Ethnography Research

Design
By group 4
-Hanayanti
-Yuni Miniaty
What is ethnographic research design in English
language research?
Ethnographic research design is a qualitative research approach that
focuses on the study of people and their cultures within their natural
settings.
there are some definition about this design by some expert;
• According to (Fetterman, 1998) in Nisaratana Sangasubana’s article
stated that Ethnography is the art and science used to describe a
group or culture.
• According to Angrosino (2007), ethnographers search for predictable
patterns in the lived human experiences by carefully observing and
participating in the lives of those under study.
• Ethnography may also involve a full immersion of the researcher in
the day-to-day lives or culture of those under study. Ethnography as a
method has certain distinctive characteristics (Angrosino, 2007).
What is ethnographic research design in English
language research?

Ethnography also collects data in multiple ways

for triangulation over an extended period of
time. The process is inductive, holistic and
requires a long-term commitment from you.
Finally, ethnography is dialogic since
conclusions and interpretations formed
through it can be given comments or feedback
from those who are under study.
How are •
•
Select a Focus Area
Immerse Yourself
research •
•
Identify Key Themes
Ask Wide-Open Questions
questions •
•
Refine and Narrow
Consider the Theoretical
formulated in Framework
• Test Your Questions
ethnographic • Ethical Considerations
• Document Your Process: Keep
research in track of how your research
questions have changed over
English language time. This documentation can be
helpful in outlining your research
 How are participants selected in ethnographic
research in English language studies?
Define Your Focus: Define Your Focus: Choose a specific group or community you want to study
within English language use, such as students in a school, members of an online forum, or a certain
ethnic group.
Identify Key Contacts: Look for persons who can connect you with the community or group you
want to study. These could be teachers, community leaders, or trustworthy individuals who can
vouch for you.
Build Trust: spend the time in establishing trust and rapport with potential participants. Before you
begin formal research, attend meetings, events, or gatherings relating to your study and get to know
people.
Include Different People: Try to include different kinds of people to get a complete picture. This
could be people of different ages, backgrounds, or roles.
Ask Permission: Always ask if people are okay with being part of your research. Explain what you're
doing and how you'll protect their privacy.
Follow Rules: Make sure you follow the rules and guidelines for doing research with people. This is
important to keep everyone safe and comfortable.
Stay Flexible: Sometimes, you might meet interesting people you didn't plan to. Be open to
including them in your study if they agree.
Write It Down: Keep notes about how you found your participants and any interesting stories along
the way.
What are the •
•
Observation
Interviews
common data •
•
Field Notes
Audio and Video Recordings
collection •
•
Document Analysis
Surveys or Questionnaires
methods used in •
•
Language Samples
Visual Materials
ethnographic • Being Part of the Group: Being
part of the community and
research in participating in their activities is
also a form of data collection.
English language Researchers learn by doing and
experiencing alongside the
Reflexivity and
role of the
researcher Role of the Researcher in
Ethnographic Research
In ethnographic research in
English language studies, • Observer
reflexivity is a crucial term. It
refers to the process by which
• Active participant
the researcher evaluates their • Questioner
own biases, preconceptions, and • Reflexive Thinker
experiences and how they may • Storyteller
influence their research.
Data Analysis of The Research
Data analysis in ethnographic research is the process of systematically examining and
interpreting the data collected during the ethnographic study. Ethnography is a qualitative
research design that involves immersive, in-depth fieldwork and aims to understand and
describe the culture, behaviors, and social phenomena of a particular group or community.
There are several strategies and techniques that can be used for data analysis in
ethnography:
• Inductive analysis
• Constant comparison
• Memoing
• Triangulation
• Thick description
• Interpretation and theory development

It is important to note that data analysis in ethnography is an iterative and ongoing process.
Researchers continuously engage with the data, revisiting and refining their analysis as new
insights emerge.
 Trustworthiness and validity
There are several strategies that can be employed to enhance trustworthiness in ethnography research:

1. Triangulation: This involves using multiple sources of data, methods, or researchers to cross-validate the findings.

2. Member checking: This involves sharing the research findings with the participants to verify the accuracy and interpretation of the data.

3. Reflexivity: Ethnographers should engage in self-reflection and acknowledge their own biases, assumptions, and subjectivity.

Validity in ethnography refers to the extent to which the research accurately represents the social reality being studied. There are several types of

validity that can be considered in ethnographic research:

1. Ecological validity: This refers to the degree to which the research findings reflect the natural and authentic context of the participants.

2. Natural history validity: This involves providing a detailed and transparent account of the research process, including the researcher's actions,

assumptions, and procedures.

3. Member validation: This involves seeking feedback from participants to ensure that the research findings accurately represent their experiences

and perspectives.

4. Competent insider performance: This refers to the ability of the researcher to effectively interact with the participants and understand their

cultural norms and practices.

 Ethnical
Consideration
Ethical considerations in ethnographic
research are crucial and should be carefully
addressed. Some of the ethical issues that Overall, ethical considerations
may arise in ethnography include in ethnographic research
confidentiality and privacy, unintentional
revelation of identities, deception and
involve navigating complex
misrepresentation, identification of biases, social dynamics, maintaining
involvement with illegal behavior, violation
of personal moral standards, identification
integrity, and ensuring the
with marginalized groups, negotiations with protection and well-being of
those in power, and publishing unflattering participants.
but truthful field reports.
 Contribution and Implication
According to Hammersley & Atkinson(2007) as cited in Sangasubana (2011)
The contribution and implications of ethnography research design are
significant in various ways.

1. In-depth understanding
2. Contextualization
3. Participant perspective
4. Reflexivity
5. Practical implications
6. Methodological innovation

Overall, ethnography research design contributes to a deeper understanding

of human behavior, promotes social justice, and has practical implications for
various fields. It also encourages methodological innovation and reflexivity
among researchers.
 Despite these challenges and limitations, ethnography remains a
valuable research method for generating rich, contextually nuanced
insights into cultures and social phenomena. Researchers should
carefully consider these factors when designing and conducting
ethnographic studies and should be transparent about the scope
and limitations of their research findings.

Challenges and Limitations: Hammersley &

Atkinson(2007) as cited in
Limitations Sangasubana (2011) highlights about
the limitations in ethnography
Challenges: design.
• Time-Consuming • Limited Generalizability
• Access and Entry • Small Sample Sizes
• Participant Observation • Time and Resource Constraints
• Subjectivity and Bias • Bias in Data Collection
• Sampling Issues • Difficulty in Validating Findings
• Data Management • Limited Scope
• Ethical Dilemmas • Evolution of Culture
• Interpersonal Relationships • Limited Control
• Researcher Positionality
Review The Research Articles
Research 1: Revisiting Research 2: Just because it's
English Language fun, it's not without purpose":
Learning among Exploring the blurred lines of
Malaysian Children physically active learning
In the introduction, a case is presented
The introduction of the research article begins by
that discusses the challenges that
highlighting the changing purposes of education,
Malaysian students face in learning
including public health goals. The article notes that
English despite years of study. This
policymakers have expanded the purposes of
suggests that Malaysia's policy regarding
education beyond academic and social goals to
English language teaching in primary
include public health goals. The article then introduces
schools needs to be re-evaluated. This
physically active learning (PAL) as a school-based PA
article presents findings from research on
initiative that focuses on integrating movement into
how Malaysian children acquire English
educational activities. The article notes that little
language skills, highlighting the
research has explored the pedagogical aspects of
importance of confidence, exposure and
enacting PAL in teaching and that little attention has
opportunities to use the language. The
been given to understanding the enactment of PAL,
report recommends focusing on
wherein teachers are not elements of but rather
developing listening and speaking skills
constitutive of the teaching-learning process.
and creating a supportive learning
environment.
how the introduction be presented in this research?
Research 1 Research 2
Research questions:
research question; - How do teachers enact physically active learning (PAL)
• What are the factors influencing English in their pedagogical practice?
language acquisition among Malaysian children - What are the pedagogical aspects that constitute PAL
• How can these findings inform the teaching of in terms of integrating movement into educational
English in Malaysian primary schools? activities to support pupils' subjective growth through the
process of learning?

Research aim;
Aim of the research:
• The aim of the research is to explore English
- To explore teachers as constitutive of the teaching-
language acquisition experiences of Malaysian
learning process and conceptualize pedagogical aspects
children and to discuss the implications for the
of physically active learning (PAL) by understanding its
English language policy in Malaysian primary enactment in a pedagogical practice.
schools. - To contribute to the growing body of educational
. research on PAL and to explore the pedagogical aspects

what are the research question and aim in this research?

of PAL.
How are participants
selected in this research?
Research 1 Research 2

The participants in this research were selected The participant in the study is Christian, a teacher at
through purposive sampling. Three children, aged the project school. Actually the researchers didn’t
mention about the sampling in the research. But the
six, named Azlan, Hazwan, and Aida (pseudonyms),
possibility the type of sampling that they used that
their class teacher, and their mothers were chosen
was purposive sampling.
to participate in the study. The selection of these
participants was based on their relevance to the
research topic and their availability to participate
in interviews and observations.
How the collecting and analyzing data in the research?
Research 2
• The data collection methods used in this article
Research 1 include observations, field notes, field talks, audio
The data collection methods used in this article recordings, and interviews.
include interviews, observations, and transcriptions. • Observations were conducted in various teaching
Interviews were conducted with the children, their locations, such as classrooms, corridors, and outdoor
class teacher, and their mothers, and were tape areas, to capture teaching practices with and
recorded. Observations were carried out in both without physically active learning (PAL).
• Field notes were used during teaching to capture
the classroom and home settings. Verbatim
observations and were written with a distinction
transcriptions of the interviews were given to the
between capturing situations as closely as possible
adult participants for clarity and member
and including analytical comments
checking, and transcriptions of the children's
• Audio recordings were used during teaching to
interviews were given to the parents for validation.
record the verbal communication between the
teacher and pupils
• interviews were conducted with Professor Solfrid
Bratland-Sanda and Dr Jan-Michael Johansen.
 The Reflexivity and the
Research 1
role of the research Research 2
• The authors acknowledge their
• Reflexivity in this article refers to the positionality and how it may have
researcher's awareness of their own influenced the research process and
biases, assumptions, and influence on findings. The authors note that the first
the research process. The researcher author's background in physical
demonstrates reflexivity by education and the second author's
acknowledging their role in data background in pedagogy and
collection and analysis. They mention educational research influenced the
that they conducted interviews, research process and interpretation of
observations, and transcriptions, and the findings. The authors also
that they provided verbatim acknowledge that the research was
transcriptions to participants for conducted in a Norwegian school
member checking and validation. system, which may limit the
• The role of the researcher in this article is generalizability of the findings to other
to collect and analyze data related to contexts.
English language learning among • The authors also discuss their role in the
Malaysian children. The researcher research process. The first author
conducted interviews with the children, conducted the fieldwork and data
their class teacher, and their mothers, collection, while the second and last
and also observed their behavior at authors were involved in the analytical
school and home. process.
 How the analyzing data in the research?
Research 2
• The data analysis in this research involved a
Research 1 multi-step process that included the use of
The data in this article was analyzed using a analytical categories, theoretical perspectives,
grounded theory approach through constant and thematic analysis
comparative analysis. The researcher transcribed • First, field notes were used to identify patterns
the interviews and provided verbatim of physically active learning (PAL) during the
transcriptions to the adult participants for teaching process. The analytical process
member checking and validation. The
involved gradually focusing on the pedagogical
practice of the teacher, Christian, and refining
transcriptions of the children's interviews were also
analytical categories about the enactment of
given to the parents for validation. The researcher
PAL.
then analyzed the transcriptions and
• The analysis also involved in-depth interviews,
observational data to derive themes and
referred to as field talks, with Christian to
categories.
discuss emerging or unclear matters related to
the teaching process
• The final analysis resulted in the construction of
two empirically-led themes that captured
different dimensions of Christian's enactment of
 Trustworthiness and Validity
1. Research 1: 2. Research 2:

The research article demonstrates

Trustworthiness and validity in this
trustworthiness and validity in the research. The
article refer to the credibility and
study utilized an educational ethnographic-
accuracy of the research findings. The inspired data generation process to explore the
researcher took several steps to enhance enactment of physically active learning (PAL) in
trustworthiness and validity. Verbatim a Norwegian school system.
transcriptions of the interviews were The article provides a detailed description of the
given to the adult participants for activities, equipment, and environments where
member checking and validation, and PAL was enacted. The article also cites relevant
transcriptions of the children's interviews studies that have explored the effects of
were given to the parents for validation. physically active lessons on various outcomes.
This process of member checking and The article provides clear and sound
validation helps ensure the accuracy and interpretations of the results and highlights the
authenticity of the data. need to understand the pedagogical aspects of
PAL to integrate it into schools as part of
everyday practice.
 Ethnical Considerations
Research 1: Research 2:
The article does not mention specific The research article demonstrates
ethical considerations, however it is ethical considerations in the research. The
important to note that ethical study was registered with the Norwegian
considerations are an integral part of Centre for Research Data, and written
research involving human participants. consent was obtained from all participants
Researchers are typically required to prior to data collection. Parents consented
obtain informed consent from participants, on behalf of children under the legal age.
ensure confidentiality and privacy, and Participants were informed that
minimize any potential harm or discomfort participation was voluntary, that they were
to participants. It is assumed that the free to withdraw from the study at any
researcher in this article followed ethical time, and that their names and the
guidelines and obtained necessary school’s name would be anonymized. All
approvals from relevant ethics committees data were treated confidentially.
or institutional review boards.
 Contribution and Implication

Research 1;
• The contributions of this article include providing insights into the
English language learning experiences of Malaysian children and
highlighting the need for changes in English language teaching
(ELT) practices in primary schools.
• The implications of this article are significant for policymakers,
educators, and curriculum developers in Malaysia. It calls for a
reevaluation of the current English language curriculum and
teaching methods, emphasizing the importance of a
communicative and learner-centered approach.
 Contribution and Implication
Research 2;
Contributions:
• The study contributes to the growing body of educational research on physically active
learning (PAL) by exploring the pedagogical aspects of PAL and how teachers enact PAL
in their pedagogical practice.
• The study provides a detailed description of the activities, equipment, and
environments where PAL was enacted, which is a novel approach to studying PAL.
• The study highlights the need to understand the pedagogical aspects of PAL to integrate
it into schools as part of everyday practice.
Implications:
• The study has implications for teacher education and professional development by
highlighting the need to understand the pedagogical aspects of PAL and how to
integrate it into schools as part of everyday practice.
• The study has implications for policymakers by highlighting the potential benefits of
PAL for students' physical activity, educational, health, and cognition outcomes.
• The study has implications for future research by providing recommendations for
further research to understand the pedagogical aspects of PAL and its potential
benefits for students.
Challenges and
Limitations;
research 1 - The limitation is the small sample
size of the study. The article
Challenges: mentions that the study was based
The challenges of this article include on an ethnographic case study
the small sample size, reliance on self- involving three children and their
report data, and lack of detail on respective mothers and teacher.
participant selection and data analysis This small sample size may limit the
methods. The small sample size of the generalizability of the findings to a
study limits the generalizability of the larger population. Another
findings. The use of self-report data limitation is the reliance on self-
through interviews may introduce report data through interviews. The
biases and may not accurately reflect article mentions that interviews
participants' experiences or behaviors. were conducted with the children,
their mothers, and their teacher.
 Challenges and - The study utilized an educational
ethnographic-inspired data
Limitations; generation process, which may be
time-consuming and resource-
research 2 intensive.
Challenges: Limitations:
- The study was conducted in a - The study acknowledges the authors'
Norwegian school system, which may positionality and how it may have
limit the generalizability of the findings influenced the research process and
to other contexts. findings.
- The study focused on one teacher, - The study did not explicitly discuss
Christian, as a setting for exploring the the practical implications and
enactment of PAL, which may limit the applications of the research.
generalizability of the findings to other - The study did not use tables, figures,
teachers. or illustrations to support the text.
 References
• The Qualitative Report Volume 16 Number 2 March 2011 567-573
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR16-2/sangasubanat.pdf
• H. Yamat, R. Fisher and S. Rich.(2014). Revisiting English Language
Learning among Malaysian Children. Canadian Center of Science and
Education.
• Mandelid. M. B., Thurston. M., Reinboth. M., Resaland. G. K., Tjomsland.
H. E. (20230. Just Because It’s Fun, It’s Not Without Purpose: Exploring the
Blurred Lines of Physically Active Learning. Teaching and Teacher
Education, volume 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104297
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