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Constraints, efforts, forces and deformations

Summary:

This document defines the sizes characterizing the constraints, the forces and the deformations inside a
structure in a calculation by finite elements in displacement and how that is translated in Code_Aster. The
expression of these sizes is given for the finite elements of mechanics: continuous medium 2D or 3D, hulls and
beams.

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1 Statics
1.1 Constraints
The postulate of Cauchy is that the efforts of contacts exerted in a point by part of a continuous
medium on another depends only on the normal on the surface in this point delimiting the parts.

In accordance with this postulate, one calls vector forced, for the nonmicropolar mediums, F  n  the
vector which characterizes the forces of contact exerted through an element of surface DS of normal
n on part of a continuous medium [bib1].

It is shown [bib3], then, that the dependence in a point fixed of F compared to the normal n is linear
and that there exists a tensor which one calls tensor of the constraints  such as:

F  n  = n

The unit of the constraints in international system is it N . m −2 ≡Pa .

For the whole of the structure “the state of constraint” is characterized by a field of tensor of the
constraints which one more simply indicates by stress field.

1.2 Effort
With regard to the structures of beams or hulls, contrary to the case of the continuous medium, it
should be noted that:

• only normal directions n cuts according to tangent space with the variety are possible,
• the characteristic sizes are obtained by integration in the section or the thickness of the sizes
defined for the continuous mediums.

1.2.1 Case of the discrete ones

The discrete ones are finite elements which can not have of a physical size. They are represented by
their matrix of stiffness. The efforts are obtained by the multiplication of this matrix by the vector
displacement:

  [ ] 
F
M
=k .
D
R

1.2.2 Case of the beams

One calls effort, the end cells  F , M  in P , geometrical centre of inertia of the cross-section  ,
torque resulting from the forces of contact exerted on the section [bib2].

With the preceding notations:

F =∫ F    ds N 
Mp =∫ PM∧F    ds  N . m 

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P



The force F breaks up into a normal effort N and of the efforts cutting-edges T in the plan of the
section while moment M being exerted at the point P breaks up into one bending moment and
torque at the point P .
For the beams whose cross-section is not regarded as rigid these end cells are not sufficient: for
example, for the beams taking of account the warping of the sections one is brought to consider an
additional size of effort due to warping (bimoment).
The multifibre beams (with local behavior 1D, connecting constraints to deformations, in a certain
number of points of the section) and the pipes (local behavior in plane constraints) provide at the
same time the end cells of the beams but also a stress field for each fibre or sector.

1.2.3 Case of the hulls

That is to say a point P of a surface medium S of thickness h , that is to say an element length dl
on S , that is to say n the normal directing the hull in this point.

Are the end cells  F , M  in this point of a torque resulting from the forces exerted through an
element of surface dS =h dl of normal n tangent with S on part of S .
With the preceding notations:
h/ 2
F P = ∫ F    dh N 
−h/ 2
h/ 2

M P = ∫ PM∧F    dh  N . m
−h/ 2

n
dl

h


It is clear that M is in the tangent plan with S in P .

That is to say N  P  the projection of F  P  on the tangent level with S in P and is, T  P  its
normal component with this tangent plan.

In the same way that for the continuous mediums, one shows that there exist two symmetrical tensors
N and M and a vector Q , defined in the tangent plan in S , such as:

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F= N 
T =Q⋅
M=n∧ M 

 N , M ,Q the efforts at the point are called P :

• the tensor N characterize the membrane efforts,

• the tensor M bending moments,
• the vector Q the efforts cutting-edges.
Note:
• There are no universal conventions on the denomination and the signs of these tensors. In
particular, the tensor of the bending moments is sometimes taken with a sign opposite in the
teaching and in practice of the French engineers of the civil engineer. Our convention is used
in the great codes of finite elements and makes it possible to have the same sign for a beam
and a plate such as = .
• For nonlinear materials, the law of behavior is evaluated in several points thickness but the
equilibrium equations always relate to the fields of effort. It is not necessary to go down again
to the constraints to define “the state of stress”.

Links with the stress field

Under these conditions is a reference mark whose third component is carried by n , one has (
 , =1 ou 2 ):
h/ 2
N  =N  = ∫    dh
−h/ 2
h/ 2

M   =M  = ∫ x 3   dh
−h/ 2
h/ 2

Q = ∫  3 dh
−h/ 2

1.3 Nodal forces

One calls equivalent nodal force or more simply nodal force, a vector F who is the representative of
a linear form W (generally dependent on an energy) acting on fields of displacement u  x 
discretized by finite elements.
Fields of displacements u  x  express themselves starting from its nodal values which form a vector
q and of the functions of form i  x  by:

u  x  =∑ qi  i  x 
i

Under these conditions:

w  u  =∑ q i F i
i

Note:
• The concept of node here is very general and wants to say, in fact, carrying degree of
freedom (that it is of Lagrange or Hermit).
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• The concept of displacement is also very general and includes the concept of generalized
displacement including of the translations and rotations.

1.4 Representation of the fields

There are several ways of representing the fields in a modeling by finite elements:

• for the continuous-current fields on all the field, one uses the values with the nodes
(CHAM_NO of Code_Aster)
u  x  =∑ ui  i  x 
i
one speaks then about displacements to the nodes, constraints to the nodes or efforts to the
nodes,

Note:
The effort or stress fields are generally calculated at the points of Gauss, if they
continuously are represented it is only at ends of visualization.

• for the other fields, one uses the values in certain points characteristic of the elements (points
of Gauss or nodes).
One speaks then about constraints by elements to the nodes or efforts by elements to the
nodes, or about constraints at the points of Gauss or efforts at the points of Gauss.

1.5 Sizes associated in Code_Aster

1.5.1 SIEF_R
Size SIEF_R represent “the state of stress” of the structure, it thus contains, at least, the
components:
• stress fields of the continuous mediums (in total reference mark):

SIXX SIYY SIZZ SIXY SIXZ SIYZ

• fields of efforts of beam and discrete (in reference mark “user” with the beam, discrete):

NR VY VZ MT MFY MFZ
• for the beams with warping, it is necessary to add bimoment (necessarily in reference mark
“user” with fibre):

BX
• fields of efforts of hull (necessarily in reference mark “user” on the surface):

NXX NYY NXY MXX MYY MXY QX QY

Moreover, it is sometimes convenient to be able to directly exploit the fields of efforts of beam
and discrete in the total reference mark:
FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
It is also interesting to represent the components of a stress field on the elements of beams or
hulls in the reference mark “user”. For that, one will use the same components as in total
reference mark, although confusion is possible.

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1.5.2 FORC_F and FORC_R

These sizes represent the forces applied to the structure to an interface.
For:
• a continuous medium it is thus a vector of force,
• a beam, a torque of forces,
• a hull, a torque of forces.
This size must thus have the following components:
• for a continuous medium:
FX FY FZ
• more for the beams and the hulls:
MX MY MZ

1.5.3 DEPL_R
Since in Code_Aster,
• a field can be attached only to only one size,
• that the methods finite elements mixed (mixing unknown of standard displacement and
unknown factors of nodal the forces type) are not excluded,
• that the dualisation of the boundary conditions results in having for unknown a comprising
vector of the variables of Lagrange which are nodal forces with the direction where it higher
was specified,
• that it is necessary to be able to carry out any type of linear combination on the nodal forces,
• that the classification of the unknown factors must be the same one as that of the second
members,
nodal forces (dual within the meaning of energy W nodal displacements) have necessarily the same
components as displacements namely:
DX DY DZ DRX DRY MARTINI DRZ
more, for the beams with warping, the degree of freedom associated with bimoment: GRX.

1.6 Options of calculation

1.6.1 Calculation of the state of stress
1.6.1.1 Field SIEF_ELGA

It is the field representative of the state of constraint and making it possible to continue calculations
(geometrical rigidity, nodal forces, etc). It is expressed at the points of Gauss (and is possibly under-
points for the elements of structure). The prefix of this field is SIEF, because according to the
elements, it contains constraints or efforts.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D, 2D, Beams: Plates:

calculation symbol of carried out Coques1D POU_D_T DKT
concept PIPE POU_D_E DST
RESULT Multifibre POU_D_TG Q4G
beams POU_D_T_GD Q4GG
Discrete COQUE_3D
starting from a
field of F ,M   in
SIEF_ELGA SIEF_ELGA displacement  in reference reference mark
in linear mark “user” “user” *
elasticity

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F ,M 
RAPH_MECA  in
SIEF_ELGA into nonlinear
FULL_MECA  in reference reference mark
mark “user” “user” *
(*) for the elements of plate and hull, the reference mark “user” is that definite starting from the data of
the user (keyword ANGL_REP or VECTOR in AFFE_CARA_ELEM/COQUE).

These options thus calculate:

• the stress field for the elements of continuous mediums 2D and 3D, and the elements
with local behavior: COQUE_3D, plates, hulls 1D (COQUE_AXIS, COQUE_D_PLAN,
COQUE_C_PLAN), multifibre pipes, beams, in each “under-point” of integration (layers in the
thickness of the hulls, fibres, sectors angular and position in the thickness for the pipes). The
reference mark “user” of the plates and hulls can be specific to each element.
• the field of efforts for the beams (torque).

1.6.1.2 Field SIGM_ELGA

It is the field representative of the state of constraint at the points of Gauss (or possibly at the under-
points for the elements of structure). The prefix of this field is SIGM because this field contains only
constraints. It is an extraction of the constraints contained in the field SIEF_ELGA.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D, 2D, Beams: Plates:

calculation symbol of carried out Coques1D POU_D_T DKT
concept PIPE POU_D_E DST
RESULT Multifibre POU_D_TG Q4G
beams POU_D_T_GD COQUE_3D
Discrete
starting from
the field  in
SIGM_ELGA SIGM_ELGA SIEF_ELGA,  non-available reference mark
extraction of “user” *
the constraints

1.6.2 Other representations of the state of stress

1.6.2.1 Field SIEF_ELNO and SIEF_NOEU

They are fields representative of the state of constraint at ends of exploitation (impression or
postprocessing of visualization) to the nodes by element (or possibly at the under-points for the
elements of structure) and to the nodes of the element. According to the elements, they contain
constraints or efforts.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D, 2D, Beams: Plates:

calculation symbol of carried out Coques1D POU_D_T DKT
concept PIPE POU_D_E DST
RESULT Multifibre POU_D_TG Q4G
beams POU_D_T_GD COQUE_3D
Discrete
by
extrapolation
with the nodes F ,M   in
SIEF_ELNO SIEF_ELNO of the  in reference reference mark
quantities at mark “user” “user” *
the points of
Gauss

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by arithmetic
mean with the
nodes of the
F ,M   in
* SIEF_NOEU  in reference reference mark
quantities to
the nodes by mark “user” “user” *
element

1.6.2.2 Field SIGM_ELNO and SIGM_NOEU

It is about a field representative of the state of constraint at ends of exploitation (impression or

postprocessing of visualization) to the nodes by element (or possibly under-points for the elements of
structure) and to the nodes of the element. The prefix of this field is SIGM because this field contains
only constraints.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D, 2D, Beams: Plates:

calculation symbol of carried out Coques1D POU_D_T DKT
concept PIPE POU_D_E DST
RESULT Multifibre POU_D_TG Q4G
beams POU_D_T_GD COQUE_3D
Discrete
by
extrapolation
with the nodes  in
SIGM_ELNO SIGM_ELNO of the  non-available reference mark
quantities at “user”
the points of
Gauss
by arithmetic
mean with the
nodes of the  in
* SIGM_NOEU  non-available reference mark
quantities to
the nodes by “user”
element

Note:
1) In this case, confusion is possible between the components in reference mark user and those
in total reference mark which bear the same name.
2) The 6 components delivered in the local reference marks by the beams and the hulls contain
possibly worthless terms according to the models used. For the most standard models:
• three worthless terms for the beams,
• two worthless terms for the hulls.
Thus, the stress field will be complete and, especially, it could be enriched each time
modeling requires it (beam with shearing, hull with pinching, etc…)

1.6.2.3 Field EFGE_ELGA, EFGE_ELNO and EFGE_NOEU

They are fields containing the efforts on the elements of beam or hull at ends exploitation (impression
or postprocessing of visualization) at the points Gauss, the nodes by elements and the nodes.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D, 2Ds Beams, pipes, Hulls, plates

calculation symbol of carried out beam multi -
concept fibres, Discrete
RESULT
by integration F ,M  (N , M ,V )
EFGE_ELGA EFGE_ELGA of the non-available in reference in reference
constraints mark “user” mark “user”

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starting from a
field of F ,M  (N , M ,V )
EFGE_ELNO EFGE_ELNO displacement non-available in reference in reference
in linear mark “user” mark “user”
elasticity
by integration
of the
F ,M  (N , M ,V )
EFGE_ELNO EFGE_ELNO non-available in reference in reference
constraints into
non-linear mark “user” mark “user”
by arithmetic
mean with the
nodes of the
F ,M  (N , M ,V )
* EFGE_NOEU non-available in reference in reference
quantities to
the nodes by mark “user” mark “user”
element

1.6.3 Calculation of the nodal forces and the generalized reactions

The generalized nodal forces are calculated starting from the state of stress, only one option is
envisaged:

Option of Reference Calculation Solid elements Beam, Hull

calculation symbol of carried out (3D, 2D) elements
concept discrete
RESULT
starting from
Forces and Forces and
FORC_NODA idem the field Forces
SIEF_ELGA moments moments

Nodal forces (dual within the meaning of energy W nodal displacements) have the same
components as displacements namely:
DX DY DZ DRX DRY MARTINI DRZ

The option REAC_NODA of the operator CALC_CHAMP carry out a call to FORC_NODA and withdrawn:
• the loading in statics,
• the loading, the inertias and viscous in dynamics (in the facts, the viscous contribution in
dynamics is currently neglected in CALC_CHAMP).

For the solid elements, them FORC_NODA in general have the dimension of a force. It is about a field
on the nodes of the grid where the value in a node is obtained starting from the constraints calculated
on the convergent elements with this node, thus their values thus vary when the grid changes. In the
absence of loading distributed, balance imposes their nullity in an interior node, while they correspond
to the reaction on the supports where a kinematic relation is imposed (case of an imposed
displacement).

In the case of hulls, components DX, DY and DZ they give FORC_NODA (of dimension of a force) in the
total reference mark of the grid. These components are built with the normal efforts and cutting-edges
in the hull. Components DRX, DRY MARTINI and DRZ they give FORC_NODA (of one moment
dimension) in the total reference mark of the grid, built with the bending moments in the hull.

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2 Kinematics
2.1 Deformations
2.1.1 Continuous medium

In this case, displacements of the structure are represented by a field of vector u with three
components in general.
The deformation (on the assumption of the small disturbances) is defined by the tensor of deformation
 by (option EPSI_ELGA and EPSI_ELNO):
1
 ij  u =  u u j , i 
2 i,j
One can want to calculate the “mechanical” deformation, i.e. by cutting off thermal dilations (options
EPME_ELGA and EPME_ELNO):
m 1
 ij  u =  u u j ,i  −th
2 i,j
In the case of great displacements, the deformations of Green-Lagrange are (options EPSG_ELGA and
EPSG_ELNO ):
1
E ij  u  =  u u j ,i u k ,i u k , j 
2 i, j
To which one can want to cut off the thermal deformations (options EPMG_ELGA and EPMG_ELNO):
m 1
E ij  u =  u u j , iuk , i uk , j −th
2 i, j
For the assumption of the plane deformations (D_PLAN), it is important to note that the condition of
plane deformation is written on the deformation total :
ε33 ( u ) =0
If the total deflection is written as the sum of a purely mechanical deformation and deformation
coming from the variables of order (like the thermal deformation of dilation):
ε33 ( u ) =εm33 +εth33=0

Then it comes naturally that in plane deformations, the deformation mechanics except plan is not
worthless in the presence of a thermal dilation.
m
ε33 ( u ) ≠0

2.1.2 Case of the beams

In the theories of traditional beams, each point P beam represents a cross-section. They are thus
the end cells of the torque  T  s  ,   s   of displacement of the presumedly rigid cross-section which
characterizes the displacement of the point P with the curvilinear X-coordinate s . T is the
translation of the centre of inertia of the section,   s  the vector rotation of the section in this point.
The application of the theorem of virtual work (cf [bib2]) naturally led to define as deformation the
torque   ,   derived from  T  s  ,   s   compared to the curvilinear X-coordinate s :

dT
= ∧
ds
d
=
ds

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P(s)



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Let us pose then:

= L  T
= t K

L is the longitudinal deflection,

T is the vector of the deformations of distortion (no one on the assumption of Navier-Bernoulli),
t is the deformation of torsion of the section,
K is the deformation of inflection.

Note:
For modelings of beam with taking into account of warping, kinematics is more complicated to
describe, but they lead however to concepts close to those presented above.

2.1.3 Case of the hulls

We will limit ourselves here to the cases of the plates. Indeed, in the case general of the hulls:

• space derivations use too complicated mathematical concepts for the framework of this
document, [R3.07.04],
• the hulls are very often modelled by elements of assembled plates.

In this case, in fact only the material normals are supposed to be rigid. The displacement of these
normals is thus represented by the end cells of a torque  T ,  . T is the translation of the point
located on the average layer,  the vector rotation of the normal in this point.
It is clear that the normal component of  is worthless (in the case of nonmicropolar mediums). One
introduces, the vector I in the tangent plan defined by:

I=∧n

where n is the normal vector directing surface.

n
e2

e1

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Maybe, decomposition:
T =w nuT
uT is tangent displacement,
w is the arrow.
In the same way that for the beams, the application of the theorem of virtual work (cf [bib2]) led to
define as deformation the unit formed by the tensors E and K and the vector  , all these sizes
being defined in the tangent plan by:

1
E  =  u u 
2  ,  , 
1
K =  l l 
2  ,  ,
 = l w ,

The deformation is thus defined by 7 realities.

E   are the membrane deformations,

K   are the opposite of the curves of the deformed average layer,
  is the vector of deformation of distortion.

Note:
There still, there is no universal convention and the disparity of conventions is even larger
than for the tensors of efforts.

Link with the three-dimensional field of deformation

Under these conditions, one a:

  = E   x3 K 
 3 = 
 33 =0

2.2 Sizes associated in Code_Aster

2.2.1 DEPL_R and DEPL_C

Sizes DEPL_R and DEPL_C as components the degrees of freedom of modeling by finite elements
have and thus do not have necessarily only the components of the fields of displacement which are:

DX DY DZ

with which it is necessary to associate for the beams or the hulls:

DRX DRY MARTINI DRZ

For the hulls, we need the three components of the vector of rotation, because the equation with the
finite elements can be expressed only in one total Cartesian reference mark.

2.2.2 EPSI_R

Size EPSI_R represent the structural deformations, therefore it must have, at least, the components:
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• fields of deformations  continuous mediums (in total reference mark):

EPXX EPYY EPZZ EPXY EPXZ EPYZ

• fields of deformations of beam (in reference mark “user” with the beam):

EPXX GAXY GAXZ KY KZ GAT

• fields of deformations of hull (necessarily in reference mark “user” on the surface)

EXX EYY EXY KXX KYY KXY GAX GAY

2.3 Options of calculation

2.3.1 Fields EPSI_ELGA, EPME_ELGA, EPSG_ELGA and EPMG_ELGA

They are fields containing the deformations at the points of Gauss and possibly at the under-points
elements.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D Pipes, Hulls, plates

calculation symbol of carried out Multifibre (except DKTG
concept beams and Q4GG)
RESULT
starting from a
field of  
EPSI_ELGA EPSI_ELGA displacement in reference
 mark “user”
in reference
in small mark “user”
deformations 6 components
Tensor of
Green-
Lagrange
EPSG_ELGA EPSG_ELGA
starting from a
E non-available non-available
field of
displacement
starting from a
field of
displacement
EPME_ELGA EPME_ELGA and a field of m non-available non-available
temperature in
small
deformations
Tensor of
Green-
Lagrange
starting from a
EPMG_ELGA EPMG_ELGA
field of Em non-available non-available
displacement
and a field of
temperature

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2.3.2 Fields EPSI_ELNO, EPME_ELNO, EPSG_ELNO and EPMG_ELNO

They are fields containing the deformations whatever the modeling at ends of exploitation (impression
or postprocessing of visualization) to the nodes and possibly at the under-points of the elements.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D Pipes, Hulls, plates

calculation symbol of carried out Beams (except DKTG
concept multi_fibres and Q4GG)
RESULT
by
extrapolation
with the nodes
EPSI_ELNO EPSI_ELNO of the    EN locates   EN locates
quantities at “user” “user”
the points of
Gauss
by
extrapolation
with the nodes
EPSG_ELNO EPSG_ELNO of the E non-available non-available
quantities at
the points of
Gauss
by
extrapolation
with the nodes
EPME_ELNO EPME_ELNO of the m non-available non-available
quantities at
the points of
Gauss
by
extrapolation
with the nodes
EPMG_ELNO EPMG_ELNO of the Em non-available non-available
quantities at
the points of
Gauss
by arithmetic
mean with the
* EPSI_NOEU nodes of the
   EN locates   EN locates
quantities to “user” “user”
the nodes by
element
by arithmetic
mean with the
nodes of the
* EPSG_NOEU
quantities to
E non-available non-available
the nodes by
element
by arithmetic
mean with the
nodes of the
* EPME_ NOEU
quantities to m non-available non-available
the nodes by
element

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by arithmetic
mean with the
nodes of the
* EPMG_NOEU
quantities to Em non-available non-available
the nodes by
element

2.3.3 Fields DEGE_ELGA and DEGE_ELNO

They are fields containing the deformations generalized on the elements of beam or hull at ends of
exploitation (impression or postprocessing of visualization) at the points of Gauss or the nodes of the
structure.

Option of Reference Calculation 3D Multifibre Plates,

calculation symbol of carried out beams, beams Coques1D
concept
RESULT
starting from a
field of (E , K , γ)
DEGE_ELGA DEGE_ELGA displacement non-available non-available in reference
in small mark “user”
deformations
by
extrapolation
with the nodes  ,   E , K , 
DEGE_ELNO DEGE_ELNO of the non-available in reference in reference
quantities at mark “user” mark “user”
the points of
Gauss

3 Bibliography
1) F. SIDOROFF: Course of mechanics of the solids Volume 1 E.C.L.

2) F. SIDOROFF: Course of mechanics of the solids Volume 2 E.C.L.

3) C. TRUESDELL, W. NOLL: Encyclopedia of Physics volume III/3 - The non-linear Field Theories
of Mech anics Springer-Verlag, 1965.

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