0% found this document useful (0 votes)

79 views103 pages

3.1.4.3 Applications of Hess's Law

The document discusses Hess's law and its applications. It provides examples of redox reactions involving chlorine and sodium hydroxide, as well as decomposition reactions of potassium chlorate. Thermochemical equations and calculations of enthalpy changes are presented.

Uploaded by

Rafi Mohammed

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

79 views103 pages

3.1.4.3 Applications of Hess's Law

Uploaded by

Rafi Mohammed

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 103

_______________________

Name:
_
3.1.4.3 Applications of
Hess's law _______________________
Class:
_

_______________________
Date:
_

Time: 400 min.

Marks: 382 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 103
Q1.
Chlorine is used to decrease the numbers of microorganisms in water.

When chlorine is added to water, there is a redox reaction, as shown by the equation

Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HClO + HCl

(a) Deduce the oxidation state of chlorine in HClO and the oxidation state of chlorine in
HCl

Oxidation state of chlorine in HClO _______________________________________

Oxidation state of chlorine in HCl ________________________________________

(1)

(b) Give two half-equations to show the oxidation and reduction processes that occur in
this redox reaction.

Oxidation half-equation ________________________________________________

Reduction half-equation _______________________________________________

(2)

Give an equation for this reaction between chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The concentration of ClO– ions in bleach solution can be found by reaction with
iodide ions.

The overall equation for this reaction is shown.

ClO– + 2I– + 2H+ → I2 + Cl– + H2O

A sample of bleach solution was found to contain ClO– ions with a concentration of
0.0109 mol dm–3

Potassium iodide is added to a 20.0 cm3 portion of this bleach solution.

Calculate the mass, in mg, of potassium iodide needed to react with all of the
ClO– ions in the sample of bleach.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Give one observation during this reaction.

Mass of potassium iodide ____________________ mg

Observation ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 103
___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e) Potassium chlorate(VII), KClO4, is used in fireworks. When potassium chlorate(VII)

decomposes, it produces potassium chloride and oxygen.

Give an equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate(VII).

Use the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.

Substance ∆fH / kJ mol–1

KClO4(s) – 434

KCl(s) – 436

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Enthalpy change ____________________ kJ mol–1

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q2.
What is the enthalpy of formation of buta-1,3-diene, C4H6(g)?

Substance Enthalpy of combustion / kJ mol–1

C4H6(g) –2546

C(s) –394

H2(g) –286

Page 3 of 103
A +112 kJ mol–1

B –112 kJ mol–1

C +746 kJ mol–1

D –746 kJ mol–1

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
This question is about energetics.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with an enthalpy change
equal to the enthalpy of formation for iron(III) oxide.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Table 1

CO(g) Fe2O3(s)

ΔfHo/ kJ mol−1 −111 −822

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ⟶ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH = −19 kJ mol−1

Use these data and the equation for the reaction of iron(III) oxide with carbon
monoxide to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon
dioxide.

Show your working.

ΔfHo ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)

(c) Some enthalpy data are given in Table 2.

Page 4 of 103
Table 2

Process ΔH / kJ mol−1

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g) −92

N2(g) ⟶ 2N(g) +944

H2(g) ⟶ 2H(g) +436

Use the data from Table 2 to calculate the bond enthalpy for N−H in ammonia.

N−H bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)

(d) Give one reason why the bond enthalpy that you calculated in part (c) is different
from the mean bond enthalpy quoted in a data book (388 kJ mol−1).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q4.
Anhydrous magnesium chloride, MgCl2, can absorb water to form the hydrated salt
MgCl2.4H2O

MgCl2(s) + 4H2O(l) ⟶ MgCl2.4H2O(s)

(a) Suggest one reason why the enthalpy change for this reaction cannot be
determined directly by calorimetry.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 5 of 103
(b) Some enthalpies of solution are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Enthalpy of
Salt
solution / kJ mol−1

MgCl2(s) −155

MgCl2.4H2O(s) −39

Calculate the enthalpy change for the absorption of water by MgCl2(s) to form
MgCl2.4H2O(s).

Enthalpy change _________________________________________ kJ mol−1

(2)

(c) Describe how you would carry out an experiment to determine the enthalpy of
solution of anhydrous magnesium chloride.

You should use about 0.8 g of anhydrous magnesium chloride.

Explain how your results could be used to calculate the enthalpy of solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

Page 6 of 103
(d) Anhydrous magnesium chloride can be formed by direct reaction between its
elements.

Mg(s) + Cl2(g) ⟶ MgCl2(s)

The free-energy change, ΔG, for this reaction varies with temperature as
shown in Table 2.

Table 2

T/K ΔG / kJ mol−1
298 −592.5

288 −594.2

273 −596.7

260 −598.8

240 −602.2

Use these data to plot a graph of free-energy change against temperature on the
grid below.

Calculate the gradient of the line on your graph and hence calculate the entropy
change, ΔS, in J K−1 mol−1, for the formation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from
its elements.

Show your working.

Page 7 of 103
ΔS _________________________________________ J K−1 mol−1

Page 8 of 103
(5)
(Total 14 marks)

Q5.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction taking place when
the standard enthalpy of combustion for ethanol is measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) State the name given to the enthalpy change represented by the following chemical
equation.

Explain why this enthalpy change would be difficult to determine directly.

Enthalpy change ____________________________________________________

Explanation ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).

Enthalpy change = ________ kJ mol−1

(2)

(d) Use the following data to calculate a value for the Xe–F bond enthalpy in XeF4

Page 9 of 103
Xe–F bond enthalpy = _____ kJ mol−1

(3)

(e) Suggest a reason why the value calculated in part (d) differs from the mean Xe–F
bond enthalpy quoted in a data source.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
Hydrogen can be manufactured by the reaction of methane with steam. An equilibrium is
established as shown by the equation.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g)

(a) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict the effect on the equilibrium yield of hydrogen
if the overall pressure is increased.
Explain your answer.

Effect on yield _______________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Explain why the equilibrium yield of hydrogen is unchanged if a catalyst is used in

Page 10 of 103
the reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The table shows the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy for
each substance in this equilibrium reaction.

CH4(g) H2O(g) CO(g) H2(g)

ΔfHθ / kJ mol−1 −75 −242 −111 0

Sθ / J K−1 mol−1 186 189 198 131

Use data from the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change for this
equilibrium reaction.

Standard enthalpy change _____________ kJ mol−1

(2)

Use your answer from part (c) and the entropy data from the table above to
calculate the minimum temperature, in °C, needed for this reaction to be feasible.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

(If you did not complete part (c) you should assume a value of 120 kJ mol−1 for the
standard enthalpy change. This is not the correct value).

Minimum temperature _________ °C

(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Q7.
The table shows the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfHθ, for some of the substances in
the reaction

C2H6(g) + 6F2(g) ⟶ C2F6(g) + 6HF(g) ΔHθ = −2898 kJ mol−1

C2H6(g) C2F6(g)

ΔfHθ /kJ mol−1 −84 −1344

What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol−1, for HF(g)?

A −1638

Page 11 of 103
B −273

C +273

D +1638
(Total 1 mark)

Q8.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with enthalpy change
equal to the standard enthalpy of formation for CF4(g).

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why CF4 has a bond angle of 109.5°.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Table 1 gives some values of standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfHϴ).

Table 1

Substance F2(g) CF4(g) HF(g)

ΔfHϴ / kJ mol−1 0 −680 −269

The enthalpy change for the following reaction is −2889 kJ mol−1.

C2H6(g) + 7F2(g) 2CF4(g) + 6HF(g)

Use this value and the standard enthalpies of formation in Table 1 to calculate the
standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g).

Standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g) = ____________________ kJ mol−1

(3)

Page 12 of 103
(d) Methane reacts violently with fluorine according to the following equation.

CH4(g) + 4F2(g) CF4(g) + 4HF(g) ΔH = −1904 kJ mol−1

Some mean bond enthalpies are given in Table 2.

Table 2

Bond C−H C−F H−F

Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 484 562

A student suggested that one reason for the high reactivity of fluorine is a weak F−F
bond.

Is the student correct? Justify your answer with a calculation using these data.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q9.
Standard enthalpy of combustion data can be used to calculate enthalpies of formation.

(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.

Table 1

C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)

Page 13 of 103
∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010

Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation of
propan-1-ol. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.

Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data.

Table 2

C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–

1 412 360 463 805 496

Use data from Table 2 and the enthalpy change for this reaction to calculate a value
for the bond enthalpy of a C–C bond in propan-1-ol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 14 of 103
(Total 9 marks)

Q10.
Vanadium is an important metal. Ferrovanadium, an alloy of iron and vanadium, is used to
make a strong type of vanadium-steel. Pure vanadium is used in nuclear reactors.

(a) The table shows some standard enthalpy of formation data.

V2O5(s) CaO(s)

ΔHfθ / kJ mol−1 −1560 −635

In the oldest method of extraction of vanadium, V2O5 is reacted with calcium at a

high temperature.

5Ca(s) + V2O5(s) 2V(s) + 5CaO(s)

Use data from the table and the equation to calculate the standard enthalpy change
for this reaction.

State the type of reaction that V2O5 has undergone.

Suggest one major reason why this method of extracting vanadium is expensive,
other than the cost of heating the reaction mixture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Ferrovanadium is produced by the reaction of aluminium with a mixture of V2O5 and
iron(III) oxide.

Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium with iron(III) oxide.

State the change in oxidation state of aluminium in this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 15 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Write an equation for this reaction in which the only other product is HCl gas.

Identify two hazards in this process, other than the fact that it operates at a high
temperature.

Deduce why this process produces pure vanadium, other than the fact that purified
VCl2 is used.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q11.
Antimony is a solid element that is used in industry. The method used for the extraction of
antimony depends on the grade of the ore.

(a) Antimony can be extracted by reacting scrap iron with low-grade ores that contain
antimony sulfide (Sb2S3).

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of iron with antimony sulfide to form
antimony and iron(II) sulfide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write a half-equation to show what happens to the iron atoms in this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In the first stage of the extraction of antimony from a high-grade ore, antimony
sulfide is roasted in air to convert it into antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3) and sulfur
dioxide.

Page 16 of 103
(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Identify one substance that is manufactured directly from the sulfur dioxide
formed in this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In the second stage of the extraction of antimony from a high-grade ore,
antimony(III) oxide is reacted with carbon monoxide at high temperature.

(i) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table and the equation given
below the table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change for this
reaction.

Sb2O3(s) CO(g) Sb(I) CO2(g)

ΔHf / kJ mol–1 -705 -111 +20 -394

Sb2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Sb(I) + 3CO2(g)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Suggest why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid
antimony, given in the table above, is not zero.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) State the type of reaction that antimony(III) oxide has undergone in this
reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Deduce one reason why the method of extraction of antimony from a low-grade ore,
described in part (a), is a low-cost process. Do not include the cost of the ore.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 17 of 103
(Total 10 marks)

Q12.
The alcohol 2-methylpropan-2-ol, (CH3)3COH, reacts to form esters that are used as
flavourings by the food industry. The alcohol can be oxidised to produce carbon dioxide
and water.

A student carried out an experiment on a pure sample of 2-methylpropan-2-ol to

determine its enthalpy of combustion. A sample of the alcohol was placed into a spirit
burner and positioned under a beaker containing 50 cm3 of water. The spirit burner was
ignited and allowed to burn for several minutes before it was extinguished.

The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Initial temperature of the water / °C 18.1

Final temperature of the water / °C 45.4

Initial mass of spirit burner and alcohol / g 208.80

Final mass of spirit burner and alcohol / g 208.58

(a) Use the results from Table 1 to calculate a value for the heat energy released from
the combustion of this sample of 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1.
Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Calculate the amount, in moles, of 2-methylpropan-2-ol burned in the experiment.

Hence calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of
2-methylpropan-2-ol.
Show your working.

(If you were unable to calculate an answer to part (a), you should assume that the
heat energy released was 5580 J. This is not the correct value.)

___________________________________________________________________

Page 18 of 103
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) An equation for the combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol is

(CH3)3COH(I) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(I)

Table 2 contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Table 2

(CH3)3COH(I) O2(g) CO2(g) H2O(I)

∆Hf / kJ mol–1 –360 0 –393 –286

Use the data from Table 2 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of
combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol. Show your working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) An accurate value for the enthalpy of combustion of 2-methylpropan-2-ol in which

water is formed as a gas is –2422 kJ mol–1.

Use this value and your answer from part (b) to calculate the overall percentage
error in the student’s experimental value for the enthalpy of combustion of 2-
methylpropan-2-ol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Suggest one improvement that would reduce errors due to heat loss in the student’s
experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 19 of 103
(1)

(f) Suggest one other source of error in the student’s experiment. Do not include heat
loss, apparatus error or student error.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q13.
Group 2 metals and their compounds are used commercially in a variety of processes.

(a) Strontium is extracted from strontium oxide (SrO) by heating a mixture of powdered
strontium oxide and powdered aluminium.

Consider these standard enthalpies of formation.

SrO(s) Al2O3(s)

ΔHfϴ / kJ mol−1 – 590 – 1669

3SrO(s) + 2Al(s) 3Sr(s) + Al2O3(s)

Use these data and the equation to calculate the standard enthalpy change for this
extraction of strontium.

The use of powdered strontium oxide and powdered aluminium increases the
surface area of the reactants.
Suggest one reason why this increases the reaction rate.

Suggest one major reason why this method of extracting strontium is expensive.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 20 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Explain why calcium has a higher melting point than strontium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Magnesium is used in fireworks. It reacts rapidly with oxygen, burning with a bright
white light. Magnesium reacts slowly with cold water.

Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen.

Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with cold water.

Give a medical use for the magnesium compound formed in the reaction of
magnesium with cold water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q14.
This question is about the extraction of metals.

(a) Manganese can be extracted from Mn2O3 by reduction with carbon monoxide at high
temperature.

Page 21 of 103
(i) Use the standard enthalpy of formation data from the table and the equation
for the extraction of manganese to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy
change of this extraction.

Mn2O3(s) CO(g) Mn(s) CO2(g)

ΔHfϴ/ kJ mol−1 −971 −111 0 −394

Mn2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Mn(s) + 3CO2(g)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of Mn(s) is zero.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Titanium is extracted in industry from titanium(IV) oxide in a two-stage process.

(i) Write an equation for the first stage of this extraction in which titanium(IV)
oxide is converted into titanium(IV) chloride.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Write an equation for the second stage of this extraction in which titanium(IV)
chloride is converted into titanium.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Chromium is extracted in industry from chromite (FeCr2O4).

(i) In the first stage of this extraction, the FeCr2O4 is converted into Na2CrO4
Balance the equation for this reaction.

.........FeCr2O4 + .........Na2CO + .........O

3 2 .........Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O + 8CO2
3

(1)

(ii) In the final stage, chromium is extracted from Cr2O3 by reduction with
aluminium.

Write an equation for this reaction.

Page 22 of 103
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q15.
A student used Hess’s Law to determine a value for the enthalpy change that occurs when
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is hydrated. This enthalpy change was labelled ΔHexp by the
student in a scheme of reactions.

(a) State Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Write a mathematical expression to show how ΔHexp, ΔH1 and ΔH2 are related to
each other by Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Use the mathematical expression that you have written in part (b), and the data
book values for the two enthalpy changes ΔH1 and ΔH2 shown, to calculate a value
for ΔHexp

ΔH1 = −156 kJ mol−1

ΔH2 = +12 kJ mol−1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The student added 0.0210 mol of pure anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to 25.0 cm3 of
deionised water in an open polystyrene cup. An exothermic reaction occurred and
the temperature of the water increased by 14.0 °C.

Page 23 of 103
(i) Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, for this reaction
of copper(II) sulfate. This is the student value for ΔH1

In this experiment, you should assume that all of the heat released is used to
raise the temperature of the 25.0 g of water. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Suggest one reason why the student value for ΔH1 calculated in part (d)(i) is
less accurate than the data book value given in part (c).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Suggest one reason why the value for ΔHexp cannot be measured directly.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q16.
This question is about bond dissociation enthalpies and their use in the calculation of
enthalpy changes.

(a) Define bond dissociation enthalpy as applied to chlorine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain why the enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine is exactly half the bond

Page 24 of 103
dissociation enthalpy of chlorine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The bond dissociation enthalpy for chlorine is +242 kJ mol−1 and that for fluorine is
+158 kJ mol−1. The standard enthalpy of formation of ClF(g) is −56 kJ mol−1.

(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that has an
enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of gaseous ClF

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of the Cl – F bond.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of gaseous chlorine trifluoride, ClF3(g). Use
the bond enthalpy value that you obtained in part (c)(ii).

(If you have been unable to obtain an answer to part (c)(ii), you may assume
that the Cl – F bond enthalpy is +223 kJ mol−1. This is not the correct value.)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iv) Explain why the enthalpy of formation of ClF3(g) that you calculated in part (c)
(iii) is likely to be different from a data book value.

______________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 103
(1)

(d) Suggest why a value for the Na – Cl bond enthalpy is not found in any data book.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q17.
Methanol (CH3OH) is an important fuel that can be synthesised from carbon dioxide.

(a) The table shows some standard enthalpies of formation.

CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(g) H2O(g)

∆HfƟ/kJ mol–1 – 394 0 – 201 – 242

(i) Use these standard enthalpies of formation to calculate a value for the
standard enthalpy change of this synthesis.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) State why the standard enthalpy of formation for hydrogen gas is zero.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) State and explain what happens to the yield of methanol when the total pressure is
increased in this synthesis.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

Effect on yield _______________________________________________________

Page 26 of 103
Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) The hydrogen required for this synthesis is formed from methane and steam in a
reversible reaction. The equation for this reaction is shown below.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) C0(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +206 kJ mol–1

State and explain what happens to the yield of hydrogen in this reaction when the
temperature is increased.

Effect on yield _______________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The methanol produced by this synthesis has been described as a carbon-neutral
fuel.

(i) State the meaning of the term carbon-neutral.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of methanol.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The equation for the synthesis of methanol is shown below.

Page 27 of 103
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

Use this equation and your answer to part (d)(ii) to deduce an equation to
represent the overall chemical change that occurs when methanol behaves as
a carbon-neutral fuel.

Equation ___________________________________________________
(1)

(e) A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change when a
sample of methanol was burned.

The student found that the temperature of 140 g of water increased by 7.5 °C when
0.011 mol of methanol was burned in air and the heat produced was used to warm
the water.

Use the student’s results to calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy change
when one mole of methanol was burned.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

Q18.
(a) Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide using carbon at a high temperature.

(i) State the type of reaction that iron(III) oxide undergoes in this extraction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write a half-equation for the reaction of the iron(III) ions in this extraction.

Page 28 of 103
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) At a high temperature, carbon undergoes combustion when it reacts with oxygen.

(i) Suggest why it is not possible to measure the enthalpy change directly for the
following combustion reaction.

C(s,graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State Hess's Law.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table below and the equation to
calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change for the extraction of iron using
carbon monoxide.

Fe2O3(s) CO(g) Fe(l) CO2(g)

∆Hf/ kJ mol-1 - 822 - 111 +14 - 394

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(I) + 3CO2(g)

___________________________________________________________________

Page 29 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of
formation of carbon dioxide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State why the value quoted in part (c) for the standard enthalpy of formation of
CO2(g) is the same as the value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of
carbon.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Q19.
This question is about the extraction of titanium from titanium(IV) oxide by a two-stage
process.
The first stage in the process produces titanium(IV) chloride. In the second stage,
titanium(IV) chloride is converted into titanium.
The enthalpy change for the second stage can be determined using Hess’s Law.

(a) Give one reason why titanium is not extracted directly from titanium(IV) oxide using
carbon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Give the meaning of the term enthalpy change.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) State Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 30 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) The following standard enthalpy of formation data refer to the second stage in the
extraction of titanium.

TiCl4(g) Na(I) NaCl(s) Ti(s)

ΔHf / kJ mol–1
ο
–720 +3 –411 0

(i) State why the value for the standard enthalpy of formation of Na(I) is not zero.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change
of the following reaction.

TiCl4(g) + 4Na(I) 4NaCl(s) + Ti(s)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 31 of 103
(iii) State the role of sodium in this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q20.
Hess’s Law is used to calculate the enthalpy change in reactions for which it is difficult to
determine a value experimentally.

(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) State Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Reaction Enthalpy change / kJ mol–1

HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) –75

H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g) –432

H(g) + Cl(g) → H+(g) + Cl–(g) +963

Use the data in the table, the scheme of reactions and Hess’s Law to calculate a
value for ∆Hr

___________________________________________________________________

Page 32 of 103
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q21.
Barium can be extracted from barium oxide (BaO) in a process using aluminium.
A mixture of powdered barium oxide and powdered aluminium is heated strongly.
The equation for this extraction process is shown below.

3BaO(s) + 2Al(s) → 3Ba(s) + Al2O3(s)

Some standard enthalpies of formation are given in the table below.

Substance BaO(s) Al2O3(s)

∆Hf&ohbar;/kJ mol–1 –558 –1669

(a) (i) State what is meant by the term standard enthalpy of formation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) State why the standard enthalpy of formation of barium and that of aluminium
are both zero.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Use the data to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction shown
by the equation above.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Suggest the major reason why this method of extracting barium is expensive.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Using barium oxide and aluminium powders increases the surface area of the

Page 33 of 103
reactants. Suggest one reason why this increases the rate of reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) A solution containing barium ions can be used to test for the presence of
sulfate ions in an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate.

Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction which occurs and state
what is observed.

Simplest ionic equation

______________________________________________________________

Observation ____________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) State how barium sulfate can be used in medicine. Explain why this use is
possible, given that solutions containing barium ions are poisonous.

Use __________________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q22.
The combustion of hydrocarbons is an important source of energy.

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethane, C2H6.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Use the standard enthalpies of formation given below to calculate the standard
enthalpy of combustion of ethane.

Formula and state of compound C2H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(l)

Page 34 of 103
Standard enthalpy of formation
–85 –394 –286
(at 298 K)/kJ mol–1

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) A container and its contents of total heat capacity 120 J K–1 were heated using a
methane burner. Calculate the maximum theoretical temperature rise when 0.10 g of
methane was completely burned. The standard enthalpy of combustion of methane
is –890 kJ mol–1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

Q23.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, ∆Hfο
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid
methylbenzene, C7H8

Substance C(s) H2(g) C7H8(l)

Standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hcο /kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –3909

7C(s) + 4H2(g) → C7H8(l)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) An experiment was carried out to determine a value for the enthalpy of combustion
of liquid methylbenzene using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

Page 35 of 103
Burning 2.5 g of methylbenzene caused the temperature of 250 g of water to rise by
60°C. Use this information to calculate a value for the enthalpy of combustion of
methylbenzene, C7H8

(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1. Ignore the heat capacity of the
container.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) A 25.0 cm3 sample of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of a
1.00 mol dm–3 solution of sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were initially at 18.0 °C.

After mixing, the temperature of the final solution was 26.5°C.

Use this information to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy change for the
following reaction.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

In your calculation, assume that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm–3 and
that its specific heat capacity is the same as that of water. (Ignore the heat capacity
of the container.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e) Give one reason why your answer to part (d) has a much smaller experimental error
than your answer to part (c).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 36 of 103
Q24.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, ∆Hc&ohbar;
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Use the mean bond enthalpy data from the table and the equation given below to
calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of propene. All substances
are in the gaseous state.

Bond C == C C—C C—H O == O O == C O—H

Mean bond enthalpy/

612 348 412 496 743 463
kJ mol–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Use the data from the table below to calculate a more accurate value for the
standard enthalpy of combustion of propene.

Compound C3H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)

Standard enthalpy of formation,

+20 –394 –242
∆Hf ο/ kJ mol–1

___________________________________________________________________

Page 37 of 103
(3)

(e) Explain why your answer to part (b) is a less accurate value than your answer to
part (d).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q25.
(a) Explain the meaning of the terms mean bond enthalpy and standard enthalpy of
formation.

Mean bond enthalpy __________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Standard enthalpy of formation __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Some mean bond enthalpies are given below.

Bond N–H N–N N≡N H–O O–O

Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 388 163 944 463 146

Use these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following gas-phase
reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Some standard enthalpies of formation are given below.

Page 38 of 103
N2H4(g) H2O2(g) H2O(g)

∆Hfο /kJ mol–1 +75 –133 –242

These data can be used to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (b).

N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) → N2(g) + 4H2O(g)

(i) State the value of ∆HfO for N2(g).

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Use the ∆HfO values from the table to calculate the enthalpy change for this
reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) Explain why the value obtained in part (b) is different from that obtained in part (c)
(ii).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Q26.
Methanol, CH3OH, is a convenient liquid fuel.

(a) An experiment was conducted to determine the enthalpy of combustion of liquid

methanol. The energy obtained from burning 2.12 g of methanol was used to heat
150 g of water. The temperature of the water rose from 298 K to 362 K. (The specific
heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

______________________________________________________________

Page 39 of 103
______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Use the data above to calculate a value for the enthalpy of combustion of one
mole of liquid methanol.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Methanol can be synthesised from methane and steam by a process that occurs in
two stages.

Stage 1 CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g) ΔHO = +206 kJ mol–1

Stage 2 CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔHO = –91 kJ mol–1

(i) Explain why, in Stage 1, a higher yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is
not obtained if the pressure is increased.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Stage 2 is carried out at a compromise temperature of 500K. By considering

what would happen at higher and lower temperatures, explain why 500 K is
considered to be a compromise for Stage 2.

______________________________________________________________

Page 40 of 103
(3)

(c) The standard enthalpies of combustion of carbon monoxide and of hydrogen are
–283 kJ mol–1 and –286 kJ mol–1, respectively. Use these data and the enthalpy
change for Stage 2 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of
gaseous methanol.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q27.
This question is about the reaction given below.

CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)

Enthalpy data for the reacting species are given in the table below.

Substance CO(g) H2O(g) CO2(g) H2(g)

ΔH / kJ mol−1 −110 −242 −394 0

The standard enthalpy change for this reaction of carbon monoxide and steam is

A +42 kJ mol−1

B −42 kJ mol−1

Page 41 of 103
C +262 kJ mol−1

D −262 kJ mol−1

(Total 1 mark)

Q28.
Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = −394 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = −286 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g) ΔH = −126 kJ mol−1

The standard enthalpy of combustion of butane, in kJ mol−1, is

A −2880

B −2590

C −806

D −554
(Total 1 mark)

Q29.
(a) The table below contains some mean bond enthalpy data.

Bond H–O O–O O=O

Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 463 146 496

The bonding in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, can be represented by H–O–O–H. Use

these data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.

H2O2(g) → H2O2(g) + O2(g)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf for methane, is –74.9 kJ mol–1. Write an
equation, including state symbols, for the reaction to which this enthalpy change
applies.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 42 of 103
(2)

(c) The enthalpy changes for the formation of atomic hydrogen and atomic carbon from
their respective elements in their standard states are as follows.

H2(g) → H(g) ΔH = +218 kJ mol–1

C(s) → C(g) ΔH = +715 kJ mol–1

(i) By reference to its structure, suggest why a large amount of heat energy is
required to produce free carbon atoms from solid carbon.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Parts (b) and (c) give enthalpy data for the formation of CH4(g), H(g) and C(g).
Use these data and Hess’s Law to calculate the value of the enthalpy change
for the following reaction.

CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Use your answer from part (c)(ii) to calculate a value for the mean bond
enthalpy of a C–H bond in methane.

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q30.
(a) A Born–Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium(II) chloride is shown below.

Page 43 of 103
Taking care to note the direction of the indicated enthalpy change and the number of
moles of species involved, give each of the enthalpy changes (i) to (v) above.

Enthalpy change (i) ___________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (ii) __________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (iii) __________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (iv) __________________________________________________

Enthalpy change (v) __________________________________________________

(5)

(b) Write an equation for the decomposition of MgCl(s) into MgCl2(s) and Mg(s) and use
the following data to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of this reaction.

∆Hf MgCl(s) = –113 kJ mol–1

∆Hf MgCl2(s) = –653 kJ mol–1

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Calculation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 44 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Lattice formation enthalpy of MgCl2(s) = –2502 kJ mol–1

of Mg2+(g) = –1920 kJ mol–1

of Cl–(g) = –364 kJ mol–1

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q31.
(a) The gaseous reactants W and X were sealed in a flask and the mixture left until the
following equilibrium had been established.

2W(g) + X(g) 3Y(g) + 2Z(g) ΔH = –200 kJ mol–1

Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
State one change in the conditions which would both increase the rate of reaction
and decrease the value of Kp. Explain your answers.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 45 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(7)

(b) Ethyl ethanoate can be prepared by the reactions shown below.

Reaction 1
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) ∆H = –2.0 kJ mol–1

Reaction 2
CH3COCl(l) + C2H5OH(l) → CH3COOC2H5(l) + HCl(g) ∆H = –21.6 kJ mol–1

(i) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of preparing ethyl ethanoate by
Reaction 1 rather than by Reaction 2.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Use the information given above and the data below to calculate values for the
standard entropy change, ∆S , and the standard free-energy change, ∆G ,
for Reaction 2 at 298 K.

CH3COCl(l) C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) HCl(g)

S /JK1mol1 201 161 259 187

______________________________________________________________

Page 46 of 103
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Q32.
Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = −393.5 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1

3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) ∆H = −104.0 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g) ∆H = −125.2 kJ mol−1

The value in kJ mol−1 of the enthalpy of thermal dissociation when butane forms propane,
hydrogen and carbon is

A −26.3

B −17.5

C +17.5

C +21.2
(Total 1 mark)

Q33.
Use the information below to answer this question.

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = −393.5 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1

3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) ∆H = −104.0 kJ mol−1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g) ∆H = −125.2 kJ mol−1

The value in kJ mol−1 for the enthalpy of combustion of propane is

A −211.7

B −419.7

C −2220

C −2878
(Total 1 mark)

Page 47 of 103
Q34.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) State Hess’s Law and use it, together with the data given in the table below, to
calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.

MgO(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)

MgO HCl(g) MgCl2 H2 O

ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –602 –92 –642 –286

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) In an experiment, an excess of solid magnesium oxide was added to 50 cm3 of

3.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The initial temperature of the solution was 21 °C.
After reaction, the temperature had risen to 53 °C. (The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.2 J K–1 g–1)

Use this information to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction of one mole of
magnesium oxide with hydrochloric acid. For your calculation you should assume
that all the heat from the reaction is used to raise the temperature of 50 g of water.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 48 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(8)
(Total 15 marks)

Q35.
Chlorine is formed in a reversible reaction as shown by the equation

4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)

(a) Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH , and the
standard entropy change, ΔS , for this reaction.

Substance HCl(g) O2(g) Cl2(g) H2O(g)

ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –92 0 0 –242

S / J K–1 mol–1 187 205 223 189

Standard enthalpy change, ΔH ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Standard entropy change, ΔS _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 49 of 103
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) The data below apply to a different gas phase reversible reaction.

Standard enthalpy change, ΔH = +208 kJ mol–1

Standard entropy change, ΔS = +253 J K–1 mol–1

(i) Deduce the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of the

equilibrium in this reaction. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your
answer.

Effect _________________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction is feasible.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 13 marks)

Q36.
The data below refer to the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia.

Reaction 1 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = −909 kJ mol−1

Reaction 2 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = −115 kJ mol−1

Reaction 3 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ∆H = −117 kJ mol−1

The direct oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen dioxide can be represented by the equation

4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

for which the standard enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, is

A −1139

B −1024

C −794

D −679
(Total 1 mark)

Page 50 of 103
Q37.
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of propanone, C3H6O, to form carbon
dioxide and water.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In a laboratory experiment, 1.45 g of propanone were burned completely in oxygen.

The heat from this combustion was used to raise the temperature of 100 g of water
from 293.1 K to 351.2 K.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanone in the 1.45 g.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water
from 293.1 K to 351.2 K.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Hence, calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of

propanone.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(c) In a similar experiment, the enthalpy of combustion of butanone, C4H8O, was found
to be –1290 kJ mol–1. A data book value for the same reaction is ΔHc = –2430 kJ
mol–1.

(i) Suggest one reason why the experimental value is very different from the data
book value.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) This data book value of ΔHc for butanone (–2430 kJ mol–1) refers to the
formation of carbon dioxide gas and water in the gaseous state. How would
this value differ if it referred to the formation of water in the liquid state?
Explain your answer.

Difference _____________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 51 of 103
(d) Calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for liquid
ethanethiol,C2H5SH. Use the equation given below and enthalpy of combustion data
from the following table.

Substance C2H5SH(l) C(s) H2(g) S(s)

ΔHc / kJ mol–1 –1170 –394 –286 –297

2C(s) + 3H2(g) + S(s) → C2H5SH(l)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q38.
Using the information below, answer this question.

Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) ΔH = +96 kJ mol−1, ΔS = +138 J K−1 mol−1

Fe2O3(s) H2(g) Fe(s)

ΔH / kJ mol−1 −822.0 0 0

ΔS / J K−1 mol−1 90.0 131.0 27.0

The standard enthalpy of formation of steam is

A +286 kJ mol−1

B +242 kJ mol−1

C −242 KJ mol−1

D −286 kJ mol−1

(Total 1 mark)

Q39.
The table below contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Substance C(s) N2(g) H2O(g) CO2(g) NH4NO3(s)

ΔHf / kJ mol–1 0 0 –242 –394 –365

Page 52 of 103
(a) Why are the values of the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon and nitrogen
zero?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) State Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

NH4NO3(s) + C(s) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) + CO2(g)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q40.
(a) What is the meaning of the term enthalpy change?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation of a compound.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the formation from its elements
of solid sodium sulphate, Na2SO4

______________________________________________________________

Page 53 of 103
(5)

(c) State Hess’s Law.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Some standard enthalpy changes are difficult to measure directly but can be
determined from standard enthalpies of combustion.
Maleic acid, C4H4O4, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water as shown
by the following equation.

C4H4O4(s) + 3O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Use the standard enthalpy of combustion data given below to calculate a value for
the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.

4C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → C4H4O4(s)

C4H4O4(s) C(s) H2(g)

ΔHc / kJ mol–1

–1356 –393.5 –285.8

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q41.
(a) Define the term standard molar enthalpy of formation, ΔHf .

___________________________________________________________________

Page 54 of 103
(3)

(b) State Hess’s law.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Propanone, CH3COCH3, burns in oxygen as shown by the equation

CH3COCH3(l) + 4 O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)

Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of
propanone.

CO2(g) H2O(l) CH3COCH3(l)

ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –248

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q42.
Using the data below, which is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of formation for
TiCl4(l)?

C(s) + TiO2(s) + 2Cl2(g) → TiCl4(l) + CO2(g) ∆H = −232 kJ mol−1

Ti(s) + O2(g) → TiO2(s) = −912 kJ mol−1

C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) = −394 kJ mol−1

A −1538 kJ mol−1

B −1094 kJ mol−1

C −750 kJ mol−1

D +286 kJ mol−1

(Total 1 mark)

Q43.
When ethanamide (CH3CONH2) burns in oxygen the carbon is converted into carbon
dioxide, the hydrogen is converted into water and the nitrogen forms nitrogen gas.

Page 55 of 103
Substance ethanamide carbon water
dioxide

Enthalpy of formation ( ) / kJ −320 −394 −286

mol−1

Using the data above, which one of the following is a correct value for the enthalpy of
combustion of ethanamide?

A −1823 kJ mol−1

B −1183 kJ mol−1

C −1000 kJ mol−1

D −360 kJ mo1−1

(Total 1 mark)

Q44.
Consider the reactions

C2H4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = −758 kJ mol−1

2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g) ∆H = +52 kJ mol−1

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H = −242 kJ mol−1

The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide is

A −111 kJ mol−1

B −163 kJ mol−1

C −222 kJ mol−1

D -464 kJ mol−1

(Total 1 mark)

Q45.
Given the following data

C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) ∆H = −75 kJ mol−1

H2(g) → 2H(g) ∆H = +436 kJ mol−1

which one of the following is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, of the reaction below?

CH4(g) → C(s) + 4H(g)

A −947

Page 56 of 103
B +511

C +797

D +947
(Total 1 mark)

Q46.
Nitric acid is produced industrially from ammonia, air and water using the following
sequence of reactions:

(1) 4NH3 (g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = –909 kJ mol−1

(2) 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H = –115 kJ mol−1

(3) 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ∆H = –117 kJ mol−1

Which is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol−1) for the following reaction?

4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

A −679

B −794

C −1024

D −1139
(Total 1 mark)

Page 57 of 103
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) Two correct Cl ox states: HClO = +1 HCl = -1
1

(b) Oxidation:
Cl2 + 2H2O → 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e–
Accept - 2e– on the other side
Allow Cl2 + 2H2O → 2ClO– + 2e–
1

Reduction:
Cl2 + 2H+ + 2e– → 2HCl
Allow Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–
If both equations correct but incorrect order, allow 1
Ignore state symbols
1

(c) 2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaClO + H2O

Allow
2OH- + Cl2 → Cl– + ClO– + H2O
Allow NaOCl
Ignore state symbols
1

(d) mol ClO– = conc × vol = 0.0109 × 0.02

= 0.000218 / 2.18 × 10–4 mol
1

mol KI = 0.000218 × 2 = 0.000436 mol

M2 = M1 x2
If incorrect ratio, M2 & M3 = 0
1

mass KI = Mr ×mol = 166.0 × 0.000436

= 0.072376 g
= 72.4 (mg)
M3 = M1 × 2 × 166.0 × 1000
Must be to 3 sig figs
1

black solid/ppt appears/forms (in a colourless solution)

or (colourless solution) turns brown (solution)
Not purple. Not red. Not brown ppt/solid
Ignore grey.
1

(e) KClO4 → KCl + 2O2

Ignore state symbols
Allow multiples
1

Page 58 of 103
∆H = – 436 – – 434 = – 2 kJ mol–1

Must be negative
Mark independently
Allow consequential for multiples
1
[10]

Q2.
A
[1]

Q3.
(a) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) ⟶ Fe2O3(s) ONLY
Don’t allow multiples. States must be shown
1

(b) M1 Correct cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 3
1
M2 (3 × ΔfHCO2) = −19 + (−822) + 3(−111) − 0
(3 × ΔfHCO2) = −1174
1
M3 ΔfHCO2 = −391 kJ mol −1

−317 for 1 mark

+391 for 1 mark
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more

(c) M1 Correct Hess’s law cycle or equation

If M1 and M2 not awarded then M3 can be awarded for their
M2 divided by 6
1
M2 (6(N−H)) = 944 + 3(+436) + 92
(6(N−H)) = 2344
−391 for 1 mark
1
M3 N−H = (+)391 kJ mol−1
1
Allow 2 sig fig or more

(d) Data book value derived from (a number of) different compounds (not just
different NH3 molecules)
1
[8]

Q4.
(a) Not possible to prevent some dissolving
ALLOW It is soluble / dissolves / other hydrates may form /
suggestions related to difficulty of measuring T (change) of a

Page 59 of 103
solid
1

(b) (ΔhydH =) –155 – (–39)

OR labelled cycle
Minimum needed for ‘labelled cycle’

–116 (kJ mol−1)

1/2 for (+)116 or for –29 or for seeing –116 that has then be
processed further
1

(c) This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme
Instructions for examiners for guidance on how to mark this question

Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)

All stages are covered and the explanation of each stage is correct and virtually
complete.
Stage 2 must include use of a graphical method for Level 3 (i.e. ‘highest T reached’
method is max Level 2)

Answer communicates the whole explanation, including reference to enthalpy,

coherently and shows a logical progression through all three stages.Answer is full
and detailed and is supported by an appropriate range of relevant points such as
those given below:
For the answer to be coherent there must be some indication of how the graph is
used to find ΔT

Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)

All stages are covered (NB ‘covered’ means min 2 from each of stage 1 and 3) but
the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or may contain inaccuracies
OR two stages covered and the explanations are generally correct and virtually
complete

Answer is coherent and shows some progression through all three stages. Some
steps in each stage may be out of order and incomplete

Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)

Two stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or
may contain inaccuracies
OR only one stage is covered but the explanation is generally correct and virtually
complete

Answer shows some progression between two stages

Level 0 (0 marks)

Insufficient correct Chemistry to warrant a mark

Page 60 of 103
Indicative Chemistry Content

Stage 1 Method

(1a) Measures water with named appropriate apparatus

(1b) Suitable volume/mass / volume/mass in range 10 – 200 cm3/g
(1c) Into insulated container / polystyrene cup (NOT just ‘lid’)
(1d) Add known mass of MgCl2(s)
(1e) Use of ‘before and after’ weighing method. NOT ‘added with washings’

Stage 2 Measurements (could mark from diagram)

(2a) Record initial temperature (min 2 measurements)

(2b) Record T at regular timed intervals for 5+ mins / until trend seen
(2c) Plot T vs time

Stage 3 Use of Results (3a and 3b could come from diagram)

(3a) Extrapolate lines to when solid added (to find initial and final T)
(3b) Tfinal – Tinitial = ΔT / idea of finding ΔT from graph at point of addition
(3c) q = mcΔT
(3d) amount = mass/Mr (0.80/95.3 = 8.39 × 10−3 mol)
(3e) ΔHsoln = –q/8.39 × 10−3 or in words

This could all be described in words without showing actual calculations but
describing stages

If method based on ‘combustion’ Max Level 1

(d)

M1 = 5 points correctly plotted

M2 = line drawn correctly (NOT if curved, doubled or kinked)
(Check line of best fit –
if through 250, -600.5 and 280, -595.5 +/- one small square
then award M2, if all crosses on line award M1 as well)
2

Gradient = Δ(ΔG)/ΔT = 0.167 (kJ K−1 mol−1)

Page 61 of 103
(ΔG = ΔH – TΔS so gradient = –ΔS)

ΔS = –167 (J K−1 mol−1)

M4 = unit conversion i.e. M3 × 1000; M5 = –sign (process
marks)
Correct answer with sign gets M3, M4 and M5
ALLOW –163 to –171
1+1
[14]

Q5.
(a) C2H5OH(I) + 3O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(I)
1 mark for correct formulae and balancing
1
1 mark for all correct state symbols
1

(b) (Standard) enthalpy of formation

Difficult to prevent C reacting with O2 to form some CO2

(c) ΔH = ΣΔHc reactants − ΣΔHc products or a correct cycle

OR ΔH = −393−(−283)

ΔH = −110 (kJ mol−1)

(d) Correctly drawn Hess’s law cycle

4 (Xe–F) = 252 + (2 × 158) = 568

Xe–F = 568 / 4
1

Xe–F = 142 (kJ mol−1))

(e) Mean bond enthalpy found by taking an average for Xe–F in a range of
compounds
1
[10]

Q6.
(a) Decrease
1

Increasing pressure moves equilibrium to the side of least moles i.e. backward
reaction
1

Page 62 of 103
To oppose the increase in pressure or to decrease the pressure
1

(b) A catalyst speeds up the rate of the forward and backward reaction
1

By the same amount

(c) ΔH = −111 − (−75 − 242)

206 (kJ mol−1)

(d) ΔS = 3 × 131 + 198 − (186 + 189) = 216 J K−1 mol−1

ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
1

0 = 206 − T
1

T = 953.7 or 954 K
1

T = 681 (°C)
If the value given in the question is used then the answer is
283 (°C)
1
[12]

Q7.
B
[1]

Q8.
(a) C(s) + 2F2(g) CF4(g)
State symbols essential
1

(b) Around carbon there are 4 bonding pairs of electrons (and no lone pairs)
1

Therefore, these repel equally and spread as far apart as possible

(c) ΔH = Σ ΔfH products – Σ ΔfH reactants or a correct cycle

Hence = (2 × –680) + (6 × –269) – (x) = –2889

x = 2889 – 1360 – 1614 = –85 (kJ mol–1)

Page 63 of 103
1
Score 1 mark only for +85 (kJ mol )
–1

(d) Bonds broken = 4(C–H) + 4(F–F) = 4 × 412 + 4 × F–F

Bonds formed = 4(C–F) + 4(H–F) = 4 × 484 + 4 × 562

Both required
1

–1904 = [4 × 412 + 4(F–F)] – [4 × 484 + 4 × 562]

4(F–F) = –1904 – 4 × 412 + [4 × 484 + 4 × 562] = 632

F–F = 632 / 4 = 158 (kJ mol–1)

The student is correct because the F–F bond energy is much less than the C–
H or other covalent bonds, therefore the F–F bond is weak / easily broken
Relevant comment comparing to other bonds
(Low activation energy needed to break the F–F bond)
1
[10]

Q9.
(a) The enthalpy / heat energy change when 1 mol (of a substance)
If enthalpy of formation definition given CE=O
NOT just ‘energy’
ALLOW alternatives for substance e.g.
molecule/compound/element
1
Is burned/reacts completely in oxygen
ALLOW reacts in excess oxygen
1
With all reactants and products in their standard states
OR
With all reactants and products in their normal states at
298K/given temp & 100kPa
ALLOW ‘everything’ for ‘reactants and products’
Penalise incorrect conditions if given
ALLOW ‘normal states under standard conditions’
1

(b) ∆H = Σ∆Hc(reactants) - Σ∆Hc (products)

OR
Correctly and fully balanced cycle
Correct answer scores 3
1
∆H = [3(-394) + 4(-286)] – (-2010)
OR
∆H = -2326 + 2010
M2 also scores M1
1
∆H = -316 (kJ mol-1)
+316 scores 1 mark only

Page 64 of 103
IGNORE units
Check for AE in working – can award M3 as ecf (error carried
forward) from M2 if M2 not given due to AE
1

(c) ∆H/-1893 = ΣB(reactants) - ΣB(products)

OR
∆H/-1893 = ΣBonds broken - ΣBonds formed
OR
∆H/-1893 = 2B(C-C) + 7B(C-H) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 4½ B(O=O) – 6B(C=O) –
8B(O-H)
Correct answer scores 3
1
-1893= 2B(C-C) + 7(412) + 360 + 463 + 4½(496) – 6(805) – 8(463)
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) +5939 – 8534
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) -2595
OR
2B(C-C) = 702
M2 also scores M1
May see no 463 in bonds broken and 7x463 in made (gives
5476 – 8071)
1
B(C-C) = (+)351(kJ mol-1)
If NOT 351 check for AE. This would lose M2, but could gain
M1 and M3
(+)234 scores 1 (due to 3(C-C))
NOT M3 from incorrect M2 unless incorrect M2 is due to AE
IGNORE units
If no other mark awarded then
ALLOW 1 if 5939 or 5476 or 8534 or 8071 seen
1
[9]

Q10.
(a) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression)
M1 ΔH = ΣΔHf (products) − ΣΔHf (reactants)
OR a correct cycle of balanced equations

M2 = 5(−635) − (−1560)

= − 3175 + 1560

(This also scores M1)

M3 = − 1615 (kJ mol−1)

Award 1 mark ONLY for (+) 1615
Correct answer to the calculation gains all of M1, M2 and M3
Credit 1 mark for(+) 1615 (kJ mol−1)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would

Page 65 of 103
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with V2O5 and 5CaO OR a clear
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores only
M1

M4 Type of reaction is
• reduction
• redox
• (or accept) V2O5 / it / V(V) has been reduced
In M4 not “vanadium / V is reduced”

M5 Major reason for expense of extraction − the answer must be about

calcium

Calcium is produced / extracted by electrolysis

OR calcium is expensive to extract
OR calcium extraction uses electricity
OR calcium extraction uses large amount of energy
OR calcium is a (very) reactive metal / reacts with water or air
OR calcium needs to be extracted / does not occur native
QoL
Accept calcium is expensive “to produce” but not “to source,
to get, to obtain, to buy” etc.
In M5 it is neither enough to say that calcium is “expensive”
nor that calcium “must be purified”
5

(b) M1
2Al + Fe2O3 2Fe + Al2O3
Ignore state symbols
Credit multiples of the equation

M2
(Change in oxidation state) 0 to (+)3
OR
(changed by) +3
In M2 if an explanation is given it must be correct and
unambiguous
2

M2 and M3
Two hazards in either order
• HCl / hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid is acidic / corrosive /
toxic / poisonous
• Explosion risk with hydrogen (gas) OR H2 is flammable
For M2 / M3 there must be reference to hydrogen; it is not
enough to refer simply to an explosion risk
For M2 / M3 with HCl hazard, require reference to acid(ic) /
corrosive / toxic only

Page 66 of 103
M4
The only other product / the HCl is easily / readily removed / lost / separated
because it is a gas OR will escape (or this idea strongly implied) as a gas
OR vanadium / it is the only solid product (and is easily separated)
OR vanadium / it is a solid and the other product / HCl is a gas
In M4 it is not enough to state simply that HCl is a gas, since
this is in the question.
4
[11]

Q11.
(a) (i) 3Fe + Sb2S3 3FeS + 2Sb
Or multiples.
Ignore state symbols.
1

(ii) Fe Fe2+ + 2e−

Ignore charge on the electron unless incorrect.

Or multiples.
Credit the electrons being subtracted on the LHS.
Ignore state symbols.
1

(b) (i) Sb2S3 + 4.5O2 Sb2O3 + 3SO2

Or multiples.
Ignore state symbols.
1

(ii) SO3 or sulfur trioxide / sulfur (VI) oxide

Credit also the following ONLY.
H2SO4 or sulfuric acid.
OR
Gypsum / CaSO4 or plaster of Paris.
1

(c) (i) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression)

Correct answer gains full marks.

M1 ∆Hr = Ʃ∆Hf(products) − Ʃ∆Hf(reactants)

OR a correct cycle of balanced equations / correct numbers of moles

Credit 1 mark for +104 (kJ mol−1).

M2 = 2(+20) + 3(−394) − (−705) − 3(−111)

= 40 −1182 + 705 + 333

= −1142 − (−1038)

(This also scores M1)

M3 = −104 (kJ mol−1)

Page 67 of 103
(Award 1 mark ONLY for + 104)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows:
• Check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would
score 2 marks.
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 3CO, 2Sb and 3CO2 OR a
clear statement of M1 which could be in words and
scores only M1.
3

(ii) It / Sb is not in its standard state

Standard state (for Sb) is solid / (s)

(Sb) liquid is not its standard state

Credit a correct definition of standard state as an alternative
to the words ‘standard state’.
QoL
1

(iii) Reduction OR reduced OR redox

(d) Low-grade ore extraction / it

• uses (cheap) scrap / waste iron / steel

• is a single-step process

uses / requires less / low(er) energy

Ignore references to temperature / heat or labour or
technology.
1
[10]

Q12.
(a) (Q = mcΔT)

= 50 × 4.18 × 27.3
If incorrect (eg mass = 0.22 or 50.22 g) CE = 0 / 2
1

= 5706 J (accept 5700 and 5710)

Accept 5.7 kJ with correct unit. Ignore sign.
1

(b) Mr of 2-methylpropan-2-ol = 74(.0)

For incorrect Mr, lose M1 but mark on.
1

Page 68 of 103
Moles = mass / Mr

= 0.22 / 74(.0)

= 0.00297 moles
1

ΔH = –5706 / (0.002970 × 1000)

= –1921 (kJ mol–1)

If 0.22 is used in part (a), answer = –8.45 kJ mol–1 scores 3

(Allow –1920, –1919)

If uses the value given (5580 J), answer = –1879 kJ mol–1
scores 3
Answer without working scores M3 only.
Do not penalise precision.
Lack of negative sign loses M3
1

(c) ΔH = ΣΔH products – ΣΔH reactants

OR a correct cycle
Correct answer with no working scores 1 mark only.
1

ΔH = −(−360) + (4 × −393) + (5 × −286)

M2 also implies M1 scored.
1

ΔH = –2642 (kJ mol–1) This answer only.

Allow 1 mark out of 3 for correct value with incorrect sign.
1

(d) (–2422 – part (b)) × 100 / –2422

Ignore negative sign.

Expect answers in region of 20.7

If error carried forward, 0.22 allow 99.7
If 5580 J used earlier, then allow 22.4
1

(e) Reduce the distance between the flame and the beaker / put a sleeve around
the flame to protect from drafts / add a lid / use a copper calorimeter rather
than a pyrex beaker / use a food calorimeter
Any reference to insulating material around the beaker must
be on top.
Accept calibrate the equipment using an alcohol of known
enthalpy of combustion.
1

(f) Incomplete combustion

1
[11]

Q13.

Page 69 of 103
(a) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression
Correct answer to the calculation gains all of M1, M2 and M3

M1 ΔH = ΣΔHf (products) − ΣΔH (reactants)

Credit 1 mark for − 101 (kJ mol−1)

OR a correct cycle of balanced equations

M2 = − 1669 − 3(− 590)

= − 1669 + 1770
(This also scores M1)

M3 = + 101 (kJ mol−1)

Award 1 mark ONLY for − 101

For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 3Sr and 2Al OR a clear statement
of M1 which could be in words and scores only M1

M4 - Using powders
Any one from

• To increase collision frequency / collisions in a given time / rate of

collisions

• To increase the surface contact / contact between the solids / contact

between (exposed) particles
Ignore dividing final answer by 3
Penalise M4 for reference to molecules.
5

M5 Major reason for expense of extraction

Any one from

• Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis OR aluminium extraction uses

(large amounts of) electricity

• Reaction / process / It / the mixture requires heat

• It is endothermic

(b) Calcium has a higher melting point than strontium, because

Ignore general Group 2 statements.

Correct reference to size of cations / proximity of electrons

M1 (For Ca) delocalised electrons closer to cations / positive ions / atoms /
nucleus
OR cations / positive ions / atoms are smaller
OR cation / positive ion / atom or it has fewer (electron) shells / levels
Penalise M1 if either of Ca or Sr is said to have more or less
delocalised electrons OR the same nuclear charge.

Page 70 of 103
Ignore reference to shielding.

Relative strength of metallic bonding

M2 (Ca) has stronger attraction between the cations / positive ions / atoms /
nucleus and the delocalised electrons
OR
stronger metallic bonding

(assume argument refers to Ca but credit converse argument for Sr)

CE= 0 for reference to molecules or Van der Waals forces or
intermolecular forces or covalent bonds.
2

(c) M1 2Mg + O2 2MgO

M2 Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
Credit multiples of the equations.

M3 Magnesium hydroxide is used as an antacid / relieve indigestion

(heartburn) / neutralise (stomach) acidity / laxative
Not simply “milk of magnesia” in M3
3
[10]

Q14.
(a) (i) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression which must
have all ΔH symbols and the ⅀ or SUM)
Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark ONLY if –122 (kJ mol ) −1

M1 ΔH = ⅀ΔHf (products) - ⅀ΔHf (reactants)

OR a correct cycle of balanced equations

M2 ΔH = 3(−394) − 3(−111) − (−971)

(This also scores M1)

M3 = (+) 122(kJ mol )

−1

Award 1 mark ONLY for –122

For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as follows

• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this would
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for correct method; this requires either
a correct cycle of balanced equations OR a clear statement
of M1 which could be in words and scores M1 only
3

(ii) By definition
Ignore reference to “standard state”

Page 71 of 103
Because it is an element / elemental
1

(b) (i) TiO2 + 2Cl 2 + 2C TiCl4 + 2CO

Allow multiples

TiO2 + 2Cl 2 + C TiCl4CO2

Ignore state symbols

M1 use of Cl2 and C

M2 a correct balanced equation

(ii) TiCl4 + 4Na Ti + 4NaCl

Allow multiples

TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2

Ignore state symbols

M1 use of Na OR Mg

M2 a correct balanced equation

(c) (i) 4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2

Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols
1

(ii) Cr2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Cr

Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols
1
[10]

Q15.
(a) The enthalpy change / heat (energy) change (at constant pressure) in a reaction is
independent of the route / path taken (and depends only on the initial and final
states)
Ignore the use of ΔH for enthalpy
1

(b) ΔHexp + ΔH2 – ΔH1 = 0

Any correct mathematical statement that uses all three terms

ΔHexp + ΔH2 = ΔH1 OR ΔH1 = ΔHexp + ΔH2

Page 72 of 103
OR

ΔHexp= ΔH1 – ΔH2 OR ΔHexp = ΔH1 +( – ΔH2 )

(c) ΔHexp = ΔH1 – ΔH2

ΔHexp = −156 −12 = −168 (kJ mol ) −1

Ignore units

Award the mark for the correct answer without any working
1

(d) (i) M1 q = m c ΔT OR calculation (25.0 x 4.18 x 14.0)

Award full marks for correct answer

M2 = 1463J OR 1.46 kJ (This also scores M1)

In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula

M3 must have both the correct value within the range specified and the
minus sign
Penalise M3 ONLY if correct numerical value but sign is
incorrect; e.g. +69.5 to +69.7 gains 2 marks (ignore +70
after correct answer)

For 0.0210 mol, therefore

ΔH1 = − 69.67 to − 69.52 (kJ mol )

-1

OR ΔH1 = − 69.7 to − 69.5 (kJ mol ) −1

Penalise M2 for arithmetic error but mark on

Accept answers to 3sf or 4sf in the range − 69.7 to − 69.5

ΔT = 287, score q = m c ΔT only

Ignore -70 after correct answer

If c = 4.81 (leads to 1684J ) penalise M2 ONLY and mark on
for M3 = − 80.17 (range − 80.0 to − 80.2)
Ignore incorrect units
3

(ii) The idea of heat loss

NOT impurity

Incomplete reaction (of the copper sulfate)

NOT incompetence

Not all the copper sulfate has dissolved

NOT incomplete combustion
1

(e) Impossible to add / react the exact / precise amount of water

Page 73 of 103
Not just “the reaction is incomplete”

Very difficult to measure the temperature rise of a solid

Difficult to prevent solid dissolving

(Copper sulfate) solution will form

1
[8]

Q16.
(a) (Enthalpy change to) break the bond in 1 mol of chlorine (molecules)
Allow (enthalpy change to) convert 1 mol of chlorine
molecules into atoms
Do not allow energy or heat instead of enthalpy, allow heat
energy
1

To form (2 mol of) gaseous chlorine atoms / free radicals

Can score 2 marks for ‘Enthalpy change for the reaction’:
Cl2(g) → 2Cl(g)
Equation alone gains M2 only
Can only score M2 if 1 mol of chorine molecules used in M1
(otherwise it would be confused with atomisation enthalpy)
Any mention of ions, CE = 0
1

(b) (For atomisation) only 1 mol of chlorine atoms, not 2 mol (as in bond enthalpy)
is formed / equation showing ½ mol chlorine giving 1 mol of atoms
Allow breaking of one bond gives two atoms
Allow the idea that atomisation involves formation of 1 mol of
atoms not 2 mol
Allow the idea that atomisation of chlorine involves half the
amount of molecules of chlorine as does dissociation
Any mention of ions, CE = 0
1

(c) (i) ½F2(g) + ½Cl2(g) → ClF(g)

(ii) ΔH = ½E(F–F) + ½ E(Cl−Cl) – E(Cl−F)

Allow correct cycle
1

E(Cl−F) = ½E(F–F) + ½E(Cl−Cl) − ΔH

= 79 + 121 − (−56)

= 256 (kJ mol )

−1

Page 74 of 103
−256 scores zero
Ignore units even if wrong
1

(iii) ½Cl2 + 3/2 F2 → ClF3

If equation is doubled CE=0 unless correcr answer gained by
/ 2 at end
This would score M1
1

ΔH = ½ E(Cl−Cl) + 3/2 E(F–F) − 3E(Cl−F)

= 121 + 237 − 768 / (or 3 × value from (c)(ii))

This also scores M1 (note = 358 − 768)
1

= −410 (kJ mol )

−1

If given value of 223 used ans = −311

Allow 1 / 3 for +410 and +311
1

(iv) (Bond enthalpy of) Cl−F bond in ClF is different from that in ClF3
Allow Cl-F bond (enthalpy) is different in different
compounds (QoL)
1

(d) NaCl is ionic / not covalent

1
[11]

Q17.
(a) (i) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression which must
have
all ∆Hsymbols and the ∑ or SUM)

M1 ΔHr = ΣΔHf (products) - ΣΔHf (reactants)

OR a correct cycle of balanced equations with 1C, 3H2 and 1O2

M2 ΔHr = – 201 + (– 242) – (– 394)

ΔHr = – 201 – 242 + 394
ΔHr = – 443 + 394
(This also scores M1)

M3 = – 49 (kJ mol–1)
(Award 1 mark ONLY for + 49)
Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark ONLY for + 49 (kJ mol–1)
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either
a transposition error or an incorrect multiplication;
this would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either

Page 75 of 103
correct cycle of balanced equations with 1C, 3H2 and
1O2
OR a clear statement of M1 which could be in words
and
scores only M1
3

(ii) It is an element / elemental

Ignore reference to “standard state”

By definition
1

(b) M1 (The yield) increases / goes up / gets more

If M1 is given as “decreases” / “no effect” / “no change” then
CE= 0 for clip, but mark on only M2 and M3 from a blank M1

M2 There are more moles / molecules (of gas) on the left / of reactants
OR fewer moles / molecules (of gas) on the right
/ products
OR there are 4 moles /molecules (of gas) on the left and 2 moles / molecules on the
right.
OR (equilibrium) shifts / moves to the side with less moles / molecules
Ignore “volumes”, “particles” “atoms” and “species” for M2

M3: Can only score M3 if M2 is correct

The (position of) equilibrium shifts / moves (from left to right) to oppose the increase
in pressure
For M3, not simply “to oppose the change”
For M3 credit the equilibrium shifts / moves (to right) to lower
/ decrease the pressure
(There must be a specific reference to the change that is
opposed)
3

(c) M1 Yield increases goes up

M2 The (forward) reaction / to the right is endothermic OR takes in/ absorbs

heat

The reverse reaction / to the left is exothermic OR gives out / releases heat
If M1 is given as “decrease” / “no effect” / “no change” then
CE= 0 for clip, but mark on only M2 and M3 from a blank M1

Can only score M3 if M2 is correct

M3 The (position of) equilibrium shifts / moves (from left to right) to oppose the
increase
in temperature (QoL)
For M3, not simply “to oppose the change”
For M3, credit the (position of) equilibrium shifts / moves

Page 76 of 103
(QoL)
to absorb the heat OR
to cool the reaction OR
to lower the temperature
(There must be a specific reference to the change that is
opposed)
3

(d) (i) An activity which has no net / overall (annual) carbon emissions to the
atmosphere
OR
An activity which has no net / overall (annual) greenhouse gas emissions
to the atmosphere.
OR
There is no change in the total amount / level of carbon dioxide /CO2 carbon
/greenhouse gas present in the atmosphere.
The idea that the carbon /CO2 given out equals the carbon
/CO2 that was taken in from the atmosphere
1

(ii) CH3OH + 1½ O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Ignore state symbols
Accept multiples
1

(iii) 3H2 + 1½ O2 3H2O

Ignore state symbols

OR
Accept multiples

2H2 + O2 2H2O
Extra species must be crossed through
1

(e) M1 q = m c ∆T
Award full marks for correct answer
Ignore the case for each letter

OR q = 140 × 4.18 × 7.5

M2 = 4389 (J) OR 4.389 (kJ) OR 4.39 (kJ) OR 4.4 (kJ)(also scores M1)

M3 Using 0.0110 mol

therefore ∆H = – 399 (kJmol–1 )
OR – 400
Penalise M3 ONLY if correct numerical answer but sign is
incorrect; +399 gains 2 marks
Penalise M2 for arithmetic error and mark on
In M1, do not penalise incorrect cases in the formula
If ∆T = 280.5; score q = m c ∆T only
If c = 4.81 (leads to 5050.5) penalise M2 ONLY and mark on
for M3 = – 459

Page 77 of 103
+399 or +400 gains 2 marks
Ignore incorrect units
3
[16]

Q18.
(a) (i) reduction OR reduced OR redox OR reduction–oxidation
Not “oxidation” alone
1

(ii) Fe3+ + 3e– Fe

Ignore state symbols
Do not penalise absence of charge on electron
Credit Fe3+ Fe – 3e–
Credit multiples
1

(b) (i) Because (one of the following)

CO is not the only product OR

Reference to “incomplete combustion to form CO” does not
answer the question

(Some) complete combustion (also)occurs OR

CO2 is (also) formed

Further oxidation occurs

(ii) The enthalpy change / heat (energy) change at constant pressure in a reaction
is independent of the route / path taken (and depends only on the initial and
final states)
1

(iii) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure when 1 mol
of a compound / substance / element
For M1, credit correct reference to molecule/s or atom/s

M2 is burned completely / undergoes complete combustion in (excess)

oxygen

M3 with all reactants and products / all substances in standard states

For M3
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere

OR all reactants and products / all substances in normal / specified states

under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and specified T / 298 K
3

(c) M1 (could be scored by a correct mathematical expression which must

have all ∆H symbols and the ∑)
Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark ONLY for –1 (kJ mol–1)

Page 78 of 103
M1 ∆Hr = ∑∆Hf (products) – ∑∆Hf (reactants)
Credit 1 mark ONLY for – 27 (kJ mol–1) i.e. assuming value
for Fe(l) = 0

OR correct cycle of balanced equations with 2Fe, 3C and 3O2

M2 ∆Hr = 2(+14) + 3(– 394) – (– 822) – 3(–111)

= 28 –1182 + 822 + 333

(This also scores M1)

M3 = (+) 1 (kJ mol–1)

(Award 1 mark ONLY for – 1)

(Award 1 mark ONLY for – 27)

For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this
would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either a correct cycle with 2Fe, 3C and 3O2 OR a clear
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores
only M1
3

(d) (i) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

State symbols essential
Possible to include C(s, graphite)
1

(ii) These two enthalpy changes are for the same reaction / same equation /
same reactants and products
Penalise reference to CO2 being produced by a different
route

They both make one mole of carbon dioxide only from carbon and oxygen
(or this idea clearly implied)
“both form CO2” is not sufficient (since other products might
occur e.g.CO)

The same number and same type of bonds are broken and formed
1
[12]

Q19.
(a) One from

• Ti is not produced

Page 79 of 103
• TiC / carbide is produced OR titanium reacts with carbon

• Product is brittle

• Product is a poor engineering material

Penalise “titanium carbonate”
Ignore “impure titanium”
Credit “titanium is brittle”
1

(b) Heat (energy) change at constant pressure

QoL
1

(c) The enthalpy change in a reaction is independent of

the route taken (and depends only on the initial and final states)
Credit “heat change at constant pressure” as an alternative
to “enthalpy change”
1

(d) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure

when 1 mol of a compound / substance / product
For M1, credit correct reference to molecule/s or atom/s

M2 is formed from its (constituent) elements

M3 with all reactants and products / all substances in

standard states

OR all reactants and products / all substances in normal

states under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and any
specified T (usually 298 K)
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
3

(e) (i) Na / it is not in its standard state / normal state under

standard conditions

Standard state / normal state under standard conditions

for Na is solid / (s)
QoL
Ignore “sodium is a liquid or sodium is not a solid”
1

(ii) M1 ∆Hr = ∑∆Hf (products) - ∑∆Hf (reactants)

M2 ∆Hr = 4(−411) − (−720) − 4(+3)

= −1644 + 720 − 12
(This also scores M1)

M3 = −936 (kJ mol−1)

Correct answer gains full marks
Credit 1 mark for + 936 (kJ mol−1)
Credit 1 mark for – 924 (kJ mol−1)

Page 80 of 103
i.e. assuming value for Na(l) = 0
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this
would
score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires
either
a correct cycle with 2Cl2 and 4Na OR a clear complete
statement of M1 which could be in words and scores
only M1
3

(iii) Reducing agent

Ignore “reduces titanium”

OR reductant OR reduces TiCl4

OR electron donor
1
[7]

Q20.
(a) Heat (energy) change at constant pressure
Ignore references to standard conditions, but credit specified
pressure.
1

(b) The enthalpy change/heat (energy) change (at constant pressure) in a

reaction is independent of the route/path taken (and depends only
on the initial and final states)
1

(c) ΔH + 963 = –75 – 432 OR ΔH + 963 = – 507 (M1)

ΔH = –75 – 432 – 963 (M1 and M2)

ΔH = –1470 (kJ mol–1)

Award 1 mark for + 1470

Award full marks for correct answer
Ignore units.
Ignore numbers on the cycle
M1 and M2 can score for an arithmetic error
3
[5]

Q21.
(a) (i) M1 The enthalpy change / heat change at constant pressure
when 1 mol of a compound / substance / product
1

M2 Is formed from its (constituent) elements

Page 81 of 103
1

M3 With all reactants and products / all substances in

standard states
OR
All reactants and products / all substances in normal
states under standard conditions / 100 kPa / 1 bar and
specified T / 298 K
Ignore reference to 1 atmosphere
1

(ii) By definition
OR
Because they are elements
1

(iii) M1 ΔHf = ΣΔHf (products) – ΣΔHf(reactants)

M2 = –1669 – 3(–558)
(This also scores M1)
1

M3 = (+) 5 (kJ mol–1)

Correct answer gains full marks.
Assume the value is positive unless specifically stated as
negative.
Credit 1 mark if – 5 (kJ mol–1).
For other incorrect or incomplete answers, proceed as
follows:
• check for an arithmetic error (AE), which is either a
transposition error or an incorrect multiplication; this
would score 2 marks (M1 and M2)
• If no AE, check for a correct method; this requires either
a correct cycle with 3BaO OR a clear statement of M1
which could be in words and scores only M1
1

(b) (i) One from

• Aluminium is expensive (to extract OR due to electrolysis)

• High energy cost

• The cost of heating strongly

This requires a clear statement about cost
1

(ii) One from

• increase collision frequency

• OR more collisions

• OR more chance of colliding

The answer MUST refer to more collisions.
Ignore “more available to collide”
1

Page 82 of 103
(c) (i) Ba + 2H2O → Ba(OH)2 + H2
Ignore state symbols
Allow multiples and correct ionic equations
1

(ii) M1 Ba2+ + SO42– → BaSO4

(or the ions together)
Allow crossed out Na+ ions, but penalise if not crossed out
1

M2 White precipitate / white solid

Ignore state symbols
Ignore “milky”
1

(iii) M1 Barium meal or ( internal ) X-ray or to block X-rays

M2 BaSO4 / barium sulfate is insoluble (and therefore not toxic)

Accept a correct reference to M1 written in the explanation in
M2, unless contradictory.
For M2 NOT barium ions
NOT barium
NOT barium meal and NOT “It”.
Ignore radio-tracing.
1
[14]

Q22.
(a) The enthalpy change when 1 mol of a compound
1

is completely burnt in oxygen

under standard conditions, or 298K and 100kPA

(b) (i) C2H6 + 3½O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

(ii) ΔH = 2 × ΔHfο (CO2) + 3 × ΔHfο (H2O) – ΔHfο (C2H6)

= – 788 – 858 – (–85)

= – 1561 kJ mol–1

(c) moles methane = = 6.25 × 10–3

1
kJ evolved = 6.25 × 10–3 × 890 = 5.56
1

Page 83 of 103
5.56 × 103 joules = (mc)ΔT
1

ΔT = = 46.4 K
1
[11]

Q23.
(a) Enthalpy change when 1 mol of compound (1)

Is formed from it’s elements (1)

All substances in their standard state (1)

(b) ΔH = ΣΔHοc (reactants) – ΣΔHοc (products) (1)

= (7x – 394) + (4 x – 286) – (– 3909) (1)

= + 7 kJmol–1 (1)
3

(c) Heat change = m c ΔT (1)

= 250 × 4.18 × 60 = 62700J = 62.7kJ (1)

Moles C7H8 = 2.5 /92 = 0.0272 (1)

ΔH = 62.7 / 0.0272 = – 2307 kJ mol–1 (1)

(allow –2300 to –2323)
4

(d) Mass of water heated = 25 + 50 = 75g

Temp rise = 26.5 – 18 = 8.5 °C
both for (1) mark

Heat change = 75 × 4.18 × 8.5 = 2665 J = 2.665 kJ (1)

Moles HCl = 0.05 (1)

ΔH = – 2.665 / 0.05 = –53.3 kJmol–1 (1)

(allow –53 to –54)
4

(e) Less heat loss (1)

1
[15]

Q24.
(a) enthalpy change/ heat energy change when 1 mol of a substance
1

is completely burned in oxygen

Page 84 of 103
at 298K and 100 kPa or standard conditions
1
(not 1atm)

(b) ∆H = ∑ bonds broken – ∑ bonds formed

= (6 × 412) + 612 +348 + (4.5 × 496) – ((6 × 743) + (6 × 463))

= – 1572 kJ mol–1

(c) by definition ∆Hf is formation from an element

(d) ∆Hc = ∑ ∆Hf products -∑ ∆Hf reactants or cycle

= (3 × – 394) + (3 × –242) – (+20)

= − 1928 kJ mol–1

(e) bond enthalpies are mean/average values

from a range of compounds

1
[12]

Q25.
(a) enthalpy (or energy) to break (or dissociate) a bond;
1

averaged over different molecules (environments);

enthalpy (or heat energy) change when one mole of a compound;

is formed from its elements;

in their standard states;

(b) enthalpy change = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) or cycle;

= 4 × 388 +163 + 2 × 146 + 4 × 463 – (944 + 8 × 463);

(or similar)
1

= –789;
(+ 789 scores 1 only)

Page 85 of 103
1

(c) (i) zero;

(ii) AH = Σ (enthalpies of formation of products)

–Σ (enthalpies of formation of reactants)
1

= 4 × –242-(75 + 2 × –133);
1

= –777;
(+ 777 scores one only)
1

(d) mean bond enthalpies are not exact

(or indication that actual values are different from real
values)
1
[13]

Q26.
(a) (i) enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance
(or compound) (QL mark)
1

is (completely) burned in oxygen (or reacted in excess oxygen)

at 298 K and 100 kPa (or under standard conditions)

(ii) heat produced = mass of water × Sp heat capacity

xΔT (or mcΔT)
1

= 150 × 4.18 × 64 (note if mass = 2.12 lose first 2 marks

then conseq) = 40100 J or = 40.1 kJ (allow 39.9 - 40.2
must have correct units)
1

moles methanol = mass/Mr = 2.12/32 (1)

= 0.0663
1

ΔH = – 40.1/0.0663 = – 605 kJ (mol–1)

1
(allow –602 to –608 or answer in J)
(note allow conseq marking after all mistakes but note use of
2.12 g loses 2 marks

(b) (i) equilibrium shifts to left at high pressure

because position of equilibrium moves to favour

fewer moles (of gas)
1

Page 86 of 103
(ii) at high temperature reaction yield is low (or at low T yield is high)
1

at low temperature reaction is slow (or at high T reaction is fast)

therefore use a balance (or compromise) between rate and yield

(c) ΔH = ΣΔHcο(reactants) – ΣΔHcο (products) (or correct cycle)

ΔHcο (CH3OH) = ΔHcο(CO) + 2 × ΔHcο(H2) – ΔH

= (–283) + (2 × –286) – (–91) (mark for previous equation or this)

= –764 (kJ mol–1) ( units not essential but lose mark if units wrong)
(note + 764 scores 1/3)
1
[15]

Q27.
B
[1]

Q28.
A
[1]

Q29.
(a) ΔH = Σ(bonds broken) – Σ(bonds formed) (or cycle)
1

= +146 – 496/2 (or 2 × 463 + 146 –(2 × 463 + 496/2)

= – 102 (kJ mol–1) (1)

(accept no units, wrong units loses a mark; +102 scores (1)
only)
1

(b) C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) equation (1) Correct state symbols (1)
2

(c) (i) Macromolecular

(accept giant molecule or carbon has many (4) bonds)
1

(ii) ΔH = ΣΔHf(products) – ΣΔHf (reactants) (or cycle)

= 715 + 4 × 218 – (–74.9)

= 1662 (kJ mol–1)

Page 87 of 103
(accept no units, wrong units loses one mark,
allow 1660 to 1663, –1662 scores one mark only)
1

(iii) 1662/4 = 415.5

(mark is for divide by four, allow if answer to (c)(ii) is wrong)
1
[10]

Q30.
(a) (i) ΔH atomisation/sublimation of magnesium
1

(ii) Bond/dissociation enthalpy of Cl-Cl

OR 2 × H atomisation of chlorine
1

(iii) Second ionisation enthalpy of magnesium

(iv) 2 × electron affinity of chlorine

(v) Lattice formation enthalpy of MgCl 2

(b) Equation 2MgCl(s) → MgCl (s) + Mg(s)

State symbols not required but penalise if incorrect

Calculation ΔH reaction = ΣΔHf products – ΣΔHf reactants

= – 653 – (2 × –133)
1

= – 427 (kJmol–1)
Allow +427 to score (1) mark
Other answers; award (1) for a correct  H reaction
expression
1

(c) ΔH soln MgCl = – ΔH Lat.form. + ΔH hyd.Mg + 2ΔH hyd.Cl–

2
2+

or cycle
= 2502 – 1920 – (2 × 364)
1

= – 146 (kJmol–1)
Allow + 146 to score (1) mark
Other answers; award (1) for a correct ΔH soln MgCl2
expression/cycle
1
[12]

Page 88 of 103
Q31.
(a) M1 Kp = (PY)3. (PZ)2/ (PW)2.( PX) NB [ ] wrong
1

M2 temperature
1

M3 increase
1

M4 particles have more energy or greater velocity/speed

M5 more collisions with E > E or more successful collisions

M6 Reaction exothermic or converse

M7 Equilibrium moves in the left

Marks for other answers

Increase in pressure or concentration allow M1, M5, M6 Max 3
Addition of a catalyst; allow M1, M5, M6 Max 3
Decrease in temperature; allow M1, M2, M6 Max 3
Two or more changes made; allow M1, M6 Max 2

(b) (i) Advantage; reaction goes to completion, not reversible

or faster
1

Disadvantage; reaction vigorous/dangerous

(exothermic must be qualified)

or HCl(g) evolved/toxic
or CH COCl expensive
3

NB Allow converse answers

Do not allow reactions with other reagents e.g. water
or ease of separation
1

(ii) ΔS = ΣS products – ΣS reactants

ΔS = (259 + 187) – (201 + 161)

ΔS = 84 (JK–1 mol–1) (Ignore units)

Allow – 84 to score (1) mark
1

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
1

= – 21.6 – 298 × 84/1000

= – 46.6 kJ mol–1 or – 46 600 J mol–1

Page 89 of 103
Allow (2) for – 46.6 without units
(Mark ΔG consequentially to incorrect ΔS)
(e.g. ΔS = –84 gives ΔG = +3.4 kJ mol–1)
1
[15]

Q32.
D
[1]

Q33.
C
[1]

Q34.
(a) (i) enthalpy (or heat or heat energy) change when
1 mol of a substance (1) (QL mark) is formed from its elements (1)
all substances in their standard states (1) (or normal states at 298K,
100 kPa or std condits)
not STP, NTP
3

(b) enthalpy change (or enthalpy of reaction) is independent of route (1)

ΔH = ΣΔHf prods - ΣΔHf reactants (or cycle) (1)

minimum correct cycle is:

ΔH = -642 – 286 – (–602 + 2 × –92) (1)

= –142 (kJ mol–1) (1)
penalise this mark for wrong units
+142 scores 1 mark out of the last three
4

(c) ΔH = mcT (1) (or mcΔT)

= 50 × 4.2 × 32 = 6720 J = 6.72J (1)
mark is for 6720 J or 6.72 kJ

moles HCl = × conc = × 3 (1)

= 0.15 (1)
if error here mark on conseq.

Therefore moles of MgO reacted = moles HCl/2 (1)

Page 90 of 103
(mark is for/2, CE if not/2)
= 0.15/2 = 0.075

Therefore ΔH = 6.72/0.075 (1)

= –90 kJ (mol–1)
kJ must be given, allow 89 to 91
value (1)
sign (1); this mark can be given despite CE for /2
8

Note various combinations of answers to part (c) score as follows:

–89 to –91 kJ (8) (or –89000 to 91000J)

no units (7)

+89 to +91 kJ (7) (or + 89000 to +91000J)

no units (6)

–44 to –46 kJ (5) (or -44000 to -46000J)

no units (4) if units after 6.72 or 6720 (5)

+44 to +46 kJ (4) (or +44000 to + 46000)

if no units and
if no units after 6.72 or 6720 (3)
otherwise check, could be (4)
[15]

Q35.
(a) Standard enthalpy change, ΔH : ΔHR = ΣΔHfproducts - ΣΔHfreactants (1)
or cycle

ΔHR = (0 + [2 × –242]) – (4 × –92) (1)

= -484 + 368
= –116 (kJ mol–1)
Allow max 1 for +116

Standard entropy change, ΔS : ΔS = ΣΔHf products – ΣΔHf reactants

ΔS = ([2 × 223] + [2 × 189]) - (205 + [4 × 187]) (1)

= 824 – 953

= –129 (J K–1 mol–1)

allow max one for +129
6

(b) (i) Effect: Equilibrium displaced to right / to products (1)

Explanation: Reaction is endothermic (1)
Constraint reduced (1)
mark separately

(ii) Feasible when ΔG 0 (1)

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS (1)

Page 91 of 103
T = ΔH/ΔS = 208 × 1000 (1) / 253

= 822 K (1)
7
[13]

Q36.
A
[1]

Q37.
(a) C3H6O + 4O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O (1) (or multiple) 1

(b) (i) (1) = 0.0250 (1)

allow 0.025
allow conseq on wrong Mr

1.45/100, CE; C.E.

(ii) heat released = mcΔT

= 100 × 4.18 × 58.1 (1)
if 1.45 used in place of 100 CE = 0

= 24300 J (1) (or 24.3kJ)

allow 24200 to 24300
ignore decimal places
units tied to answer
If use 0.1 × 4.18 × 51.8 allow ½ for 24.3 with no units

(iii) = –972 (kJ mol–1) (1)

allow –968 to –973
allow +972
allow conseq
allow no units
penalise wrong units
5

(c) (i) Heat loss (1) or energy loss

do not allow incomplete combustion

(ii) Difference: more negative (1) (or more exothermic)

QoL mark

Explanation: heat (or energy) released when water vapour condenses (1)
or heat/energy required to vaporise water
or water molecules have more energy in the gaseous state
3

(d) ΔH = ΣΔHreactants – ΣΔHproducts (1)

Page 92 of 103
(or cycle )

= (2 × –394) + (3 × –286) + (–297) – (–1170) (1)

= –773 (1)
ignore units even if wrong
Allow 1/3 for +773
3
[12]

Q38.
C
[1]

Q39.
(a) They are elements (1)
Ignore irrelevant comments
1

(b) Enthalpy change (1)

or heat energy change or heat change or ΔH or any named
enthalpy change C.E. if change not mentioned

Independent of route (1)

OR depends on initial and final states
Only give second mark if first mark awarded except allow if
energy used instead of enthalpy
2

(c) ΔH = ΣΔHf (products) - ΣΔHf (reactants) (1) (Or a cycle)

= 2 × –242 + ½ × –394 – (–365) (1) (also implies first mark)
= -316 kJ mol–1 (1)
3
Ignore no units penalise wrong units
+316 scores 1/3
[6]

Q40.
(a) Heat energy change (1)
Not energy on its own

measured at constant pressure (1)

Mark separately, ignore constant temperature statements
2

(b) (i) Enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance (or compound / product) (1)
is formed from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)

Page 93 of 103
under standard conditions (1)
Mark separately

(ii) 2Na(s) + S(s) + 2O2(g) → Na2SO4(s)

Balanced (1) State symbols (1), but only if all species are
correct

Allow S8 (s)
5

(c) Enthalpy change is independent of reaction route (1)

Penalise incorrect additional statements
1

(d)

–1356 + (2 × 285.8) + (4 × 393.5) + ΔHfC4H4O4 = 0

ΔHf = –789.6 kJ mol–1

If answer is incorrect:
Score +789.6 two marks
Score (× 1); (× 2) and (× 4) for species - one mark
If an incorrect negative answer given check for AE for loss of
one mark
3
[11]

Q41.
(a) (Enthalpy change) when 1 mol (1) of a compound is formed
from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)
3
Allow energy or heat, Ignore evolved or absorbed
Mark each point independently

(b) (The enthalpy change for a reaction is) independent of the route (1)
1

(c) ΔHR = Hf products - Hf reactants (1)

= [(3 × -286) + (3 × -394)] - (-248) (1)
= -1792 (1) (kJ mol–1)

Page 94 of 103
Deduct one mark for each error to zero
3
[7]

Q42.
C
[1]

Q43.
B
[1]

Q44.
A
[1]

Q45.
D
[1]

Q46.
D
[1]

Page 95 of 103
Examiner reports

Q1.
(a) This was answered well – nearly all students (83.8%) were able to state two correct
oxidation states.

(b) Very few students were able give the first half-equation for the oxidation of chlorine
whereas the second half-equation was more regularly correct.

(d) Some students successfully calculated the mass of potassium iodide. However,
many did not appreciate that this reaction was not 1:1 and so used the incorrect
reacting ratio in their calculations. Many students stated incorrectly that the iodine
formed would be observed as purple fumes or as a purple solution. This question
discriminated particularly well.

(e) Most students were able both to write the correct equation and calculate the
enthalpy change. Only 8.4% of students were unable to score at least one mark.

Q2.
Just over a third of students calculated the correct answer of +112 kJ mol–1, but almost as
many students gave –112 kJ mol–1. A possible reason for this wrong answer is that
students may use summary equations in calculations such as these and may be uncertain
whether these involve (products – reactants) or (reactants – products).

Q3.
(a) This was poorly answered, with many students missing state symbols and balancing
the equation incorrectly. Only the best students (24.6%) gained the mark here.

(b) This proved challenging compared to questions set in the previous specification
from this topic area. 34.3% of students failed to pick up even one mark.

(d) This was not as well answered as might have been expected. The fact that mean
bond enthalpies are calculated using a range of compounds was not well
understood.

Q4.
(a) This proved to be a much tougher starter question than had been anticipated, with
only 12% of students earning the mark. Students did not recognise that enthalpy
change could not be measured directly. In this case, the enthalpy change was for
the formation of a hydrated salt from an anhydrous one, with the expected answer
being that it would be impossible to prevent some salt dissolving during the addition
of water to the anhydrous salt. An alternative answer, related to the difficulty in
measuring the temperature of a solid, was also allowed.

Some students’ answers revealed confusion between calorimetry and colorimetry,

with suggested answers including the lack of colour change during the reaction.
Some students also seemed to believe that calorimetry is only possible if something

Page 96 of 103
is being burned.

(b) This calculation was answered reasonably well, with less than 20% of students
failing to score. There was confusion about the ‘direction’ around the Hess Cycle,
and evidence of many students thinking that an equation of the form ΔH=
ΣΔHf(products) - ΣΔHf(reactants) can be used universally, when it only applies to the
specific use of enthalpies of formation.

(c) Most students’ encounter with this ‘extended response’ style of question produced a
good spread of marks, although 37% of students failed to score. This was usually
due to a completely inappropriate method being described, with incorrect answers
such as: “making a solution of magnesium chloride”, “using it to fill a spirit burner
and lighting it under a beaker of water” and “putting a solution of magnesium
chloride in a polystyrene cup and heating it over a Bunsen burner”. Other incorrect
answers included descriptions of the preparation of a standard solution followed by
a titration and the addition of magnesium chloride to acid instead of to water.

This question was marked using a ‘levels of response’ mark scheme. The key to
success was for students to concentrate first on the inclusion of as much correct
chemistry as possible to ensure access to Level 3 (worth 5 or 6 marks). Within a
level, the mark awarded depended on the clarity and coherence of an answer,
together with a clear, logical progression through the description. Appropriate
apparatus and quantities should have been mentioned as necessary. For example,
rather than writing ‘add water to a container’, a good start to the answer would be to
write ‘A measuring cylinder was used to measure 50 cm3 of water into a polystyrene
cup’.

Despite the fact that many students suggested in part (a), that it is difficult to
measure the temperature of a solid, many then suggested putting the magnesium
chloride into the polystyrene cup first and then recording its initial temperature,
before adding the water.

(d) This was a challenging question, but one for which it proved relatively easy to score
two marks; nearly 20% of students scored full marks here. Most students could
successfully plot the points and draw a best fit line, although the negative scale on
the y-axis confused some. Most students were also able to calculate the gradient of
their line, although, as mentioned previously, it was not always clear what their
suggested answer was. The calculation of ΔS proved trickier, with many trying to
use the relationship ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, and either ignoring their calculated gradient or
substituting it in for ΔH. Relatively few students recognised that this equation can be
taken as y = mx + c (y = c – xm in this case) so that this graph of ΔG (y) vs T (x)
gives a straight line with a gradient of −ΔS.

Q9.
Two-thirds of the marks in this enthalpy-based question involved students being able to
carry out calculations based on Hess’ Law and, as always, there was a divide between
those who could cope with such questions and those who couldn’t.

In part (a) the importance of learning definitions was illustrated. Many students failed to
make clear that all reactants and products need to be in their standard states.

In questions such as part (b) students are strongly advised to start with a clear and
complete indication of the expression relating the enthalpy change of the reaction to the
data given or to draw out a clearly labelled cycle. Students who relied on the use of a
learned expression often got this wrong way round, possibly due to confusion with the use
of enthalpies of formation whereas, in this case, the data provided were enthalpies of

Page 97 of 103
combustion.

In a question like part (c) students are strongly advised to sketch out the displayed
formulae of all reactants and products when working with bond energies. Failing to do so
in many cases meant that bonds were omitted or miscounted (3 × C-C in propan-1-ol was
often seen) by students.

Q10.
This question provided a range of challenges. The calculation in part (a) was answered
well and the necessity to focus on either the extraction or the reactivity of calcium was
understood by many. In part (b), many students were unable to write a correct formula
either for iron(III) oxide or for aluminium oxide and there was often a lack of clarity when
stating the change in oxidation state of aluminium in this reaction. The equation in part (c)
was generally done well and many students correctly linked an appropriate hazard to each
of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride. The idea that the HCl could escape as a gas and the
only other product was vanadium, was necessary to gain the final mark.

Q11.
Too many students had problems writing and balancing the equations in each of parts (a)
(i), (a)(ii) and (b)(i). The calculation in part (c)(i) was straightforward and most students
scored all 3 marks although errors were seen in simple mathematical operations. The
remainder of the question was also relatively high scoring.

Q12.
(a) This part was mostly well answered, with the exception of those who chose to use
the wrong mass.

(b) In this part, failure to give the negative sign was the most common error where
students did not score full marks.

(c) This part was usually done very well.

(d) In contrast, this part was very poorly answered, almost always because –2642 was
used from (c) rather than their answer to (b).

(e) Many vague answers were seen in response to this part. Simply adding insulation
was insufficient and use of a polystyrene cup was wrong in this situation.

(f) The idea of incomplete combustion seemed to be poorly understood in this part, with
quite a few students stating that ’not all the alcohol had burned’. Comments about
heat loss etc were disqualified by the question.

Q13.
The whole of this question was relatively straightforward and it was pleasing to see the
majority of students gain at least 3 marks in part (a) and over 40% gain both marks in part
(b).

In part (c), too many students failed to balance their equations or could not write the
correct formula for magnesium hydroxide. Fewer than half of all students gained all three
marks.

Q14.

Page 98 of 103
The calculation in part (a)(i) was high scoring with 72% gaining full marks and incorrect
answers from the remainder due either to simple arithmetic errors or to chemical errors. In
parts (b) and (c), incorrect chemical formulae were relatively common.

Q15.
Almost 85% of students were able to give a correct statement for Hess’s Law and then
attempted to apply it in parts (b) and (c), with over 70% success. No credit was given for a
value calculated in part (c), consequent on an incorrect expression in part (b), since that is
a chemical error.

Part (d) was generally well-answered although the negative sign was often missed in the
answer leading to only 35% gaining all three marks. Only 7% were able to deduce a
correct answer to part (e).

Q16.
Answers to this question were disappointingly poor. In part (a), there was not much
evidence that the precise meaning of the term bond dissociation enthalpy was
understood or had been learned. Only 20% of students scored both marks and over 50%
scored zero. This enthalpy change refers to the conversion of one mole of chlorine gas
into two moles of chlorine atoms but this was not usually stated. Answers to part (b) did
not usually convey the understanding that this process is exactly the same as bond
dissociation but that it involves only half a mole of chlorine gas. There was also confusion
between chlorine molecules, chlorine atoms and chloride ions. Part (c)(i) was answered
better but many answers were incorrect because they did not show chlorine and fluorine
molecules. In part (c)(iii), many students used incorrect cycles or formulae and obtained
an exothermic rather than an endothermic answer. In part (c)(iv), most students did not
read or did not understand the question. A statement that bond enthalpies are obtained by
averaging values from different compounds may be a correct statement but it is not an
answer to the question.

Q17.
The standard enthalpy change calculation in part (a) was straightforward and high
scoring. In parts (b) and (c), good discrimination occurred and a great many well–
articulated responses were seen. It is worth noting that no marks were scored in either of
parts (b) or (c), if the effect on the yield was assigned incorrectly. The meaning of carbon–
neutral in part (d) is spelled out in the specification and needs to refer to net emissions of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Parts (d)(ii) and (d)(iii) were challenging and only the
best students were able to arrive at the equation for the overall reaction between
hydrogen and oxygen to make water. Most students scored at least one mark in part (e);
the commonest error was a failure to give the final answer a negative sign for this
exothermic process.

Q18.
The thinking required in part (b)(i) proved too much for many and only a few were able to
state that, in practice, CO is not the only product and that some complete combustion to
form CO2 would occur. The answer of +1 kJ mol–1 was seen frequently in part (c), but
some were disconcerted by this value and sought to find an alternative. State symbols
were often missed in part (d)(i) and a clear statement in part (d)(ii) that the same reaction
occurs for the two specified standard enthalpies was not well understood.

Page 99 of 103
Q19.
Overall, this was a relatively high-scoring question although only 26% of the candidates
stated that enthalpy change is the heat change at constant pressure in part (b). Definitions
continue to be learned poorly by a proportion of candidates and 15% of candidates failed
to score any marks in part (d).

Q20.
Only 20% of the candidates stated that enthalpy change is the heat change at constant
pressure, even though this is stated clearly in the specification. It was pleasing to see that
more than half the candidates could correctly apply Hess’s Law to an unfamiliar cycle and
arrive at the right answer for the specified enthalpy change.

Q21.
The range of answers given to the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of formation in
part (a)(i) indicated the variation in the ability of the candidates to learn basic information.
Application of that information in the remainder of part (a) was generally well done,
although too many candidates had their data the wrong way around in part (a)(iii).

Part (b) was answered correctly by approximately half of the candidates and there were
some good answers in each section of part (c). The ability to construct and balance
equations, including the simplest ionic equation in part (c)(ii), was made impossible for
those candidates who did not know that Ba2+ is the formula of the barium ion.

Q23.
Part (a) was generally well done by most candidates. The most common error was not
referring to standard states. The calculation in part (b) proved more demanding for
students than some previous enthalpy calculations with many candidates giving the
incorrect answer of –7kJmor\ A large number of candidates did not give the correct mass
or correct temperature rise in part (c) and therefore only scored the mark for the Q = mcΔt
equation. Many of the candidates who did calculate the heat evolved then failed to
calculate molar quantities. The calculation in part (d) proved very difficult for candidates
with very few scoring full marks. Common errors were incorrect mass, incorrect
temperature rise and lack of conversion to molar quantities. Candidates should know that
exothermic reactions are shown by a negative sign e.g. –53.3kJmol–1. In part (e) many
candidates failed to make the comparison regarding heat loss between the two
experiments.

Q24.
More able candidates were able to obtain high marks in this question but the weaker
candidates found the calculations difficult. The definition in (a) was usually attempted well
with the majority of candidates scoring 3 marks. Answers to (b) discriminated between
candidates. There were several arithmetic errors in the calculation, and a few candidates
who did not know to subtract the sum of the bonds made from the sum of the bonds
broken leading to an incorrect sign in the final answer. Most candidates realised that
oxygen was an element in (c). Again the calculation in (d) discriminated well. A common
incorrect answer was 1888 kJmol–1 which was usually due to doing the calculation the
wrong way round. Weaker candidates also failed to take account of the 3 moles of water
and carbon dioxide in their calculation. The explanation of why answers to (b) were less
accurate than (a) was not done as well as expected with many candidates scoring one out
of the 2 marks. Candidates should know that mean bond enthalpies are averaged over a
range of compounds which contain the same bond, or from the same compound which
contains several of the same type of bond. A common incorrect answer here was ‘heat

Page 100 of 103

loss’.

Q25.
More able candidates were able to obtain high marks for this question but less able
candidates found the calculations hard. In part (a) candidates lost a mark if they referred
to bond-formation instead of bond-breaking. Less able candidates were unable to explain
that mean bond enthalpy refers to an average of bonds where the environment is
different, usually due to existence in different molecules. In part (b) many candidates
provided incorrect answers because they did not work out the correct number of bonds
being broken or formed. For example, only the best candidates recognised that two O—O
bonds were broken. It was disappointing in part (c) (i) that many candidates did not
understand the question. It was quite common to find candidates attempting a calculation
using the equation, the enthalpy of formation values given in the table and an assumption
that the enthalpy change for the equation was zero. Answers to part (c) (ii) were more
usually correct though weaker candidates failed to take account of the two moles of
hydrogen peroxide and the four moles of water. Answers to part (d) were usually incorrect.
A common wrong answer was the statement 'Heat loss'.

Q26.
In this question, good candidates were able to score full marks. Weaker candidates were
less successful though they were usually able to pick up at least five or six marks.

Answers to part (a) usually gained all three marks. Answers to part (b) by weaker
candidates were less successful. One common error in the expression mcΔT was to use
the mass of methanol (2.12 g) instead of the mass of water (100 g). Another common
error was to give an incorrect sign for the final value of the enthalpy of combustion.
Candidates were expected to recognise that this exothermic process should lead to a
negative value for the enthalpy of combustion of methanol. Weaker candidates also lost
marks for incorrect units or for giving no units. It is important for candidates to give correct
units for intermediate values in the calculation as well as for the answer. In this case, if a
candidate gave a wrong final answer, it was still possible to gain an intermediate mark for
the heat released to the 100 g of water. However, if the candidate did not make it clear
whether the intermediate value was expressed in Joules or in kJ, it was not possible to
give any credit.

Answers to part (b) were of a good standard and in part (b) (i) almost all candidates were
awarded the two marks. Answers to part (b) (ii) were not quite so accurate and, in
particular, only the best candidates stated that 500 K achieves the best balance between
rate of reaction and yield.

Good candidates found part (c) straightforward but weaker candidates often omitted to
allow for two moles of hydrogen and also used the wrong sign for the enthalpy of reaction
(–91 kJ mol–1 ) relative to the enthalpies of combustion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Q29.
Good candidates were able to obtain high marks for this question but weak candidates
found it very difficult and marks of zero out of ten were not unusual. In part (a), a common
mistake was to use the O—O single bond enthalpy rather than the correct value for the
O=O double bond and also to use one mole of oxygen rather than half a mole. In part (b)
the balanced equation was usually correct but the state symbol for carbon was frequently
shown as gaseous rather than solid (or graphite). In Part (c) (i) only the best candidates
appeared to notice the wording in the question which required a reference to the structure
of solid carbon. Part (c) (ii) also proved to be a difficult question for weaker candidates
who rarely multiplied the enthalpy of formation of hydrogen atoms by the factor four. Also,

Page 101 of 103

the enthalpy of formation of methane (–74.9 kJ mol–1) was usually added rather than
subtracted. Incorrect cycles and equations involving combustion of methane were also
common errors. Part (c) (iii) was answered well; the mark was awarded for dividing the
answer to part (c) (ii) by four.

Q30.
Although candidates were specifically told in part (a) to note the direction of the indicated
enthalpy change and the number of moles of species involved in the Born-Haber cycle, a
significant number of candidates lost marks by failing to take this advice. Almost all
candidates gave a correct equation for the disproportionation of MgCl in part (b) and many
candidates scored full marks for the calculations required in parts (b) and (c). Sadly it was
often impossible to award part scores to candidates who did not complete these
calculations correctly as they did not give the necessary steps. Candidates must be
encouraged to always show their working.

Q31.
Many candidates gave a correct expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the
reaction given in part (a). Some, who gave correct indices, lost a mark as they included
square brackets, which are specific used to indicate concentration, in their expression.
Identifying the one change which would increase the rate of reaction and decrease the
value of Kp proved challenging but part marks were awarded for answers which addressed
either of the two required changes. Candidates who gave more than one change of
condition were able to score one mark for a correct Kp expression. There were many
vague answers to part (b)(i), some of which assumed there were other reactants present
with the most common example being water in Reaction 2. By contrast, (b)(ii) was very
well answered with many candidates scoring full marks. Most candidates now remember
to use either kJ mol–1 or J mol–1 throughout these calculations but a small number still
failed to do this. Consequential marks were awarded in each part of the calculation.

Q34.
Most candidates answered this question well though it proved to be difficult to score
maximum marks. The definition of standard enthalpy of formation in part (a) was usually
correct though some candidates lost one mark because they did not make it clear that
reactants and products should be in their standard states. In part (b) good candidates
were able to score maximum marks but weaker candidates sometimes referred to energy
rather than enthalpy when stating Hess’s Law and such candidates often predicted an
endothermic enthalpy change (+142 kJ mol-1) rather than an exothermic one. Part (c)
proved to be the most difficult part of this question. The major error was in the number of
moles of magnesium oxide. Most candidates assumed that the number of moles of MgO
would be the same as that of hydrochloric acid whereas it should have been half of that.
This error led to a value for the enthalpy change that was too small by a factor of two.
Such an answer resulted in the loss of three marks.

Q35.
This question was very well answered with many candidates scoring full, or nearly full
marks. Just a few of the weaker candidates made errors when calculating the standard
enthalpy change, ΔHο, and the standard entropy change, ΔSο, and marks were awarded
consequentially to an arithmetic error. In part (b), most deduced correctly the effect of an
increase in temperature on the equilibrium reaction but not all gave a full explanation of
their answer. The calculation of the minimum temperature for the reaction to be feasible
was also well done with few failing to use the same units for the enthalpy and the entropy
changes.

Page 102 of 103

Q37.
This question proved accessible to most candidates; even the weaker candidates were
able to score marks approaching half of those available. Answers to part (a) were usually
correct.

Most candidates also gave a correct answer to part (b)(i) though there were a significant
number of errors in the calculation of the relative molecular mass of propanone. Parts (b)
(ii) and (b)(iii) were also answered well although there were some problems with units.
The correct answer to part (c)(i) was known by most candidates but part (c)(ii) proved to
be much more discriminating and only the best candidates were able to explain why the
enthalpy of combustion is more negative when water is formed in the liquid state. A fair
majority of candidates was able to give a correct answer to part (d) but as usual in this
type of question, weaker candidates made an error in signs leading to an answer of +773
kJ mol–1 or made an error by omitting to multiply the relevant enthalpy of combustion by
the number of moles of the substance involved.

Q39.
This question was answered well by many candidates. Answers to part (a) were usually
correct. Most candidates provided good answers to part (b) but some lost marks because
they referred to energy or to enthalpy alone rather than to enthalpy change. In part (c) the
most common error was to invert signs leading to an answer of 316 kJ mol-1 rather than
to –316 kJ mol–1.

Q40.
The meaning of the term enthalpy change, required in part (a), was not well stated and
whilst many correctly referred to the heat energy change, most failed to state that this was
measured at constant pressure. Part (b) was well answered with many correct definitions
of the term standard enthalpy of formation of a compound though slightly fewer
candidates gave a correct equation with state symbols in section (ii). Hess’s Law was
correctly stated by many candidates and it is particularly pleasing to report that the
calculation required in part (d) was very well done.

Q41.
This question was very well answered and many candidates were able to score full marks.
Happily, as candidates showed working in part (c), part marks could be awarded when
incorrect answers were given.

Page 103 of 103

Lots of Questions
No ratings yet
Lots of Questions
89 pages
Enthalpy 54
No ratings yet
Enthalpy 54
13 pages
Graph Q
No ratings yet
Graph Q
8 pages
Energetics Y12
No ratings yet
Energetics Y12
17 pages
Enthalpy
No ratings yet
Enthalpy
8 pages
Hess Law
No ratings yet
Hess Law
35 pages
Enne Retics
No ratings yet
Enne Retics
231 pages
Energetic A Level Only
No ratings yet
Energetic A Level Only
53 pages
Exercise-Part 2 - Nov.2018
100% (1)
Exercise-Part 2 - Nov.2018
5 pages
3.1.8.2 Free Energy Change + Entropy Change (A-Level Only)
No ratings yet
3.1.8.2 Free Energy Change + Entropy Change (A-Level Only)
81 pages
Energetics - CAPE Chemistry Unit 1
No ratings yet
Energetics - CAPE Chemistry Unit 1
38 pages
Applicationsof Hessslaw
No ratings yet
Applicationsof Hessslaw
92 pages
5.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy QP
No ratings yet
5.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy QP
13 pages
WS A Level CHEM
No ratings yet
WS A Level CHEM
57 pages
Exercise-Part 2 - 2020
100% (1)
Exercise-Part 2 - 2020
5 pages
Enthalpy Changes Test
No ratings yet
Enthalpy Changes Test
7 pages
HW5
No ratings yet
HW5
4 pages
3.1.8.2 Free Energy Change + Entropy Change (A-Level Only)
No ratings yet
3.1.8.2 Free Energy Change + Entropy Change (A-Level Only)
81 pages
Topic 6 Energetics-1
No ratings yet
Topic 6 Energetics-1
30 pages
PASAY GC2 Q3 W3D22 23 Day 22.docx 2
No ratings yet
PASAY GC2 Q3 W3D22 23 Day 22.docx 2
5 pages
Standard Enthalpy of Formation: Link To Learning
No ratings yet
Standard Enthalpy of Formation: Link To Learning
10 pages
Hess's Law
No ratings yet
Hess's Law
15 pages
Thermodynamics Long 160320
No ratings yet
Thermodynamics Long 160320
11 pages
Thermochemistry SRV
No ratings yet
Thermochemistry SRV
77 pages
Lattice Enthalpy Entropy Free Energy
No ratings yet
Lattice Enthalpy Entropy Free Energy
53 pages
Energetics Questions
No ratings yet
Energetics Questions
263 pages
Keilan Crawford - Y12 Paper 1 Exam Pack - Physical Chemistry
No ratings yet
Keilan Crawford - Y12 Paper 1 Exam Pack - Physical Chemistry
19 pages
Exercises-Part - II-1
No ratings yet
Exercises-Part - II-1
4 pages
Thermo Chem
No ratings yet
Thermo Chem
65 pages
Topic 4 Exercise 1 - Enthalpy Changes
No ratings yet
Topic 4 Exercise 1 - Enthalpy Changes
11 pages
Entropy and Free Energy
No ratings yet
Entropy and Free Energy
54 pages
FOUN10042 Tutorial 005 Answers
No ratings yet
FOUN10042 Tutorial 005 Answers
2 pages
Thermodynamics Worksheet
No ratings yet
Thermodynamics Worksheet
12 pages
Thermodynamics
No ratings yet
Thermodynamics
5 pages
IB Checklist For Students HL Energetics
No ratings yet
IB Checklist For Students HL Energetics
4 pages
4 Thermochemistry
100% (2)
4 Thermochemistry
34 pages
O Energetics
No ratings yet
O Energetics
96 pages
4 Thermochemistry
100% (1)
4 Thermochemistry
34 pages
3.2.1 Enthalpy Changes QP Multi
No ratings yet
3.2.1 Enthalpy Changes QP Multi
21 pages
Thermochemistry Chemistry Questions With Solutions
No ratings yet
Thermochemistry Chemistry Questions With Solutions
8 pages
Enthalpy Review Questions
100% (1)
Enthalpy Review Questions
3 pages
5 3+back
No ratings yet
5 3+back
6 pages
Thermochemistry Enthalpy
No ratings yet
Thermochemistry Enthalpy
5 pages
Entalpy of Formation
100% (1)
Entalpy of Formation
28 pages
Chemistry Past Paper Ch1.2
0% (1)
Chemistry Past Paper Ch1.2
18 pages
Y13 Test
No ratings yet
Y13 Test
4 pages
4 Uther Mokin Ws
No ratings yet
4 Uther Mokin Ws
11 pages
Name - Honors Chemistry - / - / - Hess's Law
No ratings yet
Name - Honors Chemistry - / - / - Hess's Law
4 pages
GC2 3 Thermochemistry
No ratings yet
GC2 3 Thermochemistry
34 pages
Topic R 1.2 1
No ratings yet
Topic R 1.2 1
26 pages
2425 Grade 10 UAE Chemistry Chapter 8 Notes
No ratings yet
2425 Grade 10 UAE Chemistry Chapter 8 Notes
9 pages
Topic 2 - Thermochemistry
No ratings yet
Topic 2 - Thermochemistry
4 pages
Thermochemistry: Chemistry DPP 4 by Garima Verma (Chemistry Faculty) - Referral Code: "Cgvmam"
No ratings yet
Thermochemistry: Chemistry DPP 4 by Garima Verma (Chemistry Faculty) - Referral Code: "Cgvmam"
6 pages
Thermo Subjective Test
No ratings yet
Thermo Subjective Test
14 pages
Class-XI Chemistry Thermodynamics Worksheet Document
No ratings yet
Class-XI Chemistry Thermodynamics Worksheet Document
2 pages
Practice Examples Chapter 7 Thermochemistry Petrucci 10th Ed
No ratings yet
Practice Examples Chapter 7 Thermochemistry Petrucci 10th Ed
7 pages
Practice Exam 4 2007 Key
No ratings yet
Practice Exam 4 2007 Key
5 pages
Catalog Produk PT Dipa Puspa Labsains
No ratings yet
Catalog Produk PT Dipa Puspa Labsains
1,798 pages
An Artificial Synthesis of Gold
No ratings yet
An Artificial Synthesis of Gold
16 pages
Chemistry Form 6 Sem 2 01
No ratings yet
Chemistry Form 6 Sem 2 01
69 pages
Ag-Sb Deposits, Central Asia
100% (1)
Ag-Sb Deposits, Central Asia
22 pages
FC 106 Experiment 21 CRIM3 2B
100% (1)
FC 106 Experiment 21 CRIM3 2B
4 pages
460 Bai Tap Dien Hoa
100% (1)
460 Bai Tap Dien Hoa
69 pages
The Beneficiation of Antimony Ore by Flotation PDF
No ratings yet
The Beneficiation of Antimony Ore by Flotation PDF
6 pages
Latest Developments in Zinc Processing
No ratings yet
Latest Developments in Zinc Processing
18 pages
SUJAY Project Theos Metal NEW
No ratings yet
SUJAY Project Theos Metal NEW
47 pages
4 Lead and Its Alloys
No ratings yet
4 Lead and Its Alloys
36 pages
Chemical Analysis of Refined Nickel: Standard Test Methods For
No ratings yet
Chemical Analysis of Refined Nickel: Standard Test Methods For
13 pages
Metals
No ratings yet
Metals
113 pages
What Will Happen When Heat Is Added To Silicon
100% (1)
What Will Happen When Heat Is Added To Silicon
2 pages
Complex Engineering Problem (Mineral Processing #2) : Department of Mining Engineering Uet Peshawar, Pakistan
No ratings yet
Complex Engineering Problem (Mineral Processing #2) : Department of Mining Engineering Uet Peshawar, Pakistan
20 pages
The Mineralogical Characterization of Tellurium in Copper Anodes
No ratings yet
The Mineralogical Characterization of Tellurium in Copper Anodes
11 pages
Is 211 1992 Antimony Ingot
No ratings yet
Is 211 1992 Antimony Ingot
9 pages
BCS-CRM 178 - 2 Aug2012
No ratings yet
BCS-CRM 178 - 2 Aug2012
2 pages
Trimerization of Isocyanates
No ratings yet
Trimerization of Isocyanates
41 pages
B216-10 Standard Specification for Tough-Pitch Fire-Refined Copperظ - ¤Refinery Shapes
No ratings yet
B216-10 Standard Specification for Tough-Pitch Fire-Refined Copperظ - ¤Refinery Shapes
6 pages
Datasheet
No ratings yet
Datasheet
303 pages
WHO - EU Drinking Water Standards Comparative Table PDF
No ratings yet
WHO - EU Drinking Water Standards Comparative Table PDF
3 pages
Standards For The Contents of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils
No ratings yet
Standards For The Contents of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils
9 pages
BASF-Multi-Stage Reaction Catalysts PDF
No ratings yet
BASF-Multi-Stage Reaction Catalysts PDF
19 pages
More Extra Nomenclature Practice - KEY
No ratings yet
More Extra Nomenclature Practice - KEY
10 pages
10 Mineral Resources and Their Uses
No ratings yet
10 Mineral Resources and Their Uses
5 pages
Ev SB 180 PDF
No ratings yet
Ev SB 180 PDF
2 pages
Fixation of Arsenic and Antimony From Copper Smelter Flue Dust and Electrorefinery Bleed-Off As Crystalline Scorodite
No ratings yet
Fixation of Arsenic and Antimony From Copper Smelter Flue Dust and Electrorefinery Bleed-Off As Crystalline Scorodite
11 pages
List of Oxides - Simple English Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
No ratings yet
List of Oxides - Simple English Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
9 pages
Complexity in Oil Analysis: Part V
No ratings yet
Complexity in Oil Analysis: Part V
4 pages
Kino Flo Lamp Safety Data Sheet
No ratings yet
Kino Flo Lamp Safety Data Sheet
2 pages
Antimony, Sb3
No ratings yet
Antimony, Sb3
1 page

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.