

10. Describe the process of feature extraction.


Feature extraction is the process of transforming raw data into a format suitable for machine learning
algorithms by selecting, combining, or creating relevant features that capture essential information
from the original data. Here's a detailed description of the process:

1. **Understanding the Data**: Begin by understanding the nature of the data and the problem at
hand. This involves analyzing the data's structure, distributions, relationships between variables, and
the specific requirements of the machine learning task.

2. **Feature Selection**:
- Identify relevant features that are likely to have predictive power for the target variable.
- Remove irrelevant features that do not contribute to the predictive performance or may introduce
noise into the model.

3. **Feature Transformation**:
- Scale or normalize numerical features to ensure they have similar ranges and distributions.
Common techniques include min-max scaling or z-score normalization.
- Transform skewed distributions using techniques like logarithmic or Box-Cox transformations to
make them more symmetrical.

4. **Handling Categorical Variables**:


- Encode categorical variables into numerical format using techniques like one-hot encoding, label
encoding, or target encoding.
- Convert ordinal categorical variables into numerical format while preserving their ordinal
relationship.

5. **Creating New Features**:


- Generate new features by combining or transforming existing ones. This may involve
mathematical operations (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), aggregations (e.g.,
mean, median, sum), or domain-specific transformations.
- Create interaction features by combining pairs of features to capture potential synergistic effects.

6. **Dimensionality Reduction** (Optional):


- Reduce the dimensionality of the feature space to alleviate the curse of dimensionality and
improve computational efficiency.
- Techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), or
feature selection algorithms can be used for dimensionality reduction.

7. **Feature Scaling**:
- Scale the features to ensure that they have similar magnitudes and do not dominate the model
training process. This is particularly important for algorithms sensitive to feature scales, such as
gradient descent-based optimization algorithms.

8. **Validation and Iteration**:


- Validate the extracted features using cross-validation or holdout validation to assess their
effectiveness in improving model performance.
- Iterate on the feature extraction process, refining feature selection, transformation, or creation
based on insights gained from model evaluation and validation results.

9. **Documentation and Communication**:


- Document the feature extraction process, including the rationale behind feature selection,
transformation techniques used, and any domain-specific insights.
- Communicate the extracted features to stakeholders, including data scientists, domain experts,
and business users, to ensure alignment with the problem domain and the objectives of the machine
learning project.

By following these steps, feature extraction can effectively transform raw data into informative
features that enable machine learning models to learn patterns and make accurate predictions on
new, unseen data.

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