REPUBLIC OF YEMEN

Ministry Of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Sana'a University
Faculty Of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
Communications and Networks Engineering

Lab (2)

Double Sideband-Large Carrier

Done by:
Eng. Theyazan A. Al-Dhubaibi
Eng. Dhia Sadek Ali Abbas

Supervisor by:
Eng. Ibtisam Abu Jaeel

Jan 2024
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:‫قال تعالى‬

‫ب ِّز ْد ِّني ِّع ْل ًما‬

ِّ ‫وقُل َّر‬
َ
114 :‫سورة طه‬

Done by Eng. Theyazan Al-Dhubaibi (eng.theyazen86@gmail.com)

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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 3
3.0 Post Lab Observations and Theoretical Calculations .......................................................... 3
3.1 Waveforms and Spectrums .............................................................................................. 3
3.2 Theoretical Calculations .................................................................................................. 5
3.2.1 Modulation Index ..................................................................................................... 5
3.2.2 Amplitudes................................................................................................................ 5
3.2.3 Purpose of Bias Voltage ........................................................................................... 5
3.2.4 Change in Audio signal and Carrier signal parameters............................................. 6
3.2.5 The power carried by the carrier and the sidebands ................................................. 6
3.3 Block Diagram of AM circuit .......................................................................................... 7
3.4 Coherent detection of overmodulated AM signals 7
4.0 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 8
6.0 References ........................................................................................................................... 8

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1.0 Introduction
The varying process of certain characteristics or values of the carrier signal in terms
with the values of the message or audio signal is called as modulation. There has been
various methods or techniques which has been developed to transfer or to transmit the
particular signals efficiently and securely.

Along the years of development of the signal transmission section in this world, there
are a lot of techniques been created in order to transmit the signals safely and
efficiently. These techniques can be classified into two different sections, which is the
analogue modulation technique and pulse code modulation.

The transmission technique employed by the analogue modulation technique is known

as the Amplitude Modulation or widely referred as the AM technique. The Amplitude
Modulation technique uses the sine wave as their carrier to carry and transmit the
signals to the desired locations.

Amplitude Modulation as the name refers, the amplitude of the carrier wave value
changes according to the information signals values. If the information signal value
varies and then the amplitude of the sine wave changes accordingly. With this, the
frequency also will change if the change for frequency is needed.

This AM type signal transmission is used to transmit radio broadcasts. It is even used
nowadays, but it is less used nowadays due to its prone characteristics which could be
affected by the noise from the surrounding’s, thus reducing the quality of the
transmission.

This is why the Frequency Modulation or known as FM widely is preferred because it

has a better sound quality at the end of the transmission and also has less distortions in
its transmissions. This is why the FM transmission is preferred in the radio
broadcasting industry.

Demodulation is used to recover the signal carried by the sine wave. The work of a
demodulator is to recover back the signal from the modulated signal in order to
translate the signal to the original form so that it can be read in the particular devices
so,

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2.0 Objectives
The objectives of this lab report is to examine the modulation and demodulation of
Double Sideband-Large Carrier (DSB-LC) or conventional Amplitude Modulation,
AM system using the Simulink software.

3.0 Post Lab Observations and Theoretical Calculations

3.1 Waveforms and Spectrums

Figure 1: Double Sideband-Large Carrier (DSB-LC)

The carrier for this Double Sideband-Large Carrier has a large carrier value if
compared to its upper sideband and lower sideband signals. This is to enable the
message is carried to a long distance.

Figure 2: Audio Signal, Va

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The audio signal of this message has an amplitude of 1. The frequency of the audio
signal is high. This means the rate of transmission of the audio signal per second is
high.

Figure 3: Carrier Signal, Vc

The carrier signal has a more compact type of signal. This also means the frequency
of the signal is high. This is in order to have the proper amount of energy so that the
message signal can be transmitted properly.

Figure 4: AM Signal Spectrum

The AM signal spectrum shows the AM signal wave. In this signal spectrum is where
the audio signal lies within. The signal is enveloped in the signal. The signal is
retrieved by the appropriate device and then the signal is demodulated to recover back
the original signal.

Figure 5: AM Signal

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This image shows the AM signal spectrum. This is the signal generated by the AM
signal.

Figure 6: Combined Signals of Audio, Carrier and Spectrum

This image shows the Audio, Carrier and Spectrum wave of the AM signal values.
The value of the carrier signal is 1. It corresponds with the DSB-LC properties. The
audio signal increases from 0.8 and increases above 0.8 to around 0.9. The spectrum
wave value also increases from 1.5 to higher value around 2.0.

3.2 Theoretical Calculations

3.2.1 Modulation Index
Va
Modulation Index, (m) calculations: m=
Vc

1
m=
5
m=0.2
3.2.2 Amplitudes
Amplitude of the Carrier = 1.5Watts

Amplitude of the Upper Sidebands = 0.25Watts

Amplitude of the Lower Sidebands = 0.25Watts

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3.2.3 Purpose of Bias Voltage

The purpose of the bias voltage in the Amplitude Modulation is to control the
modulation index. If the DC bias voltage given is higher, than the modulation index of
the AM would be changing respectively to the DC bias voltage.

If the DC bias voltage is removed, then there would be no modulation index and the
signal could not be carried since there is no modulation index. This means there is no
voltage is supplied for the audio signal and the carrier signal to carry and transmit the
signal.

3.2.4 Change in Audio signal and Carrier signal parameters:

To achieve a modulation index of 𝑚 = 0.6 ∗ 3/5 Where 3 is the Va and 5 is the Vc

To achieve a modulation index of 𝑚 = 0.75 ∗ 3/4 Where 3 is the Va and 4 is the Vc

To achieve a modulation index of 𝑚 = 1 ∗ 4/4 Where 4 is the Va and 4 is the Vc

3.2.5 The power carried by the carrier and the sidebands

The Carrier power can be calculated using the following formula,

𝑉𝑐2 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) 42
𝑃𝑐 = = = 0.088𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2𝑅 2(90)

Power of the carrier is 0.088 Watts.

Power carried by the sidebands can be calculated as follows,

𝑚2 42
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐 = 1 + = 0.088 ∗ (1 + ) = 0.792𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2 2

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PT =Pc−Psidebands

PT −Pc=Psidebands

0.792−0.088=0.704 Watts

The sidebands power is 0.704 Watts

3.3 Block Diagram of AM circuit

Figure 7: AM circuit block diagram

3.4 Coherent detection of overmodulated AM signals

In this section the need for using coherent detection to demodulate AM
signals with modulation index m > 1 is considered

1. With the power supply off, assemble the circuit of Fig. 4. Use FG1
as the input signal and FG2 as the carrier signal. Set the following
parameters in FG1: Amplitude=6.5 V, Frequency=500 Hz, sine
wave. For FG2: Amplitude=5 V, Frequency=18 kHz, sine wave.
Use the channel 1 probe of the oscilloscope to observe the product
signal and the channel 2 probe to observe the output signal.
2. Turn on the power supply and capture the product signal and its
spectrum with the following parameters: Channel=1, TS=4m,
FS=40, Save data=ON, a proper file name. [P6, 5].
3. Now capture the output signal and its spectrum with the following
parameters: Channel=2, TS=4m, FS=40, Save data=ON, a proper
file name. [P7, 5].

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4.0 Discussion
The result from the theoretical calculations and the results from the exercise has
difference between them. The results from the exercise and from the theoretical
calculations differ by only certain amount of points or values. Since the value input
into the program and the values used for the theoretical calculations are the same, the
output results should be the same.

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But the differences in the results are caused by certain factors which is cannot be
controlled by the theoretical value inputs. This happens not real because when the
values are input into the programs to run and simulate, the real time value will be
constantly changing according to the situation of the simulation. Thus giving out a
different results each time the simulation is run.

Where else for the theoretical value, once the input values are given for the formulas
to be calculated, the output in given out only once. It does not change accordingly as
it is time simulation. This is why it is called as the theoretical value. Even though
there are some differences in both the values, the end result is same as both the values
only differs by few points apart.

5.0 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the DSB-LC has a large carrier value indeed as it name suggests.
This enables the signal to be transmitted over a long distance. Even though the signal
is able to transmit over a distance, the signal is prone to noise interference from its
surroundings and makes the signal quality to deteriorate. This also makes the recovery
of the signal to be difficult and hard.

If the signal is recovered, the quality of the signal is not good enough to be heard by
the listener. The AM signal also only can be broadcast during the specific time when
the noise interference is low. Even when it is transmitted by that cautious, there will
be noise interference affect the signal quality.

This is why the Frequency Modulation or widely known as the FM type transmission
is preferred as the FM signal transmission is not likely to be affected by the noise
interference by the surroundings noise signals and can be recovered perfectly with
minimum interference in the signal and the listening quality or the signal quality of
the signal is better than the AM signal quality.

6.0 References
Radio-electronics.com, (2014). What is Amplitude Modulation | AM Tutorial | Radio-
Electronics.com. [online] Available at: http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-
technology-design/am-amplitude-modulation/what-is-am-tutorial.php [Accessed 16
Nov. 2014].
Princeton.edu, (2014). Amplitude modulation. [online] Available at:
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Amplitude_modulation.html
[Accessed 16 Nov. 2014].
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