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M8 - Turunan Parsial

The document discusses partial derivatives of functions with two or more variables. It defines partial derivatives and their notation, and explores interpreting partial derivatives as rates of change and slopes. Examples are provided for computing first and higher-order partial derivatives, as well as mixed partial derivatives. The equality of mixed partials is discussed.

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56 views21 pages

M8 - Turunan Parsial

The document discusses partial derivatives of functions with two or more variables. It defines partial derivatives and their notation, and explores interpreting partial derivatives as rates of change and slopes. Examples are provided for computing first and higher-order partial derivatives, as well as mixed partial derivatives. The equality of mixed partials is discussed.

Uploaded by

Hasna fairuz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO


VARIABLES
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO
VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
Find fx(1, 3) and fy(1, 3) for the function f(x, y) = 2x3y2 + 2y + 4x.
THE PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FUNCTIONS

 Formulas (1) and (2) define the partial derivatives of a function at a

specific point (x0, y0).

 However, often it will be desirable to omit the subscripts and think of the

partial derivatives as functions of the variables x and y.

 These functions are :


THE PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
Find fx(x, y) and fy(x, y) for f(x, y) = 2x3y2 + 2y + 4x, and use those partial
derivatives to compute fx(1, 3) and fy(1, 3).
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE NOTATION
 If z = f(x, y), then the partial derivatives fx and fy are also denoted by the
symbols

 Some typical notations for the partial derivatives of z = f(x, y), at a point
(x0, y0) are
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE NOTATION
EXAMPLE
Find ∂z/∂x and ∂z/∂y if z = x4 sin(xy3).
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES VIEWED AS RATES OF CHANGE AND
SLOPES
 Recall that if y = f(x), then the value of f’(x0) can be interpreted either as
the rate of change of y with respect to x at x0 or as the slope of the tangent
line to the graph of f at x0.
 Partial derivatives have analogous interpretations.
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES VIEWED AS RATES OF CHANGE AND
SLOPES
EXAMPLE
Let f(x, y) = x2y + 5y3.
 Find the slope of the surface z = f(x, y) in the x-direction at the point (1,−2).
 Find the slope of the surface z = f(x, y) in the y-direction at the point (1,−2).
IMPLICIT PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
EXAMPLE
Find the slope of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 in the y-direction at the points
(2/3,1/3,2/3) and (2/3,1/3,-2/3)

 The slope at the point (2/3,1/3,2/3) is -1/2


 The slope at the point (2/3,1/3,-2/3) is 1/2
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND CONTINUITY
 In contrast to the case of functions of a single variable, the existence of
partial derivatives for a multivariable function does not guarantee the
continuity of the function. This fact is shown in the following example
 Let

(a) Show that fx(x, y) and fy(x, y) exist at all points (x, y).
(b) Explain why f is not continuous at (0, 0).
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND CONTINUITY

 This shows that f has partial derivatives at (0, 0) and the values of both
partial derivatives are 0 at that point
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND CONTINUITY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS WITH MORE THAN TWO
VARIABLES

 For a function f(x, y, z) of three variables, there are three partial


derivatives:

 If a dependent variable

is used, then the three partial derivatives of f can be denoted by


PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS WITH MORE THAN TWO
VARIABLES
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
 Suppose that f is a function of two variables x and y. Since the
partial derivatives ∂f /∂x and ∂f /∂y are also functions of x and y,
these functions may themselves have partial derivatives.
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
EXAMPLE
Find the second-order partial derivatives of f(x, y) = x2y3 + x4y.
HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
 Third-order, fourth-order, and higher-order partial derivatives can
be obtained by successive differentiation.
 Some possibilities are

 Let f(x, y) = y2ex + y


EQUALITY OF MIXED PARTIALS
THE WAVE EQUATION
\
THE WAVE EQUATION
EXAMPLE
Show that the function u(x, t) = sin(x − ct) is a solution of Equation

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