19.1 A 20.32 × 20.32-cm test panel, 2.

54-cm thick, is placed between two plates, and the

whole is properly insulated. The interface surface of one plate is maintained at 79.4 °C by an
electric energy supply of 50 watts; the other plate has an interface surface temperature of 21.1
°C. Find k for the test panel. (Ans. 0.528 W/m-K.)
19.2 It is desired that no more than 1892 W/m² be conducted through a 30-cm thick wall
whose average thermal conductivity is k = 0.865 W/m-K; the conducted heat will be
controlled by insulating one side. Find the least thickness of insulating material (k = 0.346
W/m-K) that will assure this heat constraint if the surface temperatures of the composite wall
are 1150 °C and 40 °C. (Ans. 8.3 cm.)
19.3 (a) Find an equation for the heat conducted through a plate of area A, thickness L,
having surface temperatures of t1, and t2, when the conductivity varies in accordance with k =
ko (1 + at). (b) Data for a plane plate glass door are: A = 1.86 m², L= 1.905 cm, t1 = 4.4 °C, t2
= 26.7 °C, ko = 0.721 W/m-K, a = 0.031 /°C. Determine the hourly heat flow.
19.4 Hot water is flowing through an 11.43-cm OD steel pipe (k = 45 W/m-K) which is
insulated with 5.08 cm of 85% magnesia (k = 0.062 W/m-K). Thermocouples embedded in
the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation indicate temperatures of 121.1 °C and 46.1 °C,
respectively. Find the hourly heat loss per 61 m of pipe length.
19.5 A cylindrical pipe of length L and radii r1 and ro is made of material whose conductivity
is k. The inner surface temperature is t1; the outer is to. (a) Determine the rate of heat flow if k
remains constant. (b) Determine the rate of heat flow if k varies linearly with temperature and
is given as k = ko [1 + at] where ko and a are constant.
19.6 A hollow sphere with inner radius ri, outer radius ro, inner and outer surface
temperatures ti and to, is made of a material whose thermal conductivity is k. Derive the
expression for the conducted heat loss, W/m², (a) based upon the outer area and (b) based
upon the inner area. (c) Let ri = 7.62 cm; ro = 12.70 cm; k = 46.15 W/m-K; ti = 426.7 °C. If
the heat from the sphere is 439.6 W, what is to? (Ans. 422.7 °C.)
19.7 Air enters a preheater at 25 °C and leaves at 110 °C. The hot gas leaves at 130 °C. Find
the temperature of the hot gas entering when the logarithmic mean temperature difference is
67.4 °C and (a) the flow is parallel, (b) the flow is countercurrent. (Ans. (b) 160 °C.)
19.8 The oil (cp = 1759 W-s/kg K) from an oil-cooled electric transformer is cooled from 79.4
°C to 29.4 °C at the rate of 1360.5 kg/hr. This is done in an oil-water heat exchanger that
receives 2948 kg/hr of water at 15.6 °C. For the exchanger, U = 295 W/m-K. Find the exit
water temperature and heating area required (a) for counterflow (b) for parallel flow.
19.9 What surface area must be provided by the filament of a 100-W evacuated light globe
where t = 248 °C and ε = 0.38 for the filament? Assume the ambient temperature to be 25.6
°C. (Ans. 0.806 cm².)
19.10 A manufacturer of electrical roaster ovens decided to change the oven cover from
aluminum to a colorful porcelain enamel finish for marketing reasons. These data are known:
surface area of the cover is 1807 cm²; when 592 W of power are consumed, the aluminum
cover is at 204.4 °C; environmental temperature is 22.2 °C; respective emissivities, ε
(aluminum) = 0.08, ε (porcelain cover) = 0.89; assume the convection losses to be the same
in each case. If the cover temperature of the porcelain cover is 204.4 °C, what power is
consumed in steady-state operation?
19.11 The water resistance (drag) R on the submarine Nautilus is a function of its length L,
velocity ν of the ship, the viscosity μ, and density ρ of the water in which it moves.
Determine dimensionless groups that could be used to organize test data.
19.12 Steam at 30 bar, 240 °C flows through a 10.2-cm steel pipe (9.73-cm ID) at 2200
m/min. Calculate the film coefficient for the inside surface of the pipe; for the steel, k = 45
W/m-K.
19.13 A single 10.16-cm steel pipe, whose OD is 11.43 cm, has an outer surface temperature
of 149 °C. The horizontal pipe is located in a large room where the ambient temperature is
25.6 °C and the barometer is standard. Determine the total heat (free convection and
radiation) for 10 m of pipe length. (Ans. 7925 W)
19.14 Compare the heat fluxes that result from a 25 °F temperature difference existing across
the respective surfaces of 1-in. layers of aluminum, steel, concrete, and cork.
19.15 A composite plane wall consisting of two layers of materials (1.5-in. steel and 2-in.
aluminum) separates hot gas at ti = 200 °F, hi = 2, from a cold gas at to = 80 °F, ho = 5 Btu/hr-
ft-°F. If the hot fluid is on the aluminum side, find (a) the transmittance U, (b) the resistance
R, (c) the interface temperature at the junction of the two metals, and (d) the heat through 100
ft² of the surface under steady state conditions. (Ans. (a) 1.416 Btu/hr-ft²-°F, (b) 0.70615, (c)
115 °F, (d) 17,000 Btu/hr.)
19.16 Dry saturated steam at 30 psia enters a 50-ft section of steel pipe (OD = 2.375 in., ID =
1.939 in.) and flows at a rate of 10 lb/min; the pipe is covered with 1 in. of 85% magnesia;
the film coefficients are: h1 = 1000, ho = 4. Determine the quality of the steam as it leaves the
section. Neglect pressure loss.
19.17 Steam is flowing from a boiler to a small turbine through 200 ft of 3.5-in. steel pipe (4-
in. OD, 3.548-in. ID). The steam leaves the boiler saturated at 175 psia and enters the turbine
at 173.33 psia and with a moisture content of 1%. The turbine develops 50 bhp with a brake
steam rate of 41 lb/bhp-hr. The ambient temperature is 90 °F; hi = 1000 and ho = 1.9 Btu/hr-
ft-°F. If the pipe is lagged with a 2.5-in. layer of insulation, compute the value of the thermal
conductivity for the insulation. (Ans. k = 0.544 Btu-in/hr-ft²-°F.)
19.18 A hollow steel sphere contains a 100-watt electrical filament, and these data are
known: ri = 9 in., ro = 12 in. The film coefficients for the inner and outer surfaces are hi = 6,
ho = 2 Btu per hr-ft²-°F; the environmental temperature is 80 °F. Assuming steady state,
compute the temperature of the inside air. (See 19.6.) (Ans. 101.9 °F.)
19.19 A water cooler uses 50 lb/hr of melting ice to cool running water from 80 °F to 42 °F.
Based on the inside coil area, Ui = 110 Btu/hr-ft²-°F. Find (a) the LMTD, (b) the inside area
of the coil, (c) the gpm of the water cooled. (Ans. (a) 24.23 °F, (b) 2.7 ft², (c) 0.380 gpm.)
19.20 In a 10-ton Freon 12 refrigerating system, liquid refrigerant from the condenser is
cooled from 80 °F to 70 °F in a concentric double-pipe heat exchanger. This is done by
passing the liquid through the inner pipe and saturated vapor (after the refrigeration is done)
from the 20 °F evaporator through the annulus. For the heat exchanger, U = 110 Btu per hr-
ft²-F; for the vapor, cp = 0.15 Btu/lb-°F. Find the required heating surface for (a) counterflow,
and (b) parallel flow.
19.21 Calculate the rate of energy emission from each square foot of “black body" at a
temperature of (a) -100 °F, (b) 0 °F, (c) 100 °F, and (d) 2000 °F. Does the presence of other
bodies affect this rate? Explain.
19.22 A 30 × 40-ft room is heated by means of hot water coils laid in the concrete floor. The
ceiling is 9 ft high and painted white. The respective surface temperatures are 82 °F floor, 60
°F ceiling. If the connecting walls are nonconducting but reradiating, find the net exchange of
radiant energy between floor and ceiling.
19.23 A 20 x 30-ft furnace floor is lined with refractory brick. The vertical distance from the
floor to the water tubes is 22 ft, and the walls are nonconducting but reradiating. For the tube
surfaces, t = 525 °F and the emissivity is ε = 0.93; the floor surface temperature is 2250 °F.
Find the amount of radiant energy received by the tubes. (Ans. 26,000,000 Btu/hr.)
19.24 (a) Find the heat loss by radiation only from an 8-in. diameter, polished steel sphere
whose outer surface temperature is maintained at 750 °F by means of internal electrical
heating coils. The sphere is suspended in a large room wherein the environmental
temperature is 50 °F. (b) What will be the heat loss if the surface is oxidized? (Ans. (b) 3944
Btu/hr.)
19.25 The flow resistance R per unit area encountered by a fluid moving through a closed
duct depends principally upon the fluid properties of density ρ, absolute viscosity μ, and
velocity ν; also, the duct diameter D. In mathematical form, R = ΚρaμbνcDd, where K is a
dimensionless proportionality constant and a, b, c, and d are constant exponents. Through
dimensional analysis, show that R = fρν2 where f = Cre-b, a dimensionless quantity called the
coefficient of friction; C is a constant and Re the Reynolds number.
19.26 The same as 19.25 except that the velocity of sound a is included for which the
assumption is R = ΚρaμbνcDdae. Now demonstrate that the coefficient of friction f will depend
upon the Mach number M as well as the Reynolds number Re.
19.27 The main trunk duct of an air conditioning system is rectangular in cross section (16 x
30-in.) and has air at 15 psia and 40 °F flowing through it with a velocity of 1400 fpm. Find
hi. (Ans. 3.69 Btu/hr-ft-°F.)
19.28 A manufacturer of gas kitchen stoves desires to substitute fiber glass for 85%
magnesia, used as the insulation for the oven. With a maximum oven temperature of 600 °F,
the top outer surface of the oven is not to exceed 120 °F. Neglect the metallic resistance to
heat flow and determine (a) the thickness of 85% magnesia currently used, (b) the thickness
of the fiber glass to be used.
19.29 A double-pipe, counterflow heat exchanger contains a 1.5-in. steel pipe (1.90- in. OD,
1.61-in. ID) inside of a 2.5-in. steel pipe (2.88-in. OD, 2.47-in. ID). Hot oil with properties
similar to those of oil C, Fig. 19/20, is flowing through the inner pipe with a velocity of 3.5
fps and a bulk temperature of 200°F; also, cp = 0.52 Btu/lb-°R, k = 0.96 Btu-in/hr-ft²-°F. Cold
oil with properties similar to those of oil B, Fig. 19/20, is flowing through the annular space
with a velocity of 12.5 fps and a bulk temperature of 80 °F; also, cp = 0.52 Btu/lb-°R, k =
0.94 Btu-in./hr-ft²-°F. (a) Find the film coefficients for the inner and outer surfaces of the
inner pipe. (b) What is U for the inner pipe?
19.30 A nuclear reactor shell is spherical in shape, has an internal volume of 65.4 cu ft,
contains water boiling at 400 °F, and is made from stainless steel (k = 160) 3 in. thick. The
reactor has a 2-in. layer of lead (k = 230 Btu-in./hr-ft²-°F) around it with a layer of 85%
magnesia in between the two materials; the maximum power level for the reactor is 5 kW. If
the maximum heat loss through the shell is not to exceed 5% of the power, compute the
needed thickness of 85% magnesia. What will be the outer surface temperature of the lead
under maximum heat loss conditions?